@article{barrington1942blood2,
    author = "Barrington, E. J. W",
    title = "Blood sugar and the follicles of Langerhans in the ammocoete larva",
    year = "1942",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 19, p. 45-55",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barrington, E. J. W., 1942, Blood sugar and the follicles of Langerhans in the ammocoete larva: Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 19, p. 45-55.}"
}

@article{steven1950some17,
    author = "Steven, D. M",
    title = "Some properties of the photoreceptors of the brook lamprey",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 27, p. 350-364",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Steven, D. M., 1950, Some properties of the photoreceptors of the brook lamprey: Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 27, p. 350-364.}"
}

@misc{kleerekoper1956spike10,
    author = "Kleerekoper, H. and Sibakin, K",
    title = "Spike potentials produced by the sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus) in the water surrounding the head region",
    year = "1956",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 178, p. 490-491",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kleerekoper, H., and Sibakin, K., 1956, Spike potentials produced by the sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus) in the water surrounding the head region: Nature, v. 178, p. 490-491.}"
}

@article{doi101093icb12177,
    author = "Denison, Robert H.",
    title = "FEEDING MECHANISMS OF AGNATHA AND EARLY GNATHOSTOMES",
    year = "1961",
    journal = "American Zoologist",
    abstract = "Before embarking on a discussion of the feeding mechanisms of Agnatha, it is of in? terest to speculate on the manner of feeding of early vertebrate ancestors. Jawless verte? brates, both living and fossil, feed or fed in a number of different ways, most of which are considered to be specialized. On the other hand, the protochordates are quite uniform and probably primitive in their method of obtaining food. Most of them feed on small particles suspended in sea water. The water is drawn into the mouth",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/1.2.177",
    doi = "10.1093/icb/1.2.177",
    openalex = "W2094161150",
    references = "doi101086395438, doi101098rstb19350015, doi101098rstb19540004, doi101111j146363951958tb00386x, doi1023071436828, openalexw614510824"
}

@inproceedings{lowenstein1968the12,
    author = "Lowenstein, O. and Osborne, M. P. and Thornhill, R. A",
    title = "The anatomy and ultrastructure of the labyrinth of the lamprey ( Lampetra fluviatilis L.)",
    year = "1968",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B, v. 170, p. 113-134",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lowenstein, O., Osborne, M. P., and Thornhill, R. A., 1968, The anatomy and ultrastructure of the labyrinth of the lamprey ( Lampetra fluviatilis L.): Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B, v. 170, p. 113-134.}"
}

@article{doi101016001664806990063x,
    author = "Salvatore, G",
    title = "Thyroid hormone biosynthesis in agnatha and protochordata",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "General and Comparative Endocrinology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(69)90063-x",
    doi = "10.1016/0016-6480(69)90063-x",
    openalex = "W2090857268",
    references = "barrington1963comparative, doi101001archinte196503870060154035, doi1010160016648065900626, doi101016s0021925818694074, doi101017s0025315400017021, doi101084jem174379, doi101086398076, doi101152physrev1955352336, doi101210endo705686, doi105694j132653771960tb62641x, openalexw600124373"
}

@article{openalexw38262629,
    author = "Hildemann, W. H.",
    title = "Transplantation immunity in fishes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "PubMed",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W38262629",
    openalex = "W38262629"
}

@book{bardack1971lampreys1,
    author = "Bardack, D. and Langerl, R",
    title = "Lampreys in the Fossil Record, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys",
    year = "1971",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press, p. 67-84",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bardack, D., and Langerl, R., 1971, Lampreys in the Fossil Record, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys: London, Academic Press, p. 67-84.}"
}

@book{hardisty197119728,
    author = "Hardisty, M. W. and Potter, I. C",
    title = "1972, The Biology of Lampreys",
    year = "1971",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press, v. 1 and 2",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., 1971, 1972, The Biology of Lampreys: London, Academic Press, v. 1 and 2.}"
}

@book{hardisty1971the7,
    author = "Hardisty, M. W. and Potter, I. C",
    title = "The General Biology of Adult Lampreys, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys",
    year = "1971",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press, v. 1, p. 127-206",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., 1971, The General Biology of Adult Lampreys, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys: London, Academic Press, v. 1, p. 127-206.}"
}

@book{hubbs1971distribution9,
    author = "Hubbs, C. L. and Potter, I. C",
    title = "Distribution, Phylogeny and Taxonomy, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys",
    year = "1971",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press, v. 1, p. 1-65",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hubbs, C. L., and Potter, I. C., 1971, Distribution, Phylogeny and Taxonomy, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys: London, Academic Press, v. 1, p. 1-65.}"
}

@incollection{openalexw84444040,
    author = "Hardisty, M. W. and Potter, I. C.",
    title = "The general biology of adult lampreys",
    year = "1971",
    booktitle = "Murdoch Research Repository (Murdoch University)",
    openalex = "W84444040"
}

@article{s23a98e59a754307ee654adec93e64df58927f80fc,
    author = "Hardisty, M. W. and Potter, I.",
    title = "The biology of lampreys",
    year = "1971",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3a98e59a754307ee654adec93e64df58927f80fc",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W566484607",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "546",
    semanticscholar_id = "3a98e59a754307ee654adec93e64df58927f80fc"
}

@article{s2522e89b206dcef1faa818cebc227e9edba3ab01b,
    author = "Hardisty, M. W. and Potter, I.",
    title = "The general biology of adult lampreys",
    year = "1971",
    booktitle = "Murdoch Research Repository (Murdoch University)",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/522e89b206dcef1faa818cebc227e9edba3ab01b",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W84444040",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "295",
    semanticscholar_id = "522e89b206dcef1faa818cebc227e9edba3ab01b"
}

@article{atz1972the,
    author = "Atz, J. W.",
    title = "The Biology Of Lampreys. Vol. 1. M. W. Hardisty and I. C. Potter, Eds. Academic Press, New York, 1971. xiv, 424 pp., illus. $22.50",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.176.4042.1409",
    doi = "10.1126/science.176.4042.1409",
    number = "4042",
    pages = "1409-1409",
    volume = "176"
}

