@misc{meyer1861archeopteryx56,
    author = "Meyer, H. von",
    title = "Archeopteryx lithographica (Vogel-Feder) und Pterodactylus von Solnhofen",
    year = "1861",
    howpublished = "Neues Jb. Miner. Geol. Palaeont., p. 678- 679",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Meyer, H. von, 1861, Archeopteryx lithographica (Vogel-Feder) und Pterodactylus von Solnhofen: Neues Jb. Miner. Geol. Palaeont., p. 678- 679.}"
}

@misc{wagner1861ueber85,
    author = "Wagner, J. A",
    title = "Ueber ein neues Augenblick mit Vogelfedern versehenes Reptil aus dem Solenhofener lithographischen Schiefer",
    year = "1861",
    howpublished = "Sitzungsberichte bayerische Akademie Wissenschaften, v. 2, p. 146-154",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wagner, J. A., 1861, Ueber ein neues Augenblick mit Vogelfedern versehenes Reptil aus dem Solenhofener lithographischen Schiefer: Sitzungsberichte bayerische Akademie Wissenschaften, v. 2, p. 146-154.}"
}

@article{owen1864on69,
    author = "Owen, R",
    title = "On the Archeopteryx of von Meyer, with a description of the fossil remains of a long-tailed species, from the lithographic stone of Solnhofen",
    year = "1864",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 153, p. 33-47",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Owen, R., 1864, On the Archeopteryx of von Meyer, with a description of the fossil remains of a long-tailed species, from the lithographic stone of Solnhofen: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 153, p. 33-47.}"
}

@misc{huxley1868on38,
    author = "Huxley, T. H",
    title = "On the animals which are most nearly intermediate between the birds and reptiles",
    year = "1868",
    howpublished = "The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, v. 2, p. 66-75; London",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huxley, T. H., 1868, On the animals which are most nearly intermediate between the birds and reptiles: The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, v. 2, p. 66-75; London.}"
}

@article{cope1870synopsis12,
    author = "Cope, E. D",
    title = "Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of North America",
    year = "1870",
    journal = "American Philosophical Society Transactions, n.s., v. 14, p. 1-252",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cope, E. D., 1870, Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of North America: American Philosophical Society Transactions, n.s., v. 14, p. 1-252.}"
}

@misc{marsh1880odontornithes48,
    author = "Marsh, O. C",
    title = "Odontornithes",
    year = "1880",
    howpublished = "A monograph on the extinct toothed birds of North America. Professional Paper, Engineering Department, United States Army, pp. 1-201",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marsh, O. C., 1880, Odontornithes: A monograph on the extinct toothed birds of North America. Professional Paper, Engineering Department, United States Army, pp. 1-201.}"
}

@article{north1896aves,
    author = "North, Alfred J.",
    title = "Aves from Funafuti. III. Aves",
    year = "1896",
    journal = "Australian Museum Memoir",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1967.3.1896.489",
    doi = "10.3853/j.0067-1967.3.1896.489",
    number = "2",
    pages = "79-88",
    volume = "3"
}

@techreport{matthew1917the51,
    author = "Matthew, W. D. and Granger, W",
    title = "The skeleton of Diatryma, a gigantic bird from the Lower Eocene of Wyoming",
    year = "1917",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 37, p. 307-326",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Matthew, W. D., and Granger, W., 1917, The skeleton of Diatryma, a gigantic bird from the Lower Eocene of Wyoming: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 37, p. 307-326.}"
}

@misc{heilmann1926the31,
    author = "Heilmann, G",
    title = "The Origin of Birds",
    year = "1926",
    howpublished = "London, H.F. and G. Whitherby",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Heilmann, G., 1926, The Origin of Birds: London, H.F. and G. Whitherby.}"
}

@article{huxley1927on37,
    author = "Huxley, J",
    title = "On the relation between egg-weight and body-weight in birds",
    year = "1927",
    journal = "Journal of the Linnaean Society of London, v. 36, p. 457-466",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huxley, J., 1927, On the relation between egg-weight and body-weight in birds: Journal of the Linnaean Society of London, v. 36, p. 457-466.}"
}

@article{nice1935aves,
    author = "Nice, Margaret M. and Stresemann, E.",
    title = "Aves",
    year = "1935",
    journal = "Bird-Banding",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/4509331",
    doi = "10.2307/4509331",
    number = "1",
    pages = "43",
    volume = "6"
}

@book{lack1947darwins45,
    author = "Lack, D",
    title = "Darwin's Finches",
    year = "1947",
    publisher = "An essay on the General Biological Theory of Evolution: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lack, D., 1947, Darwin's Finches: An essay on the General Biological Theory of Evolution: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.}"
}

@techreport{oliver1949the60,
    author = "Oliver, W. R. B",
    title = "The Moas of New Zealand and Australia",
    year = "1949",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the Dominion Museum, v. 15",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Oliver, W. R. B., 1949, The Moas of New Zealand and Australia: Bulletin of the Dominion Museum, v. 15.}"
}

@misc{debeer1954archeopteryx21,
    author = "de Beer, G. R",
    title = "Archeopteryx lithographica, a Study Based upon the British Museum Specimen",
    year = "1954",
    howpublished = "London, British Museum (Natural History)",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {de Beer, G. R., 1954, Archeopteryx lithographica, a Study Based upon the British Museum Specimen: London, British Museum (Natural History).}"
}

@book{bowman1961morphological4,
    author = "Bowman, R. L",
    title = "Morphological differentiation and adaptation in the Galpagos finches",
    year = "1961",
    publisher = "University of California Publications in Zoology, v. 58, p. 326 pp.; University of California Press, Berkeley",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bowman, R. L., 1961, Morphological differentiation and adaptation in the Galpagos finches: University of California Publications in Zoology, v. 58, p. 326 pp.; University of California Press, Berkeley.}"
}

@inproceedings{crook1962the15,
    author = "Crook, J. H",
    title = "The adaptive significance of pair formation types in weaver birds",
    year = "1962",
    booktitle = "Symposium of the Zoological Society, London, v. 8, p. 57-70",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Crook, J. H., 1962, The adaptive significance of pair formation types in weaver birds: Symposium of the Zoological Society, London, v. 8, p. 57-70.}"
}

@misc{crowell1962reduced18,
    author = "Crowell, K. L",
    title = "Reduced interspecific competition among the birds of Bermuda",
    year = "1962",
    howpublished = "Ecology, v. 43, p. 75-88",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Crowell, K. L., 1962, Reduced interspecific competition among the birds of Bermuda: Ecology, v. 43, p. 75-88.}"
}

@misc{ashmole1963the1,
    author = "Ashmole, N. P",
    title = "The regulation of numbers of tropical ocean birds",
    year = "1963",
    howpublished = "Ibis, v. 103b, p. 458-473",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ashmole, N. P., 1963, The regulation of numbers of tropical ocean birds: Ibis, v. 103b, p. 458-473.}"
}

@techreport{brown1964the5,
    author = "Brown, J. L",
    title = "The evolution of diversity in avian territorial systems",
    year = "1964",
    howpublished = "Wilson Bulletin, v. 76, p. 160-169",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brown, J. L., 1964, The evolution of diversity in avian territorial systems: Wilson Bulletin, v. 76, p. 160-169.}"
}

@misc{crook1964the16,
    author = "Crook, J. H",
    title = "The evolution of social organization and visual communication in the weaver birds (Ploceinae)",
    year = "1964",
    howpublished = "Behaviour, v. 10, p. 1-78",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Crook, J. H., 1964, The evolution of social organization and visual communication in the weaver birds (Ploceinae): Behaviour, v. 10, p. 1-78.}"
}

@misc{crook1965the17,
    author = "Crook, J. H",
    title = "The adaptive significance of avain social organization, in Ellis, P. E., ed., Social Organization of Animal Communities",
    year = "1965",
    howpublished = "London, Zoological Society of London, v. 14, p. 181-218",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Crook, J. H., 1965, The adaptive significance of avain social organization, in Ellis, P. E., ed., Social Organization of Animal Communities: London, Zoological Society of London, v. 14, p. 181-218.}"
}

@misc{cody1966a9,
    author = "Cody, M. L",
    title = "A general theory of clutch size",
    year = "1966",
    howpublished = "Evolution, v. 20, p. 174- 184",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cody, M. L., 1966, A general theory of clutch size: Evolution, v. 20, p. 174- 184.}"
}

@book{george1966avain28,
    author = "George, J. C. and Berger, A. J",
    title = "Avain Myology",
    year = "1966",
    publisher = "New York, Academic Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {George, J. C., and Berger, A. J., 1966, Avain Myology: New York, Academic Press.}"
}

@misc{chitty1967what8,
    author = "Chitty, D",
    title = "What regulates bird populations?",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "Ecology, v. 48, p. 698-701",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Chitty, D., 1967, What regulates bird populations?: Ecology, v. 48, p. 698-701.}"
}

@techreport{brown1969territorial6,
    author = "Brown, J. L",
    title = "Territorial behavior and population regulation in birds",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "Wilson Bulletin, v. 81, p. 293-329",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brown, J. L., 1969, Territorial behavior and population regulation in birds: Wilson Bulletin, v. 81, p. 293-329.}"
}

@inproceedings{diamond1969avifaunal22,
    author = "Diamond, J. M",
    title = "Avifaunal equilibria and species turnover rates on the channel islands of California",
    year = "1969",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 64, p. 57-63",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Diamond, J. M., 1969, Avifaunal equilibria and species turnover rates on the channel islands of California: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 64, p. 57-63.}"
}

@misc{cody1970chilean10,
    author = "Cody, M. L",
    title = "Chilean bird distribution",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "Ecology, v. 51, p. 455-463",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cody, M. L., 1970, Chilean bird distribution: Ecology, v. 51, p. 455-463.}"
}

@misc{ostrom1970archeopteryx64,
    author = "Ostrom, J. H",
    title = {Archeopteryx, notice of a "new" specimen},
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 170, p. 537-538",
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ostrom, J. H., 1970, Archeopteryx, notice of a "new" specimen: Science, v. 170, p. 537-538.}}
}

@book{cody1971ecological11,
    author = "Cody, M. L",
    title = "Ecological aspects of reproduction. Chapter 10, in Farner, D. S., and King, J. R., eds., Avain Biology",
    year = "1971",
    publisher = "New York, Academic Press, v. 1, p. 461-512; 586 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cody, M. L., 1971, Ecological aspects of reproduction. Chapter 10, in Farner, D. S., and King, J. R., eds., Avain Biology: New York, Academic Press, v. 1, p. 461-512; 586 pp.}"
}

@article{cracraft1971caenagnathiformes13,
    author = "Cracraft, J",
    title = "Caenagnathiformes",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Cretaceous birds convergent in jaw mechanism to dicynodont reptiles: Journal of Paleontology, v. 45, p. 805- 809",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cracraft, J., 1971, Caenagnathiformes: Cretaceous birds convergent in jaw mechanism to dicynodont reptiles: Journal of Paleontology, v. 45, p. 805- 809.}"
}

@techreport{cracraft1971the14,
    author = "Cracraft, J",
    title = "The functional morphology of the hind limb of the domestic pgeon, Columba livia",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 144, p. 175-268",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cracraft, J., 1971, The functional morphology of the hind limb of the domestic pgeon, Columba livia: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 144, p. 175-268.}"
}

@book{farner1971197523,
    author = "Farner, D. S. and King, J. R",
    title = "-1975, Avain Biology",
    year = "1971",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press; 5 Volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Farner, D. S., and King, J. R., 1971-1975, Avain Biology: London, Academic Press; 5 Volumes.}"
}

@article{cuffey1972more19,
    author = "Cuffey, R. J",
    title = "More on Archeopteryx",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Journal of American Scientific Affiliations, v. 24, p. 36",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cuffey, R. J., 1972, More on Archeopteryx: Journal of American Scientific Affiliations, v. 24, p. 36.}"
}

@misc{walker1972new86,
    author = "Walker, A. D",
    title = "New light on the origin of birds and crocodiles",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 237, p. