Behavioural science

@misc{allee1951cooperation1,
    author = "Allee, W. C",
    title = "Cooperation Among Animals with Human Implications",
    year = "1951",
    howpublished = "New York, Schuman, 233 p.; [Revised Edition of Social Life of Animals, Norton, New York, 1938]",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Allee, W. C., 1951, Cooperation Among Animals with Human Implications: New York, Schuman, 233 p.; [Revised Edition of Social Life of Animals, Norton, New York, 1938].}"
}

@misc{christian1964endocrines3,
    author = "Christian, J. J. and Davis, D. E",
    title = "Endocrines, behavior, and populations",
    year = "1964",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 146, p. 1550-1560",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Christian, J. J., and Davis, D. E., 1964, Endocrines, behavior, and populations: Science, v. 146, p. 1550-1560.}"
}

@misc{ardrey1966the2,
    author = "Ardrey, R",
    title = "The Territorial Imperative",
    year = "1966",
    howpublished = "New York, Atheneum, 390 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ardrey, R., 1966, The Territorial Imperative: New York, Atheneum, 390 p.}"
}

@article{hetherington1969teaching,
    author = "Hetherington, R.R.",
    title = "TEACHING BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "The Lancet",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91393-2",
    doi = "10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91393-2",
    number = "7591",
    pages = "420",
    volume = "293"
}

@article{morton1969teaching,
    author = "Morton, R.S. and Claridge, G.S. and Chance, M.R.A.",
    title = "TEACHING BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "The Lancet",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91005-8",
    doi = "10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91005-8",
    number = "7584",
    pages = "49-50",
    volume = "293"
}

@article{stengel1969behavioural,
    author = "Stengel, E.",
    title = "Behavioural Science",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "BMJ",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.3.5670.582-a",
    doi = "10.1136/bmj.3.5670.582-a",
    number = "5670",
    pages = "582.2-582",
    volume = "3"
}

@article{mackie1974behavior5,
    author = "Mackie, G. O",
    title = "Behavior of a compound ascidian",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 52, p. 23-27",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mackie, G. O., 1974, Behavior of a compound ascidian: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 52, p. 23-27.}"
}

@article{sheldrake1974behavioural,
    author = "SHELDRAKE, PETER",
    title = "Behavioural science",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Medical Education",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1974.tb02033.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2923.1974.tb02033.x",
    number = "1",
    pages = "31-48",
    volume = "8"
}

@article{collis1979melanophore4,
    author = "Collis, C. S",
    title = "Melanophore potentials of the chromatically intact spinal stoneloach ( Neomacheilus barbatulusL.) following adaptation to varying backgrounds",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Journal of Comparative Physiology, v. 131, p. 13-21",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Collis, C. S., 1979, Melanophore potentials of the chromatically intact spinal stoneloach ( Neomacheilus barbatulusL.) following adaptation to varying backgrounds: Journal of Comparative Physiology, v. 131, p. 13-21.}"
}

@article{inglis1979behavioural,
    author = "Inglis, James",
    title = "Behavioural science and behavioural medicine.",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Canadian Psychological Review / Psychologie Canadienne",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1037/h0081508",
    doi = "10.1037/h0081508",
    number = "3",
    pages = "119-132",
    volume = "20"
}

@article{inglis1983behavioural,
    author = "Inglis, James",
    title = "Behavioural science and behavioural medicine revisited.",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080763",
    doi = "10.1037/h0080763",
    number = "4",
    pages = "305-317",
    volume = "15"
}

@misc{richards1987human6,
    author = "Richards, G",
    title = "Human Evolution:An Introduction for the Behavioural Sciences",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "London, Routledge \& Kegan Paul",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Richards, G., 1987, Human Evolution:An Introduction for the Behavioural Sciences: London, Routledge \& Kegan Paul.}"
}

@incollection{crossref1999forensic,
    title = "Forensic Behavioural Science",
    year = "1999",
    booktitle = "Geographic Profiling",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420048780.ch4",
    doi = "10.1201/9781420048780.ch4"
}

CONTEXT: Current public health campaigns to reduce obesity and type 2 diabetes have largely focused on increasing exercise, but have paid little attention to the reduction of sedentary behaviors. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between various sedentary behaviors, especially prolonged television (TV) watching, and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in women. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective cohort study conducted from 1992 to 1998 among women from 11 states in the Nurses' Health Study. The obesity analysis included 50 277 women who had a body mass index (BMI) of less than 30 and were free from diagnosed cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or cancer and completed questions on physical activity and sedentary behaviors at baseline. The diabetes analysis included 68 497 women who at baseline were free from diagnosed diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, or cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Onset of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: During 6 years of follow-up, 3757 (7.5%) of 50 277 women who had a BMI of less than 30 in 1992 became obese (BMI > or =30). Overall, we documented 1515 new cases of type 2 diabetes. Time spent watching TV was positively associated with risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In the multivariate analyses adjusting for age, smoking, exercise levels, dietary factors, and other covariates, each 2-h/d increment in TV watching was associated with a 23% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17%-30%) increase in obesity and a 14% (95% CI, 5%-23%) increase in risk of diabetes; each 2-h/d increment in sitting at work was associated with a 5% (95% CI, 0%-10%) increase in obesity and a 7% (95% CI, 0%-16%) increase in diabetes. In contrast, standing or walking around at home (2 h/d) was associated with a 9% (95% CI, 6%-12%) reduction in obesity and a 12% (95% CI, 7%-16%) reduction in diabetes. Each 1 hour per day of brisk walking was associated with a 24% (95% CI, 19%-29%) reduction in obesity and a 34% (95% CI, 27%-41%) reduction in diabetes. We estimated that in our cohort, 30% (95% CI, 24%-36%) of new cases of obesity and 43% (95% CI, 32%-52%) of new cases of diabetes could be prevented by adopting a relatively active lifestyle (or =30 min/d of brisk walking). CONCLUSIONS: Independent of exercise levels, sedentary behaviors, especially TV watching, were associated with significantly elevated risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes, whereas even light to moderate activity was associated with substantially lower risk. This study emphasizes the importance of reducing prolonged TV watching and other sedentary behaviors for preventing obesity and diabetes.