@book{eddy1972the3,
    author = "Eddy, J. M. P",
    title = "The Pineal Complex, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys",
    year = "1972",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press, v. 2, p. 91-103",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eddy, J. M. P., 1972, The Pineal Complex, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys: London, Academic Press, v. 2, p. 91-103.}"
}

@book{larsen1972adenohypophysis11,
    author = "Larsen, L. O. and Rothwell, B",
    title = "Adenohypophysis, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys",
    year = "1972",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press, v. 2, p. 1-67",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Larsen, L. O., and Rothwell, B., 1972, Adenohypophysis, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys: London, Academic Press, v. 2, p. 1-67.}"
}

@book{sterba1972nuero16,
    author = "Sterba, G",
    title = "Nuero- and Gliasecretion, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys",
    year = "1972",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press, v. 2, p. 69- 89",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sterba, G., 1972, Nuero- and Gliasecretion, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys: London, Academic Press, v. 2, p. 69- 89.}"
}

@article{williams1973the,
    author = "Williams, George C.",
    title = "The Biology of Lampreys. Volume 1. M. W. Hardisty, I. C. Potter The Biology of Lampreys. Volume 2. M. W. Hardisty, I. C. Potter",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/407548",
    doi = "10.1086/407548",
    number = "1, Part 1",
    pages = "46-46",
    volume = "48"
}

@article{caspers1974m,
    author = "Caspers, H.",
    title = "M. W. Hardisty and I. C. Potter (Editors): The Biology of Lampreys. Volume 2, 466 pp. London‐New York: Academic Press 1972, $ 6.00, US $ 18.50",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19740590424",
    doi = "10.1002/iroh.19740590424",
    number = "4",
    pages = "583-583",
    volume = "59"
}

@article{rovainen1974synaptic13,
    author = "Rovainen, C. M",
    title = "Synaptic interactions of identified nerve cells in the spinal cord of the sea lamprey",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Journal of Comparative Neurology, v. 154, p. 189-206",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Rovainen, C. M., 1974, Synaptic interactions of identified nerve cells in the spinal cord of the sea lamprey: Journal of Comparative Neurology, v. 154, p. 189-206.}"
}

@article{doi101002jmor1051490105,
    author = "Youson, John H. and Freeman, Peter",
    title = "Morphology of the gills of larval and parasitic adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Journal of Morphology",
    abstract = {The general morphology of the gills is similar in larval (ammocoetes) and parasitic adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, despite different methods of ventilation necessitated by their feeding habits. The gill lamellae are supported by randomly-distributed pillar cells which enclose blood spaces and collagen columns. The distribution of these cells in lampreys is different from that of higher fishes and it may be inefficient for respiratory exchange. The presence of cytoplasmic microfilaments suggests that these cells have the ability to reduce the lamellar blood spaces through contraction. Marginal channels at the tips of the lamellae are lined only by endothelial cells. The thickness of the water-blood pathway in lampreys falls within the range described for higher fishes, with the most efficient gas exchange likely occuring at the lamellar tips where only a single layer of epithelial cells is present. The abrupt increase in height of the epithelium near the lamellar bases in adults, compared to the gradual transition in height along the lamellae in ammocoetes, is perhaps reflective of higher oxygen requirements during the parasitic stage. The consistent appearance of wide, lateral intercellular spaces within the respiratory epithelium of lampreys indicates possible involvement of these spaces in transport. Mucous secretion appears to be an important function of the superficial platelet cells in ammocoetes. "Mitochondria-rich" and "mitochondria-poor" superficial cells are observed in both ammocoetes and adults, with the mitochondria-rich cells more prevalent toward the lamellar bases. The possibility that at least some of these cells may be involved in absorption is discussed. Mitochondria-rich cells in the interlamellar region are morphologically different in ammocoetes and adults but all possess an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and hence resemble "chloride cells" of higher fishes. The similarity of these cells in the parasitic adult lamprey to chloride cells of marine fishes may reflect the potential of the adult lamprey to osmoregulate in salt water. A scarcity of these cells in ammocoetes and their resemblance to chloride cells in freshwater fishes may reflect the restriction of larval lampreys to a freshwater habitat.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051490105",
    doi = "10.1002/jmor.1051490105",
    openalex = "W1981970836",
    references = "doi101139z70223"
}

@article{doi101111j146979981976tb02273x,
    author = "Percy, Lord Richard and Potter, I. C.",
    title = "Blood cell formation in the River lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "Haemopoiesis has been studied throughout the life cycle of the parasitic lamprey, Lumpetra fluviatilis, with supplementary data being provided by its nonparasitic derivative, Lampetra planeri. Attention was paid to the location of the principal haemopoietic sites in both the larval and post‐larval stages and to the mode of differentiation of the blood cells. In the prolarva, the formation of blood cells takes place initially in the blood islands but, at the time when the gut starts to rotate, this role is taken over by the typhlosole. After the ammocoete has reached about 20 mm in length, division and maturation of blood cells were also clearly detected in the intertubular and fat cell region of the nephric fold. Both the typhlosole and nephric fold discharge blood cells into the circulation and throughout the rest of larval life constitute the main sites of lymphopoiesis, erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis. At the beginning of transformation, however, both these structures undergo involution and by the end of metamorphosis the haemopoietic function has been assumed by the fat column. This latter organ remains active throughout the adult phase until near the end of the spawning run at which time it undergoes massive degenerative changes. Differentiation of blood cells from the fixed cells of haemopoietic tissues occurs only in the blood islands of the prolarva and in the typhlosole during the very earliest stages of its development. Throughout the rest of the life cycle, the mode of formation of blood cells was the same in haemopoietic tissues containing a reticular network (typhlosole, fat cell region of the nephric fold and fat column) as in haemopoietic tissue where there was no such fibrous arrangement (the intertubular tissue of the more ventral regions of the opisthonephric kidney). Haemopoietic tissues could be seen to be formed in all the above structures by the accumulation of immature cells in tissue spaces which form a suitable environment for cell division and maturation. Descriptions are given of lineages leading from small lymphocyte‐like stem cells to erythrocytes and to eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes, and from large lymphocytes to macrophages.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02273.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02273.x",
    openalex = "W2169923379",
    references = "doi101002ar1090940210, doi101084jem12061151, doi101111j146979981970tb01273x, doi101111j146979981975tb03204x, doi101136jcp113285a, doi101152physrev1956362255, doi101182bloodv613939, doi105694j132653771964tb114256x, doi105962bhltitle82144, openalexw1605488729"
}

