Africa

@article{hennig1914gang,
    author = "Hennig, E.",
    title = "Gang und Ergebnisse der Berliner Tendaguru-Expeditionen",
    year = "1914",
    journal = "Paläontologische Zeitschrift",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03160345",
    doi = "10.1007/bf03160345",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2092309847",
    pages = "398-403",
    volume = "1"
}

@misc{stromer1915ergebnisse12,
    author = "Stromer, E",
    title = "Ergebnisse der forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Westen Agyptens, Das original des Thero oden Spinosaurus aegypticus n. gen., n. sp",
    year = "1915",
    howpublished = "Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wissen.:Math.-natur. Abt., v. 13, p. 1-32",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stromer, E., 1915, Ergebnisse der forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Westen Agyptens, Das original des Thero oden Spinosaurus aegypticus n. gen., n. sp: Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wissen.:Math.-natur. Abt., v. 13, p. 1-32.}"
}

@misc{janensch1920uber7,
    author = "Janensch, W",
    title = "Uber Elaphrosaurus bambergi und die Megalasaurier aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas",
    year = "1920",
    howpublished = "Sitzber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde, p. 225-235",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Janensch, W., 1920, Uber Elaphrosaurus bambergi und die Megalasaurier aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas: Sitzber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde, p. 225-235.}"
}

@misc{deperet1925sur3,
    author = "Deperet, C. and Savorin, J",
    title = "Sur la dcouverte d'une faune vertebrae Timimoun (Sahara occidental)",
    year = "1925",
    howpublished = "C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, v. 181, p. 1108-1111",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Deperet, C., and Savorin, J., 1925, Sur la dcouverte d'une faune vertebrae Timimoun (Sahara occidental): C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, v. 181, p. 1108-1111.}"
}

@misc{janensch1925die8,
    author = "Janensch, W",
    title = "Die Coelurosauria und Theropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch- Ostafrikas",
    year = "1925",
    howpublished = "Palaeontographica, no. 1, Suppl. 7, p. 1-99",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Janensch, W., 1925, Die Coelurosauria und Theropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch- Ostafrikas: Palaeontographica, no. 1, Suppl. 7, p. 1-99.}"
}

@article{stromer1926ergebnisse,
    author = "Stromer, E.",
    title = "Ergebnisse meiner Forschungsreisen in den W�sten �gyptens",
    year = "1926",
    journal = "Die Naturwissenschaften",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01506903",
    doi = "10.1007/bf01506903",
    number = "17",
    openalex = "W2083787397",
    pages = "353-356",
    volume = "14"
}

@article{g1929ergebnisse,
    author = "G., J. W. and Prinz, G. and Szentpetery, S. V. and Vadasz, M. E.",
    title = "Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Durch Innerasien",
    year = "1929",
    journal = "The Geographical Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1784265",
    doi = "10.2307/1784265",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2317588822",
    pages = "403",
    volume = "74"
}

@article{stromer1929neuere,
    author = "Stromer, E.",
    title = "Neuere Ergebnisse meiner Forschungsreisen in den W�sten �gyptens",
    year = "1929",
    journal = "Die Naturwissenschaften",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01506868",
    doi = "10.1007/bf01506868",
    number = "44",
    openalex = "W2028487148",
    pages = "859-861",
    volume = "17"
}

@misc{stromer1931ergebnisse13,
    author = "Stromer, E",
    title = "Ergebnisse der forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Westen Agyptens, Ein Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus, nov. gen",
    year = "1931",
    howpublished = "Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wissen.:Math.-natur. Abt., v. 9, p. 1-23",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stromer, E., 1931, Ergebnisse der forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Westen Agyptens, Ein Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus, nov. gen: Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wissen.:Math.-natur. Abt., v. 9, p. 1-23.}"
}

@misc{stromer1934ergebnisse14,
    author = "Stromer, E",
    title = "Ergebnisse der forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Westen Agyptens, Dinosauria",
    year = "1934",
    howpublished = "Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wissen.:Math.-natur. Abt., v. 22, p. 1-79",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stromer, E., 1934, Ergebnisse der forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Westen Agyptens, Dinosauria: Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wissen.:Math.-natur. Abt., v. 22, p. 1-79.}"
}

@article{schäfer1938ornithologische,
    author = "Schäfer, Ernst",
    title = "Ornithologische Ergebnisse zweier Forschungsreisen nach Tibet",
    year = "1938",
    journal = "Journal für Ornithologie",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01947244",
    doi = "10.1007/bf01947244",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W1985055170",
    pages = "7-340",
    volume = "86",
    references = "doi101017cbo9781316155837, doi1023071778662, doi1023071782178, doi1023071784378, openalexw1495679659, openalexw2581410843, openalexw583955338, openalexw584497954, openalexw592757284, openalexw658890018"
}

@techreport{greenwood1965the5,
    author = "Greenwood, P. H",
    title = "The cichlid fishes of Lake Nabugabo, Uganda",
    year = "1965",
    howpublished = "British Museum of Natural History Bulletin (Zoology), v. 12, p. 315-357",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Greenwood, P. H., 1965, The cichlid fishes of Lake Nabugabo, Uganda: British Museum of Natural History Bulletin (Zoology), v. 12, p. 315-357.}"
}

@misc{mueller1972organic10,
    author = "Mueller, G",
    title = "Organic microspheres from the Precambrian of South-West Africa",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 235, p. 90-95",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mueller, G., 1972, Organic microspheres from the Precambrian of South-West Africa: Nature, v. 235, p. 90-95.}"
}

