@article{crossref1931arctic,
    title = "ARCTIC ICE AND ARCTIC CLIMATE",
    year = "1931",
    journal = "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-12.6-7.128c",
    doi = "10.1175/1520-0477-12.6-7.128c",
    number = "6-7",
    pages = "128c-129",
    volume = "12"
}

@article{crossref1972lawsuits,
    title = "LAWSUITS RAISE PRODUCER LIABILITY QUESTIONS",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Chemical \& Engineering News Archive",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v050n050.p002",
    doi = "10.1021/cen-v050n050.p002",
    number = "50",
    openalex = "W4248528111",
    pages = "2-3",
    volume = "50"
}

@article{doi1023073969913,
    author = "Dusheck, Jennie",
    title = "Arctic Dinosaurs Raise Questions",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Science News",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3969913",
    doi = "10.2307/3969913",
    openalex = "W2315919022"
}

@article{dusheck1985arctic,
    author = "Dusheck, J.",
    title = "Arctic Dinosaurs Raise Questions",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Science News",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3969913",
    doi = "10.2307/3969913",
    number = "9",
    openalex = "W2315919022",
    pages = "135",
    volume = "128"
}

@misc{dusheck1985arctic1,
    author = "Dusheck, J",
    title = "Arctic dinosaurs raise questions",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Science News, v. 128, p. 135",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dusheck, J., 1985, Arctic dinosaurs raise questions: Science News, v. 128, p. 135.}"
}

@misc{ashcraft1987ad,
    author = "Ashcraft, Jodi",
    title = "Ad policies raise questions",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "PsycEXTRA Dataset",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1037/e300002005-015",
    doi = "10.1037/e300002005-015",
    openalex = "W4212863712"
}

@article{doi10108002724634199810011066,
    author = "Chinsamy, Anusuya and Rich, Thomas H. and Vickers-Rich, Patricia",
    title = "Polar dinosaur bone histology",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT We report on the bone microstructure of a hypsilophodont and an ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous, Otway Group of Dinosaur Cove in south-eastern Australia, which at the time lay well within the Antarctic Circle. Although subjected to the same environmental conditions, the dinosaurs exhibit different bone histology. The hypsilophodontid shows a continuous rate of bone deposition, while the ornithomimosaur has a cyclical pattern of bone formation. We interpret these varying patterns of bone microstructure as a reflection of different growth strategies of these dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011066",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1998.10011066",
    openalex = "W2095513015",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000018862, doi1011300091761319930210503pioatv23co2, reid1984primary"
}

@article{doi105860choice353642,
    title = "Encyclopedia of dinosaurs",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Thematic Table of Contents. Contributors. A Guide to Using the Encyclopedia. Michael Crichton, Foreword. Preface. Dedication. F.E. Novas, Abelisauridae. L.L. Jacobs, African Dinosaurs. G. Erickson, Age Determination. A. Chinsamy, Albany K. Padian and J.R. Hutchinson, Allosauroidea. P. Dodson, American Dinosaurs. L. Dingus, American Museum of Natural History. K. Carpenter, Ankylosauria. J.M. Parrish, Archosauria. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padain, Arctometatarsalia. R.E. Molnar, Australasian Dinosaurs. L.M. Chiappe, Aves. The Editors, Avetheropoda. K. Padian, Avialae. H. Osmolska, Barun Goyot Formation. J.L. Sanz, Bastus Nesting Site. The Editors, Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Historical Geology. P. Currie, Bayan Mandahu. H. Osmolska, Bayn Dzak. J.R. Horner, Behavior. A. Chinsamy, Bernard Price Institute for Paleontological Research. J. Le Loeuff, Biogeography. R.M. Alexander, Biomechanics. R. Chapman, Biometrics. C. Trueman, Biomineralization. S.G. Lucas, Biostratigraphy. K. Padian, Bipedality. K. Padian, Bird Origins. B. Breithaupt, Bone Cabin Quarry. P. Currie, Braincase Anatomy. K. Padain and J.R. Hutchinson, Bullatosauria. M. Lockley, Cabo Espichel. J.S. Moratalla and J.L. Sanz, Cameros Basin Megatracksite. C. Coy, Canadian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Canon City. M. Lockley, Carenque. J.S. McIntosh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Carnosauria. J. Kirkland, Cedar Mountain Formation. M. Norell, Central Asiatic Expeditions. The Editors, Cerapoda. P. Dodson, Ceratopsia. T. Rowe, R. Tykoski, and J.R. Hutchinson, Ceratosauria. H. Bocherens, Chemical Composition of Dinosaur Fossils. D. Zhiming, Chinese Dinosaurs. J.M. Parrish, Chinle Formation. J.B. Smith, Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. D. Maxwell, Cloverly Formation. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Coelurosauria. M.J. Ryan and A.P. Russell, Color. B. Breithaupt, Como Bluff. R.E. Chapman and D.B. Weishampel, Computers and Related Technology. J. Wright, Connecticut River Valley. D.B. Weishampel, Constructional Morphology. K. Chin, Coprolites. L.M. Witmer, Craniofacial Air Sinus Systems. E-B. Koppelhus, Cretaceous Period. J.M. Clark, Crocodylia. W.A.S. Sarjeant, Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. B. Britt and K.L. Stadtman, Dalton Wells Quarry. A. Sahni, Deccan Basalt. The Editors, Deinonychosauria. K. Carpenter, Denver Museum of Natural History. C. Coy, Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Egg Historic Site. M.J. Ryan and M.K. Vickaryous, Diet. K. Padian, Dinosauria: Definition. D. Chure, Dinosaur National Monument. A.B. Arcucci, Dinosauromorpha. C. Coy, Dinosaur Provincial Park. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Ridge. Don Lesson, Dinosaur Society. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Valley. M. Lockley, Dinoturbation. P. Dodson, Distribution and Diversity. T. Jerzykiewicz, Djadokhta Formation. P.A. Murry and R.A. Long, Dockum Group. P. Currie, Dromaeosaridae. B. Britt and B.I. Curtice, Dry Mesa Quarry. M.J. Ryan, Dryosauridae. D.A. Eberth, Edmonton Group. J.R. Horner, Egg Mountain. K.E. Mikhailov, Eggs, Eggshells, and Nests. P. Currie, Elmisauridae. The Editors, Enantiornithes. P. Currie, Erenhot Dinosaur The Editors, Euornithopoda. E. Buffetaut, European Dinosaurs. J.D. Archibald, Evolution. J.D. Archibald, Extinction, Cretaceous. M.J. Benton, Extinction, Triassic. P. Guangzhao, Fabrosauridae. M. Lockley, Fatima. P. Currie, Feathered Dinosaurs. M. Lockley, Footprints and Trackways. Per Christiansen, Forelimbs and Hands. J.I. Kirkland, Fruita Paleontological Area. M.J. Ryan, Fruitland Formation. X-C. Wu, Functional Morphology. L. Claessens, Gastralia. D.D. Gillette, Gastroliths. The Editors, Genasauria. J.M. Parrish, Genetics. C.C. Swisher, Geologic Time. C. Coy, Ghost Ranch. K. Padian, Glen Canyon Group. D.A. Winkler, Glen Rose, Texas. P. Currie, Graduate Studies. D.J. Varricchio, Growth and Embryology. K. Padian, Growth Lines. C.A. Forster, Hadrosauridae. K.R. Johnson, Hell Creek Flora. D.F. Lofgren, Hell Creek Formation. F.E. Novas, Herrerasauridae. J.A. Long and K.J. McNamara, Heterochrony. J.B. Smith, Heterodontosauridae. Per Christiansen, Hind Limbs and Feet. R.E.H. Reid, Histology of Bones and Teeth. W.A.S. Sarjeant, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Early Discoveries. B. Breithaupt, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: First Golden Period. E. Buffetaut, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Quiet Times. L. Psihoyos, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Research Today. B. Breithaupt, Howe Quarry. H-D. Sues, Hypsilophodontidae. C.A. Forster, Iguanodontidae. A. Sahni, Indian Dinosaurs. The Editors, Institute de Paleontologie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. D. Zhiming, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China. D.A. Russell, Intelligence. R.R. Rogers, Ischigualasto Formation. Y. Azuma and Y. Tamida, Japanese Dinosaurs. D.A. Eberth, Judith River Wedge. D. Lessem and M. Schweitzer, Jurassic Park. P. Dodson, Jurassic Period. H. Haubold, Keuper Formation. M. Lockley, Khodja-Pil-Ata. M.J. Ryan, Kirtland Formation. A. Sahni, Lameta Formation. B. Breithaupt, Lance Formation. S.G. Lucas, Land-Mammal Ages. B.P. Perez-Moreno and J.L. Sanz, Las Hoyas. V.L. Santucci, Legislation Protecting Dinosaur Fossils. D.B. Weishampel, Life History. M. Lockley, Lommiswil. E. Frey and J. Martin, Long Necks of Sauropods. D. Zhiming, Lufeng. K. Padian, Maniraptora. K. Padian, Maniraptoriformes. The Editors, Marginocephalia. K. Padian, Megalosaurus. M. Lockley, Megatracksites. K. Padian, Mesozoic Era. H-D. Sues, Mesozoic Faunas. J. Basinger, Mesozoic Floras. R. Hernandez-Rivera, Mexican Dinosaurs. J.A. Schiebout, Microvertebrate Sites. M.J. Ryan, Middle Asian Dinosaurs. G.S. Paul, Migration. R. Barsbold, Mongolian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Morrison Formation. J.M. Parrish, Musculature. J. Le Loeuff, Musee des Dinosaures, Esperaza, Aude, France. The Editors, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. D.K. Smith, Museum of Earth Science, Brigham Young University. M. Schweitzer, Museum of the Rockies. D. Chure, Museums and Displays. A. Chinsamy, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa. P. Davis, Natual History Museum, London. H. Osmolska, Nemegt Formation. P. Dodson, Neoceratopsia. The Editors, Neotetanurae. H-D. Sues, Newark Supergroup. K. Padian, Origin of Dinosaurs. L.B. Tatarinov, Orlov Museum of Paleontology. M.K. Vickaryous and M.J. Ryan, Ornamentation. K. Padian, Ornithischia. K. Padian, Ornithodira. H. Osmolska, Ornithomimosauria. The Editors, Ornithopoda. K. Padian, Ornithosuchia. R. Barsbold, Oviraptorosauria. J.B. Smith, Oxford Clay. H-D. Sues, Pachycephalosauria. H. Haubold, Paleoclimatology. P. Dodson, Paleoecology. J.F. Lerbekmo, Paleomagnetic Correlation. E.A. Buchholtz, Paleoneurology. P.J. Currie, Paleontogical Museum, Ulaan Baatar. P. Davis, Paleontology. D.H. Tanke and B.M. Rothschild, Paleopathology. K. Padian, Pectoral Girdle. D. Rasskin-Gutman, Pelvis, Comparative Anatomy. C. Trueman, Permineralization. J.M. Parrish, Petrified Forest. K. Padian, Phylogenetic System. K. Padian, Phylogeny of Dinosaurs. K. Padian, Physiology. B. Tiffney, Plants and Dinosaurs. E. Hoch, Plate Tectonics. T.H. Rich, R.A. Gangloff, and W.R. Hammer, Polar Dinosaurs. H. Osmolska, Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. D.F. Glut, Popular Culture, Literature. P. Makovicky, Postcranial Axial Skeleton. B. Britt, Postcranial Pneumaticity. R.E. Molnar, Problems with the Fossil Record. P. Upchurch, Prosauropoda. P. Davis, Pseudofossils. K. Padian, Pseudosuchia. P. Sereno, Psittacosauridae. K. Padian, Pterosauria. K. Padian, Pterosauromopha. M. Lockney, Purgatoire. K. Padian, Quadrupedality. D.A. Eberth, Radiometric Dating. P. Currie, Raptors. S.J. Czerkas, Reconstruction and Restoration. G.S. Paul, Reproductive Behavior and Rates. M.J. Benton, Reptiles. J. Wright, Rocky Hill Dinosaur Park. H-D. Sues, Royal Ontario B.G. Naylor, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. M. Lockley, Samcheonpo. K. Padian, Saurischia. J.S. McIntosh, Sauropoda. P. Upchurch, Sauropodomorpha. P. Currie, Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project. P. Currie, Sino-Soviet Expeditions. N.J. Mateer, Sino-Swedish Expeditions. E.H. Colbert, Size. R.M. Alexander, Size and Scaling. K. Padian, Skeletal Structures. S.A. Czerkas, Skin. The Editors, Skull, Comparative Anatomy. M.K. Brett-Surman, Smithsonian Institution. H. Haubold, Solnhofen Formation. A. Chinsamy, South African F.E. Novas, South American Dinosaurs. E. Buffetaut, Southeast Asian Dinosaurs. C. Coy, Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. J.D. Archibald, Speciation. J.D. Archibald, Species. A. Milner, Spinosauridae and Baryonychidae. The Editors, State Museum for Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany. K. Padian, Staurikosauridae. P. Galton, Stegosauria. X-C. Wu and A.P. Russell, Systematics. A.R. Fiorillo, Taphonomy. P.M. Sander, Teeth and Jaws. G. Maier, Tendaguru. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Tetanurae. K. Padian, Thecodontia. D.A. Russell, Therizinosauria. P.J. Currie, Theropoda. K. Carpenter, Thyreophora. A.R. Jacobsen, Tooth Marks. G.M. Erickson, Tooth Replacement Patterns. W.L. Abler, Tooth Serrations in Carnivorous Dinosaurs. A.R. Fiorillo and D.B. Weishampel, Tooth Wear. K. Padian, Trace Fossils. J.M. Parrish, Triassic Period. D.J. Varricchio, Troodontidae. J.O. Farlow, Trophic Groups. D.B. Weishampel, Trossingen. R.R. Rogers, Two Medicine Formation. K. Carpenter, Tyrannosauridae. M. Norell, Ukhaa Tolgod. The Editors, University of California Museum of Paleontology. S.D. Sampson and M.J. Ryan, Variation. M.J. Benton, Vertebrata. P. Davis, Vertebrate Paleontology. G.M. Erickson, Von Ebner Incremental Growth Lines. D. Norman, Wealden Group. J.R. Horner, Willow Creek Anticline. M.A. Turner, Yale Peabody D. Zhiming, Zigong Museum. Resources. Index.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    openalex = "W647458292"
}

@article{doi1010800891296021000037327,
    author = "Fiorillo, Anthony R. and Gangloff, Roland A.",
    title = "The Caribou Migration Model for Arctic Hadrosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia): A Reassessment",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    abstract = {The recovery of abundant dinosaur fossils from high paleolatitudes of northern Alaska has raised some hard questions in relation to any available model of dinosaur physiology. To explain the occurrence of hadrosaurs at high ancient latitudes, a model involving long-distance migration analogous to that of the modern caribou has been proposed. The model calls for seasonal movements over great latitudinal distances by these Cretaceous hadrosaurs. This model is reassessed in terms of the growth, body sizes, and inferred physiological ecology of the hadrosaurs and the caribou. Histological data suggest that juvenile hadrosaurs obtained from northern Alaska were greater than 1 year in age. Comparison of the relative sizes of juvenile and adult hadrosaurs with juvenile and adult caribou suggests, based on qualitative energetics, that the juvenile hadrosaurs were too small to participate in long-distance migration. The "hadrosaurs as caribou" model provides clues to the feeding ecology of North Slope hadrosaurs, if they are reinterpreted as year-round residents of high latitudes. However, it does not constitute a satisfactory basis on which to infer long-distance seasonal migrations by these animals.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/0891296021000037327",
    doi = "10.1080/0891296021000037327",
    openalex = "W2083771757",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000018862"
}

@article{doi1016710272463420000200675ttftpc20co2,
    author = "Fiorillo, Anthony R. and Gangloff, Roland A.",
    title = "Theropod teeth from the Prince Creek Formation (Cretaceous) of northern Alaska, with speculations on Arctic Dinosaur paleoecology",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Theropod teeth are taxonomically diagnostic components of dinosaur assemblages. Seventy teeth have been recovered from six different localities in the Kogosukruk Tongue of the Prince Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of the North Slope of Alaska. This assemblage of teeth shows slightly less diversity compared to well documented assemblages of teeth from the slightly older Judith River Formation of south-central Montana, the Aguja Formation of west Texas, and the Hell Creek Formation of eastern Montana. In addition, in contrast to the Judith River Formation assemblage of teeth in south-central Montana, the teeth assigned to Troodon dominated the Alaskan assemblage. The dominance of Troodon is attributed to adaptation by this theropod to low light conditions while overwintering at a high paleolatitude.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0675:ttftpc]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0675:ttftpc]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2142364154",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000018862, doi10108002724634199210011475"
}

@misc{damas2002arctic,
    author = "Damas, David",
    title = "Arctic Migrants/Arctic Villagers",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt809qt",
    doi = "10.2307/j.ctt809qt"
}

