Bathyl

@article{phillips1932recent,
    author = "Phillips, A. E.",
    title = "Recent Research Work in Deep Sea Diving",
    year = "1932",
    journal = "Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-59-01-06",
    doi = "10.1136/jramc-59-01-06",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2533674154",
    pages = "34-45",
    volume = "59"
}

@incollection{crossref1962chordata,
    title = "CHORDATA: Tunicates",
    year = "1962",
    booktitle = "Introduction to Seashore Life of the San Francisco Bay Region and the Coast of Northern California",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520406179-027",
    doi = "10.1525/9780520406179-027",
    pages = "127-135"
}

@incollection{cohen1967tunicates,
    author = "COHEN, JACK",
    title = "TUNICATES",
    year = "1967",
    booktitle = "Living Embryos",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-012316-5.50018-6",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-08-012316-5.50018-6",
    openalex = "W4250345540",
    pages = "50-51"
}

Concentrations of mercury (Hg) increased significantly with size (P

@article{cross1973relation,
    author = "Cross, F. A. and Hardy, L. H. and Jones, N. Y. and Barber, R. T.",
    title = "Relation Between Total Body Weight and Concentrations of Manganese, Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Mercury in White Muscle of Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) and a Bathyl-Demersal Fish Antimora rostrata",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada",
    abstract = "Concentrations of mercury (Hg) increased significantly with size (P",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f73-208",
    doi = "10.1139/f73-208",
    number = "9",
    pages = "1287-1291",
    volume = "30"
}

@article{doi10108000139307309435530,
    author = "Meith-Avcin, N and Warlen, S M and Barber, R T",
    title = "Organochlorine insecticide residues in a bathyl-demersal fish from 2,500 meters.",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Environmental letters",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4128315/",
    doi = "10.1080/00139307309435530",
    pmid = "4128315"
}

@article{meithavcin1973organochlorine,
    author = "Meith-Avcin, Nikki and Warlen, Stanley M. and Barber, Richard T.",
    title = "Organochlorine Insecticide Residues in a Bathyl-Demersal Fish from 2,500 Meters",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Environmental Letters",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00139307309435530",
    doi = "10.1080/00139307309435530",
    number = "4",
    pages = "215-221",
    volume = "5"
}

@incollection{crossref1978bathylabyssal,
    title = "Bathyl-Abyssal Environments",
    year = "1978",
    booktitle = "Exploration for Sandstone Stratigraphic Traps",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/ce3395c7",
    doi = "10.1306/ce3395c7",
    openalex = "W4246598067",
    pages = "7a-7f"
}

@article{monniot1978recent1,
    author = "Monniot, C. and Monniot, F",
    title = "Recent work on the deep-sea tunicates",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, v. 16, p. 181-228",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Monniot, C., and Monniot, F., 1978, Recent work on the deep-sea tunicates: Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, v. 16, p. 181-228.}"
}

@incollection{monniot1981some,
    author = "Monniot, Claude and Monniot, Françoise",
    title = "Some Antarctic deep-sea tunicates in the Smithsonian collections",
    year = "1981",
    booktitle = "Antarctic Research Series",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/ar032p0095",
    doi = "10.1029/ar032p0095",
    openalex = "W1507964242",
    pages = "95-130",
    references = "doi1010160011747174900345, doi101017s008045680000288x, doi101029ar017p0011, doi101071mf9520205, doi101111j109636421970tb00732x, doi101111j146979981963tb06103x, doi101594pangaea692265, doi105281zenodo13505243, openalexw615237313"
}

@incollection{cohen1982tunicates,
    author = "COHEN, JACK and MASSEY, BRENDAN",
    title = "TUNICATES",
    year = "1982",
    booktitle = "Living Embryos",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-025926-0.50023-x",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-08-025926-0.50023-x",
    openalex = "W4205135717",
    pages = "57-58"
}

@incollection{bone1987tunicates,
    author = "Bone, Q.",
    title = "Tunicates",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Nervous Systems in Invertebrates",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1955-9\_18",
    doi = "10.1007/978-1-4613-1955-9\_18",
    openalex = "W4242991728",
    pages = "527-557",
    references = "doi101007bf00310303, doi101007bf01258496, doi101007bf02956047, doi1010160301008280900222, doi101017s0025315400020774, doi101017s0025315400042715, doi101098rspb19800153, doi101111j146979981978tb03931x, doi101111j146979981983tb05071x, openalexw570196731"
}

@article{nielsen1994two,
    author = "Nielsen, Jørgen G. and Retzer, Michael E. and Nielsen, Jorgen G.",
    title = "Two New Bathyl Neobythites spp. from the Caribbean Sea (Pisces, Ophidiidae)",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Copeia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1446722",
    doi = "10.2307/1446722",
    number = "4",
    pages = "992",
    volume = "1994"
}

