@article{doi101098rspa19540085,
    author = "Bullard, E. C.",
    title = "The flow of heat through the floor of the Atlantic Ocean",
    year = "1954",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A Mathematical and Physical Sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract The measurement of the temperature gradient and thermal conductivity in the sediments beneath the floor of the North Atlantic Ocean is described. Measurements were made at five stations. The mean heat flow and conductivity were found to be 0·98 × 10-6 cal/cm2s and 25 × 10-4 cal/cm °Cs. The heat flows at the individual stations range from 0·58 to 1·42 × 10-6 cal/cm2s. The high heat flow is an unexpected result, and it is difficult to find a source for so much heat.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1954.0085",
    doi = "10.1098/rspa.1954.0085",
    openalex = "W1969065964"
}

@article{doi101098rsta19650024,
    author = "Heezen, Bruce C. and Tharp, Marie",
    title = "Tectonic fabric of the Atlantic and Indian oceans and continental drift",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical and Physical Sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract The floor of the Indian Ocean is dominated by (1) the seismically active Mid-Oceanic Ridge, (2) scattered linear micro-continents (mostly meridional), and (3) fracture zones (some displace the axis of the Mid-Oceanic Ridge and others parallel the micro-continents). The pattern suggests that movement along the Diamantina Fracture Zone has displaced Australia to the east relative to Broken Ridge. In the Arabian Sea north-northeast trending fracture zones have displaced the axis of the Carlsberg Ridge. The complex tectonic fabric of the Indian Ocean is difficult to explain in terms of a simple pattern of convection currents. The location and origin of the Mid-Oceanic Ridge, of oceanic rises, aseismic ridges and transcurrent fault systems must be accounted for in any hypothesis of continental displacement despite unique or exotic assumptions as to strength, viscosity or composition of the oceanic crust and mantle.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1965.0024",
    doi = "10.1098/rsta.1965.0024",
    openalex = "W2061895744"
}

@article{doi10113000167606196576803masord20co2,
    author = "Biscaye, Pierre E.",
    title = "Mineralogy and Sedimentation of Recent Deep-Sea Clay in the Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent Seas and Oceans",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1965)76[803:masord]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1965)76[803:masord]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W1970108402",
    references = "doi101016002532276490012x, doi101021j150463a015, doi101086624619, doi10113000167606196172193adsc20co2, doi101306d42697b52b2611d78648000102c1865d, doi101306sv10340, doi101346ccmn19580070102, doi101346ccmn19580070104, doi101346ccmn19580070122, openalexw2580534269"
}

@article{doi101126science15437551405,
    author = "Vine, F. J.",
    title = "Spreading of the Ocean Floor: New Evidence",
    year = "1966",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "It is suggested that the entire history of the ocean basins, in terms of oceanfloor spreading,is contained frozen in the oceanic crust. Variations in the intensity and polarity of Earth's magnetic field are considered to be recorded in the remanent magnetism of the igneous rocks as they solidified and cooled through the Curie temperature at the crest of an oceanic ridge, and subsequently spread away from it at a steady rate. The hypothesis is supported by the extreme linearity and continuity of oceanic magnetic anomalies and their symmetry about the axes of ridges. If the proposed reversal time scale for the last 4 million years is combined with the model, computed anomaly profiles show remarkably good agreement with those observed, and one can deduce rates of spreading for all active parts of the midoceanic ridge system for which magnetic profilesor surveys are available. The rates obtained are in exact agreement with those needed to account for continental drift. An exceptionally high rate of spreading (approximately 4.5 cm/year) in the South Pacific enables one to deduce by extrapolation considerable details of the reversal time scale back to 11.5 million years ago. Again, this scale can be applied to other parts of the ridge system. Thus one isled to the suggestion that the crest of the East Pacific Rise in the northeast Pacific has been overridden and modified by the westward drift of North America, with the production of the anomalous width and unique features of the American cordillera in the western United States. The oceanicmagnetic anomalies also indicate that there was a change in derection of crustal spreading in this region during Pliocene time from eastwest to southeast-northwest. A profile from the crest to the boundary of the East Pacific Rise, and the difference between axial-zone and flank anomalies over ridges, suggest increase in the frequency of reversal of Earth's magnetic field, together, possibly, with decrease in its intensity, approximately 25 million years ago. Within the framework of ocean-floor spreading, it is suggested that magnetic anomaliesmay indicate the nature of oceanic fracture zones and distinguish the parts of the ridge system that are actively spreading. Thus data derived during the past year lend remarkable support to thehypothesis that magnetic anomalies may reveal the history of the ocean basins.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.154.3755.1405",
    doi = "10.1126/science.154.3755.1405",
    openalex = "W2014144720",
    references = "doi1010160011747166910783, doi101038199947a0, doi101038201591a0, doi101038207343a0, doi101038207907a0, doi101098rsta19650020, doi101126science14436261537, doi101126science1543747349, doi101126science15437531164, doi101144transglas183559"
}

@article{doi1013065d25c18316c111d78645000102c1865d,
    author = "JOIDES",
    title = "Deep-Sea Drilling Project",
    year = "1967",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT JOIDES was formed by four of the major oceanographic institutions to foster deep-sea drilling projects. The Blake Plateau Project was successfully completed in 1965, with Lamont Geological Observatory conducting operations under a grant from the National Science Foundation. A preliminary format was established for including the scientific community in the study of the resulting cores. Scripps Institution of Oceanography has now been awarded a contract by the National Science Foundation for more extensive drilling operations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; sea operations may be expected to commence in late 1968. Two advisory panels, one for the Atlantic and one for the Pacific, have been formed on the recommendation of JOIDES. The panel members were drawn from the scientific community on the basis of their knowledge and experience in these oceanic areas. Preliminary drilling sites have been recommended by each panel which are considered to provide the greatest promise of scientific returns within the limits of the available funds. It is anticipated that these plans will be under continual revision until actual drilling commences as additional data become available. Advisory panels on (1) Paleontology and Biostratigraphy, (2) Sedimentary Petrology and Geochemistry, (3) Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, and (4) Well Logging have been formed to provide advice on procedures for sampling and data reduction. The present status of the Atlantic and Pacific Panel recommendations are summarized with their reasons for the choices made. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the JOIDES advisory panels welcome suggestions for improvements and additions to the program.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/5d25c183-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/5d25c183-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    openalex = "W2019112876"
}

@article{doi1013065d25cc7716c111d78645000102c1865d,
    author = "Schneider, E. D. and Johnson, G. L.",
    title = "Deep-Ocean Diapir Occurrences",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Recently recognized sea-floor diapiric structures are widespread, ranging from the well-known western Mediterranean structures to similar features in the eastern and western extremities of the Atlantic. A few also have been noted in parts of the Pacific. It is postulated that the diapiric features in the Atlantic were formed in a narrow but growing Mesozoic proto-Atlantic. The early Atlantic was marked by restricted circulation with resultant deposition of evaporite deposits. In post-Cretaceous time a strong thermohaline circulation pattern was initiated in response to the widening of the Atlantic and the addition of cold polar waters, which changed the sedimentary environment from reducing to oxygenated.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/5d25cc77-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/5d25cc77-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    openalex = "W2010314281"
}

@incollection{doi102973dsdpproc071191971,
    author = "Heath, G. Ross and Moberly, Ralph and Jr.",
    title = "Cherts from the Western Pacific, Leg 7, Deep Sea Drilling Project",
    year = "1971",
    booktitle = "U.S. Government Printing Office eBooks",
    abstract = "Nodular and bedded cherts are present at all sites drilled on Leg 7. Nodules are usually associated with carbonates, but also occur in siliceous sequences. Bedded cherts, usually porcelaneous, are restricted to noncarbonate deposits. Textural and mineralogical characteristics suggest that deep-sea cherts form in two stages. In the first stage, biogenous opal is dissolved and reprecipitated as finely crystalline cristobalite to produce porous porcelanites. The cristobalite is either deposited as interstitial matrix, or replaces pre-existing calcite or montmorillonite. In the second stage, the cristobalite inverts to quartz, and the remaining porosity is lost. The end product is a classic dense vitreous chert. The second stage inversion may be primarily a solid-solid zero-order reaction of the type described by Ernst and Calvert. Neither the mineralogy nor texture of cherts is related to the age of enclosing sediments in a simple way. However, the occurrence of quartz-rich cherts seems to be favored by higher-thanaverage temperatures in the sediment.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.07.119.1971",
    doi = "10.2973/dsdp.proc.07.119.1971",
    openalex = "W2495584951"
}

