Alps

@article{ascherson1865gymnadeniabastardes,
    author = "Ascherson, P.",
    title = "Gymnadenia-Bastardes, nebst Bemerkungen überOrchis Nicodemi",
    year = "1865",
    journal = "Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01615619",
    doi = "10.1007/bf01615619",
    number = "6",
    openalex = "W2034473320",
    pages = "176-180",
    volume = "15"
}

@article{erb1874zur,
    author = "Erb, W.",
    title = "Zur Lehre von der Tetanie nebst Bemerkungen",
    year = "1874",
    journal = "Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02166437",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02166437",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2312606681",
    pages = "271-316",
    volume = "4"
}

@article{weise1895neue,
    author = "Weise, J.",
    title = "Neue Chrysomeliden nebst synonymischen Bemerkungen",
    year = "1895",
    journal = "Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.48018950222",
    doi = "10.1002/mmnd.48018950222",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2326799392",
    pages = "327-352",
    volume = "1895"
}

@article{edel1899zur,
    author = "Edel, Alexander",
    title = "Zur Schulhygiene, nebst Bemerkungen zur Schulreform",
    year = "1899",
    journal = "DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1200395",
    doi = "10.1055/s-0029-1200395",
    number = "30",
    openalex = "W2023019132",
    pages = "497-499",
    volume = "25"
}

@article{weise1900beschreibungen,
    author = "Weise, J.",
    title = "Beschreibungen africanischer Chrysomeliden nebst synonymischen Bemerkungen",
    year = "1900",
    journal = "Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.48019000239",
    doi = "10.1002/mmnd.48019000239",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2328780320",
    pages = "446-459",
    volume = "1900"
}

@article{vonschuckmann1920sensorische,
    author = "von Schuckmann, Walter",
    title = "Sensorische Aphasie nebst Bemerkungen zur Gedächtnispathologie.",
    year = "1920",
    journal = "European Neurology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1159/000190666",
    doi = "10.1159/000190666",
    number = "5",
    openalex = "W2171253854",
    pages = "232-254",
    volume = "48"
}

@misc{brinkmann1937biostratigraphie1,
    author = "Brinkmann, R",
    title = "Biostratigraphie des Leymeriellenstammes nebst Bemerkungen zur Palogeographie des Nord-westdeutschen Alb",
    year = "1937",
    howpublished = "Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg, Mitt., v. 16, p. 1-18",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brinkmann, R., 1937, Biostratigraphie des Leymeriellenstammes nebst Bemerkungen zur Palogeographie des Nord-westdeutschen Alb: Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg, Mitt., v. 16, p. 1-18.}"
}

@article{hantzpergue1979biostratigraphie,
    author = "Hantzpergue, P.",
    title = "Biostratigraphie du Jurassique superieur nord-aquitain",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.s7-xxi.6.715",
    doi = "10.2113/gssgfbull.s7-xxi.6.715",
    number = "6",
    openalex = "W2335452824",
    pages = "715-725",
    volume = "S7-XXI"
}

@article{memmi1981biostratigraphie,
    author = "Memmi, L.",
    title = "Biostratigraphie du Cretace inferieur de la Tunisie Nord-Orientale",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.s7-xxiii.2.175",
    doi = "10.2113/gssgfbull.s7-xxiii.2.175",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2317610564",
    pages = "175-183",
    volume = "S7-XXIII"
}

The late Oligocene‐Miocene tectonic style of the Alps is variable along strike of the orogen. In the Western and Central Alps, foreland imbrication, backthrusting, and backfolding dominate. In the Eastern Alps, strike‐slip and normal faults prevail. These differences are due to lateral extrusion in the Eastern Alps. Lateral extrusion encompasses tectonic escape (plane strain horizontal motion of tectonic wedges driven by forces applied to their boundaries) and extensional collapse (gravitational spreading away from a topographic high in an orogenic belt). The following factors contributed to the establishment of lateral extrusion in the Eastern Alps: (1) a rigid foreland, (2) a thick crust created by indentation and earlier collision, (3) a decrease in strength in the crust due to thermal relaxation, (4) a crustal thickness gradient from the Eastern Alps to the Carpathians, and, possibly, (5) a disturbance of the lithospheric root. Northward indentation by the Southern Alps causes thickening in and in front of the indenter and tectonic escape. Gravitational spreading attenuates crustal thickness differences. Indentation structures occur in the western Eastern Alps and comprise folds, thrusts, and strike‐slip faults. These structures pass laterally into spreading structures, which encompass transtensional and normal faults in the eastern Eastern Alps. The overall structural pattern is dominated by escape structures, namely, sets of strike‐slip faults that bound serially extruding wedges. Structural complexity arises from (1) interference of major fault sets, (2) accommodation of displacement differences between the Eastern Alps and their fore‐ and hinterland, (3) displacement transfer from the Eastern Alps toward the Carpathians which act as a lateral unconstrained margin, and (4) crustal decoupling, which partitions extrusion into brittle upper plate and ductile lower plate deformation. The kinematics of lateral extrusion is approximated by an extrusion‐spreading model proposed for nappe tectonics.