@article{doi101017s1477201903001007,
    author = "Yates, Adam M.",
    title = "A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Synopsis Juvenile sauropodomorph specimens from a Late Triassic/Early Jurassic fissure fill in Pant‐y‐ffynnon Quarry, South Wales are redescribed and named as a new species, Thecodontosaurus caducus. T. caducus can be diagnosed by the presence of pleurocoel‐like pits on the neurocentral sutures of the sixth, seventh and eighth cervical vertebrae. It is further distinguished from the type species of the genus, T. antiquus, by the primitive shape of its proximal humerus and ilium. Data from this specimen are incorporated into a cladistic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships. It is found that Thecodontosaurus is basal to all other sauropodomorphs, with the exception of Saturnalia from the late Carnian of Brazil. As such Thecodontosaurus is a key taxon, with a novel combination of characters that has important implications for early dinosaur phylogenetics. Thecodontosaurus provides evidence that ‘prosauropods’ are paraphyletic with respect to Sauropoda and that Herrera‐sauridae lies outside the clade containing Sauropodomorpha + Theropoda.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201903001007",
    doi = "10.1017/s1477201903001007",
    openalex = "W2118203199",
    references = "doi101007bf02985709, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi101093sysbio24137, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105962bhlpart22965, openalexw1585246501"
}

@article{doi101046j1365294x200301731x,
    author = "Abbott, Richard J. and Brochmann, Christian",
    title = "History and evolution of the arctic flora: in the footsteps of Eric Hultén",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Molecular Ecology",
    abstract = "A major contribution to our initial understanding of the origin, history and biogeography of the present-day arctic flora was made by Eric Hultén in his landmark book Outline of the History of Arctic and Boreal Biota during the Quarternary Period, published in 1937. Here we review recent molecular and fossil evidence that has tested some of Hultén's proposals. There is now excellent fossil, molecular and phytogeographical evidence to support Hultén's proposal that Beringia was a major northern refugium for arctic plants throughout the Quaternary. In contrast, most molecular evidence fails to support his proposal that contemporary east and west Atlantic populations of circumarctic and amphi-Atlantic species have been separated throughout the Quaternary. In fact, populations of these species from opposite sides of the Atlantic are normally genetically very similar, thus the North Atlantic does not appear to have been a strong barrier to their dispersal during the Quaternary. Hultén made no detailed proposals on mechanisms of speciation in the Arctic; however, molecular studies have confirmed that many arctic plants are allopolyploid, and some of them most probably originated during the Holocene. Recurrent formation of polyploids from differentiated diploid or more low-ploid populations provides one explanation for the intriguing taxonomic complexity of the arctic flora, also noted by Hultén. In addition, population fragmentation during glacial periods may have lead to the formation of new sibling species at the diploid level. Despite the progress made since Hultén wrote his book, there remain large gaps in our knowledge of the history of the arctic flora, especially about the origins of the founding stocks of this flora which first appeared in the Arctic at the end of the Pliocene (approximately 3 Ma). Comprehensive analyses of the molecular phylogeography of arctic taxa and their relatives together with detailed fossil studies are required to fill these gaps.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01731.x",
    doi = "10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01731.x",
    openalex = "W2034051020",
    references = "doi101016s0169534799016389, doi101016s1360138598013272, doi10103835016000, doi101046j1365294x199800289x, doi101046j1365294x199800319x, doi101073pnas97137051, doi101111j109583121996tb01434x, doi101126science1059412, doi101126science2875451269, doi107208chicago97802261597130010001, doi107208chicago97802266680930010001"
}

@article{fiorillo2004the,
    author = "Fiorillo, Anthony R.",
    title = "The Dinosaurs of Arctic Alaska",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Scientific American",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1204-84",
    doi = "10.1038/scientificamerican1204-84",
    number = "6",
    openalex = "W2001396577",
    pages = "84-91",
    volume = "291"
}

@article{doi101017s1477201907002271,
    author = "Butler, Richard J. and Upchurch, Paul and Norman, David",
    title = "The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Synopsis Ornithischia is a familiar and diverse clade of dinosaurs whose global phylogeny has remained largely unaltered since early cladistic analyses in the mid 1980s. Current understanding of ornithischian evolution is hampered by a paucity of explicitly numerical phylogenetic analyses that consider the entire clade. As a result, it is difficult to assess the robustness of current phylogenetic hypotheses for Ornithischia and the effect that the addition of new taxa or characters is likely to have on the overall topology of the clade. The new phylogenetic analysis presented here incorporates a range of new basal taxa and characters in an attempt to rigorously test global ornithischian phylogeny. Parsimony analysis is carried out with 46 taxa and 221 characters. Although the strict component consensus tree shows poor resolution in a number of areas, application of reduced consensus methods provides a well‐resolved picture of ornithischian interrelationships. Surprisingly, Heterodontosauridae is placed as the most basal group of all well‐known ornithischians, phylogenetically distant from a stem‐defined Ornithopoda, creating a topology that is more congruent with the known ornithischian stratigraphical record. There is no evidence for a monophyletic ‘Fabrosauridae’, and Lesothosaurus (the best‐known ‘fabrosaur') occupies an unusual position as the most basal member of Thyreophora. Other relationships within Thyreophora remain largely stable. The primitive thyreophoran Scelidosaurus is the sister taxon of Eurypoda (stegosaurs and ankylosaurs), rather than a basal ankylosaur as implied by some previous studies. The taxonomic content of Ornithopoda differs significantly from previous analyses and basal relationships within the clade are weakly supported, requiring further investigation. ‘Hypsilopho‐dontidae’ is paraphyletic, with some taxa (Agilisaurus, Hexinlusaurus, Othnielia) placed outside of Ornithopoda as non‐cerapodans. Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria are monophyletic and are united as Marginocephalia; however, the stability of these clades is reduced by a number of poorly preserved basal taxa. This analysis reaffirms much of the currently accepted ornithischian topology. Nevertheless, instability in the position and content of several clades (notably Heterodontosauridae and Ornithopoda) indicates that considerable future work on ornithischian phylogeny is required and causes problems for several current phylogenetic definitions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201907002271",
    doi = "10.1017/s1477201907002271",
    openalex = "W2107074601",
    references = "doi101007bf00377897, doi101007bf02988144, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101038248168a0, doi10108002724634198310011956, doi10108002724634198510011859, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108008912960600719988, doi101086273307, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rspb20043047, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19650003, doi101111j109636421998tb02533x, doi101111j155856461988tb02497x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science2562999, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi10120600030082200635301ydanpc20co2, doi1015259780520941434, doi1015468gbdyof, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023072408870, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105479si00963801361666197, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, openalexw1535663436, openalexw1574544995, openalexw225597919, openalexw2310875238, openalexw2603335639, openalexw2894525608, openalexw3215057009, openalexw616953834, owen2015monograph, padian1989presence"
}

@book{doi1011399780660198194,
    author = "Currie, Philip J. and Langston, Wann and Tanke, Darren H.",
    title = "A New Horned Dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous Bone Bed in Alberta",
    year = "2008",
    booktitle = "Canadian Science Publishing eBooks",
    abstract = "October 1, 2008, Philip J. Currie, Wann Langston, Jr., and Darren H. Tanke unveiled for the first time the name of a newly discovered horned dinosaur species.In the first monographic treatment of a horned (ceratopsid) dinosaur in almost a century, this monumental volume presents one of the closest looks at the anatomy, relationships, growth and variation, behavior, ecology and other biological aspects of a single dinosaur species. The research, which was conducted over two decades, was possible because of the discovery of a densely packed bone bed near Grande Prairie, Alberta. The locality has produced abundant remains of a new species of horned dinosaur (ceratopsian), and parts of at least 27 individual animals were recovered.This new species of Pachyrhinosaurus is closely related to Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis, which is known from younger rocks near Drumheller and Lethbridge in southern Alberta, but is a smaller animal with many differences in the ornamental spikes and bumps on the skull. The adults of both species have massive bosses of bone in the positions where other horned dinosaurs (like Centrosaurus and Triceratops) have horns. However, juveniles of the new species resemble juveniles of Centrosaurus in having horns rather than bosses. Skull anatomy undergoes remarkable changes during growth and the horns over the nose and eyes of the Pachyrhinosaurus juveniles transform into bosses; spikes and horns develop on the top of and at the back of the frill that extends back over the neck. No cause has been determined for the apparent catastrophic death of the herd of Pachyrhinosaurus from the Grande Prairie area, but it has been suggested that such herds may have been migratory animals.In addition to the main descriptive paper, the volume includes information on the distribution of bones within the bone bed itself, and a cutting-edge digital treatment of CT-scan data of the fossils to reveal the anatomy of the animal's brain!See below to view the Pachyrhinosaurus braincase, fading away to reveal the brain within. Courtesy of Witmer \& Ridgely, Ohio University.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/9780660198194",
    doi = "10.1139/9780660198194",
    openalex = "W2343378821"
}