▪ Abstract Most of our knowledge of biodiversity and its causes in the deep-sea benthos derives from regional-scale sampling studies of the macrofauna. Improved sampling methods and the expansion of investigations into a wide variety of habitats have revolutionized our understanding of the deep sea. Local species diversity shows clear geographic variation on spatial scales of 100–1000 km. Recent sampling programs have revealed unexpected complexity in community structure at the landscape level that is associated with large-scale oceanographic processes and their environmental consequences. We review the relationships between variation in local species diversity and the regional-scale phenomena of boundary constraints, gradients of productivity, sediment heterogeneity, oxygen availability, hydrodynamic regimes, and catastrophic physical disturbance. We present a conceptual model of how these interdependent environmental factors shape regional-scale variation in local diversity. Local communities in the deep sea may be composed of species that exist as metapopulations whose regional distribution depends on a balance among global-scale, landscape-scale, and small-scale dynamics. Environmental gradients may form geographic patterns of diversity by influencing local processes such as predation, resource partitioning, competitive exclusion, and facilitation that determine species coexistence. The measurement of deep-sea species diversity remains a vital issue in comparing geographic patterns and evaluating their potential causes. Recent assessments of diversity using species accumulation curves with randomly pooled samples confirm the often-disputed claim that the deep sea supports higher diversity than the continental shelf. However, more intensive quantitative sampling is required to fully characterize the diversity of deep-sea sediments, the most extensive habitat on Earth. Once considered to be constant, spatially uniform, and isolated, deep-sea sediments are now recognized as a dynamic, richly textured environment that is inextricably linked to the global biosphere. Regional studies of the last two decades provide the empirical background necessary to formulate and test specific hypotheses of causality by controlled sampling designs and experimental approaches.

@article{doi101146annurevecolsys32081501114002,
    author = "Levin, Lisa A. and Etter, Ron J. and Rex, Michael A. and Gooday, Andrew J. and Smith, Craig R. and Pineda, Jesús and Stuart, Carol T. and Hessler, Robert R. and Pawson, David L.",
    title = "Environmental Influences on Regional Deep-Sea Species Diversity",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics",
    abstract = "▪ Abstract Most of our knowledge of biodiversity and its causes in the deep-sea benthos derives from regional-scale sampling studies of the macrofauna. Improved sampling methods and the expansion of investigations into a wide variety of habitats have revolutionized our understanding of the deep sea. Local species diversity shows clear geographic variation on spatial scales of 100–1000 km. Recent sampling programs have revealed unexpected complexity in community structure at the landscape level that is associated with large-scale oceanographic processes and their environmental consequences. We review the relationships between variation in local species diversity and the regional-scale phenomena of boundary constraints, gradients of productivity, sediment heterogeneity, oxygen availability, hydrodynamic regimes, and catastrophic physical disturbance. We present a conceptual model of how these interdependent environmental factors shape regional-scale variation in local diversity. Local communities in the deep sea may be composed of species that exist as metapopulations whose regional distribution depends on a balance among global-scale, landscape-scale, and small-scale dynamics. Environmental gradients may form geographic patterns of diversity by influencing local processes such as predation, resource partitioning, competitive exclusion, and facilitation that determine species coexistence. The measurement of deep-sea species diversity remains a vital issue in comparing geographic patterns and evaluating their potential causes. Recent assessments of diversity using species accumulation curves with randomly pooled samples confirm the often-disputed claim that the deep sea supports higher diversity than the continental shelf. However, more intensive quantitative sampling is required to fully characterize the diversity of deep-sea sediments, the most extensive habitat on Earth. Once considered to be constant, spatially uniform, and isolated, deep-sea sediments are now recognized as a dynamic, richly textured environment that is inextricably linked to the global biosphere. Regional studies of the last two decades provide the empirical background necessary to formulate and test specific hypotheses of causality by controlled sampling designs and experimental approaches.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002",
    openalex = "W2156165579",
    references = "doi101016096706539596600a, doi101017cbo9781139163637, doi101038365636a0, doi1015159780691239477, doi101594pangaea692265, doi104319lo1958330245, doi105860choice293872, doi105860choice380926"
}