@article{doi101001jama289141785,
    author = "Hu, Frank B. and Li, Tricia Y. and Colditz, Graham A. and Willett, Walter C. and Manson, JoAnn E.",
    title = "Television Watching and Other Sedentary Behaviors in Relation to Risk of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "JAMA",
    abstract = "CONTEXT: Current public health campaigns to reduce obesity and type 2 diabetes have largely focused on increasing exercise, but have paid little attention to the reduction of sedentary behaviors. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between various sedentary behaviors, especially prolonged television (TV) watching, and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in women. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective cohort study conducted from 1992 to 1998 among women from 11 states in the Nurses' Health Study. The obesity analysis included 50 277 women who had a body mass index (BMI) of less than 30 and were free from diagnosed cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or cancer and completed questions on physical activity and sedentary behaviors at baseline. The diabetes analysis included 68 497 women who at baseline were free from diagnosed diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, or cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Onset of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: During 6 years of follow-up, 3757 (7.5\%) of 50 277 women who had a BMI of less than 30 in 1992 became obese (BMI > or =30). Overall, we documented 1515 new cases of type 2 diabetes. Time spent watching TV was positively associated with risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In the multivariate analyses adjusting for age, smoking, exercise levels, dietary factors, and other covariates, each 2-h/d increment in TV watching was associated with a 23\% (95\% confidence interval [CI], 17\%-30\%) increase in obesity and a 14\% (95\% CI, 5\%-23\%) increase in risk of diabetes; each 2-h/d increment in sitting at work was associated with a 5\% (95\% CI, 0\%-10\%) increase in obesity and a 7\% (95\% CI, 0\%-16\%) increase in diabetes. In contrast, standing or walking around at home (2 h/d) was associated with a 9\% (95\% CI, 6\%-12\%) reduction in obesity and a 12\% (95\% CI, 7\%-16\%) reduction in diabetes. Each 1 hour per day of brisk walking was associated with a 24\% (95\% CI, 19\%-29\%) reduction in obesity and a 34\% (95\% CI, 27\%-41\%) reduction in diabetes. We estimated that in our cohort, 30\% (95\% CI, 24\%-36\%) of new cases of obesity and 43\% (95\% CI, 32\%-52\%) of new cases of diabetes could be prevented by adopting a relatively active lifestyle (or =30 min/d of brisk walking). CONCLUSIONS: Independent of exercise levels, sedentary behaviors, especially TV watching, were associated with significantly elevated risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes, whereas even light to moderate activity was associated with substantially lower risk. This study emphasizes the importance of reducing prolonged TV watching and other sedentary behaviors for preventing obesity and diabetes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.14.1785",
    doi = "10.1001/jama.289.14.1785",
    openalex = "W2162726387"
}

BACKGROUND: Risk perceptions are central to many health behavior theories. However, the relationship between risk perceptions and behavior, muddied by instances of inappropriate assessment and analysis, often looks weak. METHOD: A meta-analysis of eligible studies assessing the bivariate association between adult vaccination and perceived likelihood, susceptibility, or severity was conducted. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies met inclusion criteria (N = 15,988). Risk likelihood (pooled r =.26), susceptibility (pooled r =.24), and severity (pooled r =.16) significantly predicted vaccination behavior. The risk perception-behavior relationship was larger for studies that were prospective, had higher quality risk measures, or had unskewed risk or behavior measures. CONCLUSIONS: The consistent relationships between risk perceptions and behavior, larger than suggested by prior meta-analyses, suggest that risk perceptions are rightly placed as core concepts in theories of health behavior.

@article{doi10103702786133262136,
    author = "Brewer, Noel T. and Chapman, Gretchen B. and Gibbons, Frederick X. and Gerrard, Meg and McCaul, Kevin D. and Weinstein, Neil D.",
    title = "Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: The example of vaccination.",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Health Psychology",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Risk perceptions are central to many health behavior theories. However, the relationship between risk perceptions and behavior, muddied by instances of inappropriate assessment and analysis, often looks weak. METHOD: A meta-analysis of eligible studies assessing the bivariate association between adult vaccination and perceived likelihood, susceptibility, or severity was conducted. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies met inclusion criteria (N = 15,988). Risk likelihood (pooled r =.26), susceptibility (pooled r =.24), and severity (pooled r =.16) significantly predicted vaccination behavior. The risk perception-behavior relationship was larger for studies that were prospective, had higher quality risk measures, or had unskewed risk or behavior measures. CONCLUSIONS: The consistent relationships between risk perceptions and behavior, larger than suggested by prior meta-analyses, suggest that risk perceptions are rightly placed as core concepts in theories of health behavior.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136",
    doi = "10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136",
    openalex = "W2122910611"
}

Sedentary behaviors are linked to adverse health outcomes, but the total amount of time spent in these behaviors in the United States has not been objectively quantified. The authors evaluated participants from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey aged >/=6 years who wore an activity monitor for up to 7 days. Among 6,329 participants with at least one 10-hour day of monitor wear, the average monitor-wearing time was 13.9 hours/day (standard deviation, 1.9). Overall, participants spent 54.9% of their monitored time, or 7.7 hours/day, in sedentary behaviors. The most sedentary groups in the United States were older adolescents and adults aged >/=60 years, and they spent about 60% of their waking time in sedentary pursuits. Females were more sedentary than males before age 30 years, but this pattern was reversed after age 60 years. Mexican-American adults were significantly less sedentary than other US adults, and White and Black females were similarly sedentary after age 12 years. These data provide the first objective measure of the amount of time spent in sedentary behavior in the US population and indicate that Americans spend the majority of their time in behaviors that expend very little energy.

@article{doi101093ajekwm390,
    author = "Matthews, Charles E. and Chen, Kong Y. and Freedson, Patty S. and Buchowski, Maciej S. and Beech, Bettina M. and Pate, R. R. and Troiano, Richard P.",
    title = "Amount of Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviors in the United States, 2003-2004",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "American Journal of Epidemiology",
    abstract = "Sedentary behaviors are linked to adverse health outcomes, but the total amount of time spent in these behaviors in the United States has not been objectively quantified. The authors evaluated participants from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey aged >/=6 years who wore an activity monitor for up to 7 days. Among 6,329 participants with at least one 10-hour day of monitor wear, the average monitor-wearing time was 13.9 hours/day (standard deviation, 1.9). Overall, participants spent 54.9\% of their monitored time, or 7.7 hours/day, in sedentary behaviors. The most sedentary groups in the United States were older adolescents and adults aged >/=60 years, and they spent about 60\% of their waking time in sedentary pursuits. Females were more sedentary than males before age 30 years, but this pattern was reversed after age 60 years. Mexican-American adults were significantly less sedentary than other US adults, and White and Black females were similarly sedentary after age 12 years. These data provide the first objective measure of the amount of time spent in sedentary behavior in the US population and indicate that Americans spend the majority of their time in behaviors that expend very little energy.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm390",
    doi = "10.1093/aje/kwm390",
    openalex = "W2168524506",
    references = "doi101001jama2735402, doi101001jama289141785, doi101001jama295131549, doi101016s0140673653906655, doi101126science1079857, doi101161circulationaha107185649, doi101161circulationaha107185650, doi101249mss0b013e31815a51b3, openalexw2230518865, openalexw3141820223"
}

The fourth edition of Organizational Behaviour: Integrating Individuals, Groups and Organizations is a well-organized introduction to the current field of organizational behavior with in-depth coverage of the most critical concepts. Its practical approach shows the power of organizational behavior theory for understanding one’s behavior and the behavior of others in any organization. Although firmly grounded in behavioral science theory and research, the text is not a compendium of research findings. Champoux includes examples and builds frameworks that make the material clear and easy to understand. The concise format allows the text to be used as a primer or to be supplemented with additional cases, readings, or exercises. More interactive than in previous editions, this text provides students with several online features to reinforce their knowledge of chapter content with exercises, practice and other learning opportunities. An extraordinary supplementary package, all prepared by the author, is innovative and extensive in its content.