@article{doi101073pnas0904000106,
    author = "McNab, Brian K.",
    title = "Resources and energetics determined dinosaur maximal size",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Some dinosaurs reached masses that were approximately 8 times those of the largest, ecologically equivalent terrestrial mammals. The factors most responsible for setting the maximal body size of vertebrates are resource quality and quantity, as modified by the mobility of the consumer, and the vertebrate's rate of energy expenditure. If the food intake of the largest herbivorous mammals defines the maximal rate at which plant resources can be consumed in terrestrial environments and if that limit applied to dinosaurs, then the large size of sauropods occurred because they expended energy in the field at rates extrapolated from those of varanid lizards, which are approximately 22\% of the rates in mammals and 3.6 times the rates of other lizards of equal size. Of 2 species having the same energy income, the species that uses the most energy for mass-independent maintenance of necessity has a smaller size. The larger mass found in some marine mammals reflects a greater resource abundance in marine environments. The presumptively low energy expenditures of dinosaurs potentially permitted Mesozoic communities to support dinosaur biomasses that were up to 5 times those found in mammalian herbivores in Africa today. The maximal size of predatory theropods was approximately 8 tons, which if it reflected the maximal capacity to consume vertebrates in terrestrial environments, corresponds in predatory mammals to a maximal mass less than a ton, which is what is observed. Some coelurosaurs may have evolved endothermy in association with the evolution of feathered insulation and a small mass.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904000106",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.0904000106",
    openalex = "W2133871943",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000018862, doi101666080251"
}

@article{doi101080089129632010500379,
    author = "Varricchio, David J.",
    title = "A distinct dinosaur life history?",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    abstract = "Five factors, mobile terrestrial lifestyle, oviparity, parental care, multi-year maturation and juvenile sociality, contribute to a distinct life history for Mesozoic dinosaurs in comparison to extant archosaurs and mammals. Upright, para-sagittal gait reflects several synapomorphies of Dinosauria, and wide histological sampling suggests that multi-year maturation typified dinosaurs across a range of body sizes. Fossil support for juvenile sociality exceeds that for either oviparity or parental care. Implications of these factors include temporal segregation of adults for an extended, perhaps months-long reproductive cycle; spatial separation of adults and perhaps hatchlings to suitable nesting sites; increased likelihood for territoriality; reduced potential for long migrations; intraspecific niche segregation by age; population and community structure and macroevolutionary patterns. Fossil evidence for oviparity, parental care and juvenile sociality consists of combinations of adults, juveniles, embryos, eggs or traces and emphasises the importance of bonebeds and taphonomy in understanding dinosaur life-history strategies. Oviparity and parental care, predicted for dinosaurs by their extant phylogenetic bracket, have the least fossil support and cautions against overextending parsimonious interpretations to extinct taxa with the risk of obscuring novel or intermediate behaviours. Given the great diversity of Mesozoic dinosaurs, the proposed life history is hypothesised to represent only a general tendency.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2010.500379",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2010.500379",
    openalex = "W1998041136",
    references = "doi101002ar20991, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101017s0022336000018862, doi10108002724634199910011125, doi10108008912960903450505, doi101111j15023931200900187x, reid1984primary"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x201000137x,
    author = "Sander, P. Martin and Christian, Andreas and Clauß, Marcus and Fechner, Regina and Gee, Carole T. and Griebeler, Eva-Maria and Gunga, Hanns‐Christian and Hummel, Jürgen and Mallison, Heinrich and Perry, Steven F. and Preuschoft, Holger and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Remes, Kristian and Tütken, Thomas and Wings, Oliver and Witzel, U.",
    title = "Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "The herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were the largest terrestrial animals ever, surpassing the largest herbivorous mammals by an order of magnitude in body mass. Several evolutionary lineages among Sauropoda produced giants with body masses in excess of 50 metric tonnes by conservative estimates. With body mass increase driven by the selective advantages of large body size, animal lineages will increase in body size until they reach the limit determined by the interplay of bauplan, biology, and resource availability. There is no evidence, however, that resource availability and global physicochemical parameters were different enough in the Mesozoic to have led to sauropod gigantism.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x",
    openalex = "W2090710319",
    references = "amiot2006oxygen, christiansen2004mass, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jez513, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101017s1464793101005735, doi101021j150446a008, doi101038262207a0, doi101038344858a0, doi10103835086558, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas251548698, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421985tb00871x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science1118806, doi101139e93176, doi101146annurevecolsys36102003152631, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101242jeb029009, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi1015159781400881376, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1023072407154, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi10560219780801881206, doi105860choice271523, doi105860choice304997, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice490282, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw114509570, openalexw1504554173, openalexw1534857865, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1585246501, openalexw1607828269, openalexw2318111898, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2983381470, openalexw3015256845, openalexw575222456, seymour1976dinosaurs"
}

@article{kingsley2010arctic,
    author = "Kingsley, Michael C.S.",
    title = "'Arctic' or 'arctic'?",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "ARCTIC",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic442",
    doi = "10.14430/arctic442",
    number = "3",
    volume = "58"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0016574,
    author = "Horner, John R. and Goodwin, Mark B. and Myhrvold, Nathan",
    title = "Dinosaur Census Reveals Abundant Tyrannosaurus and Rare Ontogenetic Stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: A dinosaur census recorded during the Hell Creek Project (1999-2009) incorporates multiple lines of evidence from geography, taphohistory, stratigraphy, phylogeny and ontogeny to investigate the relative abundance of large dinosaurs preserved in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of northeastern Montana, USA. Overall, the dinosaur skeletal assemblages in the Hell Creek Formation (excluding lag-influenced records) consist primarily of subadult or small adult size individuals. Small juveniles and large adults are both extremely rare, whereas subadult individuals are relatively common. We propose that mature individuals of at least some dinosaur taxa either lived in a separate geographic locale analogous to younger individuals inhabiting an upland environment where sedimentation rates were relatively less, or these taxa experienced high mortality before reaching terminal size where late stage and often extreme cranial morphology is expressed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Tyrannosaurus skeletons are as abundant as Edmontosaurus, an herbivore, in the upper Hell Creek Formation and nearly twice as common in the lower third of the formation. Smaller, predatory dinosaurs (e.g., Troodon and dromaeosaurids) are primarily represented by teeth found in microvertebrate localities and their skeletons or identifiable lag specimens were conspicuously absent. This relative abundance suggests Tyrannosaurus was not a typical predator and likely benefited from much wider food choice opportunities than exclusively live prey and/or specific taxa. Tyrannosaurus adults may not have competed with Tyrannosaurus juveniles if the potential for selecting carrion increased with size during ontogeny. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Triceratops is the most common dinosaur and isolated skulls contribute to a significant portion of this census. Associated specimens of Triceratops consisting of both cranial and postcranial elements remain relatively rare. This rarity may be explained by a historical collecting bias influenced by facies and taphonomic factors. The limited discovery of postcranial elements may also depend on how extensive a fossil quarry is expanded after a skull is collected.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016574",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0016574",
    openalex = "W1982210430",
    references = "carr1999craniofacial, doi101038282296a0, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101080027246342010483632, doi101098rspb20042829, doi101371journalpone0007626, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023072404970, openalexw1550433756"
}

@misc{crossref2012arctic,
    title = "Arctic and Arctic Ocean",
    year = "2012",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Global Warming \& Climate Change",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218564.n35",
    doi = "10.4135/9781452218564.n35"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0032623,
    author = "Longrich, Nicholas R. and Field, Daniel J.",
    title = "Torosaurus Is Not Triceratops: Ontogeny in Chasmosaurine Ceratopsids as a Case Study in Dinosaur Taxonomy",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Torosaurus is a distinct genus of horned dinosaur, not the adult of Triceratops. Our method provides a framework for assessing the hypothesis of synonymy through ontogeny in the fossil record.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032623",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0032623",
    openalex = "W1998325629",
    references = "doi1010160021929082900926, doi1010160021929082902469, doi101038nature02699, doi101038nature04633, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101080027246342010483632, doi101080089129632012688589, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101111j10963642200600232x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101371journalpone0007626, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi10167102724634200828134ooceit20co2, doi1016710390290119, openalexw597685939"
}

@article{feltonucker2012rare,
    author = "Feltonucker, Richard",
    title = "Rare earths raise questions",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Metal Powder Report",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(12)70097-8",
    doi = "10.1016/s0026-0657(12)70097-8",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2081243194",
    pages = "4",
    volume = "67"
}