Introduction The Bahamas. You drop off the side of a small boat in clear tropical waters and swim over a lightly current-rippled bright sand bottom, spotted with brown patches of microalgae. You pass over a dark patch of seagrass, the blades bending slightly in the gentle current. Next a bare patch, and then the bottom rises up a meter and you are over multicolored corals and algae, with intricate branchings and textures. Idyllic and complex. New England. You slip over algaeand musselcoated boulders in the shallows to enter the green, cold water, then swim out over a flat bottom of medium brown sediment. Sand dollars leave a light-colored trail as they overturn sand grains and graze on the microalgae. Small mounds of brighter sand reveal the homes of burrowing animals that pass sand grains through their gut, stripping the algae away completely. Patches of dark seaweed, some green, some brown, some reddish, grow on and surround the rocks that rise straight out of the bottom. The rock wall is half covered by encrusting tunicates and plumose anemones. Two very different optical water types, two very different benthic environments. Yet, these images of small-scale variability in bottom type, biological involvement in seafloor appearance, and rapid changes in depth are typical scenes you might encounter at the sea floor. The optical properties of the water play a strong role in determining what biology you will find on the bottom, and the biology of the sea floor plays a dominant role in determining how light interacts with the ocean floor. Research in ocean optics concentrated on the deepwater environment for many years, achieving a high level of understanding of the factors that contribute to both inherent and apparent optical properties (lOPs and AOPs). The efforts in measurement and experimentation were supplemented by strong theoretical work, resulting in robust analytical models. The increasing sophistication of the field has led to the successful treatment of ever weaker effects, including inelastic processes (Raman and fluorescence). The funding of deep water optical research also led to the The optical properties of the water play a strong role in determining what biology you will find on the bottom... development of a wide array of specialized instruments for deployment from ships or installation on moorings. A shift of focus to shallow water presents a new set of challenges. The impact of the sea floor on upwelling radiance can arise from elastic (reflection, scattering, and absorption) and inelastic (Raman and fluorescence) processes. The horizontal scales of interest in shallow water can be very small, and the edges between bottom types with radically different optical properties can be sharp. In many environments the three-dimensional variability is significant and complex, with step changes in depth, varying slope, and highly textured structure. The diversity of organisms that must be considered is also greater for shallow water than for deep. Shallow waters are generally associated with coasts, currents, and terrigenous inputs, and the optical properties of the water column and the sea floor can vary rapidly in time as well as in space. It is important to understand how light interacts with the sea floor. Benthic habitats are exceedingly valuable for their role in marine ecological systems, as sources of commercial resources, and as tourist destinations. In many coastal environments the standing biomass and productivity on the sea floor exceed the integrated biomass in the overlying water column. Powerful tools for high resolution imaging-in both the spatial and spectral dimensions-are becoming more readily available and there is great interest in applying these systems to map and monitor coastal environments. With recent advances in detectors, imaging systems, data storage and signal processing, we can record optical signatures at an overwhelmingly rapid rate. Much needs to be learned about the optics of the sea floor to put those gigabytes of spectral-image data to practical use. How do seafloor physical, chemical, and biological processes determine the spectral signatures of the bottom? Conversely, what can measurement of spectral signatures tell us about those processes? How stable are these signatures in time, or how well can we understand the temporal variations? Much of what we do know about the spectral char-

@article{doi105670oceanog200123,
    author = "Mazel, C.",
    title = "Optics of the Sea Floor",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Oceanography",
    abstract = "Introduction The Bahamas. You drop off the side of a small boat in clear tropical waters and swim over a lightly current-rippled bright sand bottom, spotted with brown patches of microalgae. You pass over a dark patch of seagrass, the blades bending slightly in the gentle current. Next a bare patch, and then the bottom rises up a meter and you are over multicolored corals and algae, with intricate branchings and textures. Idyllic and complex. New England. You slip over algaeand musselcoated boulders in the shallows to enter the green, cold water, then swim out over a flat bottom of medium brown sediment. Sand dollars leave a light-colored trail as they overturn sand grains and graze on the microalgae. Small mounds of brighter sand reveal the homes of burrowing animals that pass sand grains through their gut, stripping the algae away completely. Patches of dark seaweed, some green, some brown, some reddish, grow on and surround the rocks that rise straight out of the bottom. The rock wall is half covered by encrusting tunicates and plumose anemones. Two very different optical water types, two very different benthic environments. Yet, these images of small-scale variability in bottom type, biological involvement in seafloor appearance, and rapid changes in depth are typical scenes you might encounter at the sea floor. The optical properties of the water play a strong role in determining what biology you will find on the bottom, and the biology of the sea floor plays a dominant role in determining how light interacts with the ocean floor. Research in ocean optics concentrated on the deepwater environment for many years, achieving a high level of understanding of the factors that contribute to both inherent and apparent optical properties (lOPs and AOPs). The efforts in measurement and experimentation were supplemented by strong theoretical work, resulting in robust analytical models. The increasing sophistication of the field has led to the successful treatment of ever weaker effects, including inelastic processes (Raman and fluorescence). The funding of deep water optical research also led to the The optical properties of the water play a strong role in determining what biology you will find on the bottom... development of a wide array of specialized instruments for deployment from ships or installation on moorings. A shift of focus to shallow water presents a new set of challenges. The impact of the sea floor on upwelling radiance can arise from elastic (reflection, scattering, and absorption) and inelastic (Raman and fluorescence) processes. The horizontal scales of interest in shallow water can be very small, and the edges between bottom types with radically different optical properties can be sharp. In many environments the three-dimensional variability is significant and complex, with step changes in depth, varying slope, and highly textured structure. The diversity of organisms that must be considered is also greater for shallow water than for deep. Shallow waters are generally associated with coasts, currents, and terrigenous inputs, and the optical properties of the water column and the sea floor can vary rapidly in time as well as in space. It is important to understand how light interacts with the sea floor. Benthic habitats are exceedingly valuable for their role in marine ecological systems, as sources of commercial resources, and as tourist destinations. In many coastal environments the standing biomass and productivity on the sea floor exceed the integrated biomass in the overlying water column. Powerful tools for high resolution imaging-in both the spatial and spectral dimensions-are becoming more readily available and there is great interest in applying these systems to map and monitor coastal environments. With recent advances in detectors, imaging systems, data storage and signal processing, we can record optical signatures at an overwhelmingly rapid rate. Much needs to be learned about the optics of the sea floor to put those gigabytes of spectral-image data to practical use. How do seafloor physical, chemical, and biological processes determine the spectral signatures of the bottom? Conversely, what can measurement of spectral signatures tell us about those processes? How stable are these signatures in time, or how well can we understand the temporal variations? Much of what we do know about the spectral char-",
    url = "https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/14-3\_mazel.pdf",
    doi = "10.5670/OCEANOG.2001.23",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "3",
    pages = "54-63",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "5",
    semanticscholar_id = "712fcbf06653953df0a63714cc90974fce98151a",
    volume = "14"
}

