@article{openalexw3215057009,
    author = "Owen, Robert P.",
    title = "Report on British fossil reptiles, part II",
    year = "1842",
    journal = "Medical Entomology and Zoology",
    openalex = "W3215057009"
}

@article{a1868earliest,
    author = "A., A.",
    title = "Earliest bird",
    year = "1868",
    journal = "Notes and Queries",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s4-ii.29.68c",
    doi = "10.1093/nq/s4-ii.29.68c",
    number = "29",
    openalex = "W4229783656",
    pages = "68-68",
    volume = "s4-II"
}

@article{b1868earliest,
    author = "B., R.",
    title = "Earliest bird",
    year = "1868",
    journal = "Notes and Queries",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s4-ii.34.183b",
    doi = "10.1093/nq/s4-ii.34.183b",
    number = "34",
    openalex = "W4248347112",
    pages = "183-183",
    volume = "s4-II"
}

@article{bede1868earliest,
    author = "Bede, Cuthbert",
    title = "Earliest bird",
    year = "1868",
    journal = "Notes and Queries",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s4-ii.31.110b",
    doi = "10.1093/nq/s4-ii.31.110b",
    number = "31",
    openalex = "W4236970864",
    pages = "110-110",
    volume = "s4-II"
}

@article{groom1868earliest,
    author = "Groom",
    title = "Earliest bird",
    year = "1868",
    journal = "Notes and Queries",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s4-ii.29.68d",
    doi = "10.1093/nq/s4-ii.29.68d",
    number = "29",
    openalex = "W4249154005",
    pages = "68-68",
    volume = "s4-II"
}

@article{h1868earliest,
    author = "H., F. C.",
    title = "Earliest bird",
    year = "1868",
    journal = "Notes and Queries",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s4-ii.34.183c",
    doi = "10.1093/nq/s4-ii.34.183c",
    number = "34",
    openalex = "W4242882925",
    pages = "183-183",
    volume = "s4-II"
}

@article{j1868earliest,
    author = "J.",
    title = "Earliest bird",
    year = "1868",
    journal = "Notes and Queries",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s4-ii.31.110c",
    doi = "10.1093/nq/s4-ii.31.110c",
    number = "31",
    openalex = "W4247240032",
    pages = "110-111",
    volume = "s4-II"
}

@article{redmond1868earliest,
    author = "Redmond, S.",
    title = "Earliest bird",
    year = "1868",
    journal = "Notes and Queries",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s4-ii.31.111c",
    doi = "10.1093/nq/s4-ii.31.111c",
    number = "31",
    openalex = "W4232194284",
    pages = "111-111",
    volume = "s4-II"
}

@article{w1868earliest,
    author = "W., R. C. S.",
    title = "Earliest bird",
    year = "1868",
    journal = "Notes and Queries",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s4-ii.31.111a",
    doi = "10.1093/nq/s4-ii.31.111a",
    number = "31",
    openalex = "W4230816097",
    pages = "111-111",
    volume = "s4-II"
}

@article{doi101111j155856461949tb00010x,
    author = "Newell, Norman D.",
    title = "PHYLETIC SIZE INCREASE, AN IMPORTANT TREND ILLUSTRATED BY FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES",
    year = "1949",
    journal = "Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1949.tb00010.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1949.tb00010.x",
    openalex = "W2315834462",
    references = "doi101007bf01990575, doi101093aesa254757, doi101111j109636421922tb00464x, doi101111j155856461948tb02742x, doi101130spe26p1, doi1023072532815, doi105962bhltitle6427, openalexw1525434908, openalexw3172537700, openalexw607583049"
}

@article{doi101002jmor1051080103,
    author = "Peabody, Frank E.",
    title = "Annual growth zones in living and fossil vertebrates",
    year = "1961",
    journal = "Journal of Morphology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051080103",
    doi = "10.1002/jmor.1051080103",
    openalex = "W2088853807",
    references = "doi101038087212b0, doi101038169972b0, doi1010970000044119420800000028, doi101111j146363951947tb00024x, doi101126science1122907309a, doi1023071292457, doi1023071436750, doi1023071439432, doi1023071494, doi1023072420858"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x1966tb01624x,
    author = "Gould, Stephen Jay",
    title = "ALLOMETRY AND SIZE IN ONTOGENY AND PHYLOGENY",
    year = "1966",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1966.tb01624.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.1966.tb01624.x",
    openalex = "W2082598566",
    references = "colbert1948evolution, doi101001jama196203050110085031, doi101007bf02982279, doi101038114895a0, doi101038137780b0, doi101038164820b0, doi101086280573, doi101093biomet371230, doi101111j155856461949tb00010x, doi101152physrev1947274511, doi1015159780691183978018, doi1023071538742, doi1023072405671, doi1023072527939, doi1023072532815, doi107312rens91062, doi107312simp93764, kermack1954a"
}

@misc{wolpoff1975allometry2,
    author = "Wolpoff, M. H. and Brace, C. L",
    title = "Allometry and early homonids",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 189, p. 61-63",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wolpoff, M. H., and Brace, C. L., 1975, Allometry and early homonids: Science, v. 189, p. 61-63.}"
}