@article{rovainen1976vestibuloocular14,
    author = "Rovainen, C. M",
    title = "Vestibulo-ocular reflexes in the adult sea lamprey",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Journal of Comparative Physiology, v. 112, p. 159-164",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Rovainen, C. M., 1976, Vestibulo-ocular reflexes in the adult sea lamprey: Journal of Comparative Physiology, v. 112, p. 159-164.}"
}

@article{doi101038282833a0,
    author = "Halstead, L. B.",
    title = "Internal anatomy of the polybranchiaspids (Agnatha, Galeaspida)",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/282833a0",
    doi = "10.1038/282833a0",
    openalex = "W2117010713",
    references = "doi101038206148a0, doi101038282831a0, doi101111j1469185x1973tb01005x, halstead1979agnathans"
}

@article{doi101139z79022,
    author = "Youson, John H. and Lee, J. and Potter, I. C.",
    title = "The distribution of fat in larval, metamorphosing, and young adult anadromous sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L.",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "A histological study using Sudan Black B has been made of the distribution and relative density of fat in the various regions of the body of larval (ammocoete), metamorphosing, and young adult stages of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., caught in New Brunswick. The principal sites of fat storage are located in and around the fat column, lateral to the notochord, between the notochord and either the cardinal or caudal veins, surrounding the body cavity, beneath the skin, and in the myosepta and the nephric fold. Dense but more restricted sites are present lateral to the nerve cord, between the bundles of muscle fibres, and surrounding the pharyngeal cavity. Fat is most abundant in large ammocoetes captured in May and June and in those displaying the very earliest stages of metamorphosis in July. The amount of fat declines during metamorphosis, but is still abundant in November just prior to the time when the sea lamprey can commence parasitic feeding. Fat was undetectable, however, in nearly every site in those animals in which feeding was delayed until the following May. This study shows that sea lampreys accumulate large amounts of fat at the end of larval life by employing a wide variety of different storage sites. It also demonstrates that the fat in virtually all of these sites may be exhausted when the nontrophic period following the initiation of metamorphosis is of a very long duration.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/z79-022",
    doi = "10.1139/z79-022",
    openalex = "W2143812513",
    references = "doi101139z70223"
}

@article{doi1023074096,
    author = "Beamish, F. W. H. and Potter, I. C. and Thomas, Emilie",
    title = "Proximate Composition of the Adult Anadromous Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon Marinus, in Relation to Feeding, Migration and Reproduction",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Journal of Animal Ecology",
    abstract = "SUMMARY (1) The large fluctuations in the proximate composition of the muscle, liver, gonad and whole body of various stages in the adult phase of the life cycle of the anadromous sea lamprey have been related to the feeding, migration and reproduction of the animal. (2) Lipid levels were equivalent to only 1.3\% of the animal's wet body weight at the end of the 10-month non-trophic period which follows the initiation of metamorphosis. (3) The relative amount of lipid rose by approximately eight times during the subsequent freshwater and marine parasitic phase, before subsequently declining to 40 after the conclusion of the upstream migration and spawning. (4) The data indicate that protein, as well as lipid, is extensively catabolized during the spawning period. (5) The lipid content of the liver is much greater in male than female upstream migrants, whereas the reverse situation is found in the gonads. (6) The increase in the weight of lipid in the ovary during the spawning migration corresponds to a value equivalent to approximately one half of the lipid reduction incurred by the whole animal. (7) Values for glycogen levels in the muscle, liver and gonad vary markedly during the",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/4096",
    doi = "10.2307/4096",
    openalex = "W2065828394",
    references = "doi101111j146979981976tb02273x"
}

@misc{halstead1979agnathans5,
    author = "Halstead, L. B. and Liu, Y.-H. and P'an, K",
    title = "Agnathans from the Devonian of China",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 282, p. 831-833",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Halstead, L. B., Liu, Y.-H., and P'an, K., 1979, Agnathans from the Devonian of China: Nature, v. 282, p. 831-833.}"
}

@misc{halstead1979internal4,
    author = "Halstead, L. B",
    title = "Internal anatomy of the polybranchiaspids (Agnatha, Galeaspida)",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 282, p. 833-836",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Halstead, L. B., 1979, Internal anatomy of the polybranchiaspids (Agnatha, Galeaspida): Nature, v. 282, p. 833-836.}"
}

@misc{hardisty1979biology6,
    author = "Hardisty, M. W",
    title = "Biology of Cyclostomes",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "London, Chapman and Hall",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hardisty, M. W., 1979, Biology of Cyclostomes: London, Chapman and Hall.}"
}

@article{rovainen1979neurobiology15,
    author = "Rovainen, C. M",
    title = "Neurobiology of lampreys",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Physiological Reviews, v. 59, p. 1007-1077",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Rovainen, C. M., 1979, Neurobiology of lampreys: Physiological Reviews, v. 59, p. 1007-1077.}"
}