@incollection{doi102973dsdpproc71191971,
    author = "Heath, G.R. and Moberly, R. and Jr.",
    title = "Cherts from the Western Pacific, Leg 7, Deep Sea Drilling Project",
    year = "1971",
    booktitle = "U.S. Government Printing Office eBooks",
    abstract = "Nodular and bedded cherts are present at all sites drilled on Leg 7. Nodules are usually associated with carbonates, but also occur in siliceous sequences. Bedded cherts, usually porcelaneous, are restricted to noncarbonate deposits. Textural and mineralogical characteristics suggest that deep-sea cherts form in two stages. In the first stage, biogenous opal is dissolved and reprecipitated as finely crystalline cristobalite to produce porous porcelanites. The cristobalite is either deposited as interstitial matrix, or replaces pre-existing calcite or montmorillonite. In the second stage, the cristobalite inverts to quartz, and the remaining porosity is lost. The end product is a classic dense vitreous chert. The second stage inversion may be primarily a solid-solid zero-order reaction of the type described by Ernst and Calvert. Neither the mineralogy nor texture of cherts is related to the age of enclosing sediments in a simple way. However, the occurrence of quartz-rich cherts seems to be favored by higher-thanaverage temperatures in the sediment.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.7.119.1971",
    doi = "10.2973/dsdp.proc.7.119.1971",
    openalex = "W4236831370"
}

@incollection{doi102973dsdpproc161291973,
    author = "Bukry, David",
    title = "Silicoflagellate and Diatom Stratigraphy, Leg 16, Deep Sea Drilling Project",
    year = "1973",
    booktitle = "U.S. Government Printing Office eBooks",
    abstract = "The stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental significance of middle Miocene to upper Pleistocene silicoflagellate and diatom assemblages from the Panama Basin area of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean is presented.The assemblages are dominated by warm-water open-ocean species.Paleotemperatures indicated by silicoflagellates are higher for the Pleistocene than for the Pliocene, and higher temperature correlates with lower productivity.Up welling is believed to have been a persistent Oceanographic feature in the basin, but it was probably reduced when higher surface temperature prevailed, as during the Pleistocene.Seven tropical silicoflagellate biostratigraphic zones are newly described or emended: Dictyocha epiodon Zone, Mesocena elliptica Zone, Distephanus boliviensis Zone, Cannopilus major Zone, Distephanus crux Zone, Distephanus longispinus Zone, and Distephanus octacanthus Zone.Five tropical diatom biostratigraphic zones are newly described or emended; Roperia tesselata Zone, Chaetoceros sp.Zone, Hemidiscus cuneiformis Zone, Coscinodiscus plicatus Zone, Craspedodiscus coscinodiscus Zone.Two new silicoflagellate species, Cannopilus quintus Bukry and Foster and Dictyocha vanandelii Bukry and Foster, and one new replacement name, Distephanus quinquangellus Bukry and Foster, are presented.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.16.129.1973",
    doi = "10.2973/dsdp.proc.16.129.1973",
    openalex = "W2503535114"
}

@article{sozansky1973origin,
    author = "Sozansky, V. I.",
    title = "Origin of Salt Deposits in Deep-Water Basins of Atlantic Ocean: GEOLOGICAL NOTES",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "Salt deposits in deep oceanic areas are considered to be deposits from hot brines originating at great depths in the earth during tectonic movements. This is in agreement with the concept that the salinity of ocean water is the direct result of degasification of the earth’s interior.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/819a4308-16c5-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/819a4308-16c5-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2076942614",
    pages = "589-590",
    volume = "57",
    references = "doi1013065d25c18316c111d78645000102c1865d, doi1013065d25cc7716c111d78645000102c1865d"
}

@techreport{sozansky1973origin2,
    author = "Sozansky, V. I",
    title = "Origin of salt deposits in deep-water basins of Atlantic Ocean",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 57, p. 589-590",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sozansky, V. I., 1973, Origin of salt deposits in deep-water basins of Atlantic Ocean: Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 57, p. 589-590.}"
}

@article{doi101111j1365246x1976tb00317x,
    author = "Sleep, Norman H. and Snell, Noland S.",
    title = "Thermal Contraction and Flexure of Mid-Continent and Atlantic Marginal Basins",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Geophysical Journal International",
    abstract = "Thermal contraction of the lithosphere is a probable cause of the gradual subsidence indicated by sediments of mid-continent basins and Atlantic continental shelves. The subsidence is complicated by time dependent regional isostatic compensation since adjacent parts of the lithosphere are mechanically coupled, and since creep in the lithosphere may relieve accumulated stress. Thus, if more subsidence occurs at point A than nearby point B, point A would be buoyed up and point B dragged down. Relaxation of this coupling during a later period of more gradual subsidence would produce uplift at B and downwarp at A. The absence of younger beds over local minima of subsidence such as the Florida arch, the flanks of the Michigan basin, and the Atlantic coastal plain (USA) can thus be explained. Variations in the subsidence rate due to exponential decay of the thermal anomaly or to starved basin-evaporite depositional sequences can produce observable effects. Analytic models of the Michigan basin and the Atlantic coast (USA) are compatible with previously estimated parameters: thermal decay time of the lithosphere, 50 My; flexural parameter of the lithosphere beneath air, 200 km; and viscosity of the lithosphere, 1025 poise. The effects of flexure are not clearly evident in Silurian evaporite deposition in the Michigan basin and it is probable that an extended time was required for the evaporite sequence to accumulate. The cause of the thermal heating event which precedes subsidence is unclear for mid-continent basins although bulk replacement of the uppermost mantle is necessary. The heating events may be associated with periods of slow sea-floor spreading (when slabs exert a tensional force on the lithosphere) and hence low eustatic sea level. There is little direct evidence that an initial heating event actually occurred in the Michigan basin immediately before the start of subsidence.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1976.tb00317.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-246x.1976.tb00317.x",
    openalex = "W2153195371",
    references = "doi10130683d9132b16c711d78645000102c1865d"
}

@incollection{bukry1977coccolith,
    author = "Bukry, D.",
    title = "Coccolith and Silicoflagellate Stratigraphy, Central North Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 37",
    year = "1977",
    booktitle = "Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.37.175.1977",
    doi = "10.2973/dsdp.proc.37.175.1977",
    openalex = "W2492458683",
    references = "doi101130mem106p1, doi102973dsdpproc121151972, doi102973dsdpproc151151973, doi102973dsdpproc161291973, doi102973dsdpproc171231973, doi102973dsdpproc181151973, doi102973dsdpproc201973, openalexw2187118611, openalexw2501638766, openalexw2734766532"
}

@incollection{melieres1978xray,
    author = "Melieres, F.",
    title = "X-Ray Mineralogy Studies, Leg 41, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Eastern North Atlantic Ocean",
    year = "1978",
    booktitle = "Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.41.142.1978",
    doi = "10.2973/dsdp.proc.41.142.1978",
    openalex = "W2490761970",
    references = "doi1010160011747176910354, doi10108000167617108728743, doi10113000167606196576803masord20co2, doi10130674d709ac2b2111d78648000102c1865d, doi102115fiber317p204, doi102973dsdpproc071191971, doi102973dsdpproc141201972, doi102973dsdpproc321141975, doi102973dsdpproc71191971, openalexw2970256172"
}

@article{hall1979deep,
    author = "Hall, J. M. and Robinson, P. T.",
    title = "Deep Crustal Drilling in the North Atlantic Ocean",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Oceanic crustal drilling by R. V. Glomar Challenger at 15 sites in the North Atlantic has led to a complex picture of the upper half kilometer of the crust. Elements of the picture include the absence of the source for linear magnetic anomalies, marked episodicity of volcanic activity, ubiquitous low temperature alteration and evidence for large scale tectonic disturbance. Comparison sections in the Pacific and much deeper crustal drilling are needed to attack problems arising from the North Atlantic results.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.204.4393.573",
    doi = "10.1126/science.204.4393.573",
    number = "4393",
    openalex = "W2054015857",
    pages = "573-586",
    volume = "204",
    references = "doi101029jb073i018p05855, doi101029jb076i002p00473, doi101029jb076i014p03179, doi101029jb080i029p04037, doi101029rg013i001p00057, doi101038199947a0, doi101111j1365246x1970tb06087x, doi101111j1365246x1972tb05766x, doi10113000167606196576719ccooba20co2, doi10113000167606197788507matoti20co2"
}

@misc{hall1979deep1,
    author = "Hall, J. M. and Robinson, P. T",
    title = "Deep crustal drilling in the north Atlantic Ocean",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 204, p. 573-586",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hall, J. M., and Robinson, P. T., 1979, Deep crustal drilling in the north Atlantic Ocean: Science, v. 204, p. 573-586.}"
}

@incollection{steinmetz1979calcareous,
    author = "Steinmetz, J.C.",
    title = "Calcareous Nannofossils from the North Atlantic Ocean, Leg 49, Deep Sea Drilling Project",
    year = "1979",
    booktitle = "Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.49.116.1979",
    doi = "10.2973/dsdp.proc.49.116.1979",
    openalex = "W2498872249",
    references = "doi1023071484276, doi102973dsdpproc101171973, doi102973dsdpproc121151972, doi102973dsdpproc151151973, doi102973dsdpproc181151973, doi102973dsdpproc381261976, doi102973dsdpproc71291971, doi102973dsdpproc851985, openalexw2474348816, openalexw62718268"
}

@article{doi101029jb085ib07p03711,
    author = "Sclater, John G. and Christie, P. A. F.",
    title = "Continental stretching: An explanation of the Post‐Mid‐Cretaceous subsidence of the central North Sea Basin",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "The North Sea is a major continental basin filled with early Paleozoic to Recent sediments. Though graben formation started in the Triassic, the last major period of extension occurred between the Middle Jurassic and the mid‐Cretaceous. Following the faulting and graben formation associated with this extension, subsidence within the central North Sea was widespread and uniform and has created a saucershaped sedimentary basin. This was filled successively by chalks, sandstones, and finally, during most of the Tertiary, by shales and mudstones. We examined the subsidence of six wells down the middle and two on the flanks of the Central Graben. In the period of widespread steady subsidence the water‐loaded basement depth in the middle increased by 1100–1400 m. On the flanks the basement subsided 600–700 m. We suggest that most of this subsidence results from the thermal relaxation of the lithosphere which was thinned during a Middle Jurassic to mid‐Cretaceous stretching of the crust. Assuming a crustal stretching and associated lithospheric thinning of between 50 and 100\% in the middle and decreasing on either side, we obtained a good match to the observed amplitude and rate of subsidence. The Middle Jurassic to mid‐Cretaceous subsidence which is found within the graben proper we relate to the fault‐controlled initial subsidence which occurred during the actual stretching. The measured heat flow is compatible with such a stretching model. Though there is no seismic refraction data across the Central Graben, this model is strongly supported by evidence of a thinner crust under the Viking Graben to the north and the Witchground/Buchan Graben complex to the east. Using the above observations as the basis for a geological interpretation, we examined the thermal maturity and hydrocarbon potential of certain sedimentary horizons in the northern section of the Central Graben. In analyzing the various wells we extended previous work on the compaction correction to handle overpressuring and mixed lithologies in backstripping studies. Further, we expanded these methods to include the variation of thermal conductivity, and calculations of the degree of thermal maturation of the deposited sediments, through time.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/jb085ib07p03711",
    doi = "10.1029/jb085ib07p03711",
    openalex = "W2110585121",
    references = "doi1010160012821x78900717, doi101029jb082i005p00803"
}

@incollection{doi102973dsdpproc731261984,
    author = "Poore, Richard Z. and Tauxe, Lisa and Percival, Stephen F. and Jr., LaBrecque and L., W. J. S. and Petersen, R. and N.P., Smith and C.C., Tucker and P, Hsu and K.J.",
    title = "Late CretaceousCenozoic Magnetostratigraphic and Biostratigraphic Correlations for the South Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 73",
    year = "1984",
    booktitle = "U.S. Government Printing Office eBooks",
    abstract = "DSDP Leg 73 sediment cores allow direct calibrations of magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy for much of the latest Cretaceous to Cenozoic in the midlatitude South Atlantic Ocean. The record of the Cenozoic was incomplete, because strong dissolution, poor core recovery, and intense core disturbance masked the biostratigraphy or magnetostratigraphy in some intervals of the recovered sections. DSDP Leg 73 results show the following correlations: early/middle Miocene-in Chron 16; Oligocene/Miocene-within Subchron C-6C-N; Eocene/Oligocene-within Subchron C-13-R; middle/late Eocene-top of Chron C-17; early/late Paleocene-top of Subchron C-27-N; Cretaceous/",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.73.126.1984",
    doi = "10.2973/dsdp.proc.73.126.1984",
    openalex = "W2486098284"
}

@incollection{doi102973dsdpproc751111984,
    author = "Stradner, Herbert and Steinmetz, John C.",
    title = "Cretaceous Calcareous Nannofossils from the Angola Basin, Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 530",
    year = "1984",
    booktitle = "U.S. Government Printing Office eBooks",
    abstract = "The analyses of nannofossils in 517 samples from the Cretaceous sediment sequence of Hole 530A has resulted in the biostratigraphic assignment of these sediments to 13 different nannofossil zones from late Albian to late Maestrichtian. The nannofossil biohorizons marked by the first and last occurrences of guide-species are the basis of the range charts. These nannofossil biohorizons are correlated with the position of the paleomagnetic anomalies, and the timespan covered by each nannofossil zone is discussed. The results of the Cretaceous from Hole 53OA are correlated with those from other sites in the South Atlantic, where Cretaceous sediments were cored.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.111.1984",
    doi = "10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.111.1984",
    openalex = "W2477471677",
    references = "steinmetz1979calcareous"
}

@book{doi102973dsdpproc851985,
    author = "Mayer, Lucio and Theyer, R. and et al.",
    title = "Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 85",
    year = "1985",
    booktitle = "U.S. Government Printing Office eBooks",
    abstract = "Covering Leg 85 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger Los Angeles, California, to Honolulu, Hawaii March-April 1982. Includes six chapters: 1. INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND AND EXPLANATORY NOTES, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT LEG 85, CENTRAL EQUATORIAL PACIFIC 2. SITE 571 3. SITE 572 4. SITE 573 5. SITE 574 6. SITE 575",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.85.1985",
    doi = "10.2973/dsdp.proc.85.1985",
    openalex = "W1856450530"
}

@incollection{doi101130dnaggnam351,
    author = "Klitgord, Kim D. and Schouten, Hans",
    title = "Plate kinematics of the central Atlantic",
    year = "1986",
    booktitle = "Geology of North America eBooks",
    abstract = "Abstract Opening of the central Atlantic Ocean basin during the past 200 Ma separated North America from Africa and created a classic example of plate tectonic divergent motion and associated geologic features (LePichon, 1968; Morgan, 1968). The entire history of relative motion of these two plates is preserved in the fabric of sea-floor spreading (SFS) recorded by magnetic lineation and fracture zone (FZ) patterns (Fig. 1) (Vine and Matthews, 1963; Heezen and Tharp, 1965) on both flanks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Age calibration of the SFS magnetic anomaly pattern (Cox, 1973; Harland and others, 1982; Kent and Gradstein, this volume) enables us to treat SFS lineations as isochrons of sea-floor crustal ages. FZs mark the path of spreading center offsets (transform faults) through time, providing an approximate flowline trace of the motions that separated the North American and African plates. Reconstruction poles of rotation and stage poles of motion can be determined from the SFS lineation and FZ data sets (Bullard and others, 1965; McKenzie and Parker, 1967; McKenzie and Sclater, 1971; Harrison, 1972). The kinematic history described by these poles provides a framework for examining major tectonic events, anomalous plate behavior, geologic phenomena, paleooceanographic events, etc. (e.g., Vogt and others, 1969; Tarling and Runcorn, 1973; Dewey and others, 1973; Vail and others, 1977; Sclater and others, 1977; Pitman, 1978; Rona and Richardson, 1978; Schwan, 1980; Kerr and Fergusson, 1981;",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/dnag-gna-m.351",
    doi = "10.1130/dnag-gna-m.351",
    openalex = "W119777211",
    references = "doi1010160012825274900828, doi1010160025322771900533, doi1010160025322782901803, doi101029tc001i002p00179, doi101038249313a0, doi101098rsta19650024, doi10113000167606198394941teomaa20co2, doi1011300091761319775330rmptsf20co2, doi1011300091761319841244motjbi20co2, doi102973dsdpproc741984"
}

@article{doi101029jb092ib08p08089,
    author = "Klein, E. M. and Langmuir, C. H.",
    title = "Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "Regional averages of the major element chemistry of ocean ridge basalts, corrected for low‐pressure fractionation, correlate with regional averages of axial depth for the global system of ocean ridges, including hot spots, cold spots, and back arc basins, as well as “normal” ocean ridges. Quantitative consideration of the variations of each major element during melting of the mantle suggests that the global major element variations can be accounted for by ∼8–20\% melting of the mantle at associated mean pressures of 5–16 kbar. The lowest extents of melting occur at shallowest depths in the mantle and are associated with the deepest ocean ridges. Calculated mean primary magmas show a range in composition from 10 to 15 wt \% MgO, and the primary magma compositions correlate with depth. Data for Sm, Yb, Sc, and Ni are consistent with the major elements, but highly incompatible elements show more complicated behavior. In addition, some hot spots have anomalous chemistry, suggesting major element heterogeneity. Thermal modeling of mantle ascending adiabatically beneath the ridge is consistent with the chemical data and melting calculations, provided the melt is tapped from throughout the ascending mantle column. The thermal modeling independently predicts the observed relationships among basalt chemistry, ridge depth, and crustal thickness resulting from temperature variations in the mantle. Beneath the shallowest and deepest ridge axes, temperature differences of approximately 250°C in the subsolidus mantle are required to account for the global systematics.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/jb092ib08p08089",
    doi = "10.1029/jb092ib08p08089",
    openalex = "W1990814837",
    references = "doi101038242565a0, doi101111j1365246x1971tb02190x"
}

@incollection{takayama1987coccolith,
    author = "Takayama, T. and Sato, T.",
    title = "Coccolith Biostratigraphy of the North Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 94",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.94.113.1987",
    doi = "10.2973/dsdp.proc.94.113.1987",
    openalex = "W2293828617",
    references = "doi101016037783988090016x, doi1010160377839883900099, doi101130001676061973842021acotln20co2, doi1011300091761319808427lmmcsa20co2, doi102973dsdpproc151161973, doi102973dsdpproc661371982, doi102973dsdpproc731261984, openalexw62718268, openalexw637141916, steinmetz1979calcareous"
}

@book{doi101306m43478,
    author = "Ziegler, Peter A.",
    title = "Evolution of the Arctic-North Atlantic and the Western Tethys",
    year = "1988",
    booktitle = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists eBooks",
    abstract = "A broad, multi-disciplinary overview of the late Paleozoic to Recent geological evolution of much of northeastern North America, Greenland, all of Europe, and the northern parts of North Africa. This outstanding synthesis of regional geology retraces the evolution of sedimentary basins developed during the rifting phases that preceded the opening of North Atlantic ocean basins and highlights the scope of the associated intra-plate phenomena.This CD publication is the digital version of AAPG's landmark 1988 volume on the evolution of the North Atlantic Ocean. Ten chapters and 30 full-color plates. 200 pages. All articles presented in Adobe Acrobat PDF format.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/m43478",
    doi = "10.1306/m43478",
    openalex = "W2065761817"
}

@article{doi101029rg027i001p00079,
    author = "Becker, Keir and Sakai, Hitoshi and Adamson, A. C. and Alexandrovich, Joanne M. and Alt, Jeffrey C. and Anderson, R. N. and Bideau, Daniel and Gable, Robert S. and Herzig, Peter and Houghton, S. and Ishizuka, Hiroki and Kawahata, Hodaka and Kinoshita, Hajimu and Langseth, Marcus G. and Lovell, M. A. and Malpas, John and Masuda, Harue and Merrill, R. B. and Morin, Roger H. and Mottl, Michael J. and Pariso, Janet E. and Pézard, Philippe and Phillips, Jim and Sparks, J. and Uhlig, Stefan",
    title = "Drilling deep into young oceanic crust, Hole 504B, Costa Rica Rift",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
    abstract = "Hole 504B is by far the deepest hole yet drilled into the oceanic crust in situ, and it therefore provides the most complete “ground truth” now available to test our models of the structure and evolution of the upper oceanic crust. Cored in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean in 5.9‐m.y.‐old crust that formed at the Costa Rica Rift, hole 504B now extends to a total depth of 1562.3 m below seafloor, penetrating 274.5 m of sediments and 1287.8 m of basalts. The site was located where the rapidly accumulating sediments impede active hydrothermal circulation in the crust. As a result, the conductive heat flow approaches the value of about 200 mW/m² predicted by plate tectonic theory, and the in situ temperature at the total depth of the hole is about 165°C. The igneous section was continuously cored, but recovery was poor, averaging about 20\%. The recovered core indicates that this section includes about 575 m of extrusive lavas, underlain by about 200 m of transition into over 500 m of intrusive sheeted dikes; the latter have been sampled in situ only in hole 504B. The igneous section is composed predominantly of magnesium‐rich olivine tholeiites with marked depletions in incompatible trace elements. Nearly all of the basalts have been altered to some degree, but the geochemistry of the freshest basalts is remarkably uniform throughout the hole. Successive stages of on‐axis and off‐axis alteration have produced three depth zones characterized by different assemblages of secondary minerals: (1) the upper 310 m of extrusives, characterized by oxidative “seafloor weathering“; (2) the lower extrusive section, characterized by smectite and pyrite; and (3) the combined transition zone and sheeted dikes, characterized by greenschist‐facies minerals. A comprehensive suite of logs and downhole measurements generally indicate that the basalt section can be divided on the basis of lithology, alteration, and porosity into three zones that are analogous to layers 2A, 2B, and 2C described by marine seismologists on the basis of characteristic seismic velocities. Many of the logs and experiments suggest the presence of a 100‐ to 200‐m‐thick layer 2A comprising the uppermost, rubbly pillow lavas, which is the only significantly permeable interval in the entire cored section. Layer 2B apparently corresponds to the lower section of extrusive lavas, in which original porosity is partially sealed as a result of alteration. Nearly all of the logs and experiments showed significant changes in in situ physical properties at about 900–1000 m below seafloor, within the transition between extrusives and sheeted dikes, indicating that this lithostratigraphic transition corresponds closely to that between seismic layers 2B and 2C and confirming that layer 2C consists of intrusive sheeted dikes. A vertical seismic profile conducted during leg 111 indicates that the next major transition deeper than the hole now extends—that between the sheeted dikes of seismic layer 2C and the gabbros of seismic layer 3, which has never been sampled in situ—may be within reach of the next drilling expedition to hole 504B. Therefore despite recent drilling problems deep in the hole, current plans now include revisiting hole 504B for further drilling and experiments when the Ocean Drilling Program returns to the eastern Pacific in 1991.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/rg027i001p00079",
    doi = "10.1029/rg027i001p00079",
    openalex = "W1976664390",
    references = "hall1979deep"
}

@book{doi101306m46497,
    author = "Tankard, A. J. and Balkwill, H R",
    title = "Extensional Tectonics and Stratigraphy of the North Atlantic Margins",
    year = "1989",
    booktitle = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists eBooks",
    abstract = "Stimulated by the wealth of frontier exploration data and deep seismic surveys about the North Atlantic margins, this publication was crafted to provide a comprehensive analysis of North Atlantic extension. The 40 papers in this volume are divided into 6 sections: concepts, North Atlantic perspectives, North American margins, European-African margins, North Sea and Barents Shelf, and analogs. This book is concerned primarily with the circum-North Atlantic data base. It is largely biased toward presentation and interpretation of data rather than being model driven. The book includes comparative stratigraphic columns for basins of the North Atlantic margins.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/m46497",
    doi = "10.1306/m46497",
    openalex = "W2099339012"
}

