Allosaurs

@misc{osborn1912crania2,
    author = "Osborn, H. F",
    title = "Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus",
    year = "1912",
    howpublished = "American Museum of Natural History Memoirs, v. 1, p. 1-30",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osborn, H. F., 1912, Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus: American Museum of Natural History Memoirs, v. 1, p. 1-30.}"
}

@article{gilmore1915on,
    author = "Gilmore, Charles W.",
    title = "On the fore lirnb of Allosaurus fragilis",
    year = "1915",
    journal = "Proceedings of the United States National Museum",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.49-2120.501",
    doi = "10.5479/si.00963801.49-2120.501",
    number = "2120",
    openalex = "W1966597593",
    pages = "501-513",
    volume = "49"
}

@book{crossref1976allosaurus,
    title = "Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology1",
    year = "1976",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.34191/b-109",
    doi = "10.34191/b-109",
    openalex = "W2125723303"
}

@techreport{madsen1976allosaurus1,
    author = "Madsen, J. H",
    title = "Allosaurus fragilis",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "A revised osteology: Bulletin of the Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, v. 109, p. 1-51",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Madsen, J. H., 1976, Allosaurus fragilis: A revised osteology: Bulletin of the Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, v. 109, p. 1-51.}"
}

La morfología craneal de Allosaurus ha sido objeto de interpretaciones funcionales que implican un comportamiento depredador radicalmente distinto para el inferido para cualquier vertebrado depredador terrestre. Esas interpretaciones implican el uso de la dentición superior e inferior como análogos de cuchillos o dagas manufacturadas por el hombre, incorporando la inercia del golpe del depredador contra la presa para añadir el efecto del impacto, y usando amplias aperturas mandibulares para mantener la mandíbula fuera de la línea de acción del impacto. Reinterpretamos las evidentes adaptaciones para amplias aberturas mandibulares, y para la utilización de la musculatura cervical en la depresih de la cabeza de Allosaurus en función de una mordida basada en la fuerza muscular dirigida a superficies moderadamente convexas, como el cuerpo de una gran presa. En nuestro modelo, las fuerzas que producen la penetración son generadas en el contexto de una oposición entre el maxilar y la mandíbula. Esta interpretación nos permite incorporar todas las adaptaciones observadas en el cráneo de Allosaurus, al mismo tiempo que se evitan los problemas creados por modelos alternativos.

@article{doi103989egeol035956106,
    author = "Antón, Mauricio and Sánchez, Israel M. and Salesa, Manuel J. and Turner, A.",
    title = "The muscle-powered bite of Allosaurus (Dinosauria; Theropoda): an interpretation of cranio-dental morphology",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Estudios Geológicos",
    abstract = "La morfología craneal de Allosaurus ha sido objeto de interpretaciones funcionales que implican un comportamiento depredador radicalmente distinto para el inferido para cualquier vertebrado depredador terrestre. Esas interpretaciones implican el uso de la dentición superior e inferior como análogos de cuchillos o dagas manufacturadas por el hombre, incorporando la inercia del golpe del depredador contra la presa para añadir el efecto del impacto, y usando amplias aperturas mandibulares para mantener la mandíbula fuera de la línea de acción del impacto. Reinterpretamos las evidentes adaptaciones para amplias aberturas mandibulares, y para la utilización de la musculatura cervical en la depresih de la cabeza de Allosaurus en función de una mordida basada en la fuerza muscular dirigida a superficies moderadamente convexas, como el cuerpo de una gran presa. En nuestro modelo, las fuerzas que producen la penetración son generadas en el contexto de una oposición entre el maxilar y la mandíbula. Esta interpretación nos permite incorporar todas las adaptaciones observadas en el cráneo de Allosaurus, al mismo tiempo que se evitan los problemas creados por modelos alternativos.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.03595-6106",
    doi = "10.3989/egeol.03595-6106",
    openalex = "W1839441543",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101002jmor1051630304, doi101016b9780124150317500173, doi101016b9780124150317500288, doi10103835059070, doi10108002724634199910011190, doi101126science28454232137, doi1023071444685, doi104324978131516192111, doi105962p226830"
}

The purpose of this application, under Article 75.5 of the Code, is to conserve the usage of the name Allosaurus Marsh, 1877 by replacement of the fragmentary and nondiagnostic holotype of Allosaurus fragilis Marsh, 1877 with a diagnostic skull and skeleton from the same quarry. The name of the genus Allosaurus, whose type species is A. fragilis, is widely accepted by palaeontologists and has been familiar to the public for decades and it is essential that an adequate type be available. It is proposed that all type species fixations for the genus Allosaurus be set aside and a neotype be designated.

