Anatomy

@misc{gurlt1833anatomy,
    author = "Gurlt, E. F.",
    title = "Anatomy of the horse",
    year = "1833",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.102932",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.102932",
    openalex = "W2198571959"
}

@article{struthers1893on9,
    author = "Struthers, J",
    title = "On the development of the bones of the foot of the horse, and of digital bones generally and on a case of polydactyly in the horse",
    year = "1893",
    journal = "Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, v. 28, p. 51-62",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Struthers, J., 1893, On the development of the bones of the foot of the horse, and of digital bones generally and on a case of polydactyly in the horse: Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, v. 28, p. 51-62.}"
}

@article{ewart1894the5,
    author = "Ewart, J. C",
    title = "The development of the skeleton of the limbs of the horses, with observations on polydactyly",
    year = "1894",
    journal = "Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, v. 28, p. 342-369",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ewart, J. C., 1894, The development of the skeleton of the limbs of the horses, with observations on polydactyly: Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, v. 28, p. 342-369.}"
}

@misc{bolk193119392,
    author = "Bolk, L. and Gppert, E. and Kallius, E. and Lubosch, W",
    title = "-1939, Handbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere",
    year = "1931",
    howpublished = "Berlin, Urban and Schwarzenberg; 6 Volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bolk, L., Gppert, E., Kallius, E., and Lubosch, W., 1931-1939, Handbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere: Berlin, Urban and Schwarzenberg; 6 Volumes.}"
}

@article{crile1940a4,
    author = "Crile, G. and Quiring, D. P",
    title = "A record of the body weight and certain organs and gland weight of 3690 animals",
    year = "1940",
    journal = "Ohio Journal of Science, v. 40, p. 219-259",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Crile, G., and Quiring, D. P., 1940, A record of the body weight and certain organs and gland weight of 3690 animals: Ohio Journal of Science, v. 40, p. 219-259.}"
}

@book{camp1942phylogeny3,
    author = "Camp, C. L. and Smith, N",
    title = "Phylogeny and function of the digital ligaments of the horse",
    year = "1942",
    publisher = "Memoirs of the University of California, Berkeley, v. 13, p. 69-124",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Camp, C. L., and Smith, N., 1942, Phylogeny and function of the digital ligaments of the horse: Memoirs of the University of California, Berkeley, v. 13, p. 69-124.}"
}

@misc{grass1953continuing7,
    author = "Grass, P.-P",
    title = "-continuing, Trait de Zoologie, Anatomie, Systematique, Biologie",
    year = "1953",
    howpublished = "Paris, Masson",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Grass, P.-P., 1953-continuing, Trait de Zoologie, Anatomie, Systematique, Biologie: Paris, Masson.}"
}

INTRODUCT IONAbnormalities of the locomotor system are probably the most important single group of disorders to affect the equine species.Lameness is often the difference between a valuable and a worthless horse.Veterinarians are constantly being asked to treat lame horses.The first and often the most important step in treating lameness is the establishment of an accurate diagnosis.It is in this field of diagnosis of lameness that radiology has become so useful.The development and improvement of radiology and the diagnostic radiograph have been followed by an increased demand for radiographic service.Portable x-ray machines have placed this importa nt diagnostic tool in the hands of many veterinarians.The increased demand and the increased availability of the equipment have resulted in a previously infrequent procedure becoming almost routine.After satisfactory radiographs are taken the ir value is entirely dependent upon the ability of the practitioner to properly interpret the information on the film.He must be able to differentiate between normal epiphyseal lines and fractures.He should know the normal ages for epiphyseal closure in order to rec ogni ze incomplete or late epiphyseal closures.It becomes apparent that knowledge of the normal growth and development of bone not only aids in the diagnosis of