@article{doi101139f80220,
    author = "Farmer, G. J.",
    title = "Biology and Physiology of Feeding in Adult Lampreys",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences",
    abstract = "Although landlocked sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) attack all but a few of the smallest teleosts in the Great Lakes, the large cold-water species have received the most predation. Information on the feeding habits of anadromous lampreys is limited, but they probably are not specific in their choice of hosts. Species differences exist in the relative proportions of blood and muscle tissue which are consumed. The landlocked sea lamprey primarily feeds on the blood of host fishes at rates of 3–30\% of its wet body weight∙d −1 (10 °C). The estimated gross conversion efficiency for this species feeding ad libitum at 10 °C is 39\%. This relatively high efficiency is partly attributable to the nature of their blood diet which results in small fecal energy losses of about 3.4\% of intake energy. Maximum growth rates occur at 20 °C for sea lampreys of 10–30 g initial weight and at 15 °C for lampreys of 30–90 g. At all experimental temperatures (5–20 °C), growth rates decline with increases in lamprey weight. Increases in sea lamprey weight and in water temperature up to 20 °C cause the rate of host mortality to rise suggesting that, under natural conditions, mortality is seasonal. Landlocked sea lampreys show a preference for specific areas on their hosts, select larger hosts more frequently, and are not attracted to hosts that have lampreys feeding on them. Such strategies serve to maximize food intake and prolong host survival while ensuring food material of constant energy content.Key words: adult lampreys, feeding, hosts, growth rate, temperature, host mortality, behavior",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f80-220",
    doi = "10.1139/f80-220",
    openalex = "W2044489675"
}

@article{doi101139f80232,
    author = "Beamish, Richard J.",
    title = "Adult Biology of the River Lamprey (Lampetra ayresi) and the Pacific Lamprey (Lampetra tridentate) from the Pacific Coast of Canada",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences",
    abstract = "River lamprey (Lampetra ayresi) metamorphose in late July with downstream migration occurring in the following year from May to July. Once adults enter salt water they begin to feed immediately by consuming chunks of flesh primarily from herring and young salmon. From June until September they increase in size by an estimated 11–14 cm and 12–18 g. In 1975, 667 000 lamprey were estimated to be in the Strait of Georgia resulting in the deaths of 60 000-000 juvenile fish. Between September and late winter river lamprey return to freshwater. Spawning occurs in the spring, from April to June and adults die after spawning. The length of adult life from the onset of metamorphosis until death following spawning is 2 yr. Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) begin metamorphosis in July and the known period of entry into salt water is from December until June. Feeding can commence in freshwater or salt water by mid-October. Pacific lamprey move into water deeper than 20–70 m and are present in all major fishing grounds off Canada's west coast. A relatively high incidence of lamprey attacks has been observed on sockeye and pink salmon that are aggregating in preparation to return to freshwater. The smallest mature or maturing pacific lamprey found in this study measured 16 cm and the largest measured 72 cm. Adults may spend [Formula: see text] in salt water before returning to freshwater from April to June and completing their upstream migrations by late September. Stocks that return in the spring exhibit exceptional migratory instincts often migrating considerable distances in freshwater to the uppermost regions of tributary streams before they spawn from April to July in the following year. After entry into freshwater and prior to spawning, adults shrink in length by approximately 20\%. The average life span from the onset of metamorphosis until death following spawning probably is 5 yr. A nonanadromous form that appears to be a new species exists in lakes and attacks a large percentage of resident salmonids.Key words: Pacific lamprey, river lamprey, life history, fish parasites, Pacific fishes",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f80-232",
    doi = "10.1139/f80-232",
    openalex = "W2142573792"
}

@article{doi101139f80233,
    author = "Beamish, F. W. H.",
    title = "Biology of the North American Anadromous Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences",
    abstract = "The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the western Atlantic Ocean adjacent to North America is usually found within a depth of 200 m between latitudes of 30 and 53°. Spawning size lampreys have been recorded in 116 rivers between 32 and 48° latitude. The upstream spawning migration which may extend to several hundred kilometres, takes place between March and September, the actual time varying directly with latitude. Fecundity of the anadromous P. marinus (approximately 124 000–305 000) is the highest for any lamprey species. Energy requirements for migration and reproduction are discussed in the context of parental investment. The larval phase lasts 6–8 yr and is followed by a highly synchronous period of metamorphosis. On completion of metamorphosis in late autumn some juveniles migrate downstream to the estuary or ocean and commence feeding. In at least some rivers, a portion of the young juveniles overwinter in the natal stream without feeding. Subsequent to a short feeding period in May these young juveniles leave the river for the sea. Sea lampreys attack a variety of marine elasmobranchs and teleosts. Only swordfish, Xiphias gladius, and striped bass, Roccus saxatilis, are reported to eat lampreys. During the marine interval, which lasts from 23 to 28 mo, the calculated instantaneous growth rate is 0.645–0.785 g∙d −1. Lamprey scarring frequency on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in the St. John River, New Brunswick, increased from 2.6 to 15.0\% between 1972 and 1975 coincident with a dramatic rise in the number of migrant salmonids. Scars were most prevalent on larger salmon, particularly females. Most scars were recorded on the right side of salmon, particularly in the ventral regions.Key words: sea lamprey, Atlantic Ocean, distribution, life cycle, growth, energetics, fecundity",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f80-233",
    doi = "10.1139/f80-233",
    openalex = "W2165645847"
}

@article{doi1010160145305x81900458,
    author = "Kilarski, Wincenty and Płytocz, Barbara",
    title = "The presence of plasma cells in the lamprey (Agnatha)",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Developmental \& Comparative Immunology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-305x(81)90045-8",
    doi = "10.1016/0145-305x(81)90045-8",
    openalex = "W1973809926",
    references = "doi101002aja1000460302, doi1010160022175977900552, doi101016s0145305x79800403, doi101083jcb113729, doi101083jcb92409, doi101093icb112183, doi101139z70223, doi101139z79235, openalexw1487703226, openalexw566484607"
}

@article{crossref1984the,
    title = "The Biology of Lampreys. Volume 3, 4A, and 4B. M. W. Hardisty, I. C. Potter",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/413975",
    doi = "10.1086/413975",
    number = "3",
    pages = "343-343",
    volume = "59"
}