@article{doi10102990tc02623,
    author = "Ratschbacher, Lothar and Frisch, Wolfgang and Linzer, Hans‐Gert and Merle, Olivier",
    title = "Lateral extrusion in the eastern Alps, PArt 2: Structural analysis",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Tectonics",
    abstract = "The late Oligocene‐Miocene tectonic style of the Alps is variable along strike of the orogen. In the Western and Central Alps, foreland imbrication, backthrusting, and backfolding dominate. In the Eastern Alps, strike‐slip and normal faults prevail. These differences are due to lateral extrusion in the Eastern Alps. Lateral extrusion encompasses tectonic escape (plane strain horizontal motion of tectonic wedges driven by forces applied to their boundaries) and extensional collapse (gravitational spreading away from a topographic high in an orogenic belt). The following factors contributed to the establishment of lateral extrusion in the Eastern Alps: (1) a rigid foreland, (2) a thick crust created by indentation and earlier collision, (3) a decrease in strength in the crust due to thermal relaxation, (4) a crustal thickness gradient from the Eastern Alps to the Carpathians, and, possibly, (5) a disturbance of the lithospheric root. Northward indentation by the Southern Alps causes thickening in and in front of the indenter and tectonic escape. Gravitational spreading attenuates crustal thickness differences. Indentation structures occur in the western Eastern Alps and comprise folds, thrusts, and strike‐slip faults. These structures pass laterally into spreading structures, which encompass transtensional and normal faults in the eastern Eastern Alps. The overall structural pattern is dominated by escape structures, namely, sets of strike‐slip faults that bound serially extruding wedges. Structural complexity arises from (1) interference of major fault sets, (2) accommodation of displacement differences between the Eastern Alps and their fore‐ and hinterland, (3) displacement transfer from the Eastern Alps toward the Carpathians which act as a lateral unconstrained margin, and (4) crustal decoupling, which partitions extrusion into brittle upper plate and ductile lower plate deformation. The kinematics of lateral extrusion is approximated by an extrusion‐spreading model proposed for nappe tectonics.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/90tc02623",
    doi = "10.1029/90tc02623",
    openalex = "W2048893847",
    references = "doi101016004019518690199x, doi10102990tc02622, doi101029tc007i006p01123, doi101098rsta19880089, doi101130001676061986971037doowat20co2, doi101144gslsp19860190107, doi101144gslsp19890450115, doi102110pec85370211, doi102110pec85370227, doi102113gssgfbulls7xix3437"
}