@article{doi101111j155856461979tb04694x,
    author = "Lande, Russell",
    title = "QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MULTIVARIATE EVOLUTION, APPLIED TO BRAIN:BODY SIZE ALLOMETRY",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Evolution",
    abstract = "Journal Article QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MULTIVARIATE EVOLUTION, APPLIED TO BRAIN:BODY SIZE ALLOMETRY Get access Russell Lande Russell Lande Laboratory of Genetics University of Wisconsin Madison Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Evolution, Volume 33, Issue 1Part2, 1 March 1979, Pages 402–416, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04694.x Published: 01 March 1979 Article history Received: 28 November 1977 Revision received: 04 August 1978 Published: 01 March 1979",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04694.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04694.x",
    openalex = "W2335268614",
    references = "doi101017s0016672300016037, doi101017s0094837300005224, doi101073pnas722646, doi101086404940, doi101093biomet371230, doi101111j146918091949tb02451x, doi101111j1469185x1966tb01624x, doi101111j155856461976tb00911x, doi101126science1864167892, doi1023072226151, doi1023072344782, doi1023072405671, doi1023072407154, doi1023072529912, doi1023072532815, doi107312rens91062, doi107312simp93764, openalexw2506868775"
}

@article{doi1023072802289,
    author = "Greene, David Lee and Shipman, Pat",
    title = "Life History of a Fossil: An Introduction to Taphonomy and Paleoecology.",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Man",
    abstract = "Pat Shipman sets forth the taphonomic methods of analyzing how animal remains are acted upon and altered, both by biological and by geographic phenomena, in their passage from the biosphere of bones and carcass into the lithosphere of fossils. She explains the role of disease, predation, accidents, postmortem destruction, and transport in the life history of a fossil, and provides an introduction to the relevant geological concepts and to faunal analysis.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2802289",
    doi = "10.2307/2802289",
    openalex = "W1505470578"
}

@incollection{doi101016b978012249408650011x,
    author = "Olson, Storrs L.",
    title = "THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS",
    year = "1985",
    booktitle = "Elsevier eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-249408-6.50011-x",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-12-249408-6.50011-x",
    openalex = "W47485082",
    references = "crossref1994evolution, doi101002jmor1050880104, doi101038292051a0, doi10108002724634198110011900, doi101093auk1002390, doi101093auk984681, doi101111j1474919x1974tb07648x, doi101146annureves12110181001211, doi1023074080603, doi105281zenodo16026198, doi1058782flmnhjhup8438, doi105962p208144, openalexw1523686958"
}

@article{doi101111j109600311988tb00514x,
    author = "Gauthier, Jacques and Kluge, Arnold G. and Rowe, Timothy",
    title = "AMNIOTE PHYLOGENY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF FOSSILS",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Cladistics",
    abstract = "Abstract- Several prominent cladists have questioned the importance of fossils in phylogenctic inference, and it is becoming increasingly popular to simply fit extinct forms, if they are considered at all, to a cladogram of Recent taxa. Gardiner's (1982) and Løvtrup's (1985) study of amniote phylogeny exemplifies this differential treatment, and we focused on that group of organisms to test the proposition that fossils cannot overturn a theory of relationships based only on the Recent biota. Our parsimony analysis of amniote phylogeny, special knowledge contributed by fossils being scrupulously avoided, led to the following best fitting classification, which is similar to the novel hypothesis Gardiner published: (lepidosaurs (turtles (mammals (birds, crocodiles)))). However, adding fossils resulted in a markedly different most parsimonious cladogram of the extant taxa: (mammals (turtles (lepidosaurs (birds, crocodiles)))). That classification is like the traditional hypothesis, and it provides a better fit to the stratigraphic record. To isolate the extinct taxa responsible for the latter classification, the data were successively partitioned with each phylogenetic analysis, and we concluded that: (1) the ingroup, not the outgroup, fossils were important; (2) synapsid, not reptile, fossils were pivotal; (3) certain synapsid fossils, not the earliest or latest, were responsible. The critical nature of the synapsid fossils seemed to lie in the particular combination of primitive and derived character slates they exhibited. Classifying those fossils, along with mammals, as the sister group to the lineage consisting of birds and crocodiles resulted in a relatively poor fit to data; one involving a 2-4 fold increase in evolutionary reversals! Thus, the importance of the critical fossils, collectively or individually, seems to reside in their relative primitive-ness, and the simplest explanation for their more conservative nature is that they have had less time to evolve. While fossils may be important in phylogenetic inference only under certain conditions, there is no compelling reason to prejudge their contribution. We urge systematists to evaluate fairly all of the available evidence.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00514.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00514.x",
    openalex = "W1978557909",
    references = "crossref1943the, currie1985cranial, doi101001jama194302840160064031, doi1010079781468488517, doi101007978146848851721, doi101016002555648290027x, doi1010160169534789901626, doi101016b9781483198279500198, doi101016b9781483231426500124, doi101017cbo9780511693281002, doi101038142004a0, doi10108002724634198810011708, doi101086628623, doi101093sysbio1811, doi101093sysbio33183, doi1010970000505319311100000026, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101111j109636421977tb01031x, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101146annureven10010165000525, doi1023071005355, doi1023071220820, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023072412407, doi1023072412685, doi1023072413134, doi1023072413259, doi1023072413454, doi1023072485224, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi10560219780801847806, doi105962bhltitle6408, doi105962bhltitle82144, openalexw1534787790, openalexw1534857865, openalexw2954279587, openalexw2983381470, openalexw3146596760, openalexw3184837389, openalexw575222456, roaf1943the"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511608483,
    author = "Reiß, Michael",
    title = "The Allometry of Growth and Reproduction",
    year = "1989",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "The technique of allometry investigates the effects of size on such variables as food intake, energy requirements, growth rates and age at first reproduction. This book brings together much of what is known about the consequences of size and provides a new and mathematically rigorous framework within which many quantitative predictions are made and tested using published and unpublished data. Explanations are proposed for many previously unexplained phenomena such as why in some species females are thousands of times heavier than males, whereas in no species are males more than about eight times heavier than females. The models presented afford a synthesis of the effects of size and open up pathways for further theoretical investigation and experimental testing. Care has been taken to give verbal presentations of all the mathematical conclusions to ensure that the text is widely intelligible.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511608483",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511608483",
    openalex = "W1965248659"
}