@techreport{greenwood1974the6,
    author = "Greenwood, P. H",
    title = "The cichlid fishes of Lake Victoria, East Africa",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "the biology and evolution of a species stock: Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), v. Zoology, Suppl. 6",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Greenwood, P. H., 1974, The cichlid fishes of Lake Victoria, East Africa: the biology and evolution of a species stock: Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), v. Zoology, Suppl. 6.}"
}

@misc{knoll1977archean9,
    author = "Knoll, A. H. and Barghoorn, E. S",
    title = "Archean microfossils showing cell division from the Swaziland System of South Africa",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 198, p. 396-398",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Knoll, A. H., and Barghoorn, E. S., 1977, Archean microfossils showing cell division from the Swaziland System of South Africa: Science, v. 198, p. 396-398.}"
}

@book{bartram1979serengeti1,
    author = "Bartram, B. C. R",
    title = "Serengeti Predators and Their Social Systems, in Sinclair, A. R. E., and Norton-Griffiths, M., eds., Serengeti",
    year = "1979",
    publisher = "Dynamics of an Ecosystem: Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p. 221-248",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bartram, B. C. R., 1979, Serengeti Predators and Their Social Systems, in Sinclair, A. R. E., and Norton-Griffiths, M., eds., Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem: Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p. 221-248.}"
}

@misc{russell1980paleocology11,
    author = "Russell, D. A. and Beland, P. and McIntosh, J. S",
    title = "Paleocology of the dinosaurs of Tendaguru (Tanzania)",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr., v. 59, no. 139, p. 169-175",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Russell, D. A., Beland, P., and McIntosh, J. S., 1980, Paleocology of the dinosaurs of Tendaguru (Tanzania): Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr., v. 59, no. 139, p. 169-175.}"
}

@misc{galton1982elaphrosaurus4,
    author = "Galton, P. M",
    title = "Elaphrosaurus, an ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Palontologische Zeitschrift, v. 56, p. 265-275",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Galton, P. M., 1982, Elaphrosaurus, an ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa: Palontologische Zeitschrift, v. 56, p. 265-275.}"
}

Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa, Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa, مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

@book{openalexw2016750201,
    author = "Sofowora, Abayomi",
    title = "Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Medical Entomology and Zoology",
    abstract = "Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa, Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa, مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2016750201",
    openalex = "W2016750201"
}

@misc{chadwick1983etosha2,
    author = "Chadwick, D. H",
    title = "Etosha, Namibia's kingdom of animals",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "National Geographic, v. 163, p. 344-385",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Chadwick, D. H., 1983, Etosha, Namibia's kingdom of animals: National Geographic, v. 163, p. 344-385.}"
}

“We the people of South Africa declare that … there is a need to create a new order in which all South Africans will be entitled to … enjoy and exercise their fundamental rights and freedoms.” (Preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa)

@article{doi101017s0021855300011499,
    author = "Hatchard, John",
    title = "The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Journal of African Law",
    abstract = "“We the people of South Africa declare that … there is a need to create a new order in which all South Africans will be entitled to … enjoy and exercise their fundamental rights and freedoms.” (Preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300011499",
    doi = "10.1017/s0021855300011499",
    openalex = "W2119256515",
    references = "doi101093iclqaj352255"
}

@article{heinrich1998late,
    author = "Heinrich, Wolf-Dieter",
    title = "Late Jurassic Mammals from Tendaguru, Tanzania, East Africa",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Journal of Mammalian Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020548010203",
    doi = "10.1023/a:1020548010203",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W143749708",
    pages = "269-290",
    volume = "5",
    references = "doi101002jmor1051470404, doi101007978146122784737, doi101007978146139249112, doi10103837343, doi101111j109636421973tb00786x, doi101111j109636421981tb01127x, doi101111j109636421984tb00544x, doi101126science2735275651, doi105860choice355657, openalexw1539913220"
}

Abgesehen von einem unreifen Araukarienzapfen, der 1927 von Gothan kurz beschrieben wurde, werden erstmalig Pflanzenreste aus den Jura-Kreide-Grenzschichten des Tendaguru bekannt gemacht. Verkieselte Hölzer vor allem aus kreidezeitlichen Schichtabschnitten repräsentieren die für den Jura üblichen Koniferengruppen wie Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae und Taxaceae. Daneben konnten Ginkgoaceae nachgewiesen werden. Fusit ist nicht selten, meist aber sehr schlecht erhalten, bis auf ein Stück, das die Merkmale einer wahrscheinlich neuen Art von Glyptostroboxylon, einer Taxodiacee, zeigt. Naturmazerate von Kutikulen sind in den mittleren Saurier-Mergeln (tieferes Kimmeridge) häufig und können möglicherweise Ginkgophyten des Baiera/Sphenobaiera -Typs zugerechnet werden. Damit scheint die Flora von Tendaguru auf den ersten Blick von Gymnospermen extrem stark dominiert zu sein. Diese Dominanz ist wahrscheinlich auf taphonomische Prozesse und auf die selektive Probennahme während der Grabungsexpedition in den Jahren 1909–1913 zurückzuführen. So erscheinen neue Profilaufnahmen im Gelände unumgänglich, um ein differenzierteres Bild der jurassisch-kretazischen Flora des östlichen Afrika – die die Ernährungsgrundlage der meisten Dinosaurier vom Tendaguru bildete – zu entwickeln und phytogeographische Beziehungen genauer fassen zu können. Little is known about the Jurassic flora of East Africa. Therefore a preliminary account on plant remains from the well-known „Saurierlagerstätte” of Tendaguru is presented. Specimens of silicified wood represent typical conifers, such as Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae and Taxaceae, but also demonstrate the presence of Ginkgoales. Fusite is very common, but mostly not well preserved, except for one specimen which shows the characteristics of possibly a new species of the Taxodiacean genus Glyptostroboxylon. Natural macerated cuticules are abundant in the „middle Saurier-Mergel” (Lower Kimmeridgian) and they at least in part seem to belong to Ginkgophytaleans of the Baiera/Sphenobaiera -group. At first glance the composition of the flora of Tendaguru seems to be biased towards a predominance of Gymnosperms. This is not only a result of taphonomical processes, but also of selective sampling in 1909–1913. Preliminary observations support the opinion that further field work must be carried out if we would like to obtain a clearer „picture” of the Jurassic-Cretaceous flora that formed the diet of herbivorous dinosaurs. doi: 10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020114

@article{doi105194fr21851999,
    author = "Kahlert, Eberhard and Schultka, Stephan and Süß, H.",
    title = "Die mesophytische Flora der Saurierlagerstätte am Tendaguru (Tansania) Erste Ergebnisse",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Fossil record",
    abstract = "Abgesehen von einem unreifen Araukarienzapfen, der 1927 von Gothan kurz beschrieben wurde, werden erstmalig Pflanzenreste aus den Jura-Kreide-Grenzschichten des Tendaguru bekannt gemacht. Verkieselte Hölzer vor allem aus kreidezeitlichen Schichtabschnitten repräsentieren die für den Jura üblichen Koniferengruppen wie Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae und Taxaceae. Daneben konnten Ginkgoaceae nachgewiesen werden. Fusit ist nicht selten, meist aber sehr schlecht erhalten, bis auf ein Stück, das die Merkmale einer wahrscheinlich neuen Art von Glyptostroboxylon, einer Taxodiacee, zeigt. Naturmazerate von Kutikulen sind in den mittleren Saurier-Mergeln (tieferes Kimmeridge) häufig und können möglicherweise Ginkgophyten des Baiera/Sphenobaiera -Typs zugerechnet werden. Damit scheint die Flora von Tendaguru auf den ersten Blick von Gymnospermen extrem stark dominiert zu sein. Diese Dominanz ist wahrscheinlich auf taphonomische Prozesse und auf die selektive Probennahme während der Grabungsexpedition in den Jahren 1909–1913 zurückzuführen. So erscheinen neue Profilaufnahmen im Gelände unumgänglich, um ein differenzierteres Bild der jurassisch-kretazischen Flora des östlichen Afrika \– die die Ernährungsgrundlage der meisten Dinosaurier vom Tendaguru bildete \– zu entwickeln und phytogeographische Beziehungen genauer fassen zu können. Little is known about the Jurassic flora of East Africa. Therefore a preliminary account on plant remains from the well-known „Saurierlagerstätte” of Tendaguru is presented. Specimens of silicified wood represent typical conifers, such as Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae and Taxaceae, but also demonstrate the presence of Ginkgoales. Fusite is very common, but mostly not well preserved, except for one specimen which shows the characteristics of possibly a new species of the Taxodiacean genus Glyptostroboxylon. Natural macerated cuticules are abundant in the „middle Saurier-Mergel” (Lower Kimmeridgian) and they at least in part seem to belong to Ginkgophytaleans of the Baiera/Sphenobaiera -group. At first glance the composition of the flora of Tendaguru seems to be biased towards a predominance of Gymnosperms. This is not only a result of taphonomical processes, but also of selective sampling in 1909–1913. Preliminary observations support the opinion that further field work must be carried out if we would like to obtain a clearer „picture” of the Jurassic-Cretaceous flora that formed the diet of herbivorous dinosaurs. doi: 10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020114",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-2-185-1999",
    doi = "10.5194/fr-2-185-1999",
    openalex = "W4240948120",
    references = "openalexw605949302"
}

Abgesehen von einem unreifen Araukarienzapfen, der 1927 von Gothan kurz beschrieben wurde, werden erstmalig Pflanzenreste aus den Jura-Kreide-Grenzschichten des Tendaguru bekannt gemacht. Verkieselte Hölzer vor allem aus kreidezeitlichen Schichtabschnitten repräsentieren die für den Jura üblichen Koniferengruppen wie Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae und Taxaceae. Daneben konnten Ginkgoaceae nachgewiesen werden. Fusit ist nicht selten, meist aber sehr schlecht erhalten, bis auf ein Stück, das die Merkmale einer wahrscheinlich neuen Art von Glyptostroboxylon, einer Taxodiacee, zeigt. Naturmazerate von Kutikulen sind in den mittleren Saurier-Mergeln (tieferes Kimmeridge) häufig und können möglicherweise Ginkgophyten des Baiera/Sphenobaiera-Typs zugerechnet werden. Damit scheint die Flora von Tendaguru auf den ersten Blick von Gymnospermen extrem stark dominiert zu sein. Diese Dominanz ist wahrscheinlich auf taphonomische Prozesse und auf die selektive Probennahme während der Grabungsexpedition in den Jahren 1909–1913 zurückzuführen. So erscheinen neue Profilaufnahmen im Gelände unumgänglich, um ein differenzierteres Bild der jurassisch-kretazischen Flora des östlichen Afrika – die die Ernährungsgrundlage der meisten Dinosaurier vom Tendaguru bildete – zu entwickeln und phytogeographische Beziehungen genauer fassen zu können. Little is known about the Jurassic flora of East Africa. Therefore a preliminary account on plant remains from the well-known „Saurierlagerstätte” of Tendaguru is presented. Specimens of silicified wood represent typical conifers, such as Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae and Taxaceae, but also demonstrate the presence of Ginkgoales. Fusite is very common, but mostly not well preserved, except for one specimen which shows the characteristics of possibly a new species of the Taxodiacean genus Glyptostroboxylon. Natural macerated cuticules are abundant in the „middle Saurier-Mergel” (Lower Kimmeridgian) and they at least in part seem to belong to Ginkgophytaleans of the Baiera/Sphenobaiera-group. At first glance the composition of the flora of Tendaguru seems to be biased towards a predominance of Gymnosperms. This is not only a result of taphonomical processes, but also of selective sampling in 1909–1913. Preliminary observations support the opinion that further field work must be carried out if we would like to obtain a clearer „picture” of the Jurassic-Cretaceous flora that formed the diet of herbivorous dinosaurs. doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020114

@article{kahlert1999die,
    author = "Kahlert, E. and Schultka, S. and Süß, H.",
    title = "Die mesophytische Flora der Saurierlagerstätte am Tendaguru (Tansania) Erste Ergebnisse",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Fossil Record",
    abstract = "Abgesehen von einem unreifen Araukarienzapfen, der 1927 von Gothan kurz beschrieben wurde, werden erstmalig Pflanzenreste aus den Jura-Kreide-Grenzschichten des Tendaguru bekannt gemacht. Verkieselte Hölzer vor allem aus kreidezeitlichen Schichtabschnitten repräsentieren die für den Jura üblichen Koniferengruppen wie Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae und Taxaceae. Daneben konnten Ginkgoaceae nachgewiesen werden. Fusit ist nicht selten, meist aber sehr schlecht erhalten, bis auf ein Stück, das die Merkmale einer wahrscheinlich neuen Art von Glyptostroboxylon, einer Taxodiacee, zeigt. Naturmazerate von Kutikulen sind in den mittleren Saurier-Mergeln (tieferes Kimmeridge) häufig und können möglicherweise Ginkgophyten des Baiera/Sphenobaiera-Typs zugerechnet werden. Damit scheint die Flora von Tendaguru auf den ersten Blick von Gymnospermen extrem stark dominiert zu sein. Diese Dominanz ist wahrscheinlich auf taphonomische Prozesse und auf die selektive Probennahme während der Grabungsexpedition in den Jahren 1909–1913 zurückzuführen. So erscheinen neue Profilaufnahmen im Gelände unumgänglich, um ein differenzierteres Bild der jurassisch-kretazischen Flora des östlichen Afrika – die die Ernährungsgrundlage der meisten Dinosaurier vom Tendaguru bildete – zu entwickeln und phytogeographische Beziehungen genauer fassen zu können. Little is known about the Jurassic flora of East Africa. Therefore a preliminary account on plant remains from the well-known „Saurierlagerstätte” of Tendaguru is presented. Specimens of silicified wood represent typical conifers, such as Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae and Taxaceae, but also demonstrate the presence of Ginkgoales. Fusite is very common, but mostly not well preserved, except for one specimen which shows the characteristics of possibly a new species of the Taxodiacean genus Glyptostroboxylon. Natural macerated cuticules are abundant in the „middle Saurier-Mergel” (Lower Kimmeridgian) and they at least in part seem to belong to Ginkgophytaleans of the Baiera/Sphenobaiera-group. At first glance the composition of the flora of Tendaguru seems to be biased towards a predominance of Gymnosperms. This is not only a result of taphonomical processes, but also of selective sampling in 1909–1913. Preliminary observations support the opinion that further field work must be carried out if we would like to obtain a clearer „picture” of the Jurassic-Cretaceous flora that formed the diet of herbivorous dinosaurs. doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020114",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020114",
    doi = "10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020114",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W1964568987",
    pages = "185-199",
    volume = "2",
    references = "doi101002fedr19941050502, doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi1010160034666782900410, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101111j150239311968tb01728x, doi101127njgpa1831991363, heinrich1998late, openalexw605949302"
}

The plant genus Strelitzia occurs naturally in the eastern parts of southern Africa. It comprises three arborescent species, known as wild bananas, and two acaulescent species, known as crane flowers or bird-of-paradise flowers. The logo of the South African National Biodiversity Institute is based on the striking inflorescence of Strelitzia reginae, a native of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal that has become a garden favourite worldwide. It symbolises the commitment of the Institute to promote the sustainable use, conservation, appreciation and enjoyment of the exceptionally rich biodiversity of South Africa, for the benefit of all people.