@book{openalexw1585246501,
    author = "Farlow, James O. and Brett-Surman, Michael K.",
    title = "The Complete Dinosaur",
    year = "2012",
    booktitle = "Opus: Research \& Creativity (Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne)",
    abstract = "PREFACE: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman PART ONE: THE DISCOVERY OF DINOSAURS The Earliest Discoveries: William A. S. Sarjeant European Dinosaur Hunters: Hans-Dieter Sues North American Dinosaur Hunters: Edwin H. Colbert Asian Dinosaur Hunters: John R. Lavas Dinosaur Hunters of the Southern Continents: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. PART TWO: THE STUDY OF DINOSAURS Hunting for Dinosaur Bones: David D. Gillette The Osteology of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K.Brett-Surman The Taxonomy and Systematics of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K. Brett-Surman Dinosaurs and Geologic Time: James O. Farlow The Scientific Study of Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Chapman Molecular Paleontology: Rationale and Techniques for the Study of Ancient Biomolecules: Mary Higby Schweitzer Dinosaurs as Museum Exhibits: Kenneth Carpenter Restoring Dinosaurs as Living Animals: Douglas Henderson PART THREE: THE GROUPS OF DINOSAURS Introduction: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman Politics and Paleontology: Richard Owen and the Invention of Dinosaurs: Hugh Torrens Evolution of the Archosaurs: J. Michael Parrish Origin and Early Evolution of Dinosaurs: Michael J. Benton Theropods: Philip J. Currie Segnosaurs (Therezinosaurs): Teresa Maryanska Prosauropods: Jacques VanHeerden Sauropods: John S. McIntosh, M. K. Brett-Surman, and James O. Farlow Stegosaurs: Peter M. Galton Ankylosaurs: Kenneth Carpenter Marginocephalians: Catherine A. Forster and Paul C. Sereno Ornithopods: M. K. Brett-Surman PART FOUR: BIOLOGY OF THE DINOSAURS Land Plants as Food and Habitat in the Age of Dinosaurs: Bruce H. Tiffney What Did Dinosaurs Eat? Coprolites and Other Direct Evidence of Dinosaur Diets: Karen Chin Dinosaur Combat and Courtship: Scott Sampson Dinosaur Eggs: Karl F. Hirsch and Darla K. Zelenitsky How Dinosaurs Grew: R. E. H. Reid Engineering a Dinosaur: R. McN. Alexander Dinosaurian Paleopathology: Bruce M. Rothschild Dinosaurian Physiology: the Case for Intermediate Dinosaurs: R. E. H. Reid Oxygen Isotopes in Dinosaur Bone: Reese E. Barrick, Michael K. Stoskopf, and William J. Showers A Blueprint for Giants: Do Living Reptiles, Birds or Mammals Provide the Best Model for the Physiology of Large Dinosaurs? Frank V. Paladino, James R. Spotila, and Peter Dodson New Insights into the Metabolic Physiology of Dinosaurs: John Ruben, Andrew Leitch, Willem Hillenius, Nicholas Geist, and Terry Jones The Scientific Study of Dinosaur Footprints: James O. Farlow and Ralph E. Chapman The Paleoecological and Paleoenvironmental Utility of Dinosaur Tracks: Martin G. Lockley PART FIVE: DINOSAUR EVOLUTION IN THE CHANGING WORLD OF THE MESOZOIC ERA Biogeography for Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Molnar Major Groups of Non-Dinosaurian Vertebrates of the Mesozoic Era: Michael Morales Continental Tetrapods of the Early Mesozoic: Faunas and Faunal Changes: Hans-Dieter Sues Dinosaurian Faunas of the Later Mesozoic: Dale A. Russell and Jose F. Bonaparte The Extinction of the Dinosaurs: A Dialogue Between a Catastrophist and a Gradualist: Dale A. Russell and Peter Dodson PART SIX: DINOSAURS AND THE MEDIA Dinosaurs and the Media: Donald F. Glut and M. K. Brett-Surman APPENDIX: A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF DINOSAUR PALEONTOLOGY: M. K. Brett-Surman GLOSSARY CONTRIBUTORS INDEX",
    openalex = "W1585246501",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, chinsamy1998polar, deklerk2000a, doi101002ar20982, doi101002ara10097, doi101002jmor10406, doi101007s0011400804883, doi1010160031018291900605, doi1010160034666781900695, doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101016jepsl200801015, doi101016jpalaeo201002025, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017s0022336000018862, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101017s0094837300016900, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101038262207a0, doi101038307360a0, doi10103832884, doi101038359117a0, doi101038362709a0, doi101038368196a0, doi101038nature03635, doi101038nature10906, doi101046j14401738200300386x, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108002724634199910011125, doi10108008912960903503345, doi10108010420940802471027, doi101086284406, doi101086422766, doi101098rspb20060443, doi101111j10963642200600245x, doi101111j10963642200900631x, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101126science1157704, doi101126science1180219, doi101126science172397867, doi101126science24248841403, doi101126science27352791204, doi101127njgpm19831983141, doi1011300091761319930210503pioatv23co2, doi101130g23452a1, doi101130spe40p1, doi101144001676492006032, doi101144gslsp20042280106, doi101146annurevearth040610133502, doi101146annurevearth28119, doi101146annurevgenet37110801143214, doi10120600030082200635301ydanpc20co2, doi1012066391, doi101353book59141, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi1016660094837320000260450fpindi20co2, doi1016660094837320050310291teafot20co2, doi1016690883135120030180286rpoumt20co2, doi1016710272463420020220593cvancf20co2, doi1016710272463420020220766tehits20co2, doi101671a11168, doi102110palo2007p07070r, doi1023071445147, doi1023073514548, doi102475ajss425149387, doi104202app20080049, doi105281zenodo13315375, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105281zenodo3739898, doi105962p339375, fiorillo2004the, jacobsen1998feeding, lehman1987late, nelson1980counts, openalexw1550095290, openalexw1558456135, openalexw2163397885, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2506868775, pontzer2009biomechanics, russell2002synopsis, seymour1976dinosaurs, sloan1986gradual, stevens2006binocular, witmer1991biomechanics, woodward1910on"
}

@article{doi101111jzo12035,
    author = "Hone, David W. E. and Naish, Darren",
    title = "The ‘species recognition hypothesis’ does not explain the presence and evolution of exaggerated structures in non‐avialan dinosaurs",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "Abstract The hypothesis that the exaggerated structures in various non‐avialan dinosaurs (e.g. horns, crests, plates) primarily functioned in species recognition, allowing individuals of a species to recognize one another, is critically examined. While multifunctionality for many such structures is probable given extant analogues, invoking species recognition as the primary selective mechanism driving the evolution of such structures is problematic given the lack of evidence for this in extant species. Furthermore, some of the evidence presented does not support the hypothesis as claimed or is equivocal or erroneous. Suggestions that certain evolutionary patterns of diversification in these exaggerated structures are indicative of a role in species recognition are unreliable, as both a degree of phylogenetic directionality and of randomness are seen in extant species where similar structures function in sexual selection. Claims that an absence of sexual dimorphism in the exaggerated structures of non‐avialan dinosaurs rule against a role in sexual selection ignores the possible existence of mutual sexual selection and is also sometimes limited in view of sample sizes. The suggestion that the existence of species recognition is supported by the presence of exaggerated structures in sympatric, closely related relatives is also erroneous because adorned dinosaur species sometimes exist in the absence of unadorned relatives. We conclude that species recognition was not the evolutionary mechanism most likely to be driving the appearance and persistence of exaggerated structures in non‐avialan dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12035",
    doi = "10.1111/jzo.12035",
    openalex = "W1509409920",
    references = "doi101371journalpone0032623, doi104202app20110033, doi107717peerj36"
}