@article{houck1990allometric,
    author = "Houck, Marilyn A. and Gauthier, Jacques A. and Strauss, Richard E.",
    title = "Allometric Scaling in the Earliest Fossil Bird, Archaeopteryx lithographica",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Archaeopteryx is almost universally considered a primitive bird. Debate persists, however, about the taxonomic assignment of the six skeletal fossils. Allometric scaling of osteological data shows that all specimens are consistent with a single growth series. The absence of certain bone fusions suggests that no specimen is full-grown. Allometric patterns, as compared to growth gradients of other dinosaurs, extant ectotherms, and extant endotherms, suggest that Archaeopteryx was likely a homeothermic endotherm with rapid growth and precocial abilities for running and flying. Multivariate allometric models offer a significant potential for interpreting ontogenetic patterns and phylogenetic trends in the fossil record.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4939.195",
    doi = "10.1126/science.247.4939.195",
    number = "4939",
    openalex = "W2037364246",
    pages = "195-198",
    volume = "247",
    references = "doi101086282710, doi101086283367, doi101093sysbio24137, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j146979981975tb01405x, doi101126science1864167892, doi1023072527939, doi1023072992387, doi1023073243026"
}

@misc{houck1990allometric1,
    author = "Houck, M. A. and Gauthier, J. A. and Strauss, R. E",
    title = "Allometric scaling in the earliest fossil bird, Archeopteryx lithographica",
    year = "1990",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 247, p. 195",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Houck, M. A., Gauthier, J. A., and Strauss, R. E., 1990, Allometric scaling in the earliest fossil bird, Archeopteryx lithographica: Science, v. 247, p. 195.}"
}

@article{doi105860choice324498,
    title = "Plant allometry: the scaling of form and process",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Allometry, the study of the growth rate of an organism's parts in relation to the whole, has produced various results in research on animals. This text applies allometry to studies of the evolution, morphology, physiology and reproduction of plants. The author covers a broad spectrum of plant life, from unicellular algae to towering trees, including fossil as well as extant taxa. He examines the relation between organic size and variations in plant form, metabolism, reproduction and evolution, and draws on the zoological literature to develop allometric techniques for the peculiar problems of plant height, the relation between body mass and body length, and size-correlated variations in rates of growth. For readers unfamiliar with the basics of allometry, an appendix explains basic statistical methods. This text should be useful reading for botanists interested in an original, quantitative approach to plant evolution and function, and for zoologists who want to learn more about the value of allometric techniques for studying evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.32-4498",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.32-4498",
    openalex = "W1564170918"
}

@article{doi10108002724634199610011283,
    author = "Brochu, Christopher A.",
    title = "Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: Implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Closure of neurocentral sutures in the crocodylian vertebral column follows a distinct caudal to cranial sequence during ontogeny. The sutures in most caudal vertebrae are fully closed at hatching, but closure of remaining sutures occurs later in ontogeny. Closure of cervical sutures is a consistent indicator of morphological maturity in Alligator mississippiensis, Alligator sinensis, Osteolaemus tetraspis, and Crocodylus acutus; the final transformation is the closure of the axial neurocentral suture, which occurs after the closure of the axis-odontoid suture. Because these transformations occur near the end of ontogeny in all three taxa, regardless of maximum size, closure of these sutures is a size-independent criterion of maturity; however, it is not certain if suture closure indicates the stoppage of growth. These transformations are readily identifiable in fossils, permitting the objective characterization of maturity in fossil crocodylians and possibly at least some of their closer extinct relatives.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1996.10011283",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1996.10011283",
    openalex = "W2024771330",
    references = "doi101002jmor1051080103, doi101017s0094837300012331, doi101086273307, doi101111j109636421993tb02537x, doi101111j146979981975tb01405x, doi101111j146979981993tb01933x, doi1023071444994, doi1023072403875, doi105962bhltitle54967, doi105962bhltitle82144, houck1990allometric"
}