@article{doi1010160016648084900248,
    author = "Youson, J.",
    title = "Book reviewThe biology of lampreys, vol. 4B: Edited by M. W. Hardisty and I. C. Potter. Academic Press, London/New York, 1982. xii + 275 pp., Illustr., Author and subject indexes, $53.00/£32",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "General and Comparative Endocrinology",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3ad3692ac6c1323a46cc1043071c99b09c882994",
    doi = "10.1016/0016-6480(84)90024-8",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "3",
    pages = "498-499",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "7",
    semanticscholar_id = "3ad3692ac6c1323a46cc1043071c99b09c882994",
    volume = "55"
}

@article{doi101007978940094820412,
    author = "Potter, I. and Hilliard, R. W. and Neira, F.",
    title = "The Biology of Australian Lampreys",
    year = "1986",
    booktitle = "Monographiae Biologicae",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6c99a1bdd8e03583bcaa1296ea0b1c5a3d342668",
    doi = "10.1007/978-94-009-4820-4\_12",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "207-230",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "24",
    semanticscholar_id = "6c99a1bdd8e03583bcaa1296ea0b1c5a3d342668"
}

@article{doi101111j146979981987tb05966x,
    author = "Potter, I. and Hilliard, R. W.",
    title = "A proposal for the functional and phylogenetic significance of differences in the dentition of lampreys (Agnatha: Petromyzontiformes)",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "The shape and arrangement of the teeth and multicuspid laminae of the oral disc and tongue‐like piston are described for parasitic lampreys representing the six holarctic genera (Petromyzonli‐dae) and each of the monogeneric Southern Hemisphere families (Mordaciidae and Geotriidae). Particular attention is paid to describing the divergent dentitional characters, the location of attack and the size of the oral disc and buccal glands of the blood‐feeding Petromyzon marinus and the flesh‐feeding Lampetra (Lampetra) fluviatilis and Lampetra (Lampelra) ayresii. The conclusions drawn from these comparisons are used to make suggestions regarding the feeding biology of other parasitic species of lamprey for which less comprehensive data are available. Compared with P. marinus, the flesh‐feeding L.fiuviatilis and L. fluviatils have fewer and smaller oral disc teeth between the circumoral and marginal teeth, a much wider and deeper supraoral. a far larger central cusp on the transverse lingual lamina (which in turn is convex rather than V‐shaped) and a smaller oral disc and buccal glands. It is proposed that in the two Lampetra species, the central cusp on the transverse lingual lamina and the interaction of this lamina with the supraoral are adaptations for gouging and cutting out pieces of host tissue. By contrast, the serrated edges of the lingual laminae in P. marinus are used to create a small but deep wound through which a stream of blood is then drawn. This mode of feeding is facilitated by the ability of P. marinus to remain attached for long periods at a single location on the host and to secrete a flow of anticoagulant ‘saliva’ from its relatively large buccal glands. Since the characteristics of the feeding structures in the parasitic members of the genera lchthyomyzon and Mordacia resemble more closely those of P. marinus than L. fluviutilis and L. ayresii, they would appear to be adapted primarily for the extraction of blood. On the other hand, the reverse is true of Lampetra (Lethenleron) japoniea and Geotria auslralis, indicating that these species ingest predominantly muscle tissue. Species such as Lampetra (Entosphenus) tridentata have an intermediate type of dentition and are apparently more versatile in their feeding habits. It is concluded that: (i) blood‐feeding preceded flesh‐feeding in ‘modern’ lampreys; (ii) endemic freshwater parasitic species typically ingest blood; (iii) the ability to feed on flesh developed in populations which had access to estuarine and marine hosts; and (iv) pre‐Tertiary forms resembling contemporary lehthyomyzon unicuspsis could have given rise independently to both of the divergent and specialized genera of Southern Hemisphere lampreys (Mordacia and Geolria).",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/55fd216d391b42c0baedd4616a2193527fe127df",
    doi = "10.1111/J.1469-7998.1987.TB05966.X",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2147546529",
    pages = "713-737",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "92",
    semanticscholar_id = "55fd216d391b42c0baedd4616a2193527fe127df",
    volume = "212",
    references = "doi10108002724634198310011943, doi101139f80207, doi101139f80216, doi101139f80222, doi101139f80232, doi101139f80233, doi101139f80240, doi101139z78080, farmer1980biology, openalexw570293729"
}

@article{doi101002jez1402660210,
    author = "Power, G. and Cake, M. and Potter, I.",
    title = "Carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity is present and high in the muscle and liver of lampreys (Agnatha)",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Zoology",
    abstract = "The current study demonstrates for the first time that carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT), the rate‐limiting enzyme of fatty acid oxidation in gnathostomatous (jawed) vertebrates, is present in the myotomal musculature and liver of the adult migratory Southern Hemisphere lamprey Geotria australis, a representative of the agnathan (jawless) stage in vertebrate evolution. During the spawning run, the mean CPT capacity at 20°C remained relatively constant in the muscle at 115 to 153 nmol/min.g, whereas in the liver it increased from a minimum of 162 nmol/min.g after four months of migration to 705 nmol/min.g at sexual maturity. The maintenance of a substantial capacity for CPT activity in the muscle, when the animal is relatively inactive during the middle phase of the run, would enable the animal to respond at such times to any environmental exigencies. It is proposed that the very high CPT capacity in the liver at sexual maturity is associated with an increased demand for ATP generation to facilitate the synthesis of glycogen that occurs in lampreys at this time. The trends shown by the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in the liver and muscle parallel those of CPT, presumably reflecting the corresponding metabolic changes that are required by the animal. The results of the present and other studies indicate that the ability to store large amounts of lipid as triacylglycerol, to bind and transport nonesterified fatty acids in the blood and to utilise a CPT‐dependent oxidative capacity in both the muscle and liver was present early in vertebrate evolution. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/73d9820b9abfcad5d60f5c897e949e2208c03baf",
    doi = "10.1002/JEZ.1402660210",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "2",
    pages = "157-162",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "8",
    semanticscholar_id = "73d9820b9abfcad5d60f5c897e949e2208c03baf",
    volume = "266"
}