@book{openalexw1480092759,
    author = "Mucina, Ladislav and Rutherford, M. C.",
    title = "The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.",
    year = "2006",
    abstract = "The plant genus Strelitzia occurs naturally in the eastern parts of southern Africa. It comprises three arborescent species, known as wild bananas, and two acaulescent species, known as crane flowers or bird-of-paradise flowers. The logo of the South African National Biodiversity Institute is based on the striking inflorescence of Strelitzia reginae, a native of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal that has become a garden favourite worldwide. It symbolises the commitment of the Institute to promote the sustainable use, conservation, appreciation and enjoyment of the exceptionally rich biodiversity of South Africa, for the benefit of all people.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1480092759",
    openalex = "W1480092759"
}

Abstract: A new genus and species of diplodocid sauropod (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea), Australodocus bohetii, is described. The type material from the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania, East Africa, consists of two successive mid‐cervical vertebrae. These vertebrae do not show the extreme elongation of the cervical vertebrae that is diagnostic for Tornieria, and, apart from proportional differences, exhibit four autapomorphic characters not seen in other diplodocids: (1) pleurocoel weakly developed; (2) ridge posterolateral to the anterior condyle strongly posteroventrally orientated; (3) triangular pneumatic cavity ventral to the prezygapophysis, enclosed by the lateral ramus of the centroprezygapophyseal lamina and an anteriorly extended prezygodiapophyseal lamina; and (4) prominent prezygapophyseal process pointed, laterally keeled and surpassing the prezygapophysis anteriorly. Australodocus bohetii is the second diplodocid known from Tendaguru, and thereby the second diplodocid known from Gondwana. This impedes the customary reference of isolated East African diplodocid material to Tornieria, which can now only be assigned to Diplodocidae indet. The find supports previously proposed vicariance models of diplodocid palaeobiogeography.

@article{doi101111j14754983200700652x,
    author = "Remes, Kristian",
    title = "A SECOND GONDWANAN DIPLODOCID DINOSAUR FROM THE UPPER JURASSIC TENDAGURU BEDS OF TANZANIA, EAST AFRICA",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract: A new genus and species of diplodocid sauropod (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea), Australodocus bohetii, is described. The type material from the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania, East Africa, consists of two successive mid‐cervical vertebrae. These vertebrae do not show the extreme elongation of the cervical vertebrae that is diagnostic for Tornieria, and, apart from proportional differences, exhibit four autapomorphic characters not seen in other diplodocids: (1) pleurocoel weakly developed; (2) ridge posterolateral to the anterior condyle strongly posteroventrally orientated; (3) triangular pneumatic cavity ventral to the prezygapophysis, enclosed by the lateral ramus of the centroprezygapophyseal lamina and an anteriorly extended prezygodiapophyseal lamina; and (4) prominent prezygapophyseal process pointed, laterally keeled and surpassing the prezygapophysis anteriorly. Australodocus bohetii is the second diplodocid known from Tendaguru, and thereby the second diplodocid known from Gondwana. This impedes the customary reference of isolated East African diplodocid material to Tornieria, which can now only be assigned to Diplodocidae indet. The find supports previously proposed vicariance models of diplodocid palaeobiogeography.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00652.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00652.x",
    openalex = "W2093488609",
    references = "openalexw605949302, schuchert1934the"
}

Abstract. Two non-multituberculate allotherian cheek teeth are described from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru in southeastern Tanzania, East Africa, Both specimens were collected from dinosaur-bearing matrix of bone bed Wj of the Middle Saurian Bed at Tendaguru Site dy by the German Tendaguru Expedition (1909–1913). Bone Bed Wj represents limnic to brackish deposits of Kimmeridgian-Tithonian age. The cheek teeth, considered as lower posterior molar and upper molar, represent a single taxon of the Haramiyida and are referred to Staffia aenigmatica, known only from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru. This assignment reinforces evidence for the palaeogeographic dispersal of haramiyids to Gondwana and the temporal persistence of these non-multituberculate allotherians into the Late Jurassic. Characters that distinguish Staffia aenigmatica from other haramiyids include the medial position of main cusp a1 at the front of the tooth crown and the presence of a large, anterolingual main notch between cusps a1 and a2 in lower cheek teeth, as well as the development of a strong anterolabial cingular ridge in the only known upper cheek tooth. Staffia shows the closest resemblance to Thomasia from the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic of Europe, although these genera are disdinctly different. Retention of the basic tooth crown pattern of haramiyids and traces of wear in the Tendaguru teeth suggest that the masticatory movements in Staffia were essentially restricted to a longitudinal direction, as in Thomasia. It is suggested that owing to its central position at the front of the tooth crown the lower main cusp a1 could have occluded in the central basin of the opposing upper molar during masticatory movements. Aus dem Oberjura von Tendaguru in Tansania, Ostafrika, werden zwei Backenzähne eines Haramiyiden beschrieben. Beide Zähne stammen aus knochenführenden Gesteinsproben, die von der Deutschen Tendaguru Expedition (1909–1913) in der Fundstelle dy gesammelt wurden. Fundschicht der Haramiyiden-Zähne ist eine knochenführende Lage (Wj) der Mittleren Saurierschicht, die im Zeitraum Kimmeridge-Tithon in einem küstennahen Ablagerungsraum entstand. Beide Backenzähne, ein hinterer unterer Molar und ein oberer Molar, werden zu Staffia aenigmatica gestellt, die bisher nur aus dem Oberjura von Tendaguru bekannt ist. Beide Nachweise bestätigen erneut, daß Haramiaiden einst in Gondwana verbreitet waren und dort noch in der späten Jura-Zeit vorkamen. Merkmale, die Staffia aenigmatica von anderen Haramiyiden unterscheiden, sind die zentrale Position des a1-Höckers im Vorderabschnitt der Zahnkrone und die tiefe, breite anterolinguale Furche zwischen dem a1- und a2-Höcker der unteren Backenzähne sowie die starke labiale Cingulumleiste am einzigen bisher bekannten oberen Molaren. Zwischen Staffia aus dem Oberjura Ostafrikas und Thomasia aus der oberen Trias und dem unteren Jura Europas bestehen Gemeinsamkeiten, aber auch wesentliche Unterschiede. Die Beibehaltung des Backenzahn-Grundmusters der Haramiyiden und Abkauungsspuren an den Zähnen aus Tendaguru zeigen, daß die Kaubewegung bei Staffia im wesentlichen in longitudinaler Richtung erfolgte, wie bei Thomasia. Für Staffia wird vermutet, daß der a1-Haupthöcker auf Grund seiner zentralen Lage im vorderen Abschnitt der Zahnkrone in das zentrale Becken des entsprechenden oberen Backenzahnes paßte und dort bei der Zerkleinerung von Nahrungspartikeln mitwirkte. doi: 10.1002/mmng.20010040114

