Arid

@article{bentley1966adaptations,
    author = "Bentley, P. J.",
    title = "Adaptations of Amphibia to Arid Environments",
    year = "1966",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.152.3722.619",
    doi = "10.1126/science.152.3722.619",
    number = "3722",
    openalex = "W2067741761",
    pages = "619-623",
    volume = "152",
    references = "doi101001archneur196003840090124020, doi101016s0021925818767999, doi101021ja01115a553, doi101021ja01115a554, doi101086physzool34230152688, doi101086physzool35330152806, doi101242jeb383659, doi1023071930538, doi1023071931435, openalexw2170405949"
}

@misc{bentley1966adaptations1,
    author = "Bentley, P. J",
    title = "Adaptations of amphibia to arid environments",
    year = "1966",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 152, p. 619-623",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bentley, P. J., 1966, Adaptations of amphibia to arid environments: Science, v. 152, p. 619-623.}"
}

@article{doi101126science1523722619,
    author = "Bentley, P.J.",
    title = "Adaptations of Amphibia to Arid Environments",
    year = "1966",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.152.3722.619",
    doi = "10.1126/science.152.3722.619",
    openalex = "W2067741761",
    references = "doi101001archneur196003840090124020, doi101016s0021925818767999, doi101021ja01115a553, doi101021ja01115a554, doi101086physzool34230152688, doi101086physzool35330152806, doi101242jeb383659, doi1023071930538, doi1023071931435, openalexw2170405949"
}

@article{doi1010160010406x67907268,
    author = "McClanahan, Lon L.",
    title = "Adaptations of the spadefoot toad Scaphiopus couchi, to desert environments",
    year = "1967",
    journal = "Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-406x(67)90726-8",
    doi = "10.1016/0010-406x(67)90726-8",
    openalex = "W1999867509",
    references = "doi101086physzool35330152806"
}

@misc{burnett1981semiarid,
    author = "Burnett, Earl and Hanks, R. John and Allmaras, Raymond R. and Bond, Jack J. and Hanway, Donald G. and Highfill, R. E. and Jensen, Marvin E. and Kanemasu, Edward T. and King, L. G. and Letey, John and Nielsen, Donald R. and Piper, Dick and Siddoway, Francis H. and Skold, Melvin D.",
    title = "SEMI‐ARID AND ARID REGIONS",
    year = "1981",
    booktitle = "ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Books",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2136/1981.soilandwaterresources.c4",
    doi = "10.2136/1981.soilandwaterresources.c4",
    pages = "63-81"
}

@article{doi101007bf00378768,
    author = "Kobelt, F. and Linsenmair, K. Eduard",
    title = "Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperolius viridiflavus (Amphibia, Anura, Hyperoliidae) to its arid environment",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Oecologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00378768",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00378768",
    openalex = "W2123188929",
    references = "doi1010079781461260240, doi101007bf00378769, doi1010160079610772900041, doi101016jwatres2020115687, doi10108800344885231301, doi1015159783486777031, doi1023071942256, doi1023072258359, doi10310910520296009114754, doi10560219780801847806, openalexw2606689118"
}

@article{doi101007bf00378769,
    author = "Geise, W. and Linsenmair, K. Eduard",
    title = "Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperolius viridiflavus (Amphibia, Anura, Hyperoliidae) to its arid environment",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Oecologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00378769",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00378769",
    openalex = "W3133894531",
    references = "bentley1966adaptations, doi101007bf00735711, doi1010160010406x67907268, doi1010160010406x69913516, doi1010160300962976900694, doi101086physzool35330152806, doi101086physzool41130158485, doi101146annurevph39030177002313, doi101152physrev1983631232, doi101242jeb552385"
}

@article{doi101007bf00376937,
    author = "Schmuck, Richard A. and Linsenmair, K. Eduard",
    title = "Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperolius viridiflavus (Amphibia, Anura, Hyperoliidae) to its arid environment",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Oecologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00376937",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00376937",
    openalex = "W2315165860",
    references = "bentley1966adaptations, doi101007bf00378768, doi101007bf00378769, doi1010160010406x67907268, doi1010160016648082901630, doi1010160300962984902330, doi10108000445096197611447538, doi101126science17540251018, doi101242jeb971335, doi1023071442478"
}

@article{doi101007bf00378038,
    author = "Geise, W. and Linsenmair, K. Eduard",
    title = "Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperolius viridiflavus (Amphibia, Anura, Hyperoliidae) to its arid environment",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Oecologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00378038",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00378038",
    openalex = "W3186944739",
    references = "doi1010079783662050149, doi1010079783662116661, doi101007bf00297703, doi101007bf00376937, doi101007bf00735711, doi1010160010406x67901661, doi1010160010406x67907268, doi1010160010406x68909614, doi101086physzool57330163722, doi1023071443948, doi10560219780801847806"
}