Slab breakoff is the buoyancy‐driven detachment of subducted oceanic lithosphere from the light continental lithosphere that follows it during continental collision. In a recent paper Davies and von Blanckenburg [1994] have assessed the physical conditions leading to breakoff by quantitative thermomechanical modeling and have predicted various consequences in the evolution of mountain belts. Breakoff will lead to heating of the overriding lithospheric mantle by upwelling asthenosphere, melting of its enriched layers, and thus to bimodal magmatism. Breakoff will also lead to thermal weakening of the subducted crustal lithosphere, thereby allowing buoyant rise of released crustal slices from mantle depths. In this paper we present a test of this model in the Tertiary evolution of the European Alps. In the Alps, both basaltic and granitoid magmatism occur between 42 and 25 Ma, following the closure of oceanic basins by subduction and continental collision. The granitoids are now well established to result from mixing of basalt with assimilated continental crust. To identify the tectonically crucial origin of the partial mantle melts, we have compiled all published geochemical and isotopic data of numerous mafic dykes occurring throughout the whole Alpine arc. Their trace element and isotopic composition suggests that they have been formed by low‐degree melting of the mechanically stable lithospheric mantle. We see no evidence for melting of asthenospheric mantle. It was thus not decompressed to depths shallower than 50 km. Once initiated, rapid lateral migration of slab breakoff will result in a linear trace of magmatism in locally thermal weakened crust. This explains why all Alpine magmatic rocks intruded almost synchronously along a strike‐slip fault, the Periadriatic Lineament. A compilation of ages from Penninic high‐pressure rocks subducted to depths of up to 100 km shows that subduction took place at circa 55–40 Ma, followed by uplift at 40–35 Ma. From the short time interval between their uplift and the onset of magmatism we infer that both processes have been induced by the breakoff. The slab breakoff model fulfills its predictions in the case of the Alps and therefore supports the assumptions made in the theoretical model on a geological basis. We believe that the characteristic association of magmatic activity with the return of high‐pressure rocks to the surface allows the identification of this process in the Earth's mountain belts.

@article{doi10102994tc02051,
    author = "von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm and Davies, J. H.",
    title = "Slab breakoff: A model for syncollisional magmatism and tectonics in the Alps",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Tectonics",
    abstract = "Slab breakoff is the buoyancy‐driven detachment of subducted oceanic lithosphere from the light continental lithosphere that follows it during continental collision. In a recent paper Davies and von Blanckenburg [1994] have assessed the physical conditions leading to breakoff by quantitative thermomechanical modeling and have predicted various consequences in the evolution of mountain belts. Breakoff will lead to heating of the overriding lithospheric mantle by upwelling asthenosphere, melting of its enriched layers, and thus to bimodal magmatism. Breakoff will also lead to thermal weakening of the subducted crustal lithosphere, thereby allowing buoyant rise of released crustal slices from mantle depths. In this paper we present a test of this model in the Tertiary evolution of the European Alps. In the Alps, both basaltic and granitoid magmatism occur between 42 and 25 Ma, following the closure of oceanic basins by subduction and continental collision. The granitoids are now well established to result from mixing of basalt with assimilated continental crust. To identify the tectonically crucial origin of the partial mantle melts, we have compiled all published geochemical and isotopic data of numerous mafic dykes occurring throughout the whole Alpine arc. Their trace element and isotopic composition suggests that they have been formed by low‐degree melting of the mechanically stable lithospheric mantle. We see no evidence for melting of asthenospheric mantle. It was thus not decompressed to depths shallower than 50 km. Once initiated, rapid lateral migration of slab breakoff will result in a linear trace of magmatism in locally thermal weakened crust. This explains why all Alpine magmatic rocks intruded almost synchronously along a strike‐slip fault, the Periadriatic Lineament. A compilation of ages from Penninic high‐pressure rocks subducted to depths of up to 100 km shows that subduction took place at circa 55–40 Ma, followed by uplift at 40–35 Ma. From the short time interval between their uplift and the onset of magmatism we infer that both processes have been induced by the breakoff. The slab breakoff model fulfills its predictions in the case of the Alps and therefore supports the assumptions made in the theoretical model on a geological basis. We believe that the characteristic association of magmatic activity with the return of high‐pressure rocks to the surface allows the identification of this process in the Earth's mountain belts.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/94tc02051",
    doi = "10.1029/94tc02051",
    openalex = "W2090446100",
    references = "doi1010160012821x89901672, doi1010160012821x9400237s, doi1010160016703774900039, doi10102991jb02571, doi101029jb077i023p04432, doi101029jb084ib13p07561, doi101029jb086ib07p06115, doi101093petrology293625, doi101093petrology324811, doi101130001676061986971037doowat20co2"
}

A complete Alpine cross section integrates numerous seismic reflection and refraction profiles, across and along strike, with published and new field data. The deepest parts of the profile are constrained by geophysical data only, while structural features at intermediate levels are largely depicted according to the results of three‐dimensional models making use of seismic and field geological data. The geometry of the highest structural levels is constrained by classical along‐strike projections of field data parallel to the pronounced easterly axial dip of all tectonic units. Because the transect is placed close to the western erosional margin of the Austroalpine nappes of the Eastern Alps, it contains all the major tectonic units of the Alps. A model for the tectonic evolution along the transect is proposed in the form of scaled and area‐balanced profile sketches. Shortening within the Austroalpine nappes is testimony of a separate Cretaceous‐age orogenic event. West directed thrusting in these units is related to westward propagation of a thrust wedge resulting from continental collision along the Meliata‐Hallstatt Ocean further to the east. Considerable amounts of oceanic and continental crustal material were subducted during Tertiary orogeny, which involved some 500 km of N‐S convergence between Europe and Apulia. Consequently, only a very small percentage of this crustal material is preserved within the nappes depicted in the transect. Postcollisional shortening is characterized by the simultaneous activity of gently dipping north directed detachments and steeply inclined south directed detachments, both detachments nucleating at the interface between lower and upper crust. Large scale wedging of the Adriatic (or Apulian) lower crust into a gap opening between the subduced European lower crust and the pile of thin upper crustal flakes (Alpine nappes) indicates a relatively strong lower crust and detachment between upper and lower crust.

@article{doi10102996tc00433,
    author = "Schmid, Stefan M. and Pfiffner, O. Adrian and Froitzheim, Nikolaus and Schönborn, Gregor and Kissling, Edi",
    title = "Geophysical‐geological transect and tectonic evolution of the Swiss‐Italian Alps",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Tectonics",
    abstract = "A complete Alpine cross section integrates numerous seismic reflection and refraction profiles, across and along strike, with published and new field data. The deepest parts of the profile are constrained by geophysical data only, while structural features at intermediate levels are largely depicted according to the results of three‐dimensional models making use of seismic and field geological data. The geometry of the highest structural levels is constrained by classical along‐strike projections of field data parallel to the pronounced easterly axial dip of all tectonic units. Because the transect is placed close to the western erosional margin of the Austroalpine nappes of the Eastern Alps, it contains all the major tectonic units of the Alps. A model for the tectonic evolution along the transect is proposed in the form of scaled and area‐balanced profile sketches. Shortening within the Austroalpine nappes is testimony of a separate Cretaceous‐age orogenic event. West directed thrusting in these units is related to westward propagation of a thrust wedge resulting from continental collision along the Meliata‐Hallstatt Ocean further to the east. Considerable amounts of oceanic and continental crustal material were subducted during Tertiary orogeny, which involved some 500 km of N‐S convergence between Europe and Apulia. Consequently, only a very small percentage of this crustal material is preserved within the nappes depicted in the transect. Postcollisional shortening is characterized by the simultaneous activity of gently dipping north directed detachments and steeply inclined south directed detachments, both detachments nucleating at the interface between lower and upper crust. Large scale wedging of the Adriatic (or Apulian) lower crust into a gap opening between the subduced European lower crust and the pile of thin upper crustal flakes (Alpine nappes) indicates a relatively strong lower crust and detachment between upper and lower crust.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/96tc00433",
    doi = "10.1029/96tc00433",
    openalex = "W2008877113",
    references = "doi1010160012821x9400237s, doi101016003707389390133p, doi101016004019518690199x, doi10102990tc02623, doi10102994tc02051, doi101111j136531211993tb00237x, doi101130001676061986971037doowat20co2, doi1011300091761319890170404eicobt23co2, doi101144gslsp19890450108, doi101144gslsp19890450115"
}

A new precipitation climatology covering the European Alps is presented. The analysis covers the entire mountain range including adjacent foreland areas and exhibits a resolution of about 25 km. It is based on observations at one of the densest rain-gauge networks over complex topography world-wide, embracing more than 6600 stations from the high-resolution networks of the Alpine countries. The climatology is determined from daily analyses of bias-uncorrected, quality controlled data for the 20 year period 1971–1990. The daily precipitation fields were produced with an advanced distance-weighting scheme commonly adopted for the analysis of precipitation on a global scale. The paper describes the baseline seasonal means derived from the daily analysis fields. The results depict the mesoscale distribution of the Alpine precipitation climate, its relations to the topography, and its seasonal cycle. Gridded analysis results are also provided in digital form. The most prominent Alpine effects include the enhancement of precipitation along the Alpine foothills, and the shielding of the inner-Alpine valleys. A detailed analysis along a section across the Alps also demonstrates that a simple precipitation–height relationship does not exist on the Alpine scale, because much of the topographic signal is associated with slope and shielding rather than height effects. Although systematic biases associated with the rain-gauge measurement and the topographic clustering of the stations are not corrected for, a qualitative validation of the results, using existing national climatologies shows good agreement on the mesoscale. Furthermore a comparison is made between the present climatology and the Alpine sections of the global climatology of Legates and Willmott and the Greater European climatology from the Climate Research Unit (University of East Anglia). Results indicate that the pattern and magnitude of analysed Alpine precipitation critically depend upon the density of available observations and the analysis procedure adopted. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society