@article{doi101016s0145305x94903557,
    author = "Newton, Rebecca and Raftos, David A. and Raison, Robert L. and Geczy, Carolyn L.",
    title = "Chemotactic responses of hagfish (Vertebrata, Agnatha) leucocytes",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Developmental \& Comparative Immunology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-305x(94)90355-7",
    doi = "10.1016/s0145-305x(94)90355-7",
    openalex = "W2016372782",
    references = "doi101002j146020751992tb05120x, doi1010160022175980902112, doi101016s0022175980800147, doi101016s0074769608623517, doi101084jem1153453, doi101126science6266014, doi101146annureviy06040188001113, doi101146annurevph44030182003005, doi101172jci113596, doi104049jimmunol13363242"
}

@article{doi101017s026359330000691x,
    author = "Märss, Tiiu and Ritchie, Alex",
    title = "Articulated thelodonts (Agnatha) of Scotland",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract Articulated thelodonts, Loganellia scotica (Traquair), Shielia gen.n. taiti (Stetson), Lanarkia horrida Traquair, L. spinulosa Traquair and Turinia pagei (Powrie) from the Silurian and Devonian of Scotland are re-described. A new species, Lanarkia lanceolata sp.n. from the Wenlock, Lower Silurian, is established. For each species, diagnosis is specified, varieties of scale morphology are given, the branchial area is described and body morphology is detailed. A paired ventral fin in Shielia gen.n. taiti and Lanarkia lanceolata sp.n. has been discovered. A new reconstruction of Loganellia and Shielia, and diagnosis for thelodonts from Scotland are given. The locality list of Scottish agnathans is reviewed and the biostratigraphical distribution discussed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s026359330000691x",
    doi = "10.1017/s026359330000691x",
    openalex = "W2334779473",
    references = "doi101017s0080456800035237, doi10108002724634198110011886, openalexw251296685, openalexw2767825032, openalexw2801959296, openalexw2954279587, openalexw3126673768, openalexw3126685076, openalexw598239287, openalexw644180919"
}

@article{doi101016s109649590100330x,
    author = "Takahashi, Akiyoshi and Amemiya, Yutaka and Nozaki, Masumi and Sower, Stacia A. and Kawauchi, Hiroshi",
    title = "Evolutionary significance of proopiomelanocortin in agnatha and chondrichthyes",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00330-x",
    doi = "10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00330-x",
    openalex = "W2007919092",
    references = "doi101006bbrc19952158, doi101006gcen19951094, doi101006gcen19997256, doi101016s0303720798001397, doi101038278423a0, doi101111j109586491977tb05132x, doi101111j139930111995tb00589x, doi101210mend6101448114, doi101615critrevneurobiolv11i130, doi104049jimmunol159115400"
}

@article{doi101046j13653083200201026x,
    author = "Mayer, Werner E. and O'Huigin, C. and Tichy, H and Terzić, Janoš and Saraga‐Babić, Mirna",
    title = "Identification of Two Ikaros‐like Transcription Factors in Lamprey",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Scandinavian Journal of Immunology",
    abstract = "The jawless Agnatha (lampreys and hagfishes) represent the phylogenetically oldest order of vertebrates that are believed to lack the adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates. In order to search for molecular markers specific for cellular components of the adaptive immune system in lampreys, we used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify genes for transcription factors of the Ikaros family in genomic DNA and cDNA libraries from two species of lampreys, Petromyzon marinus and Lampetra fluviatilis. The mammalian Ikaros-like family of transcription factors consists of five members, Ikaros, Helios, Aiolos, Eos and Pegasus, of which the first three appear to be essential for lymphocyte development. Two different Ikaros-like genes, named IKLF1 and IKLF2, were identified in lamprey. They both have the conserved exon-intron structure of seven exons and show alternative splicing like their counterparts in jawed vertebrates. The genes code for predicted proteins of 589 and 513 amino acid residues, respectively. The proteins contain six highly conserved zinc finger motifs that are 83-91\% identical to the mammalian members of the Ikaros-like family. The remaining parts of the sequences are, however, mostly unalignable. Phylogenetic analysis based on the alignable segments of the sequences does not identify the orthologous gene in jawed vertebrates but rather shows equidistance of the lamprey Ikaros-like factors to each other and to Ikaros, Helios, Aiolos and Eos. Expression studies by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH), however, provide evidence for moderate expression in presumed lymphoid tissues like the gut epithelium and for high levels of expression in the gonads, especially in the ovary.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01026.x",
    doi = "10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01026.x",
    openalex = "W2009283193",
    references = "doi101006jmbi19909999, doi101016s0022283605803602, doi101016s0092867400809551, doi101038361129a0, doi101073pnas952657, doi101093emboj18113090, doi101093nar25244876, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040454, doi101126science2448875"
}

@article{doi101242jeb01157,
    author = "Bartels, H. and Potter, I. C.",
    title = "Cellular composition and ultrastructure of the gill epithelium of larval and adult lampreys",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Biology",
    abstract = "Lampreys, one of the only two surviving groups of agnathan (jawless) vertebrates, contain several anadromous species that, during their life cycle, thus migrate from fresh to seawater and back to freshwater. Lampreys have independently evolved the same overall osmoregulatory mechanisms as the gnathostomatous (jawed) and distantly related teleost fishes. Lamprey gills thus likewise play a central role in taking up and secreting monovalent ions. However, the ultrastructural characteristics and distribution of their epithelial cell types [ammocoete mitochondria-rich (MR) cell, intercalated MR cell, chloride cell and pavement cell] differ in several respects from those of teleosts. The ultrastructural characteristics of these cells are distinctive and closely resemble those of certain ion-transporting epithelia in other vertebrates, for which the function has been determined. The data on each cell type, together with the stage in the life cycle at which it is found, i.e. whether in fresh or seawater, enable the following proposals to be made regarding the ways in which lampreys use their gill epithelial cells for osmoregulating in hypo- and hypertonic environments. In freshwater, the intercalated MR cell takes up Cl- and secretes H+, thereby facilitating the uptake of Na+ through pavement cells. In seawater, the chloride cell uses a secondarily active transcellular transport of Cl- to provide the driving force for the passive movement of Na+ through leaky paracellular pathways between these cells.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01157",
    doi = "10.1242/jeb.01157",
    openalex = "W2164802220",
    references = "doi101111j146979981987tb05966x, doi101111j1768322x1989tb00830x"
}