@article{doi1021805bznv67i1a7,
    author = "Paul, Gregory S. and Carpenter, Kenneth",
    title = "Case 3506 Allosaurus Marsh, 1877 (Dinosauria, Theropoda): proposed conservation of usage by designation of a neotype for its type species Allosaurus fragilis Marsh, 1877",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "The Bulletin of zoological nomenclature",
    abstract = "The purpose of this application, under Article 75.5 of the Code, is to conserve the usage of the name Allosaurus Marsh, 1877 by replacement of the fragmentary and nondiagnostic holotype of Allosaurus fragilis Marsh, 1877 with a diagnostic skull and skeleton from the same quarry. The name of the genus Allosaurus, whose type species is A. fragilis, is widely accepted by palaeontologists and has been familiar to the public for decades and it is essential that an adequate type be available. It is proposed that all type species fixations for the genus Allosaurus be set aside and a neotype be designated.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21805/bzn.v67i1.a7",
    doi = "10.21805/bzn.v67i1.a7",
    openalex = "W80473642",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi1015468p4gnhz, doi102475ajss31484514, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss327160329, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105962bhltitle61805, doi105962bhltitle61883, doi105962bhltitle63658"
}

@article{openalexw2285410455,
    author = "Demirjian, Vahe",
    title = "Comment on the proposed conservation of usage of Allosaurus Marsh, 1877 (Dinosauria, Theropoda) by designation of a neotype for its type species Allosaurus fragilis Marsh, 1877",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "The Bulletin of zoological nomenclature",
    openalex = "W2285410455"
}

@article{carrano2018comment,
    author = "Carrano, Matthew T. and Loewen, Mark A. and Evers, Serjoscha W.",
    title = "Comment (Case 3506) — Conservation of Allosaurus Marsh, 1877 (Dinosauria, Theropoda): additional data in support of the proposed neotype for its type species Allosaurus fragilis Marsh, 1877",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21805/bzn.v75.a014",
    doi = "10.21805/bzn.v75.a014",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2806073434",
    pages = "59",
    volume = "75",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi1021805bznv67i1a7, doi105479si03629236110i, openalexw2285410455"
}

@inproceedings{andconway2019first,
    author = "Conway, Brian and Thomson, Tracy J.",
    title = "FIRST REPORT OF TOOTH WEAR IN ALLOSAURUS FRAGILIS AND POTENTIAL AVENUES FOR PALEOECOLOGICAL STUDY",
    year = "2019",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-337127",
    doi = "10.1130/abs/2019am-337127",
    openalex = "W2987686041"
}

@article{doi1021805bznv76a013,
    author = "Yun, Chan‐gyu",
    title = "Comment (Case 3506) – Support for USNM 4734 being designated as the neotype specimen of Allosaurus fragilis Marsh, 1877 (Dinosauria, Theropoda)",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "The Bulletin of zoological nomenclature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21805/bzn.v76.a013",
    doi = "10.21805/bzn.v76.a013",
    openalex = "W2943054257",
    references = "doi1021805bznv67i1a7, openalexw2285410455"
}

Allosaurus, from the Late Jurassic of North America and Europe, is a model taxon for Jurassic basal tetanuran theropod dinosaurs.It has achieved an almost iconic status due to its early discovery in the late, 19 th century, and due to the abundance of material from the Morrison Formation of the western U.S.A., making Allosaurus one of the best-known theropod taxa.Despite this, various aspects of the cranial anatomy of Allosaurus are surprisingly poorly understood.Here, we discuss the osteology of the cheek region, comprised by the jugal, maxilla, and lacrimal.This region of the skull is of importance for Allosaurus taxonomy and phylogeny, particularly because Allosaurus has traditionally been reconstructed with an unusual cheek configuration, and because the European species Allosaurus europaeus has been said to be different from North American material in the configuration of these bones.Based on re-examination of articulated and disarticulated material from a number of repositories, we show that the jugal participates in the antorbital fenestra, contradicting the common interpretation.The jugal laterally overlies the lacrimal, and forms an extended antorbital fossa with this bone.Furthermore, we document previously unrecorded pneumatic features of the jugal of Allosaurus.