@article{doi101002sici1097008819980630188873aidjoc25530co29,
    author = "Frei, Christoph and Schär, Christoph",
    title = "A precipitation climatology of the Alps from high-resolution rain-gauge observations",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "International Journal of Climatology",
    abstract = "A new precipitation climatology covering the European Alps is presented. The analysis covers the entire mountain range including adjacent foreland areas and exhibits a resolution of about 25 km. It is based on observations at one of the densest rain-gauge networks over complex topography world-wide, embracing more than 6600 stations from the high-resolution networks of the Alpine countries. The climatology is determined from daily analyses of bias-uncorrected, quality controlled data for the 20 year period 1971–1990. The daily precipitation fields were produced with an advanced distance-weighting scheme commonly adopted for the analysis of precipitation on a global scale. The paper describes the baseline seasonal means derived from the daily analysis fields. The results depict the mesoscale distribution of the Alpine precipitation climate, its relations to the topography, and its seasonal cycle. Gridded analysis results are also provided in digital form. The most prominent Alpine effects include the enhancement of precipitation along the Alpine foothills, and the shielding of the inner-Alpine valleys. A detailed analysis along a section across the Alps also demonstrates that a simple precipitation–height relationship does not exist on the Alpine scale, because much of the topographic signal is associated with slope and shielding rather than height effects. Although systematic biases associated with the rain-gauge measurement and the topographic clustering of the stations are not corrected for, a qualitative validation of the results, using existing national climatologies shows good agreement on the mesoscale. Furthermore a comparison is made between the present climatology and the Alpine sections of the global climatology of Legates and Willmott and the Greater European climatology from the Climate Research Unit (University of East Anglia). Results indicate that the pattern and magnitude of analysed Alpine precipitation critically depend upon the density of available observations and the analysis procedure adopted. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(19980630)18:8<873::aid-joc255>3.0.co;2-9",
    doi = "10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(19980630)18:8<873::aid-joc255>3.0.co;2-9",
    openalex = "W2116123160",
    references = "doi101002joc3370100202, doi1010079783662031674, doi101016s0065268708602629, doi101145800186810616, doi1011751520044219920050541aiomff20co2, doi1011751520044219930061161dogcce20co2, doi1011751520044219950081284gpeboa20co2, doi1011751520045019940330140astmfm20co2, doi1023071269179, doi1023073556160"
}

@article{doi101023a1010632015572,
    author = "Theurillat, Jean‐Paul and Guisan, Antoine",
    title = "Potential Impact of Climate Change on Vegetation in the European Alps: A Review",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Climatic Change",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010632015572",
    doi = "10.1023/a:1010632015572",
    openalex = "W151102513",
    references = "doi1010079783642980183, doi101007s004420050540, doi101016s0269749197000675, doi101023a1005380714349, doi101038369448a0, doi101126science2775325504, doi1023071310052, doi105860choice301495, openalexw1564371012, openalexw1587057093, openalexw1759145845"
}