@book{doi1043249780203872918,
    author = "Champoux, Joseph E.",
    title = "Organizational Behavior",
    year = "2010",
    abstract = "The fourth edition of Organizational Behaviour: Integrating Individuals, Groups and Organizations is a well-organized introduction to the current field of organizational behavior with in-depth coverage of the most critical concepts. Its practical approach shows the power of organizational behavior theory for understanding one’s behavior and the behavior of others in any organization. Although firmly grounded in behavioral science theory and research, the text is not a compendium of research findings. Champoux includes examples and builds frameworks that make the material clear and easy to understand. The concise format allows the text to be used as a primer or to be supplemented with additional cases, readings, or exercises. More interactive than in previous editions, this text provides students with several online features to reinforce their knowledge of chapter content with exercises, practice and other learning opportunities. An extraordinary supplementary package, all prepared by the author, is innovative and extensive in its content.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203872918",
    doi = "10.4324/9780203872918",
    openalex = "W4247878144"
}

@incollection{crossref2012behavioural,
    title = "Behavioural Science",
    year = "2012",
    booktitle = "Introduction to Building Management",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080937977-16",
    doi = "10.4324/9780080937977-16",
    pages = "79-102"
}

Changing the focus to basic behavioral and social science and mediator change research should provide a more systematic and cost-effective approach to increasing the effectiveness of physical activity interventions.

@article{doi101159000345030,
    author = "Hills, Andrew P. and Byrne, Nuala M. and Lindstrom, Rachel C. and Hill, James O.",
    title = "‘Small Changes' to Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors for Weight Management",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Obesity Facts",
    abstract = "Changing the focus to basic behavioral and social science and mediator change research should provide a more systematic and cost-effective approach to increasing the effectiveness of physical activity interventions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1159/000345030",
    doi = "10.1159/000345030",
    openalex = "W2040106495"
}

BACKGROUND: In the last decade, sedentary behavior has emerged as a new risk factor for health. The elderly spend most of their awake time in sedentary activities. Despite this high exposure, the impact of this sedentary behavior on the health of this population has not yet been reviewed. We systematically reviewed evidence for associations between sedentary behavior and multiple health outcomes in adults over 60 years of age. METHODS: We searched the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILLACS, and Sedentary Research Database for observational studies published up to May 2013. Additionally, we contacted members of the Sedentary Behaviour Research Network to identify articles that were potentially eligible. After inclusion, the methodological quality of the evidence was assessed in each study. RESULTS: We included 24 eligible articles in our systematic review, of which only 2 (8%) provided high-quality evidence. Greater sedentary time was related to an increased risk of all-cause mortality in the older adults. Some studies with a moderate quality of evidence indicated a relationship between sedentary behavior and metabolic syndrome, waist circumference, and overweightness/obesity. The findings for other outcomes such as mental health, renal cancer cells, and falls remain insufficient to draw conclusions. CONCLUSION: This systematic review supports the relationship between sedentary behavior and mortality in older adults. Additional studies with high methodological quality are still needed to develop informed guidelines for addressing sedentary behavior in older adults.

@article{doi1011861471245814333,
    author = "Rezende, Leandro F. M. and Rey-López, Juan Pablo and Matsudo, Victor Keihan Rodrigues and do Carmo Luiz, Olinda",
    title = "Sedentary behavior and health outcomes among older adults: a systematic review",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "BMC Public Health",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: In the last decade, sedentary behavior has emerged as a new risk factor for health. The elderly spend most of their awake time in sedentary activities. Despite this high exposure, the impact of this sedentary behavior on the health of this population has not yet been reviewed. We systematically reviewed evidence for associations between sedentary behavior and multiple health outcomes in adults over 60 years of age. METHODS: We searched the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILLACS, and Sedentary Research Database for observational studies published up to May 2013. Additionally, we contacted members of the Sedentary Behaviour Research Network to identify articles that were potentially eligible. After inclusion, the methodological quality of the evidence was assessed in each study. RESULTS: We included 24 eligible articles in our systematic review, of which only 2 (8\%) provided high-quality evidence. Greater sedentary time was related to an increased risk of all-cause mortality in the older adults. Some studies with a moderate quality of evidence indicated a relationship between sedentary behavior and metabolic syndrome, waist circumference, and overweightness/obesity. The findings for other outcomes such as mental health, renal cancer cells, and falls remain insufficient to draw conclusions. CONCLUSION: This systematic review supports the relationship between sedentary behavior and mortality in older adults. Additional studies with high methodological quality are still needed to develop informed guidelines for addressing sedentary behavior in older adults.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-333",
    doi = "10.1186/1471-2458-14-333",
    openalex = "W2062994914",
    references = "doi101007s001250122677z, doi101016jamepre201105004, doi101016jjclinepi201009011, doi101016s0140673612606461, doi101038nature12486, doi101056nejmoa022252, doi101093ajekwm390, doi101097jes0b013e3181e373a2, doi101136bmj33275491080, doi10118614795868898"
}

OBJECTIVE: 1) To synthesize the current observational evidence for the association between sedentary behavior and health outcomes using information from systematic reviews. 2) To assess the methodological quality of the systematic reviews found. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Medline; Excerpta Medica (Embase); PsycINFO; and Web of Science were searched for reviews published up to September 2013. Additional publications were provided by Sedentary Behaviour Research Network members. The methodological quality of the systematic reviews was evaluated using recommended standard criteria from AMSTAR. For each review, improper use of causal language in the description of their main results/conclusion was evaluated. Altogether, 1,044 review titles were identified, 144 were read in their entirety, and 27 were included. Based on the systematic reviews with the best methodological quality, we found in children and adolescents, strong evidence of a relationship between time spent in sedentary behavior and obesity. Moreover, moderate evidence was observed for blood pressure and total cholesterol, self-esteem, social behavior problems, physical fitness and academic achievement. In adults, we found strong evidence of a relationship between sedentary behavior and all-cause mortality, fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In addition, there is moderate evidence for incidence rates of ovarian, colon and endometrial cancers. CONCLUSIONS: This overview based on the best available systematics reviews, shows that sedentary behavior may be an important determinant of health, independently of physical activity. However, the relationship is complex because it depends on the type of sedentary behavior and the age group studied. The relationship between sedentary behavior and many health outcomes remains uncertain; thus, further studies are warranted.