@article{openalexw2963399176,
    author = "Myers, Victor S.",
    title = "The age and manner of closure of various epiphyses and other centers of ossification in the front limb of the domestic horse (Equus caballus).",
    year = "1963",
    journal = "Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)",
    abstract = "INTRODUCT IONAbnormalities of the locomotor system are probably the most important single group of disorders to affect the equine species.Lameness is often the difference between a valuable and a worthless horse.Veterinarians are constantly being asked to treat lame horses.The first and often the most important step in treating lameness is the establishment of an accurate diagnosis.It is in this field of diagnosis of lameness that radiology has become so useful.The development and improvement of radiology and the diagnostic radiograph have been followed by an increased demand for radiographic service.Portable x-ray machines have placed this importa nt diagnostic tool in the hands of many veterinarians.The increased demand and the increased availability of the equipment have resulted in a previously infrequent procedure becoming almost routine.After satisfactory radiographs are taken the ir value is entirely dependent upon the ability of the practitioner to properly interpret the information on the film.He must be able to differentiate between normal epiphyseal lines and fractures.He should know the normal ages for epiphyseal closure in order to rec ogni ze incomplete or late epiphyseal closures.It becomes apparent that knowledge of the normal growth and development of bone not only aids in the diagnosis of",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2963399176",
    openalex = "W2963399176"
}

@article{crossref1967grays,
    title = "Gray's Anatomy: Anatomy of the Human Body.Basic Human Anatomy.",
    year = "1967",
    journal = "Annals of Internal Medicine",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-66-2-462\_1",
    doi = "10.7326/0003-4819-66-2-462\_1",
    number = "2",
    pages = "462-462",
    volume = "66"
}

@inproceedings{lowenstein1968the8,
    author = "Lowenstein, O. and Osborne, M. P. and Thornhill, R. A",
    title = "The anatomy and ultrastructure of the labyrinth of the lamprey ( Lampetra fluviatilis L.)",
    year = "1968",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B, v. 170, p. 113-134",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lowenstein, O., Osborne, M. P., and Thornhill, R. A., 1968, The anatomy and ultrastructure of the labyrinth of the lamprey ( Lampetra fluviatilis L.): Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B, v. 170, p. 113-134.}"
}

@misc{beklemishev1969principles1,
    author = "Beklemishev, W. N",
    title = "Principles of Comparative Anatomy of Invertebrates",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Beklemishev, W. N., 1969, Principles of Comparative Anatomy of Invertebrates: Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd.}"
}

@article{marks1978polydactyly,
    author = "Marks, Thomas W. and Bayne, Loui G.",
    title = "Polydactyly of the thumb: Abnormal anatomy and treatment",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "The Journal of Hand Surgery",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(78)80057-4",
    doi = "10.1016/s0363-5023(78)80057-4",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2086525805",
    pages = "107-116",
    volume = "3",
    references = "doi101002aja1000010102, doi101016s0022347658803212, doi1010970000653419571100000008, doi1010970000653419590700000013, doi1010970000653419610300000003, doi1010970000653419630900000010, doi1013020301620x55b1242, openalexw2006210236, openalexw243230361, openalexw2433329599"
}

@article{northup1982the,
    author = "Northup, George W.",
    title = "The anatomy of anatomy",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1515/jom-1982-820408",
    doi = "10.1515/jom-1982-820408",
    number = "4",
    pages = "37-37",
    volume = "82"
}

@misc{gonzalezcrussi1985notes6,
    author = "Gonzalez-Crussi, F",
    title = "Notes of an Anatomist",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "New York, Harcourt Brace Janovich",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gonzalez-Crussi, F., 1985, Notes of an Anatomist: New York, Harcourt Brace Janovich.}"
}

@article{cohen1993human,
    author = "Cohen, Steven R.",
    title = "Human Anatomy. Volume One. General Anatomy, Special Anatomy",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199301000-00037",
    doi = "10.1097/00006534-199301000-00037",
    number = "1",
    pages = "192",
    volume = "91"
}

@article{crossref1993ii,
    title = "II - Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Rivista di Neuroradiologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/19714009930060s343",
    doi = "10.1177/19714009930060s343",
    number = "3\_suppl",
    pages = "95-118",
    volume = "6"
}

A new take on Northrup Frye's Anatomy of Criticism celebrating hybridity, montage, and a recontextualized, rewritten, reconceived notion of the “classics.”