@article{doi10102993rg02508,
    author = "Coffin, Millard F. and Eldholm, Olav",
    title = "Large igneous provinces: Crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
    abstract = "Large igneous provinces (LIPs) are a continuum of voluminous iron and magnesium rich rock emplacements which include continental flood basalts and associated intrusive rocks, volcanic passive margins, oceanic plateaus, submarine ridges, seamount groups, and ocean basin flood basalts. Such provinces do not originate at “normal” seafloor spreading centers. We compile all known in situ LIPs younger than 250 Ma and analyze dimensions, crustal structures, ages, and emplacement rates of representatives of the three major LIP categories: Ontong Java and Kerguelen‐Broken Ridge oceanic plateaus, North Atlantic volcanic passive margins, and Deccan and Columbia River continental flood basalts. Crustal thicknesses range from 20 to 40 km, and the lower crust is characterized by high (7.0–7.6 km s −1) compressional wave velocities. Volumes and emplacement rates derived for the two giant oceanic plateaus, Ontong Java and Kerguelen, reveal short‐lived pulses of increased global production; Ontong Java's rate of emplacement may have exceeded the contemporaneous global production rate of the entire mid‐ocean ridge system. The major part of the North Atlantic volcanic province lies offshore and demonstrates that volcanic passive margins belong in the global LIP inventory. Deep crustal intrusive companions to continental flood volcanism represent volumetrically significant contributions to the crust. We envision a complex mantle circulation which must account for a variety of LIP sizes, the largest originating in the lower mantle and smaller ones developing in the upper mantle. This circulation coexists with convection associated with plate tectonics, a complicated thermal structure, and at least four distinct geochemical/isotopic reservoirs. LIPs episodically alter ocean basin, continental margin, and continental geometries and affect the chemistry and physics of the oceans and atmosphere with enormous potential environmental impact. Despite the importance of LIPs in studies of mantle dynamics and global environment, scarce age and deep crustal data necessitate intensified efforts in seismic imaging and scientific drilling in a range of such features.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/93rg02508",
    doi = "10.1029/93rg02508",
    openalex = "W2018396915",
    references = "doi10102992jb01749, doi101029jb082i005p00803, doi101029jb084ib11p05973, doi101029jb094ib06p07685, doi101029jd094id15p18409, doi101029rg016i004p00621, doi101038230042a0, doi101038326143a0, doi101038353225a0, doi101038359117a0, doi101093petrology293625, doi101093petrology3251021, doi101126science23547931156, doi101126science2414866663, doi101130001676061985961407cg20co2, doi101130001676061985961419acajg20co2, doi101144gsjgs13720171, doi101146annurevea14050186002425, doi102475ajs2837641, openalexw2106559152, openalexw2989049194"
}

@article{doi10102994jb00338,
    author = "Tucholke, Brian E. and Lin, Jian",
    title = "A geological model for the structure of ridge segments in slow spreading ocean crust",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "First‐order (transform) and second‐order ridge‐axis discontinuities create a fundamental segmentation of the lithosphere along mid‐ocean ridges, and in slow spreading crust they commonly are associated with exposure of subvolcanic crust and upper mantle. We analyzed available morphological, gravity, and rock sample data from the Atlantic Ocean to determine whether consistent structural patterns occur at these discontinuities and to constrain the processes that control the patterns. The results show that along their older, inside‐corner sides, both first‐and second‐order discontinuities are characterized by thinned crust and/or mantle exposures as well as by irregular fault patterns and a paucity of volcanic features. Crust on young, outside‐corner sides of discontinuities has more normal thickness, regular fault patterns, and common volcanic forms. These patterns are consistent with tectonic thinning of crust at inside corners by low‐angle detachment faults as previously suggested for transform discontinuities by Dick et al. [1981] and Karson [1990]. Volcanic upper crust accretes in the hanging wall of the detachment, is stripped from the inside‐corner footwall, and is carried to the outside comer. Gravity and morphological data suggest that detachment faulting is a relatively continuous, long‐lived process in crust spreading at <25–30 mm/yr, that it rnay be intermittent at intermediate rates of 25–40 mm/yr, and that it is unlikely to occur at faster rates. Detachment surfaces are dissected by later, high‐angle faults formed during crustal uplift into the rift mountains; these faults can cut through the entire crust and may be the kinds of faults imaged by seismic reflection profiling over Cretaceous North Atlantic crust. Off‐axis variations in gravity anomalies indicate that slow spreading crust experiences cyclic magmatic/amagmatic extension and that a typical cycle is about 2 m.y. long. During magmatic phases the footwall of the detachment fault probably exposes lower crustal gabbros, although these rocks locally may have an unconformable volcanic carapace. During amagmatic extension the detachment may dip steeply through the crust, providing a mechanism whereby upper mantle ultramafic rocks can be exhumed very rapidly, perhaps in as little as 0.5 m.y. Together, detachment faulting and cyclic magmatic/amagmatic extension create strongly heterogeneous lithosphere both along and across isochrons in slow spreading ocean crust.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/94jb00338",
    doi = "10.1029/94jb00338",
    openalex = "W2006712012",
    references = "doi101007bf00300398, doi10102992jb02221"
}

@incollection{doi102973odpprocsr1492491996,
    author = "Whitmarsh, R. B. and Sawyer, Dale S.",
    title = "The ocean/continent transition beneath the Iberia Abyssal Plain and continental-rifting to seafloor-spreading processes",
    year = "1996",
    abstract = "The west Iberia continental margin is a nonvolcanic rifted margin which, following rifting that began in the Late Triassic, broke away from Newfoundland in the Early Cretaceous as rifting propagated from south to north. The ocean/continent transition off Newfoundland seems to occur \textasciitilde 50 km seaward of the shelf edge near the base of the continental slope. Off west Iberia, the ocean/continent transition is defined by an 80- to 130-km-wide region beneath the Iberia Abyssal Plain between the most oceanward-tilted basement fault blocks (continental crust?) and a 300-km-long narrow peridotite ridge parallel to the margin. Leg 149 drilled a west-to-east transect of holes across the ocean/continent transition, and three of these reached acoustic basement, beginning at the peridotite ridge. Sites 897 (over the peridotite ridge) and 899 (19 km further east) sampled serpentinized peridotites with similar, but not identical, petrologies that experienced a similar history of exhumation from the deep mantle to the surface. They crystallized at 1170°-1230°C, and this was followed by ductile shear deformation at 880°-1000°C. After limited partial melting, secondary minerals crystallized at about 30 km depth. Mylonitization, and then low-temperature deformation and serpentinization, followed as the rocks were exhumed at the seabed. One possibly important, but unexplained, difference between the two sites is the fivefold greater strength of remanent magnetization of the Site 899 cores, which is reflected in the amplitudes of magnetic anomalies observed over the sites. The peridotites are neither clearly subcontinental nor suboceanic. Further landward, Site 900 sampled a flasered cumulate gabbro basement. The rare-earth element (REE) patterns of the gabbros are ambiguous and have been matched by different authors to both island arc and N-MORB basalts. The light REE patterns fit a transitional MORB parent magma whereas Nd and Pb isotope ratios strongly suggest a MORB parent. The gabbro therefore likely formed in a magma chamber from a melt that was little contaminated, if at all, by continental crust. Traces of the primary mineralogy indicate dynamic crystallization at depths of at least 13 km and temperatures typical of granulite facies conditions. During exhumation to the seabed the rocks underwent retrograde metamorphism at 280 ± 20°C followed by crystallization of some plagioclases at 136.4 ± 0.3 Ma. Late Barremian- to late Aptian-age debris-flow and mass-flow deposits were encountered above acoustic basement at Sites 897 and 899, both of which are now situated on substantial basement elevations hundreds of meters above basement of the adjacent basins. They are overlain by poorly fossiliferous uppermost Maastrichtian to Eocene thin claystones and conglomerates (lag deposits) of similar age to the sediments at the same level in the flanking basins. We explain these deposits by rapid Aptian uplift (or relative uplift), about 10 m.y. after the onset of 10 mm/yr seafloor spreading west of the peridotite ridge, followed in Eocene time by blanketing by the sediments of the Iberia Abyssal Plain. This also explains the long history of seawater alteration of serpentinized peridotite at both sites. The above drilling results are explained here by two possible hypotheses, that also take account of geophysical constraints on the development of the west Iberia ocean/continent transition, neither of which explains all the observations. The first hypothesis is that the ocean/continent transition is underlain by crust formed by ultraslow (\textasciitilde 5 mm/yr half-rate) seafloor spreading which, by analogy with the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, leads to the seabed exposure of peridotite and gabbro by extensive faulting. This hypothesis explains the drilling results but has difficulty in explaining the magnetic anomalies and the minute volume of basalt encountered in the cores. The second hypothesis envisages an ocean/continent transition of tectonically and magmatically disrupted continental crust. It explains the Site 900 MORB gabbro as material underplated beneath thinned continental crust or as an aborted point-of-initiation of seafloor spreading, and the alkaline to transitional characters of igneous clasts in Site 897 and 899 deposits as evidence of continental rifting. Its main problem is the lack of unambiguous continental basement samples although there is evidence of re-worked continental sediments in the cores. Both hypotheses predict a highly heterogeneous crust, which will be hard to characterize without further basement sampling.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.149.249.1996",
    doi = "10.2973/odp.proc.sr.149.249.1996",
    openalex = "W2181691704",
    references = "doi1010160012821x78900717, doi1010160012821x94900825, doi10102992jb01749, doi10102992jb02221, doi10102994jb01889, doi101029rg018i001p00269, doi101098rsta19650020, doi1011300016760619881001140olitts23co2, doi101130dnaggnam351, doi101306m46497"
}