@misc{crossref2005lampreys,
    title = "Lampreys (Agnatha)",
    year = "2005",
    booktitle = "Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/0471743984.vse4458",
    doi = "10.1002/0471743984.vse4458",
    openalex = "W4214512431"
}

@article{doi101007s1151500700226,
    author = "Zhu, Min and Gai, Zhikun",
    title = "Phylogenetic relationships of galeaspids (Agnatha)",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Frontiers of Biology in China",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-007-0022-6",
    doi = "10.1007/s11515-007-0022-6",
    openalex = "W2156923741",
    references = "doi101017s0025315400028575, doi101038282831a0, doi10108002724634198110011886, doi10108002724634198410012014, doi101093oso97801985404720010001, doi101098rspb19880062, doi101111j109636421967tb01396x, doi101111j175567241937mp16001002x, doi104269ajtmh1962113tm0110030425a, doi105860choice320949, doi105860choice392183, halstead1979agnathans, openalexw598239287, openalexw638862129"
}

@article{docker2008hardisty,
    author = "Docker, Margaret F.",
    title = "Hardisty shares his final thoughts on lampreys",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Environmental Biology of Fishes",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-007-9245-2",
    doi = "10.1007/s10641-007-9245-2",
    number = "1",
    pages = "11-15",
    volume = "82"
}

@article{doi101111j146979981975tb05970x,
    author = "Beamish, F. and Potter, I.",
    title = "The biology of the anadromous Sea lamprey (Petromyzon mannus) in New Brunswick",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "Samples of larvae, metamorphosing and adult representatives of anadromous Petromyzon marinus were collected from rivers in New Brunswick to provide data on aspects of its life cycle. The proportional length of the prebranchial, branchial, trunk and tail regions changed throughout larval life, with the third of these lengths being greater than in Lampetra species, a feature probably related both to the higher number of trunk myomeres and to the greater number of oocytes found in the Sea lamprey. Length‐frequency curves for ammocoetes indicate that in general the duration of larval life is from six to eight years. Metamorphosis is initiated in mid‐July and has probably been completed by November, paralleling the situation in the landlocked Sea lamprey. Small adults of variable size (167–351 mm) attack Alewives (Pomolobus pseudoharengus) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the St. John River at points up to 120 km from the estuary. The data indicate that some individuals start feeding in the winter while others do not commence parasitism until the late spring and that this species does not always migrate downstream to saline conditions immediately after metamorphosis. In a sample of 285 nearly mature upstream migrants caught at the Mactaquac Dam on the St. John River, the ratio of females: males was 1: 1.18. No significant difference was found between the mean length, weight and number of trunk myomeres of the two sexes with respective values of 72.9 cm, 892.1 g and 70.1 being recorded for the females and 72.2 cm, 872.6 g and 69.6 for males. The gonadosomic ratio in males was 1.6 and 14.7 in females. The mean number of eggs per female was 210,228 with a range of 151,836 to 304,832. Spawning takes place in late June/early July when the animals show a sexual dimorphism in body proportions and undergo a reduction in total length. The post‐larval phase of the life cycle is considered to last for three or four years, one or two years longer than that recorded for the landlocked form.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/05ebe301fcf74c8a8634211e4734c3c17add0b48",
    doi = "10.1111/J.1469-7998.1975.TB05970.X",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    pages = "57-72",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "69",
    semanticscholar_id = "05ebe301fcf74c8a8634211e4734c3c17add0b48",
    volume = "177"
}

@article{doi101111j146979981984tb02328x,
    author = "Maitland, P. and Morris, K. H. and East, K. and Schoonoord, M. P. and Wal, B. and Potter, I.",
    title = "The estuarine biology of the River lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis, in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, with particular reference to size composition and feeding",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "Samples collected regularly during 1979, 1980 and 1981 from the intake screens of power stations in the estuary of the River Forth produced data on the estuarine phase in the life cycle of the River lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis. Recently metamorphosed animals were common during the spring while sexually maturing adults were abundant in the late summer and autumn. These were assumed to be lampreys at the end of their downstream and start of their upstream migrations respectively. The respective sizes of the presumed downstream and upstream migrants were 69–135 mm (0‐2‐2‐8 g) and 200–361 mm (7‐0‐93‐2 g). Smaller numbers of animals of intermediate size were collected during the summer and late autumn. Males were usually the predominant sex with an average of 56–5\% of the population in 1980–1981. In all months, the mean weight and with one exception also the mean length, was greater for females than for males. The intestine frequently contained fish remains, especially muscle, bone and scales of clupeids and thus the River lamprey seems to feed mainly on teleosts in this estuary. An analysis of the size of scales in the intestines of lampreys of various body lengths indicates that there is a relationship between the size of host and predator. Comparisons with other studies of Lampetra fluviatilis emphasize the variability that exists in aspects of the biology of this species within and among populations.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4719f82748658011c6b09a27b8a762506931fdc3",
    doi = "10.1111/J.1469-7998.1984.TB02328.X",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "2",
    pages = "211-225",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "16",
    semanticscholar_id = "4719f82748658011c6b09a27b8a762506931fdc3",
    volume = "203"
}