@article{weiss1999an,
    author = "Weiss, Allen S.",
    title = "An Anatomy of Anatomy",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "TDR/The Drama Review",
    abstract = "A new take on Northrup Frye's Anatomy of Criticism celebrating hybridity, montage, and a recontextualized, rewritten, reconceived notion of the “classics.”",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1162/105420499320582196",
    doi = "10.1162/105420499320582196",
    number = "1",
    pages = "137-144",
    volume = "43"
}

@article{crossref2001anatomy,
    title = "Anatomy of the Horse",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Journal of Equine Veterinary Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(01)70172-4",
    doi = "10.1016/s0737-0806(01)70172-4",
    number = "11",
    openalex = "W4233577383",
    pages = "538",
    volume = "21"
}

This thesis consists of two parts. \nThe first part deals with an increasingly important area of first and early \nsecond trimester (<14 weeks) normal and abnmmal fetal sonoanatomy and its \nvalidity and impact in the early diagnosis of fetal anomalies in a high-risk \npopulation. \nThe second part of the thesis focuses on the clinical genetic aspects of fetal \nanomaly scanning with emphasis on the second half of gestation. Single fetal \nanomalies diagnosed by ultrasound may be associated with other and often \nminor anomalies. which pre- or postnatally may be identified as exogenic or \ngenetic syndromes with specific recurrence risks. This will have important \nimplications for genetic counseling

@article{openalexw1513665353,
    author = "den Hollander, Nicolette S.",
    title = "Sonographic assessment of normal and abnormal fetal development; early and late aspects",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)",
    abstract = "This thesis consists of two parts. \nThe first part deals with an increasingly important area of first and early \nsecond trimester (<14 weeks) normal and abnmmal fetal sonoanatomy and its \nvalidity and impact in the early diagnosis of fetal anomalies in a high-risk \npopulation. \nThe second part of the thesis focuses on the clinical genetic aspects of fetal \nanomaly scanning with emphasis on the second half of gestation. Single fetal \nanomalies diagnosed by ultrasound may be associated with other and often \nminor anomalies. which pre- or postnatally may be identified as exogenic or \ngenetic syndromes with specific recurrence risks. This will have important \nimplications for genetic counseling",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1513665353",
    openalex = "W1513665353"
}

Unequivocal identification of the full composition of a gene is made difficult by the cryptic nature of regulatory elements. Regulatory elements are notoriously difficult to locate and may reside at considerable distances from the transcription units on which they operate and, moreover, may be incorporated into the structure of neighbouring genes. The importance of regulatory mutations as the basis of human abnormalities remains obscure. Here, we show that the chromosome 7q36 associated preaxial polydactyly, a frequently observed congenital limb malformation, results from point mutations in a Shh regulatory element. Shh, normally expressed in the ZPA posteriorly in the limb bud, is expressed in an additional ectopic site at the anterior margin in mouse models of PPD. Our investigations into the basis of the ectopic Shh expression identified the enhancer element that drives normal Shh expression in the ZPA. The regulator, designated ZRS, lies within intron 5 of the Lmbr1 gene 1 Mb from the target gene Shh. The ZRS drives the early spatio-temporal expression pattern in the limb of tetrapods. Despite the morphological differences between limbs and fins, an equivalent regulatory element is found in fish. The ZRS contains point mutations that segregate with polydactyly in four unrelated families with PPD and in the Hx mouse mutant. Thus point mutations residing in long-range regulatory elements are capable of causing congenital abnormalities, and possess the capacity to modify gene activity such that a novel gamut of abnormalities is detected.