The Urochordata are a subphylum of the Chordata comprising marine organisms such as the benthic ascidians and the pelagic appendicularians, salps, doliolids and pyrosomes.

@misc{jefferies2001urochordata,
    author = "Jefferies, Richard",
    title = "Urochordata (Tunicates)",
    year = "2001",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Life Sciences",
    abstract = "The Urochordata are a subphylum of the Chordata comprising marine organisms such as the benthic ascidians and the pelagic appendicularians, salps, doliolids and pyrosomes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0001529",
    doi = "10.1038/npg.els.0001529",
    openalex = "W4214747007",
    references = "doi101002sici15206602199814115aidinbi230co20, doi101007bf01609109, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva026026, doi101111j150239311997tb00437x, doi101242dev12561113, doi105860choice343308, openalexw1579846885"
}

This review covers 25 years of progress on structural, functional, and developmental neurobiology of adult tunicates. The focus is on ascidians rather than pelagic species. The ascidian brain and peripheral nervous system are considered from the point of view of ultrastructure, neurotransmitters, regulatory peptides, and electrical activity. Sensory reception and effector control are stressed. Discussion of the dorsal strand plexus centres on its relationship with photoreceptors, the presence in it of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its role in reproductive control. In addition to hydrodynamic sense organs based on primary sensory neurons (cupular organs), ascidians are now known to have coronal sense organs based on axonless hair cells resembling those of the vertebrate acustico-lateralis system. The peripheral nervous system is remarkable in that the motor neuron terminals are apparently interconnected synaptically, providing the equivalent of a nerve net. Development of the neural complex in ascidians is reviewed, highlighting recent embryological and molecular evidence for stomodeal, neurohypophyseal, and atrial placodes. The nervous system forms similarly during embryogenesis in the oozooid and blastogenesis in colonial forms. The regeneration of the brain in Ciona intestinalis (L., 1767) is discussed in relation to normal neurogenesis. Finally, the viviparous development of salps is considered, where recent work traces the early development of the brain, outgrowth of nerve roots, and the targetting of motor nerves to the appropriate muscles.

@article{doi101139z04177,
    author = "Mackie, G. O. and Burighel, Paolo",
    title = "The nervous system in adult tunicates: current research directions",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "This review covers 25 years of progress on structural, functional, and developmental neurobiology of adult tunicates. The focus is on ascidians rather than pelagic species. The ascidian brain and peripheral nervous system are considered from the point of view of ultrastructure, neurotransmitters, regulatory peptides, and electrical activity. Sensory reception and effector control are stressed. Discussion of the dorsal strand plexus centres on its relationship with photoreceptors, the presence in it of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its role in reproductive control. In addition to hydrodynamic sense organs based on primary sensory neurons (cupular organs), ascidians are now known to have coronal sense organs based on axonless hair cells resembling those of the vertebrate acustico-lateralis system. The peripheral nervous system is remarkable in that the motor neuron terminals are apparently interconnected synaptically, providing the equivalent of a nerve net. Development of the neural complex in ascidians is reviewed, highlighting recent embryological and molecular evidence for stomodeal, neurohypophyseal, and atrial placodes. The nervous system forms similarly during embryogenesis in the oozooid and blastogenesis in colonial forms. The regeneration of the brain in Ciona intestinalis (L., 1767) is discussed in relation to normal neurogenesis. Finally, the viviparous development of salps is considered, where recent work traces the early development of the brain, outgrowth of nerve roots, and the targetting of motor nerves to the appropriate muscles.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/z04-177",
    doi = "10.1139/z04-177",
    openalex = "W2035527572",
    references = "doi101002cne903380405, doi101017s0025315400042715"
}