@article{doi1011440050041,
    author = "Doré, A. G. and Lundin, Erik and Jensen, L.N. and Birkeland, Ø. and Eliassen, Per Emil and Fichler, Christine",
    title = "Principal tectonic events in the evolution of the northwest European Atlantic margin",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Geological Society London Petroleum Geology Conference series",
    abstract = "The Atlantic margin of the Norwegian, Faeroese, British and Irish sectors encompasses numerous basins which vary in character, but are related in terms of their evolution as part of a single passive margin. Lineament analysis of the margin shows a predominance of NE–SW, N–S and NW–SE trends, mainly reflecting Mesozoic–Cenozoic extensional faulting. Some major Precambrian and Caledonian structures, principally steeply-dipping shears, were opportunistically reactivated according to the prevalent stress pattern. The extensional history of the margin spanned a c. 350 Ma interval between the close of the Caledonian orogeny and early Eocene break-up. Episodes of Permo-Triassic, (mainly late) Jurassic, Early Cretaceous, ‘middle’ Cretaceous and latest Cretaceous–Early Eocene age can be distinguished from one another in space and time. The anomalous length of the total period of extension prior to continental separation is partly explained by step-wise lateral offsets of the crustal thinning axes towards the line of eventual break-up. The picture is, however, complicated by some changes in extensional style and direction. These include mosaic-like fragmentation of Pangea in the Permo-Triassic, the imposition of more systematic E–W extension by Jurassic times, and the change to NW–SE extension focused on the present margin in the Early Cretaceous (probably Hauterivian). The resulting structural configuration reflects the overprinting of a complex network of Jurassic and older basins by a continuous NE–SW chain of deep Cretaceous-Cenozoic basins. An extensional pulse of latest Cretaceous to earliest Eocene age (best observed in the Norwegian Sea) with extensive basaltic volcanism led to continental break-up at approximately 53 Ma. The margin was structurally modified by some important events postdating the Early Eocene. On breakup, the background stress field changed from extension to mild SE-directed compression, and widespread inversion structures formed in the thick Cretaceous-Cenozoic depocentres. The inversions can best be explained by ridge-push from the adjacent spreading centres, but could also be linked to Tethyan closure events and changes in the North Atlantic spreading vector. Post-break-up extension of the North Atlantic passive margins has been reported in the western Barents Sea, Jan Mayen and East Greenland and (for the first time here) in the northern Vøring Basin. We propose that these areas were linked by a single extensional pulse induced by the change to a more ESE-directed relative plate motion in the Oligocene-Miocene. Major uplift and exhumation of peripheral landmasses and inboard basins took place at intervals throughout the Cenozoic. Initial uplift can be attributed to pre-break-up rifting and post-break-up compression, but the most significant event took place in the Plio-Pleistocene and was intimately associated with glacial erosion and isostatic adjustment through repeated glaciations and interglacials. The regional scale of this event and its significance for exploration is widely under-estimated.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/0050041",
    doi = "10.1144/0050041",
    openalex = "W2378092060",
    references = "doi101016b9780444429032500087, doi101306m46497"
}

@article{doi1010291999jb900301,
    author = "Dean, S. M. and Minshull, T. A. and Whitmarsh, R. B. and Louden, Keith E.",
    title = "Deep structure of the ocean‐continent transition in the southern Iberia Abyssal Plain from seismic refraction profiles: The IAM‐9 transect at 40°20′N",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "We present a crust and mantle velocity structure for the West Iberia passive continental margin derived from a 320‐km‐long wide‐angle seismic profile acquired in the southern Iberia Abyssal Plain. We observe a 170‐km‐wide ocean‐continent transition zone which includes a pair of overlapping peridotite ridges and is bounded by oceanic crust and landward by fault‐bounded blocks of continental crust. The profile lies ∼40 km south of the transect sampled by Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Legs 149 and 173. The transition zone structure can be divided into an upper layer, 2–4 km thick with velocities of between 4.5 and 7.0 km s −1 and generally a high‐velocity‐gradient (1 s −1), and a lower layer up to 4 km thick with a velocity of ∼7.6 km s −1 and a low‐velocity‐gradient. A weak Moho reflection in this zone was seen only on wide‐angle profiles at an offset of ∼30 km. The upper layer has a distinctly lower velocity than thinned continental crust adjacent to the continental slope. Conversely, the lower layer has too high a velocity to be magmatically intruded or underplated lower continental crust. On the coincident seismic reflection profile, fault‐bounded crustal blocks, identified in unequivocal extended continental crust, are not observed in the transition zone. The upper layer has velocity bounds and gradient similar to oceanic layer 2 observed west of the peridotite ridges, but no oceanic layer 3 velocity structure is present. While magnetic anomalies have been identified within the transition zone, they have not been modeled successfully as seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies, nor do they generally form long linear margin‐parallel features. Finally, ODP boreholes, ∼40 km north of our profile and within the interpreted transition zone, have recovered up to 140‐m‐thick sections of serpentinite and serpentinized peridotites with little evidence of mafic igneous material. We conclude that the transition zone cannot be dominantly composed of either extended continental crust or oceanic crust. Although current melting models predict a considerably thicker crust of decompression melt products, we interpret this region as exposed upper mantle peridotite with little or no synrift extrusive material and limited amounts of synrift material intruded within the serpentinized peridotite.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900301",
    doi = "10.1029/1999jb900301",
    openalex = "W2044000131",
    references = "doi1010160012821x94900825, doi1010160025322771900533, doi10102992jb01749, doi10102994jb01889, doi10102995jb00259, doi10102996jb03223, doi101029jb094ib06p07685, doi101111j1365246x1992tb00836x, doi1011211381747, doi101146annurevea10050182001103, doi102973odpprocsr1492491996"
}

@incollection{bird2003atlantic,
    author = "Bird, Eric C. F.",
    title = "Atlantic Ocean",
    year = "2003",
    booktitle = "The World’s Coasts: Online",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48369-6\_7",
    doi = "10.1007/0-306-48369-6\_7",
    pages = "293-318"
}

@misc{crossref2007atlantic,
    title = "Atlantic Ocean",
    year = "2007",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Environment and Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412953924.n50",
    doi = "10.4135/9781412953924.n50"
}

@misc{crossref2008atlantic,
    title = "Atlantic Ocean",
    year = "2008",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412963893.n44",
    doi = "10.4135/9781412963893.n44"
}

@article{doi101038nature06687,
    author = "the rest of the iSIMM Team and White, R. S. and Smith, L. K. and Roberts, Alan and Christie, P. A. F. and Kusznir, Nick",
    title = "Lower-crustal intrusion on the North Atlantic continental margin",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06687",
    doi = "10.1038/nature06687",
    openalex = "W2122900859",
    references = "doi1010160012821x94900825"
}