@article{doi101093hmgddg180,
    author = "Lettice, Laura A.",
    title = "A long-range Shh enhancer regulates expression in the developing limb and fin and is associated with preaxial polydactyly",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Human Molecular Genetics",
    abstract = "Unequivocal identification of the full composition of a gene is made difficult by the cryptic nature of regulatory elements. Regulatory elements are notoriously difficult to locate and may reside at considerable distances from the transcription units on which they operate and, moreover, may be incorporated into the structure of neighbouring genes. The importance of regulatory mutations as the basis of human abnormalities remains obscure. Here, we show that the chromosome 7q36 associated preaxial polydactyly, a frequently observed congenital limb malformation, results from point mutations in a Shh regulatory element. Shh, normally expressed in the ZPA posteriorly in the limb bud, is expressed in an additional ectopic site at the anterior margin in mouse models of PPD. Our investigations into the basis of the ectopic Shh expression identified the enhancer element that drives normal Shh expression in the ZPA. The regulator, designated ZRS, lies within intron 5 of the Lmbr1 gene 1 Mb from the target gene Shh. The ZRS drives the early spatio-temporal expression pattern in the limb of tetrapods. Despite the morphological differences between limbs and fins, an equivalent regulatory element is found in fish. The ZRS contains point mutations that segregate with polydactyly in four unrelated families with PPD and in the Hx mouse mutant. Thus point mutations residing in long-range regulatory elements are capable of causing congenital abnormalities, and possess the capacity to modify gene activity such that a novel gamut of abnormalities is detected.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddg180",
    doi = "10.1093/hmg/ddg180",
    openalex = "W2145144631",
    references = "doi101006geno20006225"
}

@article{giofré2004polydactyly,
    author = "Giofré, F and Caracciolo, V and Zanotti, M and Polli, M and De Giovanni, A.M",
    title = "Polydactyly in a Murgese horse: a case report",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal of Equine Veterinary Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2004.05.003",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jevs.2004.05.003",
    number = "6",
    openalex = "W2070904213",
    pages = "248-250",
    volume = "24",
    references = "doi101006geno20006225, doi101007s003359900973, doi101111j1532950x1990tb01169x, doi101136vr12514375, doi101139g90101, doi102460ajvr19854602353, openalexw2411548441, openalexw2412052544, openalexw2413428088, openalexw2415821398"
}

@book{crossref2006röntgenanatomieradiological,
    title = "Röntgenanatomie/Radiological Anatomy/Anatomie Radiologique",
    year = "2006",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30973-x",
    doi = "10.1007/3-540-30973-x",
    openalex = "W4251144776"
}

@misc{hantke2007anatomy,
    author = "Hantke, Steffen",
    title = "Anatomy (Anatomie)",
    year = "2007",
    booktitle = "100 European Horror Films",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5040/9781838710613.0006",
    doi = "10.5040/9781838710613.0006",
    openalex = "W2949054594"
}

@article{vance2008anatomy,
    author = "Vance, Erik",
    title = "Anatomy: Truly gross anatomy",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/452525a",
    doi = "10.1038/452525a",
    number = "7187",
    pages = "525-526",
    volume = "452"
}

@article{judson2012the,
    author = "Judson, John Paul",
    title = "The anatomy of anatomy",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "International e-Journal of Science, Medicine \& Education",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.56026/imu.6.suppl1.s48",
    doi = "10.56026/imu.6.suppl1.s48",
    number = "Suppl1",
    pages = "S48-S52",
    volume = "6"
}

@article{lund2013anatomy,
    author = "Lund, VJ",
    title = "Anatomy, anatomy, anatomy......",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Rhinology journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4193/rhine514",
    doi = "10.4193/rhine514",
    number = "4",
    pages = "289-290",
    volume = "51"
}

We introduce a new subfield of the recently created field of Evolutionary-Developmental-Anthropology (Evo-Devo-Anth): Evolutionary-Developmental-Pathology-and-Anthropology (Evo-Devo-P'Anth). This subfield combines experimental and developmental studies of nonhuman model organisms, biological anthropology, chordate comparative anatomy and evolution, and the study of normal and pathological human development. Instead of focusing on other organisms to try to better understand human development, evolution, anatomy, and pathology, it places humans as the central case study, i.e., as truly model organism themselves. We summarize the results of our recent Evo-Devo-P'Anth studies and discuss long-standing questions in each of the broader biological fields combined in this subfield, paying special attention to the links between: (1) Human anomalies and variations, nonpentadactyly, homeotic transformations, and "nearest neighbor" vs. "find and seek" muscle-skeleton associations in limb+facial muscles vs. other head muscles; (2) Developmental constraints, the notion of "phylotypic stage," internalism vs. externalism, and the "logic of monsters" vs. "lack of homeostasis" views about human birth defects; (3) Human evolution, reversions, atavisms, paedomorphosis, and peromorphosis; (4) Scala naturae, Haeckelian recapitulation, von Baer's laws, and parallelism between phylogeny and development, here formally defined as "Phylo-Devo parallelism"; and (5) Patau, Edwards, and Down syndrome (trisomies 13, 18, 21), atavisms, apoptosis, heart malformations, and medical implications.