Tatián, M., Lagger, C., Demarchi, M. & Mattoni, C. (2011). Molecular phylogeny endorses the relationship between carnivorous and filter‐feeding tunicates (Tunicata, Ascidiacea).— Zoologica Scripta, 40, 603–612. The phylogeny of the tunicates (animals considered the closest relatives to the vertebrates) is not yet completely defined, especially the evolutionary relationships within the class. Molecular studies do not include particular benthic deep‐sea species that show morphological changes in the evolution from filter feeding into a carnivorous‐feeding habit. According only to morphological features, these animals are considered as a part of the Class Ascidiacea (Family Hexacrobylidae), but also as a different class, Sorberacea, belonging to the Phylum Tunicata. In this study, we present a phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA sequences, which clearly included these animals in Ascidiacea but in the Family Molgulidae, faster‐evolving ascidians with a high evolution rate. This finding supports the idea that carnivory in Molgulidae represents a more recent adaptation to life in the ocean deep bottoms, where organisms have to adapt themselves to a less plentiful particulate organic carbon supply. Based on molecular and morphological evidence, we propose the following new synonymy: Hexacrobylidae Seeliger 1906 = Molgulidae Lacaze‐Duthiers, 1877.

@article{doi101111j14636409201100493x,
    author = "Tatián, Marcos and Lagger, Cristian and Demarchi, Milagros and Mattoni, Camilo I.",
    title = "Molecular phylogeny endorses the relationship between carnivorous and filter‐feeding tunicates (Tunicata, Ascidiacea)",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Zoologica Scripta",
    abstract = "Tatián, M., Lagger, C., Demarchi, M. \& Mattoni, C. (2011). Molecular phylogeny endorses the relationship between carnivorous and filter‐feeding tunicates (Tunicata, Ascidiacea).— Zoologica Scripta, 40, 603–612. The phylogeny of the tunicates (animals considered the closest relatives to the vertebrates) is not yet completely defined, especially the evolutionary relationships within the class. Molecular studies do not include particular benthic deep‐sea species that show morphological changes in the evolution from filter feeding into a carnivorous‐feeding habit. According only to morphological features, these animals are considered as a part of the Class Ascidiacea (Family Hexacrobylidae), but also as a different class, Sorberacea, belonging to the Phylum Tunicata. In this study, we present a phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA sequences, which clearly included these animals in Ascidiacea but in the Family Molgulidae, faster‐evolving ascidians with a high evolution rate. This finding supports the idea that carnivory in Molgulidae represents a more recent adaptation to life in the ocean deep bottoms, where organisms have to adapt themselves to a less plentiful particulate organic carbon supply. Based on molecular and morphological evidence, we propose the following new synonymy: Hexacrobylidae Seeliger 1906 = Molgulidae Lacaze‐Duthiers, 1877.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00493.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00493.x",
    openalex = "W2109547341",
    references = "doi101002dvg20450, doi101038nature05241, doi101093nargkf436, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva025573, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva026334, doi101093sysbio274401, doi101098rstb20072246, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421990tb00562x, doi1023072412923, monniot1981some, openalexw2611511275"
}

Covering: 2009 to 2013. This review covers the 188 novel marine natural products described since 2008, from deep-water (50->5000 m) marine fauna including bryozoa, chordata, cnidaria, echinodermata, microorganisms, mollusca and porifera. The structures of the new compounds and details of the source organism, depth of collection and country of origin are presented, along with any relevant biological activities of the metabolites. Where reported, synthetic studies on the deep-sea natural products have also been included. Most strikingly, 75% of the compounds were reported to possess bioactivity, with almost half exhibiting low micromolar cytotoxicity towards a range of human cancer cell lines, along with a significant increase in the number of microbial deep-sea natural products reported.

@article{doi101039c3np70118b,
    author = "Skropeta, Danielle and Wei, Liangqian",
    title = "Recent advances in deep-sea natural products",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Natural Product Reports",
    abstract = "Covering: 2009 to 2013. This review covers the 188 novel marine natural products described since 2008, from deep-water (50->5000 m) marine fauna including bryozoa, chordata, cnidaria, echinodermata, microorganisms, mollusca and porifera. The structures of the new compounds and details of the source organism, depth of collection and country of origin are presented, along with any relevant biological activities of the metabolites. Where reported, synthetic studies on the deep-sea natural products have also been included. Most strikingly, 75\% of the compounds were reported to possess bioactivity, with almost half exhibiting low micromolar cytotoxicity towards a range of human cancer cell lines, along with a significant increase in the number of microbial deep-sea natural products reported.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/c3np70118b",
    doi = "10.1039/c3np70118b",
    openalex = "W2108567906",
    references = "doi101007s003000121234z, doi10108000222930010004232, doi101111j14636409201100493x, doi103390md10081741"
}