@article{doi101007bf00260758,
    author = "Kobelt, F. and Linsenmair, K. Eduard",
    title = "Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperolius viridiflavus (Amphibia: Anura: Hyperoliidae) to its arid environment",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Journal of Comparative Physiology B",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00260758",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00260758",
    openalex = "W2097238753",
    references = "doi101007bf00376937, doi1010160079610772900041, doi101016b9780124554030500153, doi101016jwatres2020115687, doi101083jcb38167, doi10108800344885231301, doi101098rstb19700037, doi101242jeb482227, doi1023071942256, doi10310910520296009114754, openalexw2606689118"
}

@article{doi101007bf00301475,
    author = "Kobelt, F. and Linsenmair, K. Eduard",
    title = "Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperolius viridiflavus (Amphibia, Anura, Hyperoliidae) to its arid environment. VII. The heat budget of Hyperolius viridiflavus nitidulus and the evolution of an optimized body shape",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Journal of Comparative Physiology B",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00301475",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00301475",
    openalex = "W2043190472",
    references = "doi1010079781461260240, doi1010079783662057476, doi101007bf00379617, doi101126science17940791201, doi1015159780691183978018, doi1023071948545, doi1023072258359, doi1023072280981, doi105962bhltitle11332, openalexw611184576"
}

@misc{crossref2007climate,
    title = "Climate, Arid and Semi-Arid Regions",
    year = "2007",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Environment and Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412953924.n188",
    doi = "10.4135/9781412953924.n188"
}

@incollection{crossref2014arid,
    title = "ARID AND SEMI-ARID HABITATS",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Birds of Australia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7ztpgm.9",
    doi = "10.2307/j.ctt7ztpgm.9",
    pages = "31-35"
}

@incollection{crossref2015arid,
    title = "Arid and Semi-Arid Grasslands",
    year = "2015",
    booktitle = "Vegetation Dynamics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107286221.016",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9781107286221.016",
    pages = "368-382"
}

Protein and phycocyanin production is challenged by freshwater scarcity in arid coastal regions. This study assessed and optimized the cultivation of Limnospira platensis BEA 1257B in full seawater. Eight cultivation phases were conducted in 10,000 L raceways under a greenhouse to evaluate the effects of seawater content, nutrient availability, shading, CO2 supply, and medium recycling on biomass productivity and biochemical composition. Freshwater, energy, and fertilizer savings, together with effluent characteristics of the optimized full-seawater recirculation strategy (SWR), were evaluated against a conventional freshwater cultivation process. Lower productivity was associated with high salinity and irradiance. Under long-term optimized conditions (615 days), the strain achieved stable productivities of 4.1 ± 1.4 gDW m-2 day-1 (14.8 ± 5.0 tDW ha-1 year-1). Increasing salinity promoted carbohydrate accumulation in the biomass (26.0% AFWD), while protein (64.4%) and C-phycocyanin (9.9%) moderately decreased. Nevertheless, protein quality, phycocyanin, and essential fatty acids remained high. Spray-dried biomass exhibited nutritionally relevant contents of K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Mn, and complied with international food safety standards. SWR reduced energy demand by 10.5% and freshwater consumption by 12% on a surface basis, although these advantages were partially offset when expressed per unit of product, while clearly supporting environmentally sustainable and regulatory-compliant Limnospira production.

@article{doi103390md24040141,
    author = "Alemán, Monserrat and Venuleo, Marianna and Gómez-Pinchetti, Juan Luis and Portillo, Eduardo and Guidi, Flavio",
    title = "Cultivation of Limnospira platensis (Spirulina) in Full Seawater with Medium Recycling: A Promising Source of Protein and Phycocyanin for Arid Coastal Regions.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Marine drugs",
    abstract = "Protein and phycocyanin production is challenged by freshwater scarcity in arid coastal regions. This study assessed and optimized the cultivation of Limnospira platensis BEA 1257B in full seawater. Eight cultivation phases were conducted in 10,000 L raceways under a greenhouse to evaluate the effects of seawater content, nutrient availability, shading, CO2 supply, and medium recycling on biomass productivity and biochemical composition. Freshwater, energy, and fertilizer savings, together with effluent characteristics of the optimized full-seawater recirculation strategy (SWR), were evaluated against a conventional freshwater cultivation process. Lower productivity was associated with high salinity and irradiance. Under long-term optimized conditions (615 days), the strain achieved stable productivities of 4.1 ± 1.4 gDW m-2 day-1 (14.8 ± 5.0 tDW ha-1 year-1). Increasing salinity promoted carbohydrate accumulation in the biomass (26.0\% AFWD), while protein (64.4\%) and C-phycocyanin (9.9\%) moderately decreased. Nevertheless, protein quality, phycocyanin, and essential fatty acids remained high. Spray-dried biomass exhibited nutritionally relevant contents of K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Mn, and complied with international food safety standards. SWR reduced energy demand by 10.5\% and freshwater consumption by 12\% on a surface basis, although these advantages were partially offset when expressed per unit of product, while clearly supporting environmentally sustainable and regulatory-compliant Limnospira production.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42042216/",
    doi = "10.3390/md24040141",
    pmid = "42042216"
}