@article{doi101139cjes20120185,
    author = "Eberth, David A. and Evans, David C. and Brinkman, Donald B. and Therrien, François and Tanke, Darren H. and Russell, Loris S.",
    title = "Dinosaur biostratigraphy of the Edmonton Group (Upper Cretaceous), Alberta, Canada: evidence for climate influence",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "A high-resolution biostratigraphic analysis of 287 dinosaurian macrofossils and 138 bonebeds in the Edmonton Group (Upper Cretaceous) of southern Alberta provides evidence for at least three dinosaurian assemblage zones in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (HCFm). From bottom to top the zones comprise unique assemblages of ornithischians and are named as follows: (1) Edmontosaurus regalis – Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis (lower zone); (2) Hypacrosaurus altispinus – Saurolophus osborni (middle zone); and (3) Eotriceratops xerinsularis (upper zone). Whereas the lower and middle zones are well defined and based on abundant specimens, the validity of the uppermost zone (E. xerinsularis) is tentative because it is based on a single specimen and the absence of dinosaur taxa from lower in section. The transition from the lower to the middle zone coincides with the replacement of a warm-and-wet saturated deltaic setting by a cooler, coastal-plain landscape, characterized by seasonal rainfall and better-drained substrates. Whereas changes in rainfall and substrate drainage appear to have influenced the faunal change, changes in mean annual temperature and proximity to shoreline appear to have had little influence on faunal change. We speculate that the faunal change between the middle and upper zones also resulted from a change in climate, with ornithischian dinosaurs responding to the re-establishment of wetter-and-warmer climates and poorly-drained substrates. Compared with the shorter-duration and climatically-consistent dinosaurian assemblage zones in the older Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta, HCFm assemblage zones record long-term morphological stasis in dinosaurs. Furthermore, the coincidence of faunal and paleoenvironmental changes in the HCFm suggest climate-change-driven dinosaur migrations into and out of the region.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0185",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2012-0185",
    openalex = "W2157353435",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101017cbo9780511536045020, doi101098rspb20090352, doi101126science1177265, doi1011270078042120120020, doi101139e10005, doi101139e11017, doi101139e72031, doi101139e93016, doi10130683d923ed16c711d78645000102c1865d, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0025186, doi104202app20110033, doi105281zenodo3725717, horner2011dinosaur, openalexw2989049194, sternberg1926notes"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0062421,
    author = "Arbour, Victoria M. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Euoplocephalus tutus and the Diversity of Ankylosaurid Dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Few ankylosaurs are known from more than a single specimen, but the ankylosaurid Euoplocephalus tutus (from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada and Montana, USA) is represented by dozens of skulls and partial skeletons, and is therefore an important taxon for understanding intraspecific variation in ankylosaurs. Euoplocephalus is unusual compared to other dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta because it is recognized from the Dinosaur Park, Horseshoe Canyon, and Two Medicine formations. A comprehensive review of material attributed to Euoplocephalus finds support for the resurrection of its purported synonyms Anodontosaurus lambei and Scolosaurus cutleri, and the previously resurrected Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus. Anodontosaurus is found primarily in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta and is characterized by ornamentation posterior to the orbits and on the first cervical half ring, and wide, triangular knob osteoderms. Euoplocephalus is primarily found in Megaherbivore Assemblage Zone 1 in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta and is characterized by the absence of ornamentation posterior to the orbits and on the first cervical half ring, and keeled medial osteoderms on the first cervical half ring. Scolosaurus is found primarily in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana (although the holotype is from Dinosaur Provincial Park), and is characterized by long, back-swept squamosal horns, ornamentation posterior to the orbit, and low medial osteoderms on the first cervical half ring; Oohkotokia horneri is morphologically indistinguishable from Scolosaurus cutleri. Dyoplosaurus was previously differentiated from Euoplocephalus sensu lato by the morphology of the pelvis and pes, and these features also differentiate Dyoplosaurus from Anodontosaurus and Scolosaurus; a narrow tail club knob is probably also characteristic for Dyoplosaurus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062421",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0062421",
    openalex = "W1975988440",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200902007, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101080089129632012688589"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0067182,
    author = "Mallon, Jordan C. and Anderson, Jason S.",
    title = "Skull Ecomorphology of Megaherbivorous Dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Megaherbivorous dinosaur coexistence on the Late Cretaceous island continent of Laramidia has long puzzled researchers, owing to the mystery of how so many large herbivores (6-8 sympatric species, in many instances) could coexist on such a small (4-7 million km(2)) landmass. Various explanations have been put forth, one of which-dietary niche partitioning-forms the focus of this study. Here, we apply traditional morphometric methods to the skulls of megaherbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta to infer the ecomorphology of these animals and to test the niche partitioning hypothesis. We find evidence for niche partitioning not only among contemporaneous ankylosaurs, ceratopsids, and hadrosaurids, but also within these clades at the family and subfamily levels. Consubfamilial ceratopsids and hadrosaurids differ insignificantly in their inferred ecomorphologies, which may explain why they rarely overlap stratigraphically: interspecific competition prevented their coexistence.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067182",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0067182",
    openalex = "W2051147176",
    references = "doi101016004058097690040x, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101038260204c0, doi101046j14429993200101070x, doi101080089129632012688589, doi101086282070, doi101086282454, doi101093behecoarh107, doi101111j14429993200101070ppx, openalexw1540596182, openalexw2183707334"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0098605,
    author = "Mallon, Jordan C. and Anderson, Jason S.",
    title = "The Functional and Palaeoecological Implications of Tooth Morphology and Wear for the Megaherbivorous Dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Megaherbivorous dinosaurs were exceptionally diverse on the Late Cretaceous island continent of Laramidia, and a growing body of evidence suggests that this diversity was facilitated by dietary niche partitioning. We test this hypothesis using the fossil megaherbivore assemblage from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta as a model. Comparative tooth morphology and wear, including the first use of quantitative dental microwear analysis in the context of Cretaceous palaeosynecology, are used to infer the mechanical properties of the foods these dinosaurs consumed. The phylliform teeth of ankylosaurs were poorly adapted for habitually processing high-fibre plant matter. Nevertheless, ankylosaur diets were likely more varied than traditionally assumed: the relatively large, bladed teeth of nodosaurids would have been better adapted to processing a tougher, more fibrous diet than the smaller, cusp-like teeth of ankylosaurids. Ankylosaur microwear is characterized by a preponderance of pits and scratches, akin to modern mixed feeders, but offers no support for interspecific dietary differences. The shearing tooth batteries of ceratopsids are much better adapted to high-fibre herbivory, attested by their scratch-dominated microwear signature. There is tentative microwear evidence to suggest differences in the feeding habits of centrosaurines and chasmosaurines, but statistical support is not significant. The tooth batteries of hadrosaurids were capable of both shearing and crushing functions, suggestive of a broad dietary range. Their microwear signal overlaps broadly with that of ankylosaurs, and suggests possible dietary differences between hadrosaurines and lambeosaurines. Tooth wear evidence further indicates that all forms considered here exhibited some degree of masticatory propaliny. Our findings reveal that tooth morphology and wear exhibit different, but complimentary, dietary signals that combine to support the hypothesis of dietary niche partitioning. The inferred mechanical and dietary patterns appear constant over the 1.5 Myr timespan of the Dinosaur Park Formation megaherbivore chronofauna, despite continual species turnover.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098605",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0098605",
    openalex = "W2033356851",
    references = "brinkman1990paleooecology, doi1010029780470750711, doi101002jmor10372, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101017cbo9780511564345, doi101046j14429993200101070x, doi101080089129632012688589, doi101086653688, doi101093behecoarh107, doi101111j14429993200101070ppx, doi101139e78109, doi101186147267851314, doi101371journalpone0067182, doi1016690883135120010160482ttoaco20co2, doi101671027246342003231apfast20co2, doi1023072291098, doi105860choice326223, doi105962bhltitle115853, openalexw1540596182, openalexw2138825607, openalexw2183707334, openalexw575814759"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0112055,
    author = "Farke, Andrew A. and Maxwell, W. Desmond and Cifelli, Richard L. and Wedel, Mathew J.",
    title = "A Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Western North America, and the Biogeography of Neoceratopsia",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "The fossil record for neoceratopsian (horned) dinosaurs in the Lower Cretaceous of North America primarily comprises isolated teeth and postcrania of limited taxonomic resolution, hampering previous efforts to reconstruct the early evolution of this group in North America. An associated cranium and lower jaw from the Cloverly Formation (?middle-late Albian, between 104 and 109 million years old) of southern Montana is designated as the holotype for Aquilops americanus gen. et sp. nov. Aquilops americanus is distinguished by several autapomorphies, including a strongly hooked rostral bone with a midline boss and an elongate and sharply pointed antorbital fossa. The skull in the only known specimen is comparatively small, measuring 84 mm between the tips of the rostral and jugal. The taxon is interpreted as a basal neoceratopsian closely related to Early Cretaceous Asian taxa, such as Liaoceratops and Auroraceratops. Biogeographically, A. americanus probably originated via a dispersal from Asia into North America; the exact route of this dispersal is ambiguous, although a Beringian rather than European route seems more likely in light of the absence of ceratopsians in the Early Cretaceous of Europe. Other amniote clades show similar biogeographic patterns, supporting an intercontinental migratory event between Asia and North America during the late Early Cretaceous. The temporal and geographic distribution of Upper Cretaceous neoceratopsians (leptoceratopsids and ceratopsoids) suggests at least intermittent connections between North America and Asia through the early Late Cretaceous, likely followed by an interval of isolation and finally reconnection during the latest Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112055",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0112055",
    openalex = "W1980567050",
    references = "doi101080089129632012688589, doi10108010635150701883881, doi101080147720192010488045, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j001438202005tb00940x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science23547931156, doi10113008137233291, doi10120600030082200635301ydanpc20co2, doi105860choice331556, doi107312kiel11918, longrich2008a, openalexw3215057009"
}

@article{fiorillo2014dinosaurs,
    author = "Fiorillo, Anthony R.",
    title = "Dinosaurs of Arctic Alaska",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Scientific American",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericandinosaurs0514-54",
    doi = "10.1038/scientificamericandinosaurs0514-54",
    number = "2s",
    openalex = "W2313820834",
    pages = "54-61",
    volume = "23"
}