@article{doi101002dvdy24336,
    author = "Diogo, Rui and Smith, Christopher M. and Ziermann, Janine M.",
    title = "Evolutionary developmental pathology and anthropology: A new field linking development, comparative anatomy, human evolution, morphological variations and defects, and medicine",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Developmental Dynamics",
    abstract = {We introduce a new subfield of the recently created field of Evolutionary-Developmental-Anthropology (Evo-Devo-Anth): Evolutionary-Developmental-Pathology-and-Anthropology (Evo-Devo-P'Anth). This subfield combines experimental and developmental studies of nonhuman model organisms, biological anthropology, chordate comparative anatomy and evolution, and the study of normal and pathological human development. Instead of focusing on other organisms to try to better understand human development, evolution, anatomy, and pathology, it places humans as the central case study, i.e., as truly model organism themselves. We summarize the results of our recent Evo-Devo-P'Anth studies and discuss long-standing questions in each of the broader biological fields combined in this subfield, paying special attention to the links between: (1) Human anomalies and variations, nonpentadactyly, homeotic transformations, and "nearest neighbor" vs. "find and seek" muscle-skeleton associations in limb+facial muscles vs. other head muscles; (2) Developmental constraints, the notion of "phylotypic stage," internalism vs. externalism, and the "logic of monsters" vs. "lack of homeostasis" views about human birth defects; (3) Human evolution, reversions, atavisms, paedomorphosis, and peromorphosis; (4) Scala naturae, Haeckelian recapitulation, von Baer's laws, and parallelism between phylogeny and development, here formally defined as "Phylo-Devo parallelism"; and (5) Patau, Edwards, and Down syndrome (trisomies 13, 18, 21), atavisms, apoptosis, heart malformations, and medical implications.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.24336",
    doi = "10.1002/dvdy.24336",
    openalex = "W1838555339",
    references = "doi101002ar22919, doi101002sici1520669619992435147aidjhbs433co2r, doi101016s0022519369800160, doi101093oso97801951223430010001, doi101111j13652435200701283x, doi101126science860134, doi102307jctvjsf433, doi105860choice396411, openalexw2506868775, openalexw614012683"
}

Summary A 14‐month‐old half‐breed horse showed a severe lameness due to a lesion of the right forefoot which appeared completely and asymmetrically cleaved, from the solar margin to the coronary band. The horse was presented to an abattoir for slaughter and both forelimbs were collected for diagnostic investigations. The hoof lesion described herein does not fulfil the diagnostic criteria of equine polydactyly since post mortem imaging and pathological investigations ruled out the presence of supernumerary digits. Based on the clinical signs, diagnostic imaging (computed tomography) and gross examination, a diagnosis of pseudo‐polydactyly was proposed. To the best of our knowledge, the features of the present case report are unique, thus widening the range of lesions observed at the level of the hoof, which is crucial for horse health and activity.

@article{doi101111eve12291,
    author = "Valbonetti, Luca and Briola, C. and Tosi, Umberto and Marruchella, Giuseppe and Muttini, Aurelio",
    title = "Pseudo‐polydactyly in a horse",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Equine Veterinary Education",
    abstract = "Summary A 14‐month‐old half‐breed horse showed a severe lameness due to a lesion of the right forefoot which appeared completely and asymmetrically cleaved, from the solar margin to the coronary band. The horse was presented to an abattoir for slaughter and both forelimbs were collected for diagnostic investigations. The hoof lesion described herein does not fulfil the diagnostic criteria of equine polydactyly since post mortem imaging and pathological investigations ruled out the presence of supernumerary digits. Based on the clinical signs, diagnostic imaging (computed tomography) and gross examination, a diagnosis of pseudo‐polydactyly was proposed. To the best of our knowledge, the features of the present case report are unique, thus widening the range of lesions observed at the level of the hoof, which is crucial for horse health and activity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12291",
    doi = "10.1111/eve.12291",
    openalex = "W1938766424",
    references = "doi101590s010209352012000400006, doi104142jvs200782201, openalexw2413428088, openalexw2415821398"
}