@article{doi1010292008tc002406,
    author = "Jammes, Suzon and Manatschal, Giänreto and Lavier, L. L. and Masini, Emmanuel",
    title = "Tectonosedimentary evolution related to extreme crustal thinning ahead of a propagating ocean: Example of the western Pyrenees",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Tectonics",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the tectonosedimentary evolution and its subsequent inversion of a basin that underwent extreme crustal thinning in a transtensional setting ahead of a propagating ocean in the western Pyrenees. The Labourd‐Mauléon area situated in the western Pyrenees, at the termination of the V‐shaped Bay of Biscay, is an ideal natural laboratory to study how such complex basins evolve in time and space. Because of a mild inversion of the basin during Pyrenean compression, the rift structures and their relations to basement rocks and sediments are exposed and can be directly studied in the field. The basin shows a complex polyphase evolution that starts with left‐lateral dominated transtension in latest Jurassic–early Aptian time. This event is overprinted by a late Aptian–early Albian extension that is related to the counterclockwise rotation of Iberia away from Europe leading to the opening of the Bay of Biscay. During this stage, the Late Triassic to Jurassic carbonate platform was stretched, salt migrated, and detachment faults exhumed upper and lower crustal and mantle rocks to the seafloor. The final structure of the basin resembles a sag basin floored by exhumed rocks overlain by extensional allochthons and compartmentalized by N40° to N60° transfer faults. The sedimentary architecture is characterized by late Aptian synrift sediments (e.g., Urgonian limestones) that were deposited in fault‐bounded basins and are overlain by thick latest Aptian to Albo‐Cenomanian sediments (e.g., Flysch noir) that define a sag sequence. The complex tectonosedimentary evolution of the basin is associated with salt tectonics and overprinted by a major magmatic/thermal event that postdates mantle exhumation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2008tc002406",
    doi = "10.1029/2008tc002406",
    openalex = "W1498314499",
    references = "doi101016s0012821x00002314, doi101017cbo9780511536045020, doi101144sp2822"
}

@article{doi102113gspalynol331179,
    author = "Schepper, Stijn De and Head, Martin J.",
    title = "PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE DINOFLAGELLATE CYST AND ACRITARCH ZONATION OF DSDP HOLE 610A, EASTERN NORTH ATLANTIC",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Palynology",
    abstract = "A diverse and well-preserved dinoflagellate cyst and acritarch record, comprising 35 genera and 104 species of dinoflagellate cyst and 14 acritarch taxa, is presented for the Lower Pliocene through Middle Pleistocene (4.00–0.53 Ma) of eastern North Atlantic Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 610A. The Pliocene samples contain twice as many dinoflagellate cyst taxa than the Quaternary samples but far lower cyst concentrations. The disappearance of taxa during the latest Pliocene is likely to have been associated with global cooling. Eight biozones and four subzones are established, representing a level of detail that surpasses earlier studies. The zones are based mostly on highest occurrences, as these are most prevalent in the Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene. The subzones, based on both the acme and highest persistent occurrence of Habibacysta tectata, appear regionally useful within the Lower Pleistocene. The lowest occurrence of Impagidinium cantabrigiense is a potential marker for the uppermost Gelasian Stage (Lower Pleistocene). While this biozonation is intended primarily for use in the eastern North Atlantic, elements will be applicable across the higher-latitude North Atlantic where calcareous microfossil zonations have reduced reliability and resolution. Most of the stratigraphically useful taxa are illustrated, and selected species are described informally.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/gspalynol.33.1.179",
    doi = "10.2113/gspalynol.33.1.179",
    openalex = "W2133676366",
    references = "doi102973odpprocsr1051471989, takayama1987coccolith"
}

@article{doi103301ijg20091282279,
    author = "Lagabrielle, Yves",
    title = "Mantle exhumation and lithospheric spreading: An historical perspective from investigations in the Oceans and in the Alps-Apennines ophiolites",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Italian Journal of Geosciences",
    abstract = "This historical perspective provides an overall view of the main steps that led to the acceptance of the concept of mantle exhumation accompanying lithosphere stretching and extreme crustal thinning. We first remember that the presence of exposures of mantle rocks along oceanic spreading ridges was early reported in the 60's due to the results of sediment cores and dredge hauls collected along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In the meantime, detailed analysis of the relationships between oceanic sediments of Late Jurassic age and their primary basement in the Apennine ophiolites led many authors to point to the importance of exhumation of mantle rocks on ancient seafloors. By contrast to the thick sections of classical ophiolites (e.g. Oman), the Alpine-Corsican-Appennine ophiolites are characterized by a relatively small amount of mafic rocks (gabbros and basalts), by the absence of any sheeted dyke complex and by the frequent occurrence of oceanic sediments stratigraphically overlying mantle-derived peridotites and associated gabbroic intrusions. They display some of the characteristics of slow-spreading ridge systems, but, due to their highly tectonized character, they have been interpreted successively either as remnants of oceanic fracture zones of «normal» ocean or as remnants of very-poorly organized, «abnormal» oceanic basement. This review shows how the concept of mantle exhumation has been elaborated more or less in the same period both by marine geoscientists and by geologists conducting investigations in ophiolitic units of the Alps-Apennines mountain belt. Dredging and diving results from the Gorringe Bank, the Iberia margin, the Thyrrenian Sea and the Central Atlantic in the 1980's and 1990's provided additional proofs that the mantle is currently exhumed in various oceanic environments, including distal continental margins, back-arc basins and slow-spreading ridges of wide oceans. It is shown finally how renewed cross-information from mountain belts and the oceans, multiplying the examples of sedimentary reworking of mantle material, help better constrain the mechanisms of mantle exhumation. This mechanism progressively appeared as a fundamental step during the processes of extension of both continental and oceanic lithospheres in numerous geological situations worldwide.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2009.128.2.279",
    doi = "10.3301/ijg.2009.128.2.279",
    openalex = "W2524996351",
    references = "hall1979deep"
}

@incollection{doi101130petrologic1962599,
    author = "Hess, H. H.",
    title = "History of Ocean Basins",
    year = "2015",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America eBooks",
    abstract = "The 24 papers in this volume, written in honor of A.F. Buddington, cover a wide range of topics and geographic areas. H.H. Hesss History of Ocean Basins perhaps the most famous paper in the volume, introduces the concept of seafloor spreading.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/petrologic.1962.599",
    doi = "10.1130/petrologic.1962.599",
    openalex = "W2486473486",
    references = "doi101029jz064i011p01967, doi101038scientificamerican106098, doi101073pnas40121096, doi101130001676061951621111ghosw20co2, doi101130001676061956671623ssotpo20co2, doi10113000167606195970291smitao20co2, doi101130spe62p391, doi1023071783259, doi1023071792199, doi102475ajs24411772"
}

@article{doi1010292020gc009214,
    author = "Seton, Maria and Müller, R. Dietmar and Zahirovic, Sabin and Williams, Simon and Wright, Nicky M. and Cannon, John and Whittaker, Joanne M. and Matthews, Kara J. and McGirr, Rebecca",
    title = "A Global Data Set of Present‐Day Oceanic Crustal Age and Seafloor Spreading Parameters",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems",
    abstract = "Abstract We present an updated oceanic crustal age grid and a set of complementary grids including spreading rate, asymmetry, direction, and obliquity. Our data set is based on a selected set of magnetic anomaly identifications and the plate tectonic model of Müller et al. (2019, 10.1029/2018TC005462). We find the mean age of oceanic crust is 64.2 Myr, slightly older than previous estimates, mainly due to the inclusion of pockets of Mesozoic aged crust in the Atlantic and Mediterranean and improvements to the Jurassic Pacific triangle. This older crust is partly compensated by additional Cenozoic‐aged back‐arc basin crust not included in previous models. The distribution of spreading modes based on area of preserved crust is relatively equal between slow (20–55 mm/yr) and fast (75–180 mm/yr) spreading systems at 33\% and 39\%, respectively. Crust transitional between fast and slow, or intermediate systems (55–75 mm/yr), cover 20\% of the preserved ocean floor with much smaller proportions of crust formed at ultraslow (5\%) and super‐fast (3\%) spreading systems. Slow and intermediate spreading systems exhibit the most stable behavior in terms of spreading asymmetry and obliquity, with the widest distribution of obliquities occurring at ultraslow spreading systems, consistent with present‐day observations. Our confidence grid provides a complementary resource for nonexperts to identify those parts of the age grid that are least well constrained. Our grids in 6, 2, and 1 arc min resolution as well as our python workflow, isopolate, used to compute our data sets are freely available in online repositories and on the GPlates data portal.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gc009214",
    doi = "10.1029/2020gc009214",
    openalex = "W3087735662",
    references = "doi101016jmarpetgeo201302002, doi1010292018tc005462, doi1010292019gc008515, doi101038nature18319, doi101111j1365246x200904137x, doi101126science1258213"
}