@misc{doi107287peerj8493v01reviews3,
    author = "Evers, Serjoscha and Foth, Christian and Rauhut, Oliver and Rauhut, Oliver and Bakker, R and Balanoff, A and Norell, M and Balanoff, A and Xu, X and Kobayashi, Y and Matsufune, Y and Norell, M and Benson, Rbj and Carrano, M and Brusatte, S and Bonaparte, J and Novas, F and Coria, R and Bristowe, A and Raath, M and Brusatte, S and Benson, Rbj and Currie, P and Zhao, X and Brusatte, S and Montanari, S and Sakamoto, M and Weh, Harcourt-Smith and Canale, I and Scanferla, C and Agnoln, F and Novas, F and Carpenter, K and Carpenter, K and Paul, G and Carrano, M and Benson, Rbj and Sampson, S and Carrano, M and Loewen, M and Evers, S and Choiniere, J and Clark, J and Norell, M and Xu, X and Chure, D and Loewen, M and Chure, Peerj and Madsen, D and Jhj and Clark, J and Norell, M and Rowe, T and Clark, J and Norell, Perle and M and Colbert, E and Coria, R and Currie, P and Currie, P and Currie, P and Carpenter, K and Currie, P and Zhao, X and Dalman, S and Eddy, D and Clarke, J and Ezcurra, M and Foth, C and Evers, S and Pabst, B and Mateus, O and Flisch, A and Patthey, M and Rauhut, Owm and Foth, C and Rauhut, Owm and Galton, P and Carpenter, K and Dalman, S and Gates, T and Gauthier, J and Gilmore, G and Hanna, R and Hendrickx, C and Mateus, O and Holtz, Trj and Holtz, Trj and Holtz, Trj and Molnar, R and Currie, P and Kobayashi, Y and L, J and Lautenschlager, S and Lautenschlager, S and Witmer, L and Zanno, Perle and Rayfield, L and E and Madsen, Jhj",
    title = {Peer Review \#3 of "Notes on the cheek region of the Late Jurassic theropod dinosaur Allosaurus (v0.1)"},
    year = "2020",
    abstract = "Allosaurus, from the Late Jurassic of North America and Europe, is a model taxon for Jurassic basal tetanuran theropod dinosaurs.It has achieved an almost iconic status due to its early discovery in the late, 19 th century, and due to the abundance of material from the Morrison Formation of the western U.S.A., making Allosaurus one of the best-known theropod taxa.Despite this, various aspects of the cranial anatomy of Allosaurus are surprisingly poorly understood.Here, we discuss the osteology of the cheek region, comprised by the jugal, maxilla, and lacrimal.This region of the skull is of importance for Allosaurus taxonomy and phylogeny, particularly because Allosaurus has traditionally been reconstructed with an unusual cheek configuration, and because the European species Allosaurus europaeus has been said to be different from North American material in the configuration of these bones.Based on re-examination of articulated and disarticulated material from a number of repositories, we show that the jugal participates in the antorbital fenestra, contradicting the common interpretation.The jugal laterally overlies the lacrimal, and forms an extended antorbital fossa with this bone.Furthermore, we document previously unrecorded pneumatic features of the jugal of Allosaurus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.8493v0.1/reviews/3",
    doi = "10.7287/peerj.8493v0.1/reviews/3",
    openalex = "W4241963836",
    references = "carrano2018comment, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101007s001140090614x, doi10103835059070, doi101139e93179, doi1012067481, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo3725717, doi105281zenodo4664674, doi105281zenodo5376792, doi105962p226819"
}

Allosaurus is one of the best known theropod dinosaurs from the Jurassic and a crucial taxon in phylogenetic analyses. On the basis of an in-depth, firsthand study of the bulk of Allosaurus specimens housed in North American institutions, we describe here a new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Western North America, Allosaurus jimmadseni sp. nov., based upon a remarkably complete articulated skeleton and skull and a second specimen with an articulated skull and associated skeleton. The present study also assigns several other specimens to this new species, Allosaurus jimmadseni, which is characterized by a number of autapomorphies present on the dermal skull roof and additional characters present in the postcrania. In particular, whereas the ventral margin of the jugal of Allosaurus fragilis has pronounced sigmoidal convexity, the ventral margin is virtually straight in Allosaurus jimmadseni. The paired nasals of Allosaurus jimmadseni possess bilateral, blade-like crests along the lateral margin, forming a pronounced nasolacrimal crest that is absent in Allosaurus fragilis.