@article{doi101371journalpone0105620,
    author = "Rezende, Leandro F. M. and Lopes, Maurício Rodrigues and Rey-López, Juan Pablo and Matsudo, Victor Keihan Rodrigues and do Carmo Luiz, Olinda",
    title = "Sedentary Behavior and Health Outcomes: An Overview of Systematic Reviews",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "OBJECTIVE: 1) To synthesize the current observational evidence for the association between sedentary behavior and health outcomes using information from systematic reviews. 2) To assess the methodological quality of the systematic reviews found. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Medline; Excerpta Medica (Embase); PsycINFO; and Web of Science were searched for reviews published up to September 2013. Additional publications were provided by Sedentary Behaviour Research Network members. The methodological quality of the systematic reviews was evaluated using recommended standard criteria from AMSTAR. For each review, improper use of causal language in the description of their main results/conclusion was evaluated. Altogether, 1,044 review titles were identified, 144 were read in their entirety, and 27 were included. Based on the systematic reviews with the best methodological quality, we found in children and adolescents, strong evidence of a relationship between time spent in sedentary behavior and obesity. Moreover, moderate evidence was observed for blood pressure and total cholesterol, self-esteem, social behavior problems, physical fitness and academic achievement. In adults, we found strong evidence of a relationship between sedentary behavior and all-cause mortality, fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In addition, there is moderate evidence for incidence rates of ovarian, colon and endometrial cancers. CONCLUSIONS: This overview based on the best available systematics reviews, shows that sedentary behavior may be an important determinant of health, independently of physical activity. However, the relationship is complex because it depends on the type of sedentary behavior and the age group studied. The relationship between sedentary behavior and many health outcomes remains uncertain; thus, further studies are warranted.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105620",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0105620",
    openalex = "W2142566496",
    references = "doi101001jama2928927, doi101007s001250122677z, doi101016s0140673653906655, doi101056nejm198603063141003, doi101056nejmoa012512, doi101093ajekwm390, doi10118614712288710, doi10118614795868898, doi101249mss0b013e3180616b27, doi101249mss0b013e3181930355"
}

The associations between time spent in sleep, sedentary behaviors (SB) and physical activity with health are usually studied without taking into account that time is finite during the day, so time spent in each of these behaviors are codependent. Therefore, little is known about the combined effect of time spent in sleep, SB and physical activity, that together constitute a composite whole, on obesity and cardio-metabolic health markers. Cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2005-6 cycle on N = 1937 adults, was undertaken using a compositional analysis paradigm, which accounts for this intrinsic codependence. Time spent in SB, light intensity (LIPA) and moderate to vigorous activity (MVPA) was determined from accelerometry and combined with self-reported sleep time to obtain the 24 hour time budget composition. The distribution of time spent in sleep, SB, LIPA and MVPA is significantly associated with BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, plasma glucose, plasma insulin (all p<0.001), and systolic (p<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.003), but not HDL or LDL. Within the composition, the strongest positive effect is found for the proportion of time spent in MVPA. Strikingly, the effects of MVPA replacing another behavior and of MVPA being displaced by another behavior are asymmetric. For example, re-allocating 10 minutes of SB to MVPA was associated with a lower waist circumference by 0.001% but if 10 minutes of MVPA is displaced by SB this was associated with a 0.84% higher waist circumference. The proportion of time spent in LIPA and SB were detrimentally associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease markers, but the association with SB was stronger. For diabetes risk markers, replacing SB with LIPA was associated with more favorable outcomes. Time spent in MVPA is an important target for intervention and preventing transfer of time from LIPA to SB might lessen the negative effects of physical inactivity.

@article{doi101371journalpone0139984,
    author = "Chastin, Sébastien and Palarea‐Albaladejo, Javier and Dontje, Manon L. and Skelton, Dawn A.",
    title = "Combined Effects of Time Spent in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors and Sleep on Obesity and Cardio-Metabolic Health Markers: A Novel Compositional Data Analysis Approach",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "The associations between time spent in sleep, sedentary behaviors (SB) and physical activity with health are usually studied without taking into account that time is finite during the day, so time spent in each of these behaviors are codependent. Therefore, little is known about the combined effect of time spent in sleep, SB and physical activity, that together constitute a composite whole, on obesity and cardio-metabolic health markers. Cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2005-6 cycle on N = 1937 adults, was undertaken using a compositional analysis paradigm, which accounts for this intrinsic codependence. Time spent in SB, light intensity (LIPA) and moderate to vigorous activity (MVPA) was determined from accelerometry and combined with self-reported sleep time to obtain the 24 hour time budget composition. The distribution of time spent in sleep, SB, LIPA and MVPA is significantly associated with BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, plasma glucose, plasma insulin (all p<0.001), and systolic (p<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.003), but not HDL or LDL. Within the composition, the strongest positive effect is found for the proportion of time spent in MVPA. Strikingly, the effects of MVPA replacing another behavior and of MVPA being displaced by another behavior are asymmetric. For example, re-allocating 10 minutes of SB to MVPA was associated with a lower waist circumference by 0.001\% but if 10 minutes of MVPA is displaced by SB this was associated with a 0.84\% higher waist circumference. The proportion of time spent in LIPA and SB were detrimentally associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease markers, but the association with SB was stronger. For diabetes risk markers, replacing SB with LIPA was associated with more favorable outcomes. Time spent in MVPA is an important target for intervention and preventing transfer of time from LIPA to SB might lessen the negative effects of physical inactivity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139984",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0139984",
    openalex = "W1818552750",
    references = "doi1010079789400941090, doi101007s001250122677z, doi101016jjacc201311002, doi1010970000576819980500000021, doi101111j251761611982tb01195x, doi101136bmj39335541782ad, doi101159000345030, doi10116101cir0000437738638537a, doi1011861471245814333, doi101249mss0b013e3180616b27, doi101249mss0b013e31815a51b3, doi101371journalpmed0040296"
}

Epidemiological evidence is accumulating that indicates greater time spent in sedentary behavior is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults such that some countries have disseminated broad guidelines that recommend minimizing sedentary behaviors. Research examining the possible deleterious consequences of excess sedentary behavior is rapidly evolving, with the epidemiology-based literature ahead of potential biological mechanisms that might explain the observed associations. This American Heart Association science advisory reviews the current evidence on sedentary behavior in terms of assessment methods, population prevalence, determinants, associations with cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality, potential underlying mechanisms, and interventions. Recommendations for future research on this emerging cardiovascular health topic are included. Further evidence is required to better inform public health interventions and future quantitative guidelines on sedentary behavior and cardiovascular health outcomes.