@article{doi101017s0006323197005100,
    author = "PADIAN, KEVIN and Chiappe, Luis M.",
    title = "The origin and early evolution of birds",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "Birds evolved from and are phylogenetically recognized as members of the theropod dinosaurs; their first known member is the Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx, now represented by seven skeletons and a feather, and their closest known non-avian relatives are the dromaeosaurid theropods such as Deinonychus.Bird flight is widely thought to have evolved from the trees down, but Archaeopteryx and its outgroups show no obvious arboreal or tree-climbing characters, and its wing planform and wing loading do not resemble those of gliders.The ancestors of birds were bipedal, terrestrial, agile, cursorial and carnivorous or omnivorous.Apart from a perching foot and some skeletal fusions, a great many characters that are usually considered ' avian ' (e.g. the furcula, the elongated forearm, the laterally flexing wrist and apparently feathers) evolved in non-avian theropods for reasons unrelated to birds or to flight.Soon after Archaeopteryx, avian features such as the pygostyle, fusion of the carpometacarpus, and elongated curved pedal claws with a reversed, fully descended and opposable hallux, indicate improved flying ability and arboreal habits.In the further evolution of birds, characters related to the flight apparatus phylogenetically preceded those related to the rest of the skeleton and skull.Mesozoic birds are more diverse and numerous than thought previously and the most diverse known group of Cretaceous birds, the Enantiornithes, was not even recognized until 1981.The vast majority of Mesozoic bird groups have no Tertiary records: Enantiornithes, Hesperornithiformes, Ichthyornithiformes and several other lineages disappeared by the end of the Cretaceous.By that time, a few Linnean ' Orders ' of extant birds had appeared, but none of these taxa belongs to extant ' families ', and it is not until the Paleocene or (in most cases) the Eocene that the majority of extant bird ' Orders ' are known in the fossil record.There is no evidence for a major or mass extinction of birds at the end of the Cretaceous, nor for a sudden ' bottleneck ' in diversity that fostered the early Tertiary origination of living bird ' Orders '.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0006323197005100",
    doi = "10.1017/s0006323197005100",
    openalex = "W4237590069",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi1010160169534791900818, doi101016s0016699588800664, doi101016s0047248477800158, doi101038292051a0, doi101038331433a0, doi101038362623a0, doi101038381226a0, doi101086407902, doi101098rstb19910056, doi101098rstb19920051, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi101126science2555046845, doi101126science27553031109, doi1023071441916, doi1023072992353, doi102307jctvqc6gzx, doi105860choice343307, doi105860choice353642, openalexw2991310333"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x1997tb00024x,
    author = "Padian, Kevin and Chiappe, Luis M.",
    title = "The origin and early evolution of birds",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Birds evolved from and are phylogenetically recognized as members of the theropod dinosaurs; their first known member is the Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx, now represented by seven skeletons and a feather, and their closest known non‐avian relatives are the dromaeosaurid theropods such as Deinonychus. Bird flight is widely thought to have evolved from the trees down, but Archaeopteryx and its outgroups show no obvious arboreal or tree‐climbing characters, and its wing planform and wing loading do not resemble those of gliders. The ancestors of birds were bipedal, terrestrial, agile, cursorial and carnivorous or omnivorous. Apart from a perching foot and some skeletal fusions, a great many characters that are usually considered ‘avian’ (e.g. the furcula, the elongated forearm, the laterally flexing wrist and apparently feathers) evolved in non‐avian theropods for reasons unrelated to birds or to flight. Soon after Archaeopteryx, avian features such as the pygostyle, fusion of the carpometacarpus, and elongated curved pedal claws with a reversed, fully descended and opposable hallux, indicate improved flying ability and arboreal habits. In the further evolution of birds, characters related to the flight apparatus phylogenetically preceded those related to the rest of the skeleton and skull. Mesozoic birds are more diverse and numerous than thought previously and the most diverse known group of Cretaceous birds, the Enantiornithes, was not even recognized until 1981. The vast majority of Mesozoic bird groups have no Tertiary records: Enantiornithes, Hesperornithiformes, Ichthyornithiformes and several other lineages disappeared by the end of the Cretaceous. By that time, a few Linnean ‘Orders’ of extant birds had appeared, but none of these taxa belongs to extant ‘families’, and it is not until the Paleocene or (in most cases) the Eocene that the majority of extant bird ‘Orders’ are known in the fossil record. There is no evidence for a major or mass extinction of birds at the end of the Cretaceous, nor for a sudden ‘bottleneck’ in diversity that fostered the early Tertiary origination of living bird ‘Orders’.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1997.tb00024.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.1997.tb00024.x",
    openalex = "W2127438693",
    references = "doi101016b978012249408650011x, doi101016s0016699588800664, doi101016s0047248477800158, doi101038292051a0, doi101038331433a0, doi101038362623a0, doi101038378774a0, doi101038387390a0, doi101038nature01420, doi101038nature02706, doi101086407902, doi101098rstb19910056, doi101098rstb19920051, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi101111j155856461996tb04496x, doi101126science1078237, doi101126science2555046845, doi101126science2665186779, doi101146annurevea03050175000415, doi1023071441916, doi1023073514548, doi102307jctt1xp3v3r, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice300927, doi105860choice343307, doi105860choice353642, houck1990allometric, openalexw1879660213, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3146596760, ostrom2019osteology"
}