@article{doi107717peerj7803,
    author = "Chure, Daniel J. and Loewen, Mark A.",
    title = "Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Allosaurus is one of the best known theropod dinosaurs from the Jurassic and a crucial taxon in phylogenetic analyses. On the basis of an in-depth, firsthand study of the bulk of Allosaurus specimens housed in North American institutions, we describe here a new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Western North America, Allosaurus jimmadseni sp. nov., based upon a remarkably complete articulated skeleton and skull and a second specimen with an articulated skull and associated skeleton. The present study also assigns several other specimens to this new species, Allosaurus jimmadseni, which is characterized by a number of autapomorphies present on the dermal skull roof and additional characters present in the postcrania. In particular, whereas the ventral margin of the jugal of Allosaurus fragilis has pronounced sigmoidal convexity, the ventral margin is virtually straight in Allosaurus jimmadseni. The paired nasals of Allosaurus jimmadseni possess bilateral, blade-like crests along the lateral margin, forming a pronounced nasolacrimal crest that is absent in Allosaurus fragilis.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7803",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.7803",
    openalex = "W3000926677",
    references = "carrano2018comment, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101016jgca201006017, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101126science28454232137, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi1021805bznv67i1a7, doi10230730135049, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice353642"
}

The Late Jurassic Allosaurus is one of the better-studied dinosaurs. A histological and geochemical study of a tibia and a femur of A. fragilis recovered in the Upper Jurassic Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry, Utah, United States has been done in order to address growth characteristics of this species. The two bones, probably belonging to separate individuals, are among the largest known for this species, which make them suitable to address such issues. The inclusion of our data on femur growth markings in the previously published data reflects a range of growth variability rather than two distinct growth strategies. The tibia has a well-developed external fundamental system indicating somatic maturity achievement. Using a quantitative method of superimposition to retrocalculate missing lines of arrested growth, the tibia appears to correspond to an individual that reached its skeletal maturity at 22 years and died at approximately 26 years. In the tibia, the concentration of zinc, a potential biomarker associated with bone formation, displays a higher concentration in zones of rapid growth compared to annuli. There is no direct relationship between the values of δ 18 O p and the lines of arrested growth distribution. The absence of relations between the histological organization and an enrichment in REE of the bone, indicates that the variations of δ 18 O p likely represent a diagenetic process rather than a primordial, biologic composition. However, the geochemical composition of the bones is not homogeneous along the sections, indicating that the signal variations have not been completely erased by diagenesis.

@article{doi103389feart2021641060,
    author = "Ferrante, Christophe and Cavin, Lionel and Vennemann, Torsten and Martini, Rossana",
    title = "Histology and Geochemistry of Allosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry (Late Jurassic, Utah): Paleobiological Implications",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Frontiers in Earth Science",
    abstract = "The Late Jurassic Allosaurus is one of the better-studied dinosaurs. A histological and geochemical study of a tibia and a femur of A. fragilis recovered in the Upper Jurassic Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry, Utah, United States has been done in order to address growth characteristics of this species. The two bones, probably belonging to separate individuals, are among the largest known for this species, which make them suitable to address such issues. The inclusion of our data on femur growth markings in the previously published data reflects a range of growth variability rather than two distinct growth strategies. The tibia has a well-developed external fundamental system indicating somatic maturity achievement. Using a quantitative method of superimposition to retrocalculate missing lines of arrested growth, the tibia appears to correspond to an individual that reached its skeletal maturity at 22 years and died at approximately 26 years. In the tibia, the concentration of zinc, a potential biomarker associated with bone formation, displays a higher concentration in zones of rapid growth compared to annuli. There is no direct relationship between the values of δ 18 O p and the lines of arrested growth distribution. The absence of relations between the histological organization and an enrichment in REE of the bone, indicates that the variations of δ 18 O p likely represent a diagenetic process rather than a primordial, biologic composition. However, the geochemical composition of the bones is not homogeneous along the sections, indicating that the signal variations have not been completely erased by diagenesis.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.641060",
    doi = "10.3389/feart.2021.641060",
    openalex = "W3147554929",
    references = "doi107717peerj7803, doi107717peerj8493"
}

The author proposes a model for reading material characterized by “nested” literacies to decipher complex information where literacy operates in enmeshed and unpredictable ways. A case study of a nesting Allosaurus fragilis illustrates how deciphering multiple interacting literacies can identify areas needing technical communication intervention. In this context, multiple literacies include the usual reconstruction of Allosaurus fragilis in museum displays, the public discourses surrounding the nesting Allosaurus, and the associated scientific literature.