@article{doi101002mmng20010040114,
    author = "Heinrich, Wolf‐Dieter",
    title = "New records of Staffia aenigmatica (Mammalia, Allotheria, Haramiyida) from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru in southeastern Tanzania, East Africa",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Fossil Record",
    abstract = "Abstract. Two non-multituberculate allotherian cheek teeth are described from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru in southeastern Tanzania, East Africa, Both specimens were collected from dinosaur-bearing matrix of bone bed Wj of the Middle Saurian Bed at Tendaguru Site dy by the German Tendaguru Expedition (1909–1913). Bone Bed Wj represents limnic to brackish deposits of Kimmeridgian-Tithonian age. The cheek teeth, considered as lower posterior molar and upper molar, represent a single taxon of the Haramiyida and are referred to Staffia aenigmatica, known only from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru. This assignment reinforces evidence for the palaeogeographic dispersal of haramiyids to Gondwana and the temporal persistence of these non-multituberculate allotherians into the Late Jurassic. Characters that distinguish Staffia aenigmatica from other haramiyids include the medial position of main cusp a1 at the front of the tooth crown and the presence of a large, anterolingual main notch between cusps a1 and a2 in lower cheek teeth, as well as the development of a strong anterolabial cingular ridge in the only known upper cheek tooth. Staffia shows the closest resemblance to Thomasia from the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic of Europe, although these genera are disdinctly different. Retention of the basic tooth crown pattern of haramiyids and traces of wear in the Tendaguru teeth suggest that the masticatory movements in Staffia were essentially restricted to a longitudinal direction, as in Thomasia. It is suggested that owing to its central position at the front of the tooth crown the lower main cusp a1 could have occluded in the central basin of the opposing upper molar during masticatory movements. Aus dem Oberjura von Tendaguru in Tansania, Ostafrika, werden zwei Backenzähne eines Haramiyiden beschrieben. Beide Zähne stammen aus knochenführenden Gesteinsproben, die von der Deutschen Tendaguru Expedition (1909–1913) in der Fundstelle dy gesammelt wurden. Fundschicht der Haramiyiden-Zähne ist eine knochenführende Lage (Wj) der Mittleren Saurierschicht, die im Zeitraum Kimmeridge-Tithon in einem küstennahen Ablagerungsraum entstand. Beide Backenzähne, ein hinterer unterer Molar und ein oberer Molar, werden zu Staffia aenigmatica gestellt, die bisher nur aus dem Oberjura von Tendaguru bekannt ist. Beide Nachweise bestätigen erneut, daß Haramiaiden einst in Gondwana verbreitet waren und dort noch in der späten Jura-Zeit vorkamen. Merkmale, die Staffia aenigmatica von anderen Haramiyiden unterscheiden, sind die zentrale Position des a1-Höckers im Vorderabschnitt der Zahnkrone und die tiefe, breite anterolinguale Furche zwischen dem a1- und a2-Höcker der unteren Backenzähne sowie die starke labiale Cingulumleiste am einzigen bisher bekannten oberen Molaren. Zwischen Staffia aus dem Oberjura Ostafrikas und Thomasia aus der oberen Trias und dem unteren Jura Europas bestehen Gemeinsamkeiten, aber auch wesentliche Unterschiede. Die Beibehaltung des Backenzahn-Grundmusters der Haramiyiden und Abkauungsspuren an den Zähnen aus Tendaguru zeigen, daß die Kaubewegung bei Staffia im wesentlichen in longitudinaler Richtung erfolgte, wie bei Thomasia. Für Staffia wird vermutet, daß der a1-Haupthöcker auf Grund seiner zentralen Lage im vorderen Abschnitt der Zahnkrone in das zentrale Becken des entsprechenden oberen Backenzahnes paßte und dort bei der Zerkleinerung von Nahrungspartikeln mitwirkte. doi: 10.1002/mmng.20010040114",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/mmng.20010040114",
    doi = "10.1002/mmng.20010040114",
    openalex = "W1985837904",
    references = "doi101002mmng4860040113"
}

Africa is the source of all modern humans, but characterization of genetic variation and of relationships among populations across the continent has been enigmatic. We studied 121 African populations, four African American populations, and 60 non-African populations for patterns of variation at 1327 nuclear microsatellite and insertion/deletion markers. We identified 14 ancestral population clusters in Africa that correlate with self-described ethnicity and shared cultural and/or linguistic properties. We observed high levels of mixed ancestry in most populations, reflecting historical migration events across the continent. Our data also provide evidence for shared ancestry among geographically diverse hunter-gatherer populations (Khoesan speakers and Pygmies). The ancestry of African Americans is predominantly from Niger-Kordofanian (approximately 71%), European (approximately 13%), and other African (approximately 8%) populations, although admixture levels varied considerably among individuals. This study helps tease apart the complex evolutionary history of Africans and African Americans, aiding both anthropological and genetic epidemiologic studies.