@article{doi101161cir0000000000000440,
    author = "Young, Deborah Rohm and Hivert, Marie‐France and Alhassan, Sofiya and Camhi, Sarah M. and Ferguson, Jane F. and Katzmarzyk, Peter T. and Lewis, Cora E. and Owen, Neville and Perry, Cynthia K. and Siddique, Juned and Yong, Celina M.",
    title = "Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Circulation",
    abstract = "Epidemiological evidence is accumulating that indicates greater time spent in sedentary behavior is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults such that some countries have disseminated broad guidelines that recommend minimizing sedentary behaviors. Research examining the possible deleterious consequences of excess sedentary behavior is rapidly evolving, with the epidemiology-based literature ahead of potential biological mechanisms that might explain the observed associations. This American Heart Association science advisory reviews the current evidence on sedentary behavior in terms of assessment methods, population prevalence, determinants, associations with cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality, potential underlying mechanisms, and interventions. Recommendations for future research on this emerging cardiovascular health topic are included. Further evidence is required to better inform public health interventions and future quantitative guidelines on sedentary behavior and cardiovascular health outcomes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000440",
    doi = "10.1161/cir.0000000000000440",
    openalex = "W2511876639",
    references = "doi101007s001250122677z, doi101371journalpone0105620"
}

It is hoped that the definitions resulting from this comprehensive, transparent, and broad-based participatory process will result in standardized terminology that is widely supported and adopted, thereby advancing future research, interventions, policies, and practices related to sedentary behaviors.

@article{doi101186s1296601705258,
    author = "on behalf of SBRN Terminology Consensus Project Participants and Tremblay, Mark S. and Aubert, Salomé and Barnes, Joel D. and Saunders, Travis J. and Carson, Valerie and Latimer‐Cheung, Amy E. and Chastin, Sébastien and Altenburg, Teatske M. and Chinapaw, Mai J. M.",
    title = "Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) – Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity",
    abstract = "It is hoped that the definitions resulting from this comprehensive, transparent, and broad-based participatory process will result in standardized terminology that is widely supported and adopted, thereby advancing future research, interventions, policies, and practices related to sedentary behaviors.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8",
    doi = "10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8",
    openalex = "W2618096841",
    references = "doi101016jamepre201105004, doi101097jes0b013e3181e373a2, doi10118614795868898"
}

Application of energy efficiency measures is one of the most hopeful solutions to face global environmental challenges, to minimize natural resources consumption and the greenhouse effect. However, the level of implementation in the industrial sector is far below of what theoretically could be achieved due to several barriers, one of which is the behavior of industrial workers. The aim of this paper is to rank the critical factors of industrial worker behavior with relation to energy saving in an industrial organization. A case study was undertaken to analyze workers' intentions to adopt energy efficiency measures, using an extended model of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). A survey gathered the data to assess the model and a structural equation modeling (SEM) was fitted. The results indicate that two factors of the adjusted SEM model are not statistically significant, contrary to what was expected by the TPB and the human reliability; therefore, these two factors, subjective norms and performance shaping factors, should be the object of greater attention so as to influence the behavior of workers towards greater energy saving in industrial units.

@article{doi101016jresconrec201902042,
    author = "Lopes, José and de Araújo Kalid, Ricardo and Rodríguez, Jorge Laureano Moya and Filho, Salvador Ávila",
    title = "A new model for assessing industrial worker behavior regarding energy saving considering the theory of planned behavior, norm activation model and human reliability",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Resources Conservation and Recycling",
    abstract = "Application of energy efficiency measures is one of the most hopeful solutions to face global environmental challenges, to minimize natural resources consumption and the greenhouse effect. However, the level of implementation in the industrial sector is far below of what theoretically could be achieved due to several barriers, one of which is the behavior of industrial workers. The aim of this paper is to rank the critical factors of industrial worker behavior with relation to energy saving in an industrial organization. A case study was undertaken to analyze workers' intentions to adopt energy efficiency measures, using an extended model of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). A survey gathered the data to assess the model and a structural equation modeling (SEM) was fitted. The results indicate that two factors of the adjusted SEM model are not statistically significant, contrary to what was expected by the TPB and the human reliability; therefore, these two factors, subjective norms and performance shaping factors, should be the object of greater attention so as to influence the behavior of workers towards greater energy saving in industrial units.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.02.042",
    doi = "10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.02.042",
    openalex = "W2922084638",
    references = "doi1043249780203872918"
}

Collectively, there is consistent, compelling evidence that physical activity plays a role in preventing many types of cancer and for improving longevity among cancer survivors, although the evidence related to higher risk of melanoma demonstrates the importance of sun safe practices while being physically active. Together, these findings underscore the importance of physical activity in cancer prevention and control. Fitness and public health professionals and health care providers worldwide are encouraged to spread the message to the general population and cancer survivors to be physically active as their age, abilities, and cancer status will allow.

@article{doi101249mss0000000000002117,
    author = "Patel, Alpa V. and Friedenreich, Christine M. and Moore, Steven C. and Hayes, Sandra C. and Silver, Julie K. and Campbell, Kristin L. and Winters‐Stone, Kerri M. and Gerber, Lynn H. and George, Stephanie M. and Fulton, Janet E. and Denlinger, Crystal S. and Morris, Gerwyn and Hue, Trisha F. and Schmitz, Kathryn H. and Matthews, Charles E.",
    title = "American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable Report on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Cancer Prevention and Control",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Medicine \& Science in Sports \& Exercise",
    abstract = "Collectively, there is consistent, compelling evidence that physical activity plays a role in preventing many types of cancer and for improving longevity among cancer survivors, although the evidence related to higher risk of melanoma demonstrates the importance of sun safe practices while being physically active. Together, these findings underscore the importance of physical activity in cancer prevention and control. Fitness and public health professionals and health care providers worldwide are encouraged to spread the message to the general population and cancer survivors to be physically active as their age, abilities, and cancer status will allow.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002117",
    doi = "10.1249/mss.0000000000002117",
    openalex = "W2980470208",
    references = "doi101007s001250122677z"
}

@article{doi101038s415620200884z,
    author = "Bavel, Jay Joseph Van and Baicker, Katherine and Boggio, Paulo S. and Capraro, Valerio and Cichocka, Aleksandra and Cikara, Mina and Crockett, Molly J. and Crum, Alia J. and Douglas, Karen M. and Druckman, James and Drury, John and Dube, Oeindrila and Ellemers, Naomi and Finkel, Eli J. and Fowler, James H. and Gelfand, Michele J. and Han, Shihui and Haslam, S. Alexander and Jetten, Jolanda and Kitayama, Shinobu and Mobbs, Dean and Napper, Lucy E. and Packer, Dominic J. and Pennycook, Gordon and Peters, Ellen and Petty, Richard E. and Rand, David G. and Reicher, Stephen and Schnall, Simone and Shariff, Azim and Skitka, Linda J. and Smith, Sandra Susan and Sunstein, Cass R. and Tabri, Nassim and Tucker, Joshua A. and van der Linden, Sander and Lange, Paul A. M. Van and Weeden, Kim A. and Wohl, Michael J. A. and Zaki, Jamil and Zion, Sean R. and Willer, Robb",
    title = "Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Nature Human Behaviour",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z",
    doi = "10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z",
    openalex = "W3016902371",
    references = "doi101016s0065260108603305, doi101016s0140673620305663, doi1010370033295x1084814, doi101146annurevpsych55090902142015"
}