@article{doi1010801057225220222146756,
    author = "DeTora, Lisa",
    title = "Deciphering Nested Literacies: A Case Study of Allosaurus Fragilis at the Smithsonian’s Deep Time Exhibit",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Technical Communication Quarterly",
    abstract = "The author proposes a model for reading material characterized by “nested” literacies to decipher complex information where literacy operates in enmeshed and unpredictable ways. A case study of a nesting Allosaurus fragilis illustrates how deciphering multiple interacting literacies can identify areas needing technical communication intervention. In this context, multiple literacies include the usual reconstruction of Allosaurus fragilis in museum displays, the public discourses surrounding the nesting Allosaurus, and the associated scientific literature.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10572252.2022.2146756",
    doi = "10.1080/10572252.2022.2146756",
    openalex = "W4309915783",
    references = "doi1021805bznv67i1a7"
}

@article{crossref2023opinion,
    title = "Opinion 2486 (Case 3506) – Allosaurus Marsh, 1877 (Dinosauria, Theropoda): usage conserved by designation of a neotype for its type species Allosaurus fragilis Marsh, 1877",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21805/bzn.v80.a015",
    doi = "10.21805/bzn.v80.a015",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W4390443720",
    volume = "80",
    references = "doi1021805bznv67i1a7"
}

Allosaurus is one of the most famous theropod dinosaurs, but the validity and relationships between the different species have been confusing and often questioned. Portugal is relevant to the understanding of the genus in light of the discovery of A. europaeus ML415 from the Early Tithonian of Lourinhã and Allosaurus MNHNUL/AND.001 from Andrés. However, the exact classification and validity of these two specimens has always been controversial. The presence of Allosaurus in Portugal is strong evidence for a North America–Europe Late Jurassic dispersal, later supported by other taxa. A detailed cranial description and specimen-based phylogeny were performed and resolved many of the open questions: (1) The diversity of Allosaurus is limited to three named species: A. fragilis, A. europaeus, and A. jimmadseni. (2) Nine autapomorphies were found in A. europaeus, confirming the validity of the species. (3) Phylogenetic analyses place both Portuguese specimens in the genus Allosaurus, based on the following synapomorphies: jugal bone lateral view, relative heights of quadratojugal prongs, the dorsal prong is equal in height, the jugal bone in lateral view shows shallow accessory pneumatization of the antorbital fossa, the palatine pneumatic recess shape is small, and lacrimal horn morphology has a triangular horn. (4) The Andrés specimen is placed with the A. europaeus and they are considered here to be the same species, which is paleo-geographically and biochronologically congruent. (5) A. europaeus and A. jimmadseni are sister taxa and closer to each other than to A. fragilis. The genus is distributed in occurrences from the United States, Germany, and Portugal, and from the Late Kimmeridgian to the Late Tithonian, while the Cenomanian report from Japan is reidentified as Segnosaurus.

@article{doi103390d17010029,
    author = "Burigo, André and Mateus, Octávio",
    title = "Allosaurus europaeus (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) Revisited and Taxonomy of the Genus",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Diversity",
    abstract = "Allosaurus is one of the most famous theropod dinosaurs, but the validity and relationships between the different species have been confusing and often questioned. Portugal is relevant to the understanding of the genus in light of the discovery of A. europaeus ML415 from the Early Tithonian of Lourinhã and Allosaurus MNHNUL/AND.001 from Andrés. However, the exact classification and validity of these two specimens has always been controversial. The presence of Allosaurus in Portugal is strong evidence for a North America–Europe Late Jurassic dispersal, later supported by other taxa. A detailed cranial description and specimen-based phylogeny were performed and resolved many of the open questions: (1) The diversity of Allosaurus is limited to three named species: A. fragilis, A. europaeus, and A. jimmadseni. (2) Nine autapomorphies were found in A. europaeus, confirming the validity of the species. (3) Phylogenetic analyses place both Portuguese specimens in the genus Allosaurus, based on the following synapomorphies: jugal bone lateral view, relative heights of quadratojugal prongs, the dorsal prong is equal in height, the jugal bone in lateral view shows shallow accessory pneumatization of the antorbital fossa, the palatine pneumatic recess shape is small, and lacrimal horn morphology has a triangular horn. (4) The Andrés specimen is placed with the A. europaeus and they are considered here to be the same species, which is paleo-geographically and biochronologically congruent. (5) A. europaeus and A. jimmadseni are sister taxa and closer to each other than to A. fragilis. The genus is distributed in occurrences from the United States, Germany, and Portugal, and from the Late Kimmeridgian to the Late Tithonian, while the Cenomanian report from Japan is reidentified as Segnosaurus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/d17010029",
    doi = "10.3390/d17010029",
    openalex = "W4405945546",
    references = "carrano2018comment, doi101016jearscirev201605002, doi101038s41598019536727, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101098rsbl20150947, doi101111cla12524, doi101139e93179, doi101371journalpone0088905, doi1021805bznv67i1a7, doi1034191mp002, doi105962bhltitle61883, doi107717peerj8493, doi107717peerj857"
}