@article{doi10103823251,
    author = "West, Geoffrey B. and Brown, James H. and Enquist, Brian J.",
    title = "A general model for the structure and allometry of plant vascular systems",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/23251",
    doi = "10.1038/23251",
    openalex = "W2139755242",
    references = "doi1010079783662049310, doi1010079783662226278, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi10103825977, doi101038314731a0, doi101111j146981371991tb00035x, doi101126science2765309122, doi1018960seitai14397, doi105860choice324498"
}

@article{doi101111j109636422001tb01313x,
    author = "Hutchinson, John R.",
    title = "The evolution of pelvic osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes)",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Substantial differences in pelvic osteology and soft tissues separate crown group crocodylians (Crocodylia) and birds (Neornithes). A phylogenetic perspective including fossils reveals that these disparities arose in a stepwise pattern along the line to extant birds, with major changes occurring both within and outside Aves. Some character states that preceded the origin of Neornithes are only observable or inferable in extinct taxa. These transitional states are important for recognizing the derived traits of neornithines. Palaeontological and neontological data are vital for reconstructing the sequence of pelvic changes along the line to Neornithes. Soft tissue correlation with osteological structures allows changes in soft tissue anatomy to be traced along a phylogenetic framework, and adds anatomical significance to systematic characters from osteology. Explicitly addressing homologies of bone surfaces reveals many subtleties in pelvic evolution that were previously unrecognized or implicit. I advocate that many anatomical features often treated as independent characters should be interpreted as different character states of the same character. Relatively few pelvic character states are unique to Neornithes. Indeed, many features evolved quite early along the line to Neornithes, blurring the distinction between ‘avian’ and ‘non-avian’ anatomy.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb01313.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb01313.x",
    openalex = "W4211258340",
    references = "doi101007bf02985709, doi101016b9781483231426500124, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi10108002724634199310011511, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101098rstb19920117, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j109600311991tb00045x, doi101126science27853411267, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139e72031, doi1023072413134, doi1023072413454, doi10230730135049, doi104095101672, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105860choice300927, doi105860choice321516, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice392183, madsen1976a, openalexw646636017"
}

@article{doi1010781433831900083,
    author = "Weiner, Jacob",
    title = "Allocation, plasticity and allometry in plants",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00083",
    doi = "10.1078/1433-8319-00083",
    openalex = "W2126855816",
    references = "doi101007bf00056241, doi101016s0065266008600486, doi101071pp99173co, doi1010781433831900083, doi101093oso97801951223430010001, doi101146annureves11110180001313, doi101146annureves16110185002051, doi1023072402622, doi1023075403, doi107208chicago97802264249720010001, openalexw2077454220"
}

@article{doi101007s004420050100x,
    author = "Chave, Jérôme and Andalo, Christophe and Brown, Sandra and Cairns, Michael A. and Chambers, Jeffrey Q. and Eamus, Derek and Fölster, H. and Fromard, François and Higuchi, Níro and Kira, Tatuo and Lescure, J. P. and Nelson, Bruce and Ogawa, Husato and Puig, Henri and Riéra, Bernard and Yamakura, Takuo",
    title = "Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Oecologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0100-x",
    doi = "10.1007/s00442-005-0100-x",
    openalex = "W2113521108",
    references = "doi1010079783662036648, doi101016jtree200310013, doi10103823251, doi10108001621459197910481038, doi10108001621459198310478017, doi101093forestscience354881, doi101139x72009, doi1023073802723, doi1023073803117, openalexw1573494572"
}

@article{doi101038nature03150,
    author = "Clarke, Julia A. and Tambussi, Claudia P. and Noriega, Jorge I. and Erickson, Gregory M. and Ketcham, Richard A.",
    title = "Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03150",
    doi = "10.1038/nature03150",
    openalex = "W2073925386",
    references = "doi101006mpev19980603, doi101016s0098300400001163, doi101017s0025315400028575, doi101038122881a0, doi10103835086500, doi101038381226a0, doi101098rspb20001368, doi101098rspb20011877, doi101111j109600312003tb00387x, doi101126science27553031109, doi1012060003008220023870001tmappo20co2, doi1016660022336020030770822mbatho20co2, doi105860choice405235"
}