@incollection{cachapa2025atlantic,
    author = "Cachapa, Agostinho Francisco and Saluanja Muacahila, Alfredo Noré and Quiatuhanga, Domingas Perpétua André and Saquenha, Eduardo and Tchivelekete, Gabriel Mbuta and Cambinda, Nelson Francisco Baião and Tchipalanga, Pedro Cláver Mota",
    title = "Atlantic Ocean",
    year = "2025",
    booktitle = "Aquatic Biomes",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-15726-4.00055-4",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-443-15726-4.00055-4",
    pages = "265-286"
}

@article{doi101002ece373235,
    author = "Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan and Fee, Gareth N and Landschoff, Jannes and Amor, Michael D and Griffiths, Charles and Cherel, Yves and Teske, Peter R",
    title = "Genomic Divergence Between Octopus vulgaris and Its Undescribed Sister Species From the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Ecology and evolution",
    abstract = "Molecular data are widely used to resolve complex phylogenetic relationships between cryptic species, particularly in cases where morphological features are insufficient to confirm taxonomic distinctness. For benthic shallow-water octopuses, several successes and failures have been reported when attempting to delineate species using individual nuclear or mitochondrial markers. In this study, we investigated the potential of shallow random shotgun sequencing to assess the phylogenetic placement of an undescribed southern hemisphere lineage within the Octopus vulgaris species complex, which could not be conclusively delimited using single-marker approaches. A total of 338 nuclear loci, along with complete mitochondrial genomes, were generated for two specimens presently classified as Octopus vulgaris (Type III) that originated from the southeastern Atlantic coast of South Africa and Amsterdam Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Our combined phylogenomic approach reveals that this lineage is genetically distinct from O. vulgaris sensu stricto (ss) from the Mediterranean and the northeast Atlantic, as well as from the closely related O. sinensis from East Asia. A further separation of O. vulgaris (Type III) into distinct South African and Amsterdam Island lineages cannot be proven. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that supports O. vulgaris Type III as a genetically distinct lineage within the O. vulgaris species complex, and emphasise that the taxonomic classification of this southern hemisphere lineage warrants re-evaluation.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13093632/",
    doi = "10.1002/ece3.73235",
    pmcid = "PMC13093632",
    pmid = "42017005"
}

@article{doi101038s41467026712684,
    author = "Hernández-Almeida, Iván and Sierro, Francisco Javier and Filippelli, Gabriel M and Voelker, Antje H L and Diz, Paula",
    title = "Glacial dysoxia in the deep subpolar North Atlantic during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Nature communications",
    abstract = "The transition from 41-kyr to 100-kyr climate cycles during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT; 1250-700 kyr), occurred in the absence of any significant shift in orbital forcing. The increase of carbon storage in the deep ocean between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 24-22 has been suggested as a main internal factor leading to the transition to 100-kyr glacial cycles. We present sedimentary redox proxies and benthic foraminifera assemblages that demonstrate persistent dysoxic conditions during the MPT at IODP Site U1314 (subpolar North Atlantic). During glacials between 940 and 870 kyr, benthic foraminifera species typical of high porewater oxygen concentration disappeared, and concentrations of manganese oxides and reactive phosphorus mineral phases, both influenced by redox state, showed reductions exceeding 50\%. Here, we show that higher freshwater supply associated with ice-rafted delivery caused a reduction in deep-water convection, decreasing bottom-water oxygenation and favoring carbon storage in the subpolar North Atlantic during the MPT.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13109349/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-026-71268-4",
    pmcid = "PMC13109349",
    pmid = "42031781"
}

@article{doi101038s4146702672144x,
    author = "Poupon, Mathieu A and Resplandy, Laure and Luo, Jessica Y",
    title = "How much do zooplankton and fine-scale processes matter for the ocean biological pump?",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Nature communications",
    abstract = "The ocean biological carbon pump stores carbon away from the atmosphere through multiple pathways, including gravitational settling, physical transport, and organism vertical migration. Robust assessments of its magnitude remain challenging. Traditional approaches often quantify pathways separately, risking double-counting, missing high-frequency processes such as fine-scale physics and daily vertical migration over large scales, and emphasizing particulate carbon while overlooking non-particulate fluxes. Here, we apply a unified framework that quantifies all pathways simultaneously in a high-resolution (3 km) idealized North Atlantic model resolving seasonal biophysical dynamics, including zooplankton migration, from kilometer-scale fronts to regional biomes. We show that fine-scale physical and migrant pumps together contribute 15-20\% of carbon storage. Their storage is dominated by non-particulate carbon fluxes (dissolved organic carbon transport, zooplankton respiration). Fine-scale dynamics modulate export depth and storage timescales both directly, through physical transport, and indirectly, by shaping fast-sinking carbon-rich filaments and controlling zooplankton migration depth. Adequately measuring and representing these pathways in next-generation observations and models is key to quantify carbon storage and its response to variability.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42034611/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-026-72144-x",
    pmid = "42034611"
}

@article{doi101038s41598026374199,
    author = "Bergo, Natascha Menezes and Peres, Francielli Vilela and Vieira, Danilo Candido and Modolon, Flúvio and Moreira, Julio Cezar Fornazier and Lizárraga, Rebeca Graciela Matheus and Romano, Renato Gamba and Bendia, Amanda Goncalves and Lemos, Leandro Nascimento and de Moura Emilio, Alice and Amendola, Augusto Miliorini and Castano, Diana Carolina Duque and Chuqui, Mateus Gustavo and Paula, Fabiana S and Brandão, William Soares Gattaz and Fonseca, Gustavo and Vasconcelos, Ana Tereza R and Jonck, Célio Roberto and Moreira, Daniel Leite and Brandini, Frederico Pereira and Pellizari, Vivian Helena",
    title = "Microbial signatures define the ecosystem functions of the pelagic microbiome in a basin-scale, Southwest Atlantic Ocean.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Scientific reports",
    abstract = "The pelagic environment represents a mosaic of biogeographical domains shaped by regional oceanographic processes. Here, a coastal-to-open ocean microbiome investigation was conducted from 64 water samples of the Santos Basin (SB), located in the subtropical South Atlantic Ocean. We combined shotgun metagenomics with a hybrid machine learning workflow to investigate the taxonomic diversity, community structure, and ecosystem functions of pelagic microbiomes. The workflow integrated self-organizing maps (unsupervised) for pattern discovery and Random Forest (supervised) for predictive modeling. Unsupervised machine learning revealed a clear spatial and vertical (light-driven) distribution, with indicator taxa reflecting biogeochemical patterns consistent with global surveys. Supervised learning identified phosphate, salinity, and nitrate, influenced by local upwelling and La Plata River plume, as the primary environmental drivers of microbial community structure. In terms of functionality, the SB microbiome displayed depth- and region-specific patterns: photoautotrophs and nitrogen fixers dominated photic waters (with differences between coastal and oceanic stations), whereas chemolithoautotrophs and mixotrophs prevailed in the aphotic zone. Notably, nitrification signatures were more frequent in northern mesopelagic communities, while sulfur-oxidation pathways were enriched toward the south. Genes for CO bio-oxidation and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation were present across all depths. Furthermore, potential non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs were detected in the deep waters, underscoring previous underappreciated to nitrogen cycling. Our findings indicated that the Santos Basin hosts a functionally diverse microbiome including putative novel lineages. The taxonomic and functional patterns observed in the SB might provide insights into potential ecological responses to shifts in nutrient dynamics and physical processes. This investigation provides an ecogenomic baseline for understanding the microbial ecosystem services in subtropical oceans and reveals the potential of machine learning to uncover ecological patterns in underexplored marine regions.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42020464/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-026-37419-9",
    pmid = "42020464"
}