The novel pandemic called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a global public health emergency, seems to be having a major impact on physical activity (PA) behaviors. Older adults are at high risk of death from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2). Health authorities around the world have been implementing preventive health measures, including quarantine and self-isolation, to mitigate the COVID-19 outbreak. This period is characterized by the cessation of outdoor exercising. During this period of lockdown, PA has been one of the rare reasons for going out in some countries. To avoid the harmful effects of periods of exercise cessation, PA could be prescribed to older adults, which is of great importance for breaking their sedentary lifestyle and improving their immunity. The present review discusses the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on sedentary behavior and physical inactivity in older adults. The importance of performing PA to reduce the harmful effects of the COVID-19 pandemic is discussed, and useful recommendations on home-based exercise for the older adults to maintain their level of independence, physical and mental health as well as their well-being are provided.

@article{doi1010800032548120201860394,
    author = "Ghram, Amine and Briki, Walid and Mansoor, Hend and Al-Mohannadi, Abdulla Saeed and Lavie, Carl J. and Chamari, Karim",
    title = "Home-based exercise can be beneficial for counteracting sedentary behavior and physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic in older adults",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Postgraduate Medicine",
    abstract = "The novel pandemic called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a global public health emergency, seems to be having a major impact on physical activity (PA) behaviors. Older adults are at high risk of death from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2). Health authorities around the world have been implementing preventive health measures, including quarantine and self-isolation, to mitigate the COVID-19 outbreak. This period is characterized by the cessation of outdoor exercising. During this period of lockdown, PA has been one of the rare reasons for going out in some countries. To avoid the harmful effects of periods of exercise cessation, PA could be prescribed to older adults, which is of great importance for breaking their sedentary lifestyle and improving their immunity. The present review discusses the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on sedentary behavior and physical inactivity in older adults. The importance of performing PA to reduce the harmful effects of the COVID-19 pandemic is discussed, and useful recommendations on home-based exercise for the older adults to maintain their level of independence, physical and mental health as well as their well-being are provided.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2020.1860394",
    doi = "10.1080/00325481.2020.1860394",
    openalex = "W3108003028",
    references = "doi101007s1260302014692"
}

Conspiracy theories have been proliferating during the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence suggests that belief in conspiracy theories undermines engagement in pro-health behaviors and support for public health policies. Moreover, previous work suggests that inoculating messages from opinion leaders that expose conspiracy theories as false before people are exposed to them can help to prevent belief in new conspiracies. Goals of this study were to: (a) explore associations between COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine intentions, cooperation with public health recommendations, and support for public health policies among U.S. adults and (b) investigate trusted sources of COVID-19 information to inform strategies to address conspiracy beliefs. A cross-sectional, online survey was conducted with 845 U.S. adults in April 2020. Data were analyzed using analyses of variance and multivariable regressions. One-third (33%) of participants believed one or more conspiracies about COVID-19. Participants who believed conspiracies reported that their intentions to vaccinate were 3.9 times lower and indicated less support for COVID-19 public health policies than participants who disbelieved conspiracies. There were no differences in cooperation with public health recommendations by conspiracy belief endorsement in the multivariable regression analysis. Although there were some key differences in trusted sources of COVID-19 information, doctor(s) were the most trusted source of information about COVID-19 overall with 90% of participants trusting doctor(s). Doctor(s) may play a role in addressing COVID-19 conspiracy theories before people are exposed to them to promote COVID-19 prevention efforts.

@article{doi101093tbmibaa090,
    author = "Earnshaw, Valerie A. and Eaton, Lisa A. and Kalichman, Seth C. and Brousseau, Natalie M. and Hill, Elizabeth and Fox, Annie B.",
    title = "COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, health behaviors, and policy support",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Translational Behavioral Medicine",
    abstract = "Conspiracy theories have been proliferating during the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence suggests that belief in conspiracy theories undermines engagement in pro-health behaviors and support for public health policies. Moreover, previous work suggests that inoculating messages from opinion leaders that expose conspiracy theories as false before people are exposed to them can help to prevent belief in new conspiracies. Goals of this study were to: (a) explore associations between COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine intentions, cooperation with public health recommendations, and support for public health policies among U.S. adults and (b) investigate trusted sources of COVID-19 information to inform strategies to address conspiracy beliefs. A cross-sectional, online survey was conducted with 845 U.S. adults in April 2020. Data were analyzed using analyses of variance and multivariable regressions. One-third (33\%) of participants believed one or more conspiracies about COVID-19. Participants who believed conspiracies reported that their intentions to vaccinate were 3.9 times lower and indicated less support for COVID-19 public health policies than participants who disbelieved conspiracies. There were no differences in cooperation with public health recommendations by conspiracy belief endorsement in the multivariable regression analysis. Although there were some key differences in trusted sources of COVID-19 information, doctor(s) were the most trusted source of information about COVID-19 overall with 90\% of participants trusting doctor(s). Doctor(s) may play a role in addressing COVID-19 conspiracy theories before people are exposed to them to promote COVID-19 prevention efforts.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa090",
    doi = "10.1093/tbm/ibaa090",
    openalex = "W3086309603",
    references = "doi1011771948550620934692"
}

= 298), we went beyond this focus on a general conspiracy worldview and tested the idea that different forms of conspiracy beliefs despite being positively correlated have distinct behavioral implications. Whereas conspiracy beliefs describing the pandemic as a hoax were more strongly associated with reduced containment-related behavior, conspiracy beliefs about sinister forces purposefully creating the virus related to an increase in self-centered prepping behavior.

@article{doi1011771948550620934692,
    author = "Imhoff, Roland and Lamberty, Pia",
    title = "A Bioweapon or a Hoax? The Link Between Distinct Conspiracy Beliefs About the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak and Pandemic Behavior",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Social Psychological and Personality Science",
    abstract = "= 298), we went beyond this focus on a general conspiracy worldview and tested the idea that different forms of conspiracy beliefs despite being positively correlated have distinct behavioral implications. Whereas conspiracy beliefs describing the pandemic as a hoax were more strongly associated with reduced containment-related behavior, conspiracy beliefs about sinister forces purposefully creating the virus related to an increase in self-centered prepping behavior.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620934692",
    doi = "10.1177/1948550620934692",
    openalex = "W3040688442",
    references = "doi10103700223514674741, doi101037pspi0000033, doi101038s415620170189z, doi101038s415620200884z, doi101038s4159102008209, doi101111j204483171964tb00244x, doi1011770963721417718261, doi101177109019817400200405, doi1023072064799, doi1031234osfioy38m9, doi103389fpsyg201300225"
}

The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behavior with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and also highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.