Tunicates have been extensively studied because of their crucial phylogenetic location (the closest living relatives of vertebrates) and particular developmental plan. Recent genome efforts have disclosed that tunicates are also remarkable in their genome organization and molecular evolutionary patterns. Here, we review these latter aspects, comparing the similarities and specificities of two model species of the group: Oikopleura dioica and Ciona intestinalis. These species exhibit great genome plasticity and Oikopleura in particular has undergone a process of extreme genome reduction and compaction that can be explained in part by gene loss, but is mostly due to other mechanisms such as shortening of intergenic distances and introns, and scarcity of mobile elements. In Ciona, genome reorganization was less severe being more similar to the other chordates in several aspects. Rates and patterns of molecular evolution are also peculiar in tunicates, being Ciona about 50% faster than vertebrates and Oikopleura three times faster. In fact, the latter species is considered as the fastest evolving metazoan recorded so far. Two processes of increase in evolutionary rates have taken place in tunicates. One of them is more extreme, and basically restricted to genes encoding regulatory proteins (transcription regulators, chromatin remodeling proteins, and metabolic regulators), and the other one is less pronounced but affects the whole genome. Very likely adaptive evolution has played a very significant role in the first, whereas the functional and/or evolutionary causes of the second are less clear and the evidence is not conclusive. The evidences supporting the incidence of increased mutation and less efficient negative selection are presented and discussed.

@article{doi101093gbeevu122,
    author = "Berná, Luisa and Álvarez-Valín, Fernando",
    title = "Evolutionary Genomics of Fast Evolving Tunicates",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Genome Biology and Evolution",
    abstract = "Tunicates have been extensively studied because of their crucial phylogenetic location (the closest living relatives of vertebrates) and particular developmental plan. Recent genome efforts have disclosed that tunicates are also remarkable in their genome organization and molecular evolutionary patterns. Here, we review these latter aspects, comparing the similarities and specificities of two model species of the group: Oikopleura dioica and Ciona intestinalis. These species exhibit great genome plasticity and Oikopleura in particular has undergone a process of extreme genome reduction and compaction that can be explained in part by gene loss, but is mostly due to other mechanisms such as shortening of intergenic distances and introns, and scarcity of mobile elements. In Ciona, genome reorganization was less severe being more similar to the other chordates in several aspects. Rates and patterns of molecular evolution are also peculiar in tunicates, being Ciona about 50\% faster than vertebrates and Oikopleura three times faster. In fact, the latter species is considered as the fastest evolving metazoan recorded so far. Two processes of increase in evolutionary rates have taken place in tunicates. One of them is more extreme, and basically restricted to genes encoding regulatory proteins (transcription regulators, chromatin remodeling proteins, and metabolic regulators), and the other one is less pronounced but affects the whole genome. Very likely adaptive evolution has played a very significant role in the first, whereas the functional and/or evolutionary causes of the second are less clear and the evidence is not conclusive. The evidences supporting the incidence of increased mutation and less efficient negative selection are presented and discussed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evu122",
    doi = "10.1093/gbe/evu122",
    openalex = "W2113102645"
}

@article{holland2016tunicates,
    author = "Holland, Linda Z.",
    title = "Tunicates",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Current Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.024",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.024",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W4240829425",
    pages = "R146-R152",
    volume = "26",
    references = "doi101002jez1401560204, doi101007s0022700810994, doi101007s108860079251z, doi101016jcub200412010, doi101038nature04336, doi101038nature11589, doi101093gbeevu122, doi101126science15838091629, doi101139z09083, doi101186147121489187"
}

The understudied deep-sea benthic communities from the Southwestern Atlantic continental slope (200 m-3000 m depth) were sampled on August 2012 in an area located around 38°S that included the Mar del Plata submarine canyon. In these samplings we found a total of 16 ascidian species from six different families, of which two corresponded to new species. These were: Aplidium meridianum (Sluiter, 1906); Aplidium variabile (Herdman, 1886); Aplidium marplatensis Maggioni Tatián (sp. nov. present work); Aplidium solitarium Maggioni Tatián (sp. nov. present work); Synoicum georgianum Sluiter, 1932; Synoicum molle (Herdman, 1886); Synoicum sp.; Polysyncraton trivolutum (Millar, 1960); Sycozoa umbellata (Michaelsen, 1898); Ascidia meridionalis Herdman, 1880; Cnemidocarpa drygalskii (Hartmeyer, 1911); Styela squamosa Herdman, 1881; Pyura pilosa Monniot C. Monniot F., 1974; Molgula pyriformis Herdman, 1881; Molgula setigera Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1938 and Asajirus indicus (Oka, 1913). Based on morphological evidence, we propose the new synonymy: Molgula setigera Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1938 = Molgula marioni Millar, 1960 = Molgula robini Monniot C. Monniot F., 1983. We also propose to maintain Molgula pyriformis and Molgula malvinensis as separate species. We report: the extension of the distribution range of Aplidium meridianum, Synoicum georgianum, Polysyncraton trivolutum, Sycozoa umbellata, Cnemidocarpa drygalskii, Pyura pilosa and Molgula setigera, being the first time they are collected off La Plata River; the deepest registers for Synoicum georgianum, Poylsyncraton trivolutum, Sycozoa umbellata, Ascidia meridionalis, Pyura pilosa, Molgula pyriformis and Molgula setigera; and the shallowest register for Synoicum molle.