@article{doi104202app001522015,
    author = "Mori, Hirotsugu and Druckenmiller, Patrick S. and Erickson, Gregory M.",
    title = "A new Arctic hadrosaurid (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Prince Creek Formation (lower Maastrichtian) of northern Alaska",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = "The Liscomb bonebed in the Price Creek Formation of northern Alaska has produced thousands of individual bones of a saurolophine hadrosaurid similar to Edmontosaurus; however, the specific identity of this taxon has been unclear, in part because the vast majority of the remains represent immature individuals. In this study, we address the taxonomic status of the Alaskan material through a comparative and quantitative morphological analysis of juvenile as well several near adult-sized specimens with particular reference to the two known species of Edmontosaurus, as well as a cladistic analysis using two different matrices for Hadrosauroidea. In the comparative morphological analysis, we introduce a quantitative method using bivariate plots to address ontogenetic variation. Our comparative anatomical analysis reveals that the Alaskan saurolophine possesses a unique suite of characters that distinguishes it from Edmontosaurus, including a premaxillary circumnarial ridge that projects posterolaterally without a premaxillary vestibular promontory, a shallow groove lateral to the posterodorsal premaxillary foramen, a relatively narrow jugal process of the postorbital lacking a postorbital pocket, a relatively tall maxilla, a relatively gracile jugal, a more strongly angled posterior margin of the anterior process of the jugal, wide lateral exposure of the quadratojugal, and a short symphyseal process of the dentary. The cladistic analyses consistently recover the Alaskan saurolophine as the sister taxon to Edmontosaurus annectens + Edmontosaurus regalis. This phylogenetic assessment is robust even when accounting for ontogenetically variable characters. Based on these results, we erect a new taxon, Ugrunaaluk kuukpikensis gen. et sp. nov. that contributes to growing evidence for a distinct, early Maastrichtian Arctic dinosaur community that existed at the northernmost extent of Laramidia during the Late Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00152.2015",
    doi = "10.4202/app.00152.2015",
    openalex = "W2286407842",
    references = "davies1987duckbill, doi101002ajpa21090, doi101017s1464793106007007, doi10102990jb01916, doi10108014786440109462720, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101139e11017, doi1023071005355, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104202app20110033, openalexw2183707334, openalexw2611511275, openalexw634659594"
}

@article{doi1010801042094020171337011,
    author = "Flaig, Peter P. and Hasiotis, Stephen T. and Fiorillo, Anthony R.",
    title = "A Paleopolar Dinosaur Track Site in the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Prince Creek Formation of Arctic Alaska: Track Characteristics and Probable Trackmakers",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Ichnos/Ichnos : an international journal for plant and animal traces",
    abstract = "For the first time a dinosaur track site is identified in Maastrichtian paleopolar coastal plain deposits of the Prince Creek Formation (PCF) along the Colville River, North Slope of Alaska. Tracks were made and preserved by trampling of an ash-covered swamp margin, subsequent filling of tracks with alluvium from nearby rivers, and modification of sediments by pedogensis. Tracks are grouped into three classes based on track width and depth, with the largest tracks (>800 mm wide) recording overstepping by multiple individuals. As no bedding plane views of the tracks are present, the true shapes of the tracks were not available and, thus, a high probability of identification is not achievable. The tracks can be interpreted, however, using hypothetical-deductive reasoning by integrating paleontological and ichnological data from local and regional outcrops. The tracks likely represent the presence of hadrosaurs based on the overwhelming percentage of hadrosaur fossils that comprise nearby bonebeds, dominated by juvenile hadrosaurs (∼ 99\%); to date no adult hadrosaur bone has been documented in the PCF. This interpretation is also supported by comparison of PCF hadrosaur track dimensions to exquisitely preserved (three-dimensional tracks with skin impressions) trackways of the coeval Cantwell Formation in Denali National Park (DENA), central Alaska. PCF track size dimensions, in comparison to DENA tracks, also represent a series of growth stages including both juvenile and adult hadrosaurs, and indicate that multiple generations and sizes of individuals lived and traveled together on the Arctic Alaska coastal plain. This is the first evidence for adult hadrosaurs in the PCF. This track site also preserves the highest latitude Maastrichtian footprints known.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2017.1337011",
    doi = "10.1080/10420940.2017.1337011",
    openalex = "W2736106342",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201002029, doi101016s0031018202006892, doi101080147720192010509356, doi102110palo2009p09103r, doi104202app001522015, doi104202app20110033, fiorillo2014herd"
}

@article{doi101139cjes20190019,
    author = "Eberth, David A. and Kamo, Sandra L.",
    title = "High-precision U–Pb CA–ID–TIMS dating and chronostratigraphy of the dinosaur-rich Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian–Maastrichtian), Red Deer River valley, Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "The non-marine Horseshoe Canyon Formation (HCFm, southern Alberta) yields taxonomically diverse, late Campanian to middle Maastrichtian dinosaur assemblages that play a central role in documenting dinosaur evolution, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography leading up to the end-Cretaceous extinction. Here, we present high-precision U–Pb CA–ID–TIMS ages and the first calibrated chronostratigraphy for the HCFm using zircon grains from (1) four HCFm bentonites distributed through 129 m of section, (2) one bentonite from the underlying Bearpaw Formation, and (3) a bentonite from the overlying Battle Formation that we dated previously. In its type area, the HCFm ranges in age from 73.1–68.0 Ma. Significant paleoenvironmental and climatic changes are recorded in the formation, including (1) a transition from a warm-and-wet deltaic setting to a cooler, seasonally wet-dry coastal plain at 71.5 Ma, (2) maximum transgression of the Drumheller Marine Tongue at 70.896 ± 0.048 Ma, and (3) transition to a warm-wet alluvial plain at 69.6 Ma. The HCFm’s three mega-herbivore dinosaur assemblage zones track these changes and are calibrated as follows: Edmontosaurus regalis – Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis zone, 73.1–71.5 Ma; Hypacrosaurus altispinus – Saurolophus osborni zone, 71.5–69.6 Ma; and Eotriceratops xerinsularis zone, 69.6–68.2 Ma. The Albertosaurus Bonebed — a monodominant assemblage of tyrannosaurids in the Tolman Member — is assessed an age of 70.1 Ma. The unusual triceratopsin, Eotriceratops xerinsularis, from the Carbon Member, is assessed an age of 68.8 Ma. This chronostratigraphy is useful for refining correlations with dinosaur-bearing upper Campanian–middle Maastrichtian units in Alberta and elsewhere in North America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0019",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2019-0019",
    openalex = "W2979872101",
    references = "andeberth2016new, doi101007springerreference4923, doi1010160016703773902135, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jgca200509007, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016s0009254196000332, doi101016s0195667105800308, doi101073pnas1313334111, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1230492, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi104202app20110033, doi105860choice435902, openalexw2989049194"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0232410,
    author = "Takasaki, Ryuji and Fiorillo, Anthony R. and Tykoski, Ronald S. and Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu",
    title = "Re-examination of the cranial osteology of the Arctic Alaskan hadrosaurine with implications for its taxonomic status",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Hadrosaurid fossils from the Liscomb Bonebed (Prince Creek Formation, North Slope, Alaska) were the first dinosaur bones discovered from the Arctic. While the Prince Creek Formation hadrosaurids were long identified as Edmontosaurus, a member of the sub-clade Hadrosaurinae, they were recently assigned to a newly-erected taxon, Ugrunaaluk kuukpikensis. However, taxonomic status of the new taxon is ambiguous largely due to the immature nature of the specimens upon which it was based. Here we reexamine cranial elements of the Prince Creek Formation hadrosaurine in order to solve its taxonomic uncertainties. The Prince Creek Formation hadrosaurine possesses a short dorsolateral process of the laterosphenoid, one of the diagnostic characters of Edmontosaurus. The Prince Creek Formation hadrosaurine also shows affinity to Edmontosaurus regalis in the presence of a horizontal shelf of the jugal. Our morphological comparisons with other North American Edmontosaurus specimens and our phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the Prince Creek Formation hadrosaurine should be re-assigned to Edmontosaurus. Because the Prince Creek Formation Edmontosaurus shows differences with lower latitude Edmontosaurus in a dorsoventrally short maxilla, presence of a secondary ridge on the dentary teeth, and the absence of the transverse ridge between basipterygoid processes of the basisphenoid, we consider that the Prince Creek Formation Edmontosaurus should be regarded as Edmontosaurus sp. until further discoveries of mature hadrosaurines from the Prince Creek Formation Bonebed and/or equivalently juvenile Edmontosaurus specimens from the lower latitudes allow direct comparisons. The retention of the Prince Creek Formation hadrosaurine as Edmontosaurus re-establishes a significant latitudinal distribution for this taxon. Despite the large latitudinal distribution of the taxon, the morphological disparity of Edmontosaurus is small within Hadrosaurinae. The small morphological disparity may be related to the relatively low latitudinal temperature gradient during the latest Cretaceous compared to present day, a gradient which might not have imposed significant pressure for much morphological adaptations across a broad latitudinal range.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232410",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0232410",
    openalex = "W3021205618",
    references = "doi101139e11017, doi104202app001522015, fiorillo2014herd"
}