@article{doi101017s1464793106007007,
    author = "Warton, David I. and Wright, Ian J. and Falster, Daniel S. and Westoby, Mark",
    title = "Bivariate line‐fitting methods for allometry",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "Fitting a line to a bivariate dataset can be a deceptively complex problem, and there has been much debate on this issue in the literature. In this review, we describe for the practitioner the essential features of line-fitting methods for estimating the relationship between two variables: what methods are commonly used, which method should be used when, and how to make inferences from these lines to answer common research questions. A particularly important point for line-fitting in allometry is that usually, two sources of error are present (which we call measurement and equation error), and these have quite different implications for choice of line-fitting method. As a consequence, the approach in this review and the methods presented have subtle but important differences from previous reviews in the biology literature. Linear regression, major axis and standardised major axis are alternative methods that can be appropriate when there is no measurement error. When there is measurement error, this often needs to be estimated and used to adjust the variance terms in formulae for line-fitting. We also review line-fitting methods for phylogenetic analyses. Methods of inference are described for the line-fitting techniques discussed in this paper. The types of inference considered here are testing if the slope or elevation equals a given value, constructing confidence intervals for the slope or elevation, comparing several slopes or elevations, and testing for shift along the axis amongst several groups. In some cases several methods have been proposed in the literature. These are discussed and compared. In other cases there is little or no previous guidance available in the literature. Simulations were conducted to check whether the methods of inference proposed have the intended coverage probability or Type I error. We identified the methods of inference that perform well and recommend the techniques that should be adopted in future work.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793106007007",
    doi = "10.1017/s1464793106007007",
    openalex = "W2056581871",
    references = "doi1010029780470316436, doi101016s0140673686908378, doi101017cbo9780511608483, doi101017cbo9780511806384, doi101038nature02403, doi101086284325, doi101093biomet371230, doi101093sysbio41118, doi101098rstb19890106, doi101198tech2005s303, doi1023071391399, doi1023072344782, doi1023072529087, doi1023072841583, doi105860choice324498, openalexw1546962148"
}

@article{doi101093molbevmsj124,
    author = "Slack, Kerryn E. and Jones, Craig M. and Ando, Tatsuro and Harrison, G. L. Abby and Fordyce, R. Ewan and Árnason, Úlfur and Penny, David",
    title = "Early Penguin Fossils, Plus Mitochondrial Genomes, Calibrate Avian Evolution",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Molecular Biology and Evolution",
    abstract = "Testing models of macroevolution, and especially the sufficiency of microevolutionary processes, requires good collaboration between molecular biologists and paleontologists. We report such a test for events around the Late Cretaceous by describing the earliest penguin fossils, analyzing complete mitochondrial genomes from an albatross, a petrel, and a loon, and describe the gradual decline of pterosaurs at the same time modern birds radiate. The penguin fossils comprise four naturally associated skeletons from the New Zealand Waipara Greensand, a Paleocene (early Tertiary) formation just above a well-known Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary site. The fossils, in a new genus (Waimanu), provide a lower estimate of 61-62 Ma for the divergence between penguins and other birds and thus establish a reliable calibration point for avian evolution. Combining fossil calibration points, DNA sequences, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analysis, the penguin calibrations imply a radiation of modern (crown group) birds in the Late Cretaceous. This includes a conservative estimate that modern sea and shorebird lineages diverged at least by the Late Cretaceous about 74 +/- 3 Ma (Campanian). It is clear that modern birds from at least the latest Cretaceous lived at the same time as archaic birds including Hesperornis, Ichthyornis, and the diverse Enantiornithiformes. Pterosaurs, which also coexisted with early crown birds, show notable changes through the Late Cretaceous. There was a decrease in taxonomic diversity, and small- to medium-sized species disappeared well before the end of the Cretaceous. A simple reading of the fossil record might suggest competitive interactions with birds, but much more needs to be understood about pterosaur life histories. Additional fossils and molecular data are still required to help understand the role of biotic interactions in the evolution of Late Cretaceous birds and thus to test that the mechanisms of microevolution are sufficient to explain macroevolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msj124",
    doi = "10.1093/molbev/msj124",
    openalex = "W2162762023",
    references = "doi101111j109600312003tb00387x, doi101126science1064706, doi101144gslsp20032170111, doi1012060003008220023870001tmappo20co2, doi1012060003009020042860001mptaso20co2, doi105860choice405235"
}