@article{doi1011646zootaxa452611,
    author = "Maggioni, Tamara and Taverna, Anabela and Reyna, Paola B. and Alurralde, Gastón and Rimondino, Clara and Tatián, Marcos",
    title = "Deep-sea ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata) from the SW Atlantic: species richness with descriptions of two new species",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Zootaxa",
    abstract = "The understudied deep-sea benthic communities from the Southwestern Atlantic continental slope (200 m-3000 m depth) were sampled on August 2012 in an area located around 38°S that included the Mar del Plata submarine canyon. In these samplings we found a total of 16 ascidian species from six different families, of which two corresponded to new species. These were: Aplidium meridianum (Sluiter, 1906); Aplidium variabile (Herdman, 1886); Aplidium marplatensis Maggioni Tatián (sp. nov. present work); Aplidium solitarium Maggioni Tatián (sp. nov. present work); Synoicum georgianum Sluiter, 1932; Synoicum molle (Herdman, 1886); Synoicum sp.; Polysyncraton trivolutum (Millar, 1960); Sycozoa umbellata (Michaelsen, 1898); Ascidia meridionalis Herdman, 1880; Cnemidocarpa drygalskii (Hartmeyer, 1911); Styela squamosa Herdman, 1881; Pyura pilosa Monniot C. Monniot F., 1974; Molgula pyriformis Herdman, 1881; Molgula setigera Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1938 and Asajirus indicus (Oka, 1913). Based on morphological evidence, we propose the new synonymy: Molgula setigera Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1938 = Molgula marioni Millar, 1960 = Molgula robini Monniot C. Monniot F., 1983. We also propose to maintain Molgula pyriformis and Molgula malvinensis as separate species. We report: the extension of the distribution range of Aplidium meridianum, Synoicum georgianum, Polysyncraton trivolutum, Sycozoa umbellata, Cnemidocarpa drygalskii, Pyura pilosa and Molgula setigera, being the first time they are collected off La Plata River; the deepest registers for Synoicum georgianum, Poylsyncraton trivolutum, Sycozoa umbellata, Ascidia meridionalis, Pyura pilosa, Molgula pyriformis and Molgula setigera; and the shallowest register for Synoicum molle.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4526.1.1",
    doi = "10.11646/zootaxa.4526.1.1",
    openalex = "W2903414097",
    references = "doi10108000222930010004232, doi101080002229399299761, doi101111j109636421990tb00562x, doi101111j14636409201100493x, doi103897zse929521"
}

5G networks offer high-speed, low-latency communication for various applications. As 5G networks introduce new capabilities and support a wide range of services, they also become more vulnerable to different kinds of cyberattacks, particularly Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Effective DDoS attack classification in 5G networks is a critical aspect of ensuring the security, availability, and performance of these advanced communication infrastructures. In recent days, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models can be employed for an accurate DDoS attack detection process. In this aspect, this study designs a Modified Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning based DDoS Attack Classification (MEOADL-ADC) method in 5G networks. The goal of the MEOADL-ADC technique is the automated classification of DDoS attacks in the 5G network. The MEOADL-ADC technique follows a three-stage process such as feature selection, classification, and hyperparameter tuning. Primarily, the MEOADL-ADC technique employs MEOA based feature selection approach. Next, the MEOADL-ADC technique utilizes the long short-term memory (LSTM) model for the classification of DDoS attacks. Finally, the tunicate swarm algorithm (TSA) is exploited to adjust the hyperparameter of the LSTM model. The design of MEOA-based feature selection and TSA-based hyperparameter tuning shows the novelty of the work. The experimental outcome of the MEOADL-ADC method is tested on a benchmark dataset, and the outcomes indicate the betterment of the MEOADL-ADC algorithm over the current methods with maximum accuracy of 97.60%.