@article{bradfield2018ablation,
    author = "Bradfield, Jason and Shivkumar, Kalyanam",
    title = "Ablation of Intracavitary Structures: Anatomy, Anatomy, Anatomy",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "The Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.19102/icrm.2018.090206",
    doi = "10.19102/icrm.2018.090206",
    number = "2",
    pages = "3014-3015",
    volume = "9"
}

@incollection{crossref20191,
    title = "1 Anatomy Anatomy",
    year = "2019",
    booktitle = "Handbook of Neuroscience Nursing",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1055/b-0039-170742",
    doi = "10.1055/b-0039-170742"
}

Evolutionary developmental pathology, a new biological field, connects the study of evolution, development and human pathologies. In radial polydactyly, traditional studies have focused mainly on skeletal anomalies. This study examines anatomical and operative records of 54 consecutive cases of radial polydactyly to investigate whether there is a consistent spatial correlation between muscles, tendons and bones and whether this reflects a link between the mechanisms that generate these structures. The data are explored in the context of two current models of limb development: the modularity and topology models. Autopod (hand) tendons and muscles are more predictable in terms of insertion site, supporting both topology and modularity models. Zeugopod (forearm) tendons are less predictable. Neither model universally predicts the anatomy in radial polydactyly. These observations provide evidence for the complexity of anatomy in radial polydactyly and the difficulty in predicting operative findings based on the level of skeletal duplication alone.

@article{crowley2019radial,
    author = "Crowley, Bríd and Stevenson, Susan and Diogo, Rui",
    title = "Radial polydactyly: putting together evolution, development and clinical anatomy",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume)",
    abstract = "Evolutionary developmental pathology, a new biological field, connects the study of evolution, development and human pathologies. In radial polydactyly, traditional studies have focused mainly on skeletal anomalies. This study examines anatomical and operative records of 54 consecutive cases of radial polydactyly to investigate whether there is a consistent spatial correlation between muscles, tendons and bones and whether this reflects a link between the mechanisms that generate these structures. The data are explored in the context of two current models of limb development: the modularity and topology models. Autopod (hand) tendons and muscles are more predictable in terms of insertion site, supporting both topology and modularity models. Zeugopod (forearm) tendons are less predictable. Neither model universally predicts the anatomy in radial polydactyly. These observations provide evidence for the complexity of anatomy in radial polydactyly and the difficulty in predicting operative findings based on the level of skeletal duplication alone.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193418808138",
    doi = "10.1177/1753193418808138",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2899457108",
    pages = "51-58",
    volume = "44",
    references = "doi101002dvdy24336, doi101016092233719090078b, doi101016jjhsa200712012, doi101016s0016699589800063, doi101016s0925477399000404, doi1012019781439845622, doi101242dev122374, doi101242dev136242, doi101387ijdb12455629, openalexw2433329599"
}

We describe an equine preaxial polydactyly in a Berber and Arabian-Berber family most likely with autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. This is the first description of an inherited non-syndromic polydactyly in horses.

@article{doi101111evj14472,
    author = "Baville, Ella and Carstanjen, Bianca and Thomas‐Cancian, Aurélie and Calgaro, Anne and Bonnet, Nathale and Tiret, Laurent and Gache, Vincent and Abitbol, Marie",
    title = "Inherited non‐syndromic polydactyly in a Berber and Arabian‐Berber horse family",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Equine Veterinary Journal",
    abstract = "We describe an equine preaxial polydactyly in a Berber and Arabian-Berber family most likely with autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. This is the first description of an inherited non-syndromic polydactyly in horses.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14472",
    doi = "10.1111/evj.14472",
    openalex = "W4406804190",
    references = "doi101111eve12838, doi101111eve12866, doi101136vr12514375, openalexw2412052544"
}