The Pejo fault in the Italian Eastern Alps is a major sinistral transtensional fault. It marks the boundary between basement units displaying contrasting thermal histories, with Alpine (i.e., Mesozoic–Cenozoic) cooling ages preserved in the footwall juxtaposed against Variscan (i.e., Carboniferous– Permian) age in the hanging wall. Structural investigations, together with fission-track analysis, confirm a Late Cretaceous age for the Pejo fault, which excludes any direct kinematic contribution of the Pejo fault to the late Oligocene–Neogene evolution of the central-eastern segment of the Periadriatic fault. However, our results establish the importance of a major early Oligocene north-south to north-northwest–south-southeast shortening phase in the Central-Eastern Alps, which resulted in the development of new reverse shear zones, in the reactivation of the Pejo fault with a reverse motion, and in regionally important folding. The Pejo mylonites are folded on a kilometer scale around an east-northeast–trending axis. Field observations and fission-track analysis suggest a post-Oligocene age for the folding phase. Apatite fission-track data in the Pejo valley area reveal the base of a fossil apatite partial annealing zone exhumed to the surface. This finding argues for >4 km of exhumation since the Miocene, which was related to a major pulse of exhumation that began at ca. 15 Ma. This study suggests that the simple distinction between largely pre-Alpine fabrics of Variscan age in the hanging wall of the Pejo fault (Tonale nappe) and Alpine fabrics (Cretaceous) in the footwall (Campo-Ortler nappe) is not universally valid. Alpine overprinting is confined to the mylonitic shear zone itself. Deeper into the footwall, pre-Alpine structures are still well preserved. Earlier maps and interpretations based on a clear distinction between Tonale and Campo should be viewed with caution.

@article{doi10113000167606,
    author = "VIOLA, G. and MANCKTELOW, N.S. and SEWARD, D. and MEIER, A. and MARTIN, SILVANA",
    title = "Pejo fault system: an example of multiple tectonic activity in the italian Eastern Alps",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)",
    abstract = "The Pejo fault in the Italian Eastern Alps is a major sinistral transtensional fault. It marks the boundary between basement units displaying contrasting thermal histories, with Alpine (i.e., Mesozoic–Cenozoic) cooling ages preserved in the footwall juxtaposed against Variscan (i.e., Carboniferous– Permian) age in the hanging wall. Structural investigations, together with fission-track analysis, confirm a Late Cretaceous age for the Pejo fault, which excludes any direct kinematic contribution of the Pejo fault to the late Oligocene–Neogene evolution of the central-eastern segment of the Periadriatic fault. However, our results establish the importance of a major early Oligocene north-south to north-northwest–south-southeast shortening phase in the Central-Eastern Alps, which resulted in the development of new reverse shear zones, in the reactivation of the Pejo fault with a reverse motion, and in regionally important folding. The Pejo mylonites are folded on a kilometer scale around an east-northeast–trending axis. Field observations and fission-track analysis suggest a post-Oligocene age for the folding phase. Apatite fission-track data in the Pejo valley area reveal the base of a fossil apatite partial annealing zone exhumed to the surface. This finding argues for >4 km of exhumation since the Miocene, which was related to a major pulse of exhumation that began at ca. 15 Ma. This study suggests that the simple distinction between largely pre-Alpine fabrics of Variscan age in the hanging wall of the Pejo fault (Tonale nappe) and Alpine fabrics (Cretaceous) in the footwall (Campo-Ortler nappe) is not universally valid. Alpine overprinting is confined to the mylonitic shear zone itself. Deeper into the footwall, pre-Alpine structures are still well preserved. Earlier maps and interpretations based on a clear distinction between Tonale and Campo should be viewed with caution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606",
    openalex = "W2962696251"
}

Many mountain ranges have been strongly glaciated during the Quaternary ice ages, and the locations of glacial refugia of mountain plants have been debated for a long time. A series of detailed molecular studies, investigating intraspecific genetic variation of mountain plants in the European Alps, now allows for a first synopsis. A comparison of the phylogeographic patterns with geological and palaeoenvironmental data demonstrates that glacial refugia were located along the southwestern, southern, eastern and northern border of the Alps. Additional glacial refugia were present in central Alpine areas, where high-elevation plants survived the last glaciation on ice-free mountain tops. The observed intraspecific phylogeographies suggest general patterns of glacial survival, which conform to well-known centres of Alpine species diversity and endemism. This implies that evolutionary or biogeographic processes induced by climatic fluctuations act on gene and species diversity in a similar way.