@misc{magnússon2020arctic,
    author = "Magnússon, Rúna and Heijmans, Monique M. P. D. and Limpens, Juul and van Huissteden, Ko and Kleijn, David and Maximov, Trofim C.",
    title = "Arctic greening, Arctic browning or Arctic drowning?",
    year = "2020",
    abstract = "\<p\>Thawing of permafrost and the resulting decomposition of previously frozen organic matter constitute a positive feedback to global climate. However, contrasting mechanisms are at play. Gradual increases in thawing depth and temperature are associated with enhanced vegetation growth, most notably in shrubs (\&\#8220;greening\&\#8221;). In ice-rich permafrost, abrupt thaw (thermokarst) results in disturbance of vegetation and surface wetting, which may result in an opposing trend (\&\#8220;browning\&\#8221;).\</p\>\<p\>We determined the balance of shrub decline and expansion in an ice-rich lowland tundra ecosystem in north-Eastern Siberia using vegetation classification and change analysis. We used random forest classification on 3 very high resolution commercial satellite images gathered between 2010 and 2019 (GeoEye-I and WorldView-II). To mitigate (slight) differences in sensor properties and vegetation phenology, a spatio-temporal implementation of Potts model was used to utilize both spectral properties of a pixel and its degree of correspondence with spatially and temporally neighbouring pixels. This reduced artefacts in change detection substantially and improved accuracy of classification for all three images.\</p\>\<p\>We found that shrub vegetation declines in this lowland tundra ecosystem. Areas of thaw features (thermokarst ponds, thermoerosion gullies) and aquatic plant types (sedges and peat mosses) however show an increasing trend. Markov Chain analysis reveals that thaw features display a succession from open water / mud to sedges to peat moss.\&\#160;\</p\>\<p\>This transition from shrub dominated to wetland species dominated tundra may have important implications for this ecosystem's greenhouse gas balance and is indicative of wetter conditions. Thermokarst may be an important driver of such change, as thaw features are found to expand at the expense of shrub vegetation and show rapid colonization by aquatic species.\&\#160;\</p\>",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-7727",
    doi = "10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-7727"
}

@article{doi101126scienceabd9220,
    author = "Schroeder, Katlin and Lyons, S. Kathleen and Smith, Felisa A.",
    title = "The influence of juvenile dinosaurs on community structure and diversity",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Despite dominating biodiversity in the Mesozoic, dinosaurs were not speciose. Oviparity constrained even gigantic dinosaurs to less than 15 kg at birth; growth through multiple morphologies led to the consumption of different resources at each stage. Such disparity between neonates and adults could have influenced the structure and diversity of dinosaur communities. Here, we quantified this effect for 43 communities across 136 million years and seven continents. We found that megatheropods (more than 1000 kg) such as tyrannosaurs had specific effects on dinosaur community structure. Although herbivores spanned the body size range, communities with megatheropods lacked carnivores weighing 100 to 1000 kg. We demonstrate that juvenile megatheropods likely filled the mesocarnivore niche, resulting in reduced overall taxonomic diversity. The consistency of this pattern suggests that ontogenetic niche shift was an important factor in generating dinosaur community structure and diversity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd9220",
    doi = "10.1126/science.abd9220",
    openalex = "W3130388974",
    references = "doi101007s0011401311075, doi101016jcub201610043, doi101016jpalaeo200909018, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101017s0094837300016900, doi101038202234a0, doi101038nature02699, doi101038nature24679, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038ncomms4788, doi101038s41598017052726, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101073pnas1600140113, doi101080027246342012717567, doi101080089129632012688589, doi1010800891296320181563784, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi101098rsos161086, doi101098rspb20090229, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101111zoj12193, doi101126sciadvaax6250, doi101126science1161833, doi101127njgpm19821982440, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101139cjes20170034, doi101139cjes20190019, doi101139e11017, doi101146annurevecolsys151393, doi101146annureves15110184002141, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi1012066391, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0024487, doi101371journalpone0032623, doi101371journalpone0044012, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0092022, doi101371journalpone0093190, doi101371journalpone0108804, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi101371journalpone0151453, doi101371journalpone0175253, doi101666100041, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1016710272463420050250897anotmf20co2, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1017161pc180818764, doi1018435vamp29362, doi102110palo2014084, doi1033740140540102, doi104202app20090075, doi104202app20120121, doi105281zenodo3382461, doi105962bhltitle115853, doi107717peerj7803, doi107717peerj9192, gates2018a, openalexw2912219260, osmólska1982hulsanpes, padian1989presence, tsogtbaatar2019a, vonhuene1923carnivorous"
}

@article{doi107717peerj12362,
    author = "Madzia, Daniel and Arbour, Victoria M. and Boyd, Clint and Farke, Andrew A. and Cruzado‐Caballero, Penélope and Evans, David C.",
    title = "The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Ornithischians form a large clade of globally distributed Mesozoic dinosaurs, and represent one of their three major radiations. Throughout their evolutionary history, exceeding 134 million years, ornithischians evolved considerable morphological disparity, expressed especially through the cranial and osteodermal features of their most distinguishable representatives. The nearly two-century-long research history on ornithischians has resulted in the recognition of numerous diverse lineages, many of which have been named. Following the formative publications establishing the theoretical foundation of phylogenetic nomenclature throughout the 1980s and 1990s, many of the proposed names of ornithischian clades were provided with phylogenetic definitions. Some of these definitions have proven useful and have not been changed, beyond the way they were formulated, since their introduction. Some names, however, have multiple definitions, making their application ambiguous. Recent implementation of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ICPN, or PhyloCode) offers the opportunity to explore the utility of previously proposed definitions of established taxon names. Since the Articles of the ICPN are not to be applied retroactively, all phylogenetic definitions published prior to its implementation remain informal (and ineffective) in the light of the Code. Here, we revise the nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaur clades; we revisit 76 preexisting ornithischian clade names, review their recent and historical use, and formally establish their phylogenetic definitions. Additionally, we introduce five new clade names: two for robustly supported clades of later-diverging hadrosaurids and ceratopsians, one uniting heterodontosaurids and genasaurs, and two for clades of nodosaurids. Our study marks a key step towards a formal phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12362",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.12362",
    openalex = "W4200166441",
    references = "crossref1998dinosaurs, doi101007s1254202100555w, doi101016jcretres2019104308, doi101016jcub201706071, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101038s4158602030114, doi101038s41598020678541, doi101080027246342012694385, doi101080027246342013746229, doi1010800272463420181509866, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi1010801477201920171371258, doi101093sysbiosyab045, doi101098rsos161086, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111pala12329, doi101111zoj12193, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139e11017, doi101146annureves23110192002313, doi101371journalpone0080405, doi101371journalpone0141304, doi101371journalpone0175253, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi1023071005355, doi1023071441916, doi1023072992353, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104202app006982019, doi104202app20110033, doi104202app20110051, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice393984, doi105962bhltitle50608, doi107717peerj1523, doi107717peerj4066, doi107717peerj7963, openalexw568618627, tsogtbaatar2019a"
}

@article{garcíaantón2024constructed,
    author = "García-Antón, Katya",
    title = "Constructed Arctic, Empowered Arctic",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Critique d’art",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4000/12xbm",
    doi = "10.4000/12xbm",
    pages = "75-89",
    volume = "63"
}

@article{doi101099ijsem0007134,
    author = "Tsuji, Masaharu and Girard, Catherine and Vincent, Warwick F and Uchida, Masaki",
    title = "A novel psychrophilic yeast species, Mrakia wardhuntensis sp. nov., isolated from Ward Hunt Lake in the extreme High Arctic.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology",
    abstract = "Two yeast strains, JCM 37756 and JCM 37757, were isolated from the sediments of Ward Hunt Lake, the northernmost lake in Canada, located at 83° N on Ward Hunt Island, Nunavut. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit ribosomal DNA (rDNA) showed that these strains represent a novel species in the genus Mrakia. The two strains showed 100\% sequence identity in the ITS region and only a single nucleotide difference in the D1/D2 domain, confirming their conspecificity. Phylogenetic trees constructed using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference consistently placed this new lineage as sister to the clade comprising Mrakia fibulata and the Mrakia soli clade. Although bootstrap support values were 59\% (maximum-likelihood, ML) and 55\% (maximum-parsimony, MP), the Bayesian posterior probability was 1.0, providing robust evidence for its taxonomic independence. Both strains are psychrophilic, growing at -3 °C in vitamin-free and amino acid-free media. We propose the name Mrakia wardhuntensis sp. nov., with JCM 37756 (=UAMH 12645) as the holotype. The MycoBank accession number is MB 858003.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42043856/",
    doi = "10.1099/ijsem.0.007134",
    pmid = "42043856"
}

@incollection{markhamNoneice,
    author = "Markham, Clements R. and Alexander, William",
    title = "Ice nomenclature—Arctic mammals—Arctic birds—Arctic flora",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "Life of Admiral Sir Leopold McClintock",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107477889.025",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9781107477889.025",
    pages = "310-331"
}