@article{doi101016jaquabot200712006,
    author = "Komiyama, Akira and Ong, Jin Eong and Poungparn, Sasitorn",
    title = "Allometry, biomass, and productivity of mangrove forests: A review",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Aquatic Botany",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.006",
    doi = "10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.006",
    openalex = "W2040698592",
    references = "doi1010079783642809132, doi101007s004420050100x, doi101007s004420050201, doi101016b9780124250505x50018, doi101016jaquabot200712005, doi101016jaquabot200712007, doi101016jaquabot200802009, doi101017cbo9781139946575, doi101146annureves05110174000351, doi1018960seitai14397, doi1023072403413"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x200900094x,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Novas, Fernando E.",
    title = "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = {The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    openalex = "W2121596487",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi1010160031018281900924, doi1010160031018295000178, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103820167, doi10106313060577, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gsjgs14720321, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20080415, doi10432497802030907329, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice465038, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw114509570, openalexw1496509561, openalexw1535663436, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3208547338, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20110238,
    author = "Zelenitsky, Darla K. and Therrien, François and Ridgely, Ryan C. and McGee, Amanda and Witmer, Lawrence M.",
    title = "Evolution of olfaction in non-avian theropod dinosaurs and birds",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Little is known about the olfactory capabilities of extinct basal (non-neornithine) birds or the evolutionary changes in olfaction that occurred from non-avian theropods through modern birds. Although modern birds are known to have diverse olfactory capabilities, olfaction is generally considered to have declined during avian evolution as visual and vestibular sensory enhancements occurred in association with flight. To test the hypothesis that olfaction diminished through avian evolution, we assessed relative olfactory bulb size, here used as a neuroanatomical proxy for olfactory capabilities, in 157 species of non-avian theropods, fossil birds and living birds. We show that relative olfactory bulb size increased during non-avian maniraptoriform evolution, remained stable across the non-avian theropod/bird transition, and increased during basal bird and early neornithine evolution. From early neornithines through a major part of neornithine evolution, the relative size of the olfactory bulbs remained stable before decreasing in derived neoavian clades. Our results show that, rather than decreasing, the importance of olfaction actually increased during early bird evolution, representing a previously unrecognized sensory enhancement. The relatively larger olfactory bulbs of earliest neornithines, compared with those of basal birds, may have endowed neornithines with improved olfaction for more effective foraging or navigation skills, which in turn may have been a factor allowing them to survive the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0238",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2011.0238",
    openalex = "W2144479326",
    references = "doi101002ar20983, doi101016s0065345413600017, doi101038nature02706, doi101073pnas1006970107, doi101086284325, doi101093sysbio423265, doi101098rspb20090885, doi101111j155856461951tb02756x, doi101126science1157704, doi101126science2865440711, doi101136bjo592111c, doi1012019781420064452, doi1012060003009020042860001mptaso20co2, doi101242jeb002246, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi1023072407154, doi105860choice421568, larsson2000forebrain, openalexw2611511275, russell1969a"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0082000,
    author = "Field, Daniel J. and Lynner, Colton and Brown, C. E. and Darroch, Simon A.F.",
    title = "Skeletal Correlates for Body Mass Estimation in Modern and Fossil Flying Birds",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Scaling relationships between skeletal dimensions and body mass in extant birds are often used to estimate body mass in fossil crown-group birds, as well as in stem-group avialans. However, useful statistical measurements for constraining the precision and accuracy of fossil mass estimates are rarely provided, which prevents the quantification of robust upper and lower bound body mass estimates for fossils. Here, we generate thirteen body mass correlations and associated measures of statistical robustness using a sample of 863 extant flying birds. By providing robust body mass regressions with upper- and lower-bound prediction intervals for individual skeletal elements, we address the longstanding problem of body mass estimation for highly fragmentary fossil birds. We demonstrate that the most precise proxy for estimating body mass in the overall dataset, measured both as coefficient determination of ordinary least squares regression and percent prediction error, is the maximum diameter of the coracoid's humeral articulation facet (the glenoid). We further demonstrate that this result is consistent among the majority of investigated avian orders (10 out of 18). As a result, we suggest that, in the majority of cases, this proxy may provide the most accurate estimates of body mass for volant fossil birds. Additionally, by presenting statistical measurements of body mass prediction error for thirteen different body mass regressions, this study provides a much-needed quantitative framework for the accurate estimation of body mass and associated ecological correlates in fossil birds. The application of these regressions will enhance the precision and robustness of many mass-based inferences in future paleornithological studies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082000",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0082000",
    openalex = "W2047173031",
    references = "doi101016b9781483231426500124, doi101016jcretres200806007, doi101016jcub201209052, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101038nature02706, doi101038nature12424, doi101098rstb19890106, doi101111j14697580200800880x, doi101111j2041210x201000044x, doi101126science1061967, doi101126science2251499, doi1012019781420064452, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi1023072407154, doi105860choice435902"
}

@book{doi101525california97805202735280010001,
    title = "Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520273528.001.0001",
    doi = "10.1525/california/9780520273528.001.0001",
    openalex = "W2489708844",
    references = "doi101002jmor10406, doi101002jmor1051080103, doi101016s0753396903000053, doi101017s0952836904004844, doi10103835086650, doi101038nature03635, doi101038nature11264, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101098rsbl20090310, doi101098rspb20042829, doi101242jeb00841, doi101371journalpone0033539, doi1016710272463420030230373oocsta20co2, köhler2012seasonal"
}