@article{doi101111j146979981977tb04573x,
    author = "Potter, I. and Beamish, F.",
    title = "The freshwater biology of adult anadromous Sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "The lengths, weights and condition factors of young adult lampreys caught feeding on Gaspereau, Alosa pseudoharengus. Shad, Alosa sapidissima, and White suckers, Catostomus commersoni, in the lake‐like extensions of the St. John River system during May, suggest that many lampreys do not feed in the nine to ten months following the initiation of metamorphosis in mid‐July. The mean lengths (d‐95\% confidence limits) of individuals taken in four samples between May 13 and 29 did not differ significantly and ranged from 132‐7± 2‐81 to 135‐7 ±3‐71 mm. A significant increase in mean condition factor from II15 to 1‐353 during this time indicates that the short period spent feeding in May enables the animal to replenish its food reserves prior to its downstream migration. Since several of the 81 feeding adults caught between the latter part of June and mid‐July, at a point 140 km from the estuary of the St. John, were still attached to spawning‐run Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, this teleost host had probably been responsible for their transport upstream. The wide range in their length (156‐403 mm), together with the presence in the lakes in May of a few young adults larger than those which have only just started feeding, suggest that the time of onset of the parasitic phase is variable but may generally commence in either the late autumn or in the spring. Scarring on salmon due to lamprey attack was predominantly (84\%) on the ventral surface between the operculum and caudal peduncle. Over 35 \% of the salmon examined in June 1975 had been attacked, more of these attacks being on the right side of the body of both males (59‐6\%) and females (49‐8\%) than on either the left (20‐2 and 23‐7 \%) or both sides (20‐2 and 26‐5 \%). While lamprey attacks may cause some mortality among the smaller teleosts, any effect on salmon is probably indirect through causing increased susceptibility to infection and stress. The ability of adult anadromous Sea lampreys to feed and grow in fresh water demonstrates the relative ease with which landlocked forms could have been evolved in response to extreme environmental changes. This evolutionary step has involved a decline in the ability to osmoregulate in high salinities and a reduction in body size and fecundity, the adaptive significances of which are discussed. Data on upstream migrants indicate that males and females undergo length reductions of at least 11 and 15 \% respectively between the time of their entry into fresh water and the completion of spawning.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b9ac215fdab2a37473161b24c37a9a1fb5e4d24f",
    doi = "10.1111/J.1469-7998.1977.TB04573.X",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    pages = "113-130",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "34",
    semanticscholar_id = "b9ac215fdab2a37473161b24c37a9a1fb5e4d24f",
    volume = "181"
}

@article{doi101111j10958312201202007x,
    author = "Hume, John B. and Adams, Colin E. and Mable, Barbara K. and Bean, Colin W.",
    title = "Post-zygotic hybrid viability in sympatric species pairs: a case study from European lampreys",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Ecological speciation mechanisms are widely assumed to play an important role in the early stages of divergence between incipient species, and this especially true of fishes. In the present study, we tested explicitly for post-zygotic barriers to gene flow between a sympatric, recently diverged lamprey species pair that likely arose through ecological divergence. Experimental in vitro hybridization between anadromous parasitic Lampetra fluviatilis and resident nonparasitic Lampetra planeri resulted in a high proportion of embryos capable of attaining the burrowing pro-larval stage, strongly indicating no post-zygotic barriers to gene flow between these species. A sympatric, locally-adapted resident parasitic form of L. fluviatilis was also found to successfully hybridize with both members of this species pair. The consequences of these findings are discussed in the context of lamprey speciation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.02007.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.02007.x",
    openalex = "W1930226297",
    references = "doi101111j10958649200902419x, doi101111j1365294x200703279x, doi101111j143904261997tb00114x, doi101111j14610248200400715x, doi101111j146979981987tb05966x, doi101139f80211, doi101643ia020851, openalexw566484607, openalexw70084438, openalexw84444040"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20131966,
    author = "Buchinger, Tyler J. and Wang, Haiying and Li, Wen and Johnson, Nicholas S.",
    title = "Evidence for a receiver bias underlying female preference for a male mating pheromone in sea lamprey",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Receiver bias models suggest that a male sexual signal became exaggerated to match a pre-existing sensory, perceptual or cognitive disposition of the female. Accordingly, these models predict that females of related taxa possessing the ancestral state of signalling evolved preference for the male trait in a non-sexual context. We postulated that female preference for the male-released bile alcohol mating pheromone, 3 keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS), of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) evolved as a result of a receiver bias. In particular, we propose that migratory silver lamprey (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis), a basal member of the Petromyzontidae, evolved a preference for 3kPZS released by stream-resident larvae as a means of identifying productive habitat for offspring. Larval silver lamprey released 3kPZS at rates sufficient to be detected by migratory lampreys. Females responded to 3kPZS by exhibiting upstream movement behaviours relevant in a migratory context, but did not exhibit proximate behaviours important to mate search and spawning. Male silver lamprey did not release 3kPZS at rates sufficient to be detected by females in natural high-volume stream environments. We infer that female silver lamprey cue onto 3kPZS excreted by stream-resident larvae as a mechanism to locate habitat conducive to offspring survival and that males do not signal with 3kPZS. We suggest that this female preference for a male signal in a non-sexual context represents a bias leading to the sexual signalling observed in sea lamprey.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1966",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2013.1966",
    openalex = "W2001765363",
    references = "doi101016009286749190418x, doi101016jtree200603015, doi101016s0169534798014712, doi101017cbo9780511615061, doi101038343066a0, doi101038sjemboj7601049, doi101126science1067797, doi1023074615733, openalexw566484607, openalexw63174745"
}

@article{doi101007s11160019095788,
    author = "Clemens, Benjamin J. and Weitkamp, Laurie A. and Siwicke, Kevin A. and Wade, Joy and Harris, Julianne E. and Hess, Jon E. and Porter, Laurie L. and Parker, Keith A. and Sutton, Trent M. and Орлов, А. М.",
    title = "Marine biology of the pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-019-09578-8",
    doi = "10.1007/s11160-019-09578-8",
    openalex = "W2970792569",
    references = "doi10100797894017930633, doi10100797894017930635, doi10100797894017930638, doi101007s1116001694403, doi101016jjenvman201312017, doi101016jmarpolbul201008007, doi101016s0025326x0100323x, doi101017cbo9781107415416, doi1010292003gl017528, doi101111j146979981987tb05966x, doi101126science1156401, doi101126science1239352, doi101139f80232, doi101139f80233, doi1011751520047719970781069apicow20co2, doi1023071443050, doi105860choice402804, farmer1980biology"
}