@article{doi101126science1172257,
    author = "Tishkoff, Sarah A. and Reed, Floyd A. and Friedlaender, Françoise R. and Ehret, Christopher and Ranciaro, Alessia and Froment, Alain and Hirbo, Jibril and Awomoyi, Agnes A. and Bodo, Jean-Marie and Doumbo, Ogobara K. and Ibrahim, Muntaser E. and Juma, Abdalla T. and Kotze, Maritha J. and Lema, Godfrey and Moore, Jason H. and Mortensen, Holly M. and Nyambo, Thomas and Omar, Sabah A. and Powell, Kweli and Pretorius, G S and Smith, Michael W. and Théra, Mahamadou A. and Wambebe, Charles and Weber, James L. and Williams, Scott M.",
    title = "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Africa is the source of all modern humans, but characterization of genetic variation and of relationships among populations across the continent has been enigmatic. We studied 121 African populations, four African American populations, and 60 non-African populations for patterns of variation at 1327 nuclear microsatellite and insertion/deletion markers. We identified 14 ancestral population clusters in Africa that correlate with self-described ethnicity and shared cultural and/or linguistic properties. We observed high levels of mixed ancestry in most populations, reflecting historical migration events across the continent. Our data also provide evidence for shared ancestry among geographically diverse hunter-gatherer populations (Khoesan speakers and Pygmies). The ancestry of African Americans is predominantly from Niger-Kordofanian (approximately 71\%), European (approximately 13\%), and other African (approximately 8\%) populations, although admixture levels varied considerably among individuals. This study helps tease apart the complex evolutionary history of Africans and African Americans, aiding both anthropological and genetic epidemiologic studies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172257",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1172257",
    openalex = "W2129316818",
    references = "doi101038ng1946, doi101073pnas0507611102, doi101073pnas0510792103, doi101086302959, doi101093genetics1053767, doi101093genetics1552945, doi101126science1078311, doi101126science1153717, doi101126science2965566261b, doi101371journalpgen0020190, doi102307jctv301gjp"
}

The State in Africa is one of the important and compelling texts of comparative politics and historical sociology of the last twenty years. Bayart rejects the assumption of African 'otherness' based on stereotyped images of famine, corruption and civil war. Instead he invites the reader to see that African politics is like politics anywhere else in the world, not an exotic aberration.\nAfricans themselves speak of a 'politics of the belly' - an expression that refers not only to the necessities of survival but also to a complex array of cultural representations, notably those of the 'invisible' world of sorcery. The 'politics of the belly' attests to a distinctively African trajectory of power that we need to understand as part of a long-term historical development.\nWhile acknowledging the insights of Western social scientists from Weber to Foucault, Bayart never loses sight of the realities of African politics and social life and he is careful to allow African voices - from the 'small boy' in the street to the 'big men' in the presidential palaces - to speak for themselves.\nThis new edition of Bayart's classic book includes a new introduction on Africa in the world today.\nThis book has established itself as an indispensable text on the state and politics in Africa. It also provides a nuanced reading of what we have come to call 'development' and opens the way for a more general reflection on the invention of politics in African and Asian societies.

@misc{openalexw3210084086,
    author = "Leguil-Bayart, Jean-François",
    title = "The State in Africa: the Politics of the Belly",
    year = "2009",
    booktitle = "HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)",
    abstract = "The State in Africa is one of the important and compelling texts of comparative politics and historical sociology of the last twenty years. Bayart rejects the assumption of African 'otherness' based on stereotyped images of famine, corruption and civil war. Instead he invites the reader to see that African politics is like politics anywhere else in the world, not an exotic aberration.\nAfricans themselves speak of a 'politics of the belly' - an expression that refers not only to the necessities of survival but also to a complex array of cultural representations, notably those of the 'invisible' world of sorcery. The 'politics of the belly' attests to a distinctively African trajectory of power that we need to understand as part of a long-term historical development.\nWhile acknowledging the insights of Western social scientists from Weber to Foucault, Bayart never loses sight of the realities of African politics and social life and he is careful to allow African voices - from the 'small boy' in the street to the 'big men' in the presidential palaces - to speak for themselves.\nThis new edition of Bayart's classic book includes a new introduction on Africa in the world today.\nThis book has established itself as an indispensable text on the state and politics in Africa. It also provides a nuanced reading of what we have come to call 'development' and opens the way for a more general reflection on the invention of politics in African and Asian societies.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W3210084086",
    openalex = "W3210084086"
}

@article{doi101016jjafrearsci2019103738,
    author = "Holwerda, Femke M.",
    title = "Sauropod dinosaur fossils from the Kem Kem and extended ‘Continental Intercalaire’ of North Africa: A review",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of African Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103738",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103738",
    openalex = "W2996659900",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200603016, doi101016jtree200711006, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101126science1060561, doi101126science1258750, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0016663, doi103897zookeys4698439, doi105860choice435907"
}

The Continental African abelisauroid theropod dinosaur fossil record from the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods is becoming increasingly better understood, and offers great insight into the evolution and biogeography of this long-lived group of carnivores. Abelisauroidea is among the most familiar groups of theropod dinosaurs from Gondwana, with fossil records in South America, Australia, India and Africa, along with Europe. The objective of the present study is to review the fossil record of abelisauroids in continental Africa. Based on the literature and records from the online databases “The Paleobiology Database” and “The Theropod Database”, we review the distribution of these theropods in Africa and comment on their evolution. The African continent is a major region of importance when it comes to 26 Abelisauroidea fossil findings, including records of both major subdivisions of the clade: the Abelisauridae and Noasauridae families. The oldest Abelisauroidea fossil record found in Africa dates from the Late Jurassic, while the final records date from the end of the Cretaceous. This indicates that clade was the longest surviving lineage of the large theropods of Africa, and they filled a variety of ecological roles, including apex predators, at the end of the Cretaceous, when tyrannosaurids occupied similar niches in the northern continents.