@article{doi101007s0042701605392,
    author = "Klingenberg, Christian Peter",
    title = "Size, shape, and form: concepts of allometry in geometric morphometrics",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Development Genes and Evolution",
    abstract = "Allometry refers to the size-related changes of morphological traits and remains an essential concept for the study of evolution and development. This review is the first systematic comparison of allometric methods in the context of geometric morphometrics that considers the structure of morphological spaces and their implications for characterizing allometry and performing size correction. The distinction of two main schools of thought is useful for understanding the differences and relationships between alternative methods for studying allometry. The Gould-Mosimann school defines allometry as the covariation of shape with size. This concept of allometry is implemented in geometric morphometrics through the multivariate regression of shape variables on a measure of size. In the Huxley-Jolicoeur school, allometry is the covariation among morphological features that all contain size information. In this framework, allometric trajectories are characterized by the first principal component, which is a line of best fit to the data points. In geometric morphometrics, this concept is implemented in analyses using either Procrustes form space or conformation space (the latter also known as size-and-shape space). Whereas these spaces differ substantially in their global structure, there are also close connections in their localized geometry. For the model of small isotropic variation of landmark positions, they are equivalent up to scaling. The methods differ in their emphasis and thus provide investigators with flexible tools to address specific questions concerning evolution and development, but all frameworks are logically compatible with each other and therefore unlikely to yield contradictory results.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-016-0539-2",
    doi = "10.1007/s00427-016-0539-2",
    openalex = "W2314385552",
    references = "doi10100797814471034794, doi1010079781475790832, doi101016016953479390024j, doi101016c20100662092, doi101017cbo9780511573064, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101038114895a0, doi101080106351599260526, doi10108014786440109462720, doi101086404940, doi101109tpami200586, doi101111j1469185x1966tb01624x, doi101371journalpone0085574, doi1023072527939, doi1023072531616, doi1023072532725, doi1023072992387, openalexw1558456135, openalexw2032279931"
}

@article{doi101098rsbl20150947,
    author = "Hone, David W. E. and Farke, Andrew A. and Wedel, Matt",
    title = "Ontogeny and the fossil record: what, if anything, is an adult dinosaur?",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "Identification of the ontogenetic status of an extinct organism is complex, and yet this underpins major areas of research, from taxonomy and systematics to ecology and evolution. In the case of the non-avialan dinosaurs, at least some were reproductively mature before they were skeletally mature, and a lack of consensus on how to define an 'adult' animal causes problems for even basic scientific investigations. Here we review the current methods available to determine the age of non-avialan dinosaurs, discuss the definitions of different ontogenetic stages, and summarize the implications of these disparate definitions for dinosaur palaeontology. Most critically, a growing body of evidence suggests that many dinosaurs that would be considered 'adults' in a modern-day field study are considered 'juveniles' or 'subadults' in palaeontological contexts.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0947",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2015.0947",
    openalex = "W2279103404",
    references = "carr1999craniofacial, doi101007s0001501000242, doi101017pab201519, doi10103835086558, doi101038nature04633, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas1313334111, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011161, doi101080027246342010483632, doi101093sysbio24137, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101111j109636421997tb00340x, doi101111j15023931201100300x, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1016660094837320040300253chopom20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016690883135120010160482ttoaco20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, doi1016710390290119, doi1023071564148, erickson2014on, martinsander2006bone"
}

@article{doi101093jmammalgyz018,
    author = "Eldridge, Mark D. B. and Beck, Robin M. D. and Croft, Darin A. and Travouillon, Kenny J. and Fox, Barry J.",
    title = "An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria)",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of Mammalogy",
    abstract = "Marsupials and their fossil relatives, which collectively comprise Metatheria, have been of scientific interest for centuries, with many aspects of their evolution and systematics subject to intense research and debate. Here, we review progress over the last 25 years, which has included the description of many new species (modern and fossil), and major improvements in understanding of their phylogenetic relationships, as well as the overall evolutionary history and biogeography of Marsupialia (crown-clade) and Metatheria (total-clade). Significant advances have included the deployment of increasingly sophisticated molecular, morphological, and total evidence analyses, which have resolved most previously disputed relationships among and within the modern marsupial orders. A broad systematic consensus is now emerging, although several major areas of contention remain, particularly among fossil metatherians. New modern species continue to be described at an impressive rate, with almost 50 named in the last 25 years, and many more await discovery. There has also been an explosion in the discovery and description of fossil marsupials and non-marsupial metatherians (\textasciitilde 270 species), principally from Australasia and the Americas but also from Antarctica, Europe, and Asia. Most are represented by dental specimens only, but some consist of complete and well-preserved material, which has led to major improvements in our understanding of the evolution of cranial and postcranial morphology. Improvements in the fossil record and advances in methods for inferring divergence times have helped clarify when and where key events occurred in metatherian evolution, and the patterns of subclade diversification. We also have improved understanding of biogeographical relationships among metatherians on different landmasses. Despite enormous progress, numerous key uncertainties remain due to major gaps in the fossil record (e.g., Antarctica, Late Cretaceous, and early Paleogene of Australia) and a comparative lack of studies that directly combine molecular and fossil data. Future advances will largely depend on improvements in the fossil record and studies that better integrate neontological and paleontological evidence.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz018",
    doi = "10.1093/jmammal/gyz018",
    openalex = "W2945570396",
    references = "doi101038s415590170417y, doi101080027246342013827118"
}

@article{doi101038s41586022047706,
    author = "Wiemann, Jasmina and Menéndez, Iris and Crawford, Jason M. and Fabbri, Matteo and Gauthier, Jacques A. and Hull, Pincelli M. and Norell, Mark A. and Briggs, Derek E. G.",
    title = "Fossil biomolecules reveal an avian metabolism in the ancestral dinosaur",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04770-6",
    doi = "10.1038/s41586-022-04770-6",
    openalex = "W4281476349",
    references = "doi101093sysbiosyw033, doi101126sciadvaaw4486, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, erickson2014on"
}