@article{doi101109access20233318176,
    author = "Aljebreen, Mohammed and Alrayes, Fatma S. and Maray, Mohammed and Aljameel, Sumayh S. and Salama, Ahmed S. and Motwakel, Abdelwahed",
    title = "Modified Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm With Deep Learning-Based DDoS Attack Classification in 5G Networks",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "IEEE Access",
    abstract = "5G networks offer high-speed, low-latency communication for various applications. As 5G networks introduce new capabilities and support a wide range of services, they also become more vulnerable to different kinds of cyberattacks, particularly Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Effective DDoS attack classification in 5G networks is a critical aspect of ensuring the security, availability, and performance of these advanced communication infrastructures. In recent days, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models can be employed for an accurate DDoS attack detection process. In this aspect, this study designs a Modified Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning based DDoS Attack Classification (MEOADL-ADC) method in 5G networks. The goal of the MEOADL-ADC technique is the automated classification of DDoS attacks in the 5G network. The MEOADL-ADC technique follows a three-stage process such as feature selection, classification, and hyperparameter tuning. Primarily, the MEOADL-ADC technique employs MEOA based feature selection approach. Next, the MEOADL-ADC technique utilizes the long short-term memory (LSTM) model for the classification of DDoS attacks. Finally, the tunicate swarm algorithm (TSA) is exploited to adjust the hyperparameter of the LSTM model. The design of MEOA-based feature selection and TSA-based hyperparameter tuning shows the novelty of the work. The experimental outcome of the MEOADL-ADC method is tested on a benchmark dataset, and the outcomes indicate the betterment of the MEOADL-ADC algorithm over the current methods with maximum accuracy of 97.60\%.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c0f5ed4b43133759355b344dbeea83c97d0f6a75",
    doi = "10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3318176",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "108561-108570",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "13",
    semanticscholar_id = "c0f5ed4b43133759355b344dbeea83c97d0f6a75",
    volume = "11"
}

The detection, observation, recognition, and statistics of marine plankton are the basis of marine ecological research. In recent years, digital holography has been widely applied to plankton detection and recognition. However, the recording and reconstruction of digital holography require a strictly controlled laboratory environment and time-consuming iterative computation, respectively, which impede its application in marine plankton imaging. In this paper, an intelligent method designed with digital holography and deep learning algorithms is proposed to detect and recognize marine plankton (IDRMP). An accurate integrated A-Unet network is established under the principle of deep learning and trained by digital holograms recorded with publicly available plankton datasets. This method can complete the work of reconstructing and recognizing a variety of plankton organisms stably and efficiently by a single hologram, and a system interface of YOLOv5 that can realize the task of the end-to-end detection of plankton by a single frame is provided. The structural similarities of the images reconstructed by IDRMP are all higher than 0.97, and the average accuracy of the detection of four plankton species, namely, Appendicularian, Chaetognath, Echinoderm and Hydromedusae,, reaches 91.0% after using YOLOv5. In optical experiments, typical marine plankton collected from Weifang, China, are employed as samples. For randomly selected samples of Copepods, Tunicates and Polychaetes, the results are ideal and acceptable, and a batch detection function is developed for the learning of the system. Our test and experiment results demonstrate that this method is efficient and accurate for the detection and recognition of numerous plankton within a certain volume of space after they are recorded by digital holography.

@article{doi103390s25072325,
    author = "Xu, Xianfeng and Luo, Weilong and Ren, Zhanhong and Song, Xinjiu",
    title = "Intelligent Detection and Recognition of Marine Plankton by Digital Holography and Deep Learning",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)",
    abstract = "The detection, observation, recognition, and statistics of marine plankton are the basis of marine ecological research. In recent years, digital holography has been widely applied to plankton detection and recognition. However, the recording and reconstruction of digital holography require a strictly controlled laboratory environment and time-consuming iterative computation, respectively, which impede its application in marine plankton imaging. In this paper, an intelligent method designed with digital holography and deep learning algorithms is proposed to detect and recognize marine plankton (IDRMP). An accurate integrated A-Unet network is established under the principle of deep learning and trained by digital holograms recorded with publicly available plankton datasets. This method can complete the work of reconstructing and recognizing a variety of plankton organisms stably and efficiently by a single hologram, and a system interface of YOLOv5 that can realize the task of the end-to-end detection of plankton by a single frame is provided. The structural similarities of the images reconstructed by IDRMP are all higher than 0.97, and the average accuracy of the detection of four plankton species, namely, Appendicularian, Chaetognath, Echinoderm and Hydromedusae,, reaches 91.0\% after using YOLOv5. In optical experiments, typical marine plankton collected from Weifang, China, are employed as samples. For randomly selected samples of Copepods, Tunicates and Polychaetes, the results are ideal and acceptable, and a batch detection function is developed for the learning of the system. Our test and experiment results demonstrate that this method is efficient and accurate for the detection and recognition of numerous plankton within a certain volume of space after they are recorded by digital holography.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0c155f3eb3cd1a0c97065bfc226bb9b70fce5de5",
    doi = "10.3390/s25072325",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "7",
    pages = "2325",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "4",
    semanticscholar_id = "0c155f3eb3cd1a0c97065bfc226bb9b70fce5de5",
    volume = "25"
}