@article{doi1031234osfioy38m9,
    author = "Bavel, Jay Joseph Van and Baicker, Katherine and Boggio, Paulo S. and Capraro, Valerio and Cichocka, Aleksandra and Crockett, Molly J. and Cikara, Mina and Crum, Alia J. and Douglas, Karen M. and Druckman, James and Drury, John and Dube, Oeindrila and Ellemers, Naomi and Finkel, Eli J. and Fowler, James H. and Gelfand, Michele J. and Han, Shihui and Haslam, S. Alexander and Jetten, Jolanda and Kitayama, Shinobu and Mobbs, Dean and Napper, Lucy E. and Packer, Dominic J. and Pennycook, Gordon and Peters, Ellen and Petty, Richard E. and Rand, David G. and Reicher, Stephen and Schnall, Simone and Shariff, Azim and Smith, Sandra Sandra and Skitka, Linda J. and Sunstein, Cass R. and Tabri, Nassim and Tucker, Joshua A. and van der Linden, Sander and Lange, Paul A. M. Van and Weeden, Kim A. and Wohl, Michael J. A. and Zaki, Jamil and Zion, Sean R. and Willer, Robb",
    title = "Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response",
    year = "2020",
    abstract = "The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behavior with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and also highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y38m9",
    doi = "10.31234/osf.io/y38m9",
    openalex = "W3134540644"
}

Finnish older persons generally reported less negative changes in lifestyles and behaviors during the pandemic than expected. Older people and those living alone seemed more susceptible to negative changes. It is important to compare how coping strategies may compare with other European countries to identify factors that may help older individuals to maintain healthy lifestyles during future waves of COVID-19.

@article{doi103389fpsyt2021624125,
    author = "Lehtisalo, Jenni and Palmer, Katie and Mangialasche, Francesca and Solomon, Alina and Kivipelto, Miia and Ngandu, Tiia",
    title = "Changes in Lifestyle, Behaviors, and Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment in Older Persons During the First Wave of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in Finland: Results From the FINGER Study",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Frontiers in Psychiatry",
    abstract = "Finnish older persons generally reported less negative changes in lifestyles and behaviors during the pandemic than expected. Older people and those living alone seemed more susceptible to negative changes. It is important to compare how coping strategies may compare with other European countries to identify factors that may help older individuals to maintain healthy lifestyles during future waves of COVID-19.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.624125",
    doi = "10.3389/fpsyt.2021.624125",
    openalex = "W3131749548",
    references = "doi101007s1260302015007"
}

With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the increasing importance of e-commerce, the study of online consumer behavior is of particular relevance. The purpose of this study was to form a methodological approach to assess the relationships and the level of influence of the factors activating the purchasing behavior of online consumers against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research methodology was based on the transformation of Cattell’s questionnaire and the implementation of correlation analysis. To determine the predisposition of online consumer behavior at the time of making a purchase decision, this study used the questionnaire method. The survey was conducted among online shoppers in the top 10 countries in terms of e-commerce market growth. The scientific contribution is the proposed methodological toolkit to assess the purchasing behavior of online consumers, which identifies the most influential factors in their purchasing behavior and provides an opportunity to assess the dynamics of their activity during the study period, to identify key trends and determine changes in their behavior. The research revealed what changes in online consumer buying behavior are typical in the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of consumer awareness and experience has increased. Online consumers have become more experienced, which has influenced the activity of their buying behavior. This study proved the shifting influence of online consumer purchasing behavior factors during the pandemic. The increasing importance of the speed of decision making by consumers when purchasing goods and services online was determined.

@article{doi103390jtaer16060125,
    author = "Gu, Shengyu and Ślusarczyk, Beata and Hajizada, Sevda and Kovalyova, Irina N. and Sakhbieva, Amina",
    title = "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Online Consumer Purchasing Behavior",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research",
    abstract = "With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the increasing importance of e-commerce, the study of online consumer behavior is of particular relevance. The purpose of this study was to form a methodological approach to assess the relationships and the level of influence of the factors activating the purchasing behavior of online consumers against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research methodology was based on the transformation of Cattell’s questionnaire and the implementation of correlation analysis. To determine the predisposition of online consumer behavior at the time of making a purchase decision, this study used the questionnaire method. The survey was conducted among online shoppers in the top 10 countries in terms of e-commerce market growth. The scientific contribution is the proposed methodological toolkit to assess the purchasing behavior of online consumers, which identifies the most influential factors in their purchasing behavior and provides an opportunity to assess the dynamics of their activity during the study period, to identify key trends and determine changes in their behavior. The research revealed what changes in online consumer buying behavior are typical in the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of consumer awareness and experience has increased. Online consumers have become more experienced, which has influenced the activity of their buying behavior. This study proved the shifting influence of online consumer purchasing behavior factors during the pandemic. The increasing importance of the speed of decision making by consumers when purchasing goods and services online was determined.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16060125",
    doi = "10.3390/jtaer16060125",
    openalex = "W3197348463",
    references = "doi101016jcomppsych2020152180"
}

In 2014, the Indian government launched the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) to endopen defecation, an historically common practice that has persisted in the country despite household latrine ownership. The majorityof SBM resources were targeted to latrine construction across the country,enabling access to sanitation but not necessarily guaranteeing use. In 2016,the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) funded fourcluster-randomized trials to assess the impact of behavioural-science informedinterventions in rural Bihar, Karnataka, Odisha, and Gujarat on latrine useamong those with household latrines. Each intervention was specifically designed to to target the behavioralbarriers and facilitators to latrine use in each location. The aim of thismeta-synthesis is to determine if these behavioural science informedinterventions successfully increased latrine use in rural India. All four trials used an agreed upon set of measures to assess self-reported latrine use,the primary outcome, and household-level observed latrine use. The use ofsimilar measurements enables comparison. For each intervention, we calculate difference-in-differences to estimate the effects of the interventions, independentof the impact of the Swachh Bharat Mission. We then conducted an individual-participant, meta-difference-in-difference tosynthesize these estimates. Self-reported latrine use increased across all sites over the course of the intervention;although, this was non-significant in Gujarat (Bihar=0.962, Karnataka=1.207, Odisha=0.660, Meta-effect=0.793). The meta-effect estimate of the differencein increase between the intervention and control sites shows that interventionsites had larger increases in self-reported latrine use than control sites aswell (Meta-effect=0.329). However, indicators of household-level observedlatrine use did not find an effect. Through the use of an individual-level, meta-difference-in-difference, we show suggestiveevidence that behavioural-science informed interventions may increase latrineuse among those with latrine access beyond the effect of the SBM alone. As the Mission enters its next phase , it may be more effective to focus on the behaviouraldrivers of latrine use and non-use, particularly for maintaining latrine usebehaviors and changing the behavior of those who have yet to start using, inaddition to addressing barriers.