Abstract Allosaurus fragilis was first described in the Upper Jurassic of Portugal in 1999 based on a set of postcranial remains collected at the Andrés fossil site in Pombal. The description of a second species, Allosaurus europaeus, based on a posterior part of an articulated skull and a sequence of cervical vertebrae (ML 415) collected at Praia de Vale Frades in Lourinhã, has been controversial, and its validity has been challenged. A detailed description of a new sample of cranial fossil material collected at Andrés that can be confidentially attributed to Allosaurus is presented. In addition, a comprehensive phylogenetic assessment of the Morrison Formation fossil record of Allosaurus is also performed. This analysis indicates that only two valid Allosaurus species were present in the Late Jurassic ecosystems of North America: Allosaurus fragilis and Allosaurus jimmadseni. An emended diagnosis for Allosaurus fragilis is here proposed. The Portuguese specimens MNHN/UL.AND.#, ML 415, and MG 27804 are here interpreted as belonging to Allosaurus fragilis. This interpretation has important implications to better understand the evolutionary history of the theropod fauna of the Lusitanian Basin, supporting the existence of close biogeographic relationships between the landmasses on both sides of the proto-North Atlantic Ocean during the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian.

@article{doi101093zoolinneanzlaf029,
    author = "Malafaia, Elisabete and Dantas, Pedro and Escaso, Fernando and Mocho, Pedro and Ortega, Francisco",
    title = "Cranial osteology of a new specimen of Allosaurus Marsh, 1877 (Theropoda: Allosauridae) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal and a specimen-level phylogenetic analysis of Allosaurus",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Abstract Allosaurus fragilis was first described in the Upper Jurassic of Portugal in 1999 based on a set of postcranial remains collected at the Andrés fossil site in Pombal. The description of a second species, Allosaurus europaeus, based on a posterior part of an articulated skull and a sequence of cervical vertebrae (ML 415) collected at Praia de Vale Frades in Lourinhã, has been controversial, and its validity has been challenged. A detailed description of a new sample of cranial fossil material collected at Andrés that can be confidentially attributed to Allosaurus is presented. In addition, a comprehensive phylogenetic assessment of the Morrison Formation fossil record of Allosaurus is also performed. This analysis indicates that only two valid Allosaurus species were present in the Late Jurassic ecosystems of North America: Allosaurus fragilis and Allosaurus jimmadseni. An emended diagnosis for Allosaurus fragilis is here proposed. The Portuguese specimens MNHN/UL.AND.\#, ML 415, and MG 27804 are here interpreted as belonging to Allosaurus fragilis. This interpretation has important implications to better understand the evolutionary history of the theropod fauna of the Lusitanian Basin, supporting the existence of close biogeographic relationships between the landmasses on both sides of the proto-North Atlantic Ocean during the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf029",
    doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf029",
    openalex = "W4410791610",
    references = "carrano2018comment, crossref1976allosaurus, crossref2023opinion, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science2725264986, doi101139e93179, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss321125417, doi103390d17010029, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105860choice353642, doi107717peerj8493"
}

@article{liang2025forearm,
    author = "Liang, Qingqing and Xing, Lida and Falkingham, Peter Lewis and Du, Chunlei and Wen, Kexiang and Lin, Jin",
    title = "Forearm range of motion in Allosaurus fragilis (Dinosauria: Theropoda)",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2024.2403599",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2024.2403599",
    number = "9",
    openalex = "W4402837179",
    pages = "2119-2130",
    volume = "37",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi1010800891296320222155149, doi101126science1225376, doi10129879781933789408, doi101371journalpone0013120, doi101666100041, doi102307jctvqc6gzx, doi102475ajss31484514, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105860choice434677"
}

@misc{crossrefNonefigure,
    title = "Figure 5: Vertical distribution of air temperature in summer maize canopy.",
    year = "None",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12891/fig-5",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.12891/fig-5"
}