@article{doi101111j1365294x200502683x,
    author = "Schönswetter, Peter and Stehlik, Ivana and Holderegger, Rolf and Tribsch, Andreas",
    title = "Molecular evidence for glacial refugia of mountain plants in the European Alps",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Molecular Ecology",
    abstract = "Many mountain ranges have been strongly glaciated during the Quaternary ice ages, and the locations of glacial refugia of mountain plants have been debated for a long time. A series of detailed molecular studies, investigating intraspecific genetic variation of mountain plants in the European Alps, now allows for a first synopsis. A comparison of the phylogeographic patterns with geological and palaeoenvironmental data demonstrates that glacial refugia were located along the southwestern, southern, eastern and northern border of the Alps. Additional glacial refugia were present in central Alpine areas, where high-elevation plants survived the last glaciation on ice-free mountain tops. The observed intraspecific phylogeographies suggest general patterns of glacial survival, which conform to well-known centres of Alpine species diversity and endemism. This implies that evolutionary or biogeographic processes induced by climatic fluctuations act on gene and species diversity in a similar way.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02683.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02683.x",
    openalex = "W2123575603",
    references = "doi1010079783642189708, doi10103835016000, doi101038364218a0, doi101046j1365294x199800289x, doi101046j1365294x200301731x, doi101098rstb20031388, doi101126science2925517673, doi102307jctv1nzfgj7, doi105860choice375647, openalexw1564371012, openalexw2764433274"
}

@incollection{crossref2010texte,
    title = "Texte nebst Übersetzung und Bemerkungen",
    year = "2010",
    booktitle = "Hymnen und Gebete an Marduk",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463216016-002",
    doi = "10.31826/9781463216016-002",
    openalex = "W3021248179",
    pages = "309-384"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev201006002,
    author = "Handy, Mark R. and Schmid, Stefan M. and Bousquet, Romain and Kissling, Eduard and Bernoulli, Daniel",
    title = "Reconciling plate-tectonic reconstructions of Alpine Tethys with the geological–geophysical record of spreading and subduction in the Alps",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.06.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.06.002",
    openalex = "W2118755672",
    references = "doi1010079781461323518, doi101007s000240032468z, doi1010160012825289900020, doi101016004019518690199x, doi101016jearscirev200902004, doi101016s0012821x0100588x, doi1010291999tc900041, doi10102990tc02623, doi10102994tc02051, doi10102996tc00433, doi101029jb073i012p03661, doi101029jb082i005p00803, doi101029jb089ib07p06003, doi101029tc005i002p00227, doi101038279590a0, doi101111j13653091200801019x, doi101126science29054981910, doi101130001676061973843137ptateo20co2, doi1011300016760619881001140olitts23co2, doi101144gslsp19890450115, doi1023073060311, openalexw2989049194"
}

Reliable estimates of future climate change in the Alps are relevant for large parts of the European society. At the same time, the complex Alpine region poses considerable challenges to climate models, which translate to uncertainties in the climate projections. Against this background, the present study reviews the state-of-knowledge about 21st century climate change in the Alps based on existing literature and additional analyses. In particular, it explicitly considers the reliability and uncertainty of climate projections. Results show that besides Alpine temperatures, also precipitation, global radiation, relative humidity, and closely related impacts like floods, droughts, snow cover, and natural hazards will be affected by global warming. Under the A1B emission scenario, about 0.25 °C warming per decade until the mid of the 21st century and accelerated 0.36 °C warming per decade in the second half of the century is expected. Warming will probably be associated with changes in the seasonality of precipitation, global radiation, and relative humidity, and more intense precipitation extremes and flooding potential in the colder part of the year. The conditions of currently record breaking warm or hot winter or summer seasons, respectively, may become normal at the end of the 21st century, and there is indication for droughts to become more severe in the future. Snow cover is expected to drastically decrease below 1500-2000 m and natural hazards related to glacier and permafrost retreat are expected to become more frequent. Such changes in climatic parameters and related quantities will have considerable impact on ecosystems and society and will challenge their adaptive capabilities.