@misc{lane2021the,
    author = "Lane, Charlotte and Khatua, Sayak and Caruso, Bethany",
    title = "The use of behavioural-science informed interventions to promote latrine use in rural India: a synthesis of findings",
    year = "2021",
    publisher = "Harvard Dataverse",
    abstract = "In 2014, the Indian government launched the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) to endopen defecation, an historically common practice that has persisted in the country despite household latrine ownership. The majorityof SBM resources were targeted to latrine construction across the country,enabling access to sanitation but not necessarily guaranteeing use. In 2016,the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) funded fourcluster-randomized trials to assess the impact of behavioural-science informedinterventions in rural Bihar, Karnataka, Odisha, and Gujarat on latrine useamong those with household latrines. Each intervention was specifically designed to to target the behavioralbarriers and facilitators to latrine use in each location. The aim of thismeta-synthesis is to determine if these behavioural science informedinterventions successfully increased latrine use in rural India. All four trials used an agreed upon set of measures to assess self-reported latrine use,the primary outcome, and household-level observed latrine use. The use ofsimilar measurements enables comparison. For each intervention, we calculate difference-in-differences to estimate the effects of the interventions, independentof the impact of the Swachh Bharat Mission. We then conducted an individual-participant, meta-difference-in-difference tosynthesize these estimates. Self-reported latrine use increased across all sites over the course of the intervention;although, this was non-significant in Gujarat (Bihar=0.962, Karnataka=1.207, Odisha=0.660, Meta-effect=0.793). The meta-effect estimate of the differencein increase between the intervention and control sites shows that interventionsites had larger increases in self-reported latrine use than control sites aswell (Meta-effect=0.329). However, indicators of household-level observedlatrine use did not find an effect. Through the use of an individual-level, meta-difference-in-difference, we show suggestiveevidence that behavioural-science informed interventions may increase latrineuse among those with latrine access beyond the effect of the SBM alone. As the Mission enters its next phase , it may be more effective to focus on the behaviouraldrivers of latrine use and non-use, particularly for maintaining latrine usebehaviors and changing the behavior of those who have yet to start using, inaddition to addressing barriers.",
    url = "https://dataverse.harvard.edu/citation?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/IDJ8FJ",
    doi = "10.7910/dvn/idj8fj",
    openalex = "W4398377391"
}

Background: COVID-19 vaccine uptake has been suboptimal and disparities in uptake have exacerbated health inequities. It has been postulated that mistrust in the healthcare system and experiences of discrimination or unfair treatment in other settings may be barriers to uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine, although few studies to date have investigated medical mistrust and perceived discrimination together. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey between April 23-May 3, 2021, among a national sample of U.S. adults ages 18 years and older. We assessed receipt of and intention to be vaccinated for COVID-19 and associations with the validated Medical Mistrust Index and Everyday Discrimination Scale. Results: 1449 individuals responded, of whom 70.2% either had ≥1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine or reported that they were 'very' or 'somewhat' likely to be vaccinated in the future. In bivariate analyses, vaccination status was significantly associated with age, race/ethnicity, education, income, employment, marital status, health insurance, and political party affiliation. In multivariable analyses comparing those who had ≥1 vaccine dose or were likely to get vaccinated in the future with those who had not had any vaccine doses or did not intend to be vaccinated, each additional point in the Medical Mistrust Index was independently associated with a 16% decrease in the odds of vaccination (adjusted odds ratio = 0.84; 95% confidence interval = 0.81, 0.86). Discriminatory experiences were not associated with vaccination behavior or intention in bivariate or multivariable analyses. Conclusions: Medical mistrust is significantly associated with vaccination status and intentions. Increasing uptake of COVID-19 vaccines will likely require substantive efforts on the part of public health and healthcare officials to build trust with those who are not yet fully vaccinated. We recommend that these efforts focus on building the 'trustworthiness' of these entities, an approach that will require a paradigm shift away from a focus on correcting individual beliefs and knowledge, to acknowledging and addressing the root causes underlying mistrust.

@article{doi101016jssmph2022101278,
    author = "Allen, Jennifer D. and Fu, Qiang and Shrestha, Shikhar and Nguyen, Kimberly H. and Stopka, Thomas J. and Cuevas, Adolfo G. and Corlin, Laura",
    title = "Medical mistrust, discrimination, and COVID-19 vaccine behaviors among a national sample U.S. adults",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "SSM - Population Health",
    abstract = "Background: COVID-19 vaccine uptake has been suboptimal and disparities in uptake have exacerbated health inequities. It has been postulated that mistrust in the healthcare system and experiences of discrimination or unfair treatment in other settings may be barriers to uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine, although few studies to date have investigated medical mistrust and perceived discrimination together. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey between April 23-May 3, 2021, among a national sample of U.S. adults ages 18 years and older. We assessed receipt of and intention to be vaccinated for COVID-19 and associations with the validated Medical Mistrust Index and Everyday Discrimination Scale. Results: 1449 individuals responded, of whom 70.2\% either had ≥1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine or reported that they were 'very' or 'somewhat' likely to be vaccinated in the future. In bivariate analyses, vaccination status was significantly associated with age, race/ethnicity, education, income, employment, marital status, health insurance, and political party affiliation. In multivariable analyses comparing those who had ≥1 vaccine dose or were likely to get vaccinated in the future with those who had not had any vaccine doses or did not intend to be vaccinated, each additional point in the Medical Mistrust Index was independently associated with a 16\% decrease in the odds of vaccination (adjusted odds ratio = 0.84; 95\% confidence interval = 0.81, 0.86). Discriminatory experiences were not associated with vaccination behavior or intention in bivariate or multivariable analyses. Conclusions: Medical mistrust is significantly associated with vaccination status and intentions. Increasing uptake of COVID-19 vaccines will likely require substantive efforts on the part of public health and healthcare officials to build trust with those who are not yet fully vaccinated. We recommend that these efforts focus on building the 'trustworthiness' of these entities, an approach that will require a paradigm shift away from a focus on correcting individual beliefs and knowledge, to acknowledging and addressing the root causes underlying mistrust.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101278",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101278",
    openalex = "W4309563489",
    references = "doi101057s4159902000701w"
}

@misc{west2022behavioural,
    author = "West, Robert and Michie, Susan",
    title = "Behavioural science",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "Definitions",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.32388/ys056q",
    doi = "10.32388/ys056q"
}

@incollection{singh2025behavioural,
    author = "Singh, Tarnveer",
    title = "Behavioural Economics and Behavioural Science",
    year = "2025",
    booktitle = "Palgrave Studies in Cyberpsychology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85994-6\_5",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-031-85994-6\_5",
    pages = "55-72"
}