@article{doi101160618070205202363019,
    author = "de Souza-Júnior, André Luis and dos Anjos Candeiro, Carlos Roberto and Vidal, Luciano and Brusatte, Stephen L. and Mortimer, Mickey",
    title = "Abelisauroidea (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from Africa: a review of the fossil record",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia",
    abstract = "The Continental African abelisauroid theropod dinosaur fossil record from the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods is becoming increasingly better understood, and offers great insight into the evolution and biogeography of this long-lived group of carnivores. Abelisauroidea is among the most familiar groups of theropod dinosaurs from Gondwana, with fossil records in South America, Australia, India and Africa, along with Europe. The objective of the present study is to review the fossil record of abelisauroids in continental Africa. Based on the literature and records from the online databases “The Paleobiology Database” and “The Theropod Database”, we review the distribution of these theropods in Africa and comment on their evolution. The African continent is a major region of importance when it comes to 26 Abelisauroidea fossil findings, including records of both major subdivisions of the clade: the Abelisauridae and Noasauridae families. The oldest Abelisauroidea fossil record found in Africa dates from the Late Jurassic, while the final records date from the end of the Cretaceous. This indicates that clade was the longest surviving lineage of the large theropods of Africa, and they filled a variety of ecological roles, including apex predators, at the end of the Cretaceous, when tyrannosaurids occupied similar niches in the northern continents.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2023.63.019",
    doi = "10.11606/1807-0205/2023.63.019",
    openalex = "W4383499622",
    references = "doi101007s0011400804874, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jcub201610043, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20120660, doi101126science2725264986, doi104202app20080102, openalexw3114518543"
}

The distribution of African great apes has remained unconfirmed regarding their southern limit, particularly on the western side of the continent. IUCN maps include the Mayombe forest of Angola as part of the estimated distribution of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes). However, until now, there were no records confirming the continued presence of both species. The Mayombe forest is a key biodiversity hotspot and a potentially important stronghold for the conservation of great ape populations in Africa. Here, we report the first systematic evidence of both species in the Mayombe National Park, Cabinda, Angola. In 2023, a grid of camera traps was systematically deployed, producing the first visual records of gorillas and chimpanzees. Building on these findings, in 2024, a pilot survey including ad libitum field observations was carried out along exploratory trails to maximise data collection. The combination of these records identified a hotspot of great ape activity where six transects were established, and systematic direct and indirect evidence was documented. Chimpanzees were recorded more times across a broader range of evidence categories, while gorillas appeared less and seemed more spatially restricted. Notably, both species were detected at overlapping sites but never simultaneously, indicating sympatric coexistence with spatio-temporal partitioning. These findings confirm the southernmost predicted distribution of both species for this part of Africa, filling critical gaps in the understanding of great ape evolution and biogeography, and providing a baseline for the first demographic and ecological census of great apes in Angola.

@article{doi101007s10329026012525,
    author = "Cravo-Mota, Mariana and Lutondo, Eduardo Kivete and Mbenza, João Mavinga and Catuti, Graça Dala and Simão, Tatiana and Segunda, Dionísia and Pinto, Pedro Vaz and Ferrand, Nuno and Mota, Paulo Gama and Carvalho, Susana",
    title = "A new southern limit for the distribution of African great apes: sympatric western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and central chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) confirmed in Mayombe National Park, Angola.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Primates; journal of primatology",
    abstract = "The distribution of African great apes has remained unconfirmed regarding their southern limit, particularly on the western side of the continent. IUCN maps include the Mayombe forest of Angola as part of the estimated distribution of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes). However, until now, there were no records confirming the continued presence of both species. The Mayombe forest is a key biodiversity hotspot and a potentially important stronghold for the conservation of great ape populations in Africa. Here, we report the first systematic evidence of both species in the Mayombe National Park, Cabinda, Angola. In 2023, a grid of camera traps was systematically deployed, producing the first visual records of gorillas and chimpanzees. Building on these findings, in 2024, a pilot survey including ad libitum field observations was carried out along exploratory trails to maximise data collection. The combination of these records identified a hotspot of great ape activity where six transects were established, and systematic direct and indirect evidence was documented. Chimpanzees were recorded more times across a broader range of evidence categories, while gorillas appeared less and seemed more spatially restricted. Notably, both species were detected at overlapping sites but never simultaneously, indicating sympatric coexistence with spatio-temporal partitioning. These findings confirm the southernmost predicted distribution of both species for this part of Africa, filling critical gaps in the understanding of great ape evolution and biogeography, and providing a baseline for the first demographic and ecological census of great apes in Angola.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/5916511/",
    doi = "10.1007/s10329-026-01252-5",
    pmcid = "5916511",
    pmid = "42043667"
}

@article{doi101007s13679026007174,
    author = "Simfukwe, Reuben and Chilunga, Felix P and Agyemang, Charles",
    title = "The Epidemiology of the Global Syndemic in Africa: New Evidence and Key Insights.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Current obesity reports",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/3257829/",
    doi = "10.1007/s13679-026-00717-4",
    pmcid = "3257829",
    pmid = "42043723"
}