@article{doi101016jscitotenv201307050,
    author = "Gobiet, Andreas and Kotlarski, Sven and Beniston, Martin and Heinrich, Georg and Rajczak, Jan and Stoffel, Markus",
    title = "21st century climate change in the European Alps—A review",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "The Science of The Total Environment",
    abstract = "Reliable estimates of future climate change in the Alps are relevant for large parts of the European society. At the same time, the complex Alpine region poses considerable challenges to climate models, which translate to uncertainties in the climate projections. Against this background, the present study reviews the state-of-knowledge about 21st century climate change in the Alps based on existing literature and additional analyses. In particular, it explicitly considers the reliability and uncertainty of climate projections. Results show that besides Alpine temperatures, also precipitation, global radiation, relative humidity, and closely related impacts like floods, droughts, snow cover, and natural hazards will be affected by global warming. Under the A1B emission scenario, about 0.25 °C warming per decade until the mid of the 21st century and accelerated 0.36 °C warming per decade in the second half of the century is expected. Warming will probably be associated with changes in the seasonality of precipitation, global radiation, and relative humidity, and more intense precipitation extremes and flooding potential in the colder part of the year. The conditions of currently record breaking warm or hot winter or summer seasons, respectively, may become normal at the end of the 21st century, and there is indication for droughts to become more severe in the future. Snow cover is expected to drastically decrease below 1500-2000 m and natural hazards related to glacier and permafrost retreat are expected to become more frequent. Such changes in climatic parameters and related quantities will have considerable impact on ecosystems and society and will challenge their adaptive capabilities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.050",
    doi = "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.050",
    openalex = "W2066833596",
    references = "doi101002joc846, doi101002sici1097008819980630188873aidjoc25530co29, doi101017cbo9781139177245, doi101023a1005380714349, doi1010292006gl025734, doi1010292008jd010201, doi101038nature01092, doi101038nature02300, doi101175bams8891383, doi101175jcli39901, doi101175jhm3861, openalexw1621450917, openalexw2939474406"
}

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous, and considerable quantities prevail even in the Arctic; however, there are large knowledge gaps regarding pathways to the North. To assess whether atmospheric transport plays a role, we analyzed snow samples from ice floes in Fram Strait. For comparison, we investigated snow samples from remote (Swiss Alps) and populated (Bremen, Bavaria) European sites. MPs were identified by Fourier transform infrared imaging in 20 of 21 samples. The MP concentration of Arctic snow was significantly lower (0 to 14.4 × 10 3 N liter -1) than European snow (0.19 × 10 3 to 154 × 10 3 N liter -1) but still substantial. Polymer composition varied strongly, but varnish, rubber, polyethylene, and polyamide dominated overall. Most particles were in the smallest size range indicating large numbers of particles below the detection limit of 11 μm. Our data highlight that atmospheric transport and deposition can be notable pathways for MPs meriting more research.

@article{doi101126sciadvaax1157,
    author = "Bergmann, Melanie and Mützel, Sophia and Primpke, Sebastian and Tekman, Mine Banu and Trachsel, Jürg and Gerdts, Gunnar",
    title = "White and wonderful? Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Science Advances",
    abstract = "Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous, and considerable quantities prevail even in the Arctic; however, there are large knowledge gaps regarding pathways to the North. To assess whether atmospheric transport plays a role, we analyzed snow samples from ice floes in Fram Strait. For comparison, we investigated snow samples from remote (Swiss Alps) and populated (Bremen, Bavaria) European sites. MPs were identified by Fourier transform infrared imaging in 20 of 21 samples. The MP concentration of Arctic snow was significantly lower (0 to 14.4 × 10 3 N liter -1) than European snow (0.19 × 10 3 to 154 × 10 3 N liter -1) but still substantial. Polymer composition varied strongly, but varnish, rubber, polyethylene, and polyamide dominated overall. Most particles were in the smallest size range indicating large numbers of particles below the detection limit of 11 μm. Our data highlight that atmospheric transport and deposition can be notable pathways for MPs meriting more research.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax1157",
    doi = "10.1126/sciadv.aax1157",
    openalex = "W2966967676",
    references = "doi1010022014ef000240, doi101016jcoesh201710002, doi101016jenvpol201612013, doi101016jmarpolbul201601006, doi101038s41467018038255, doi101038srep14947, doi101057s4159901802127, doi101071en14167, doi101126sciadv1700782, doi101126science1260352, doi1018901220101"
}

@incollection{crossrefNonevi,
    title = "VI. Literatur-Zusammenstellung nebst kritischen Bemerkungen",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "�ber das Syphilom des Ciliark�rpers",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1159/000428899",
    doi = "10.1159/000428899",
    openalex = "W2480335176",
    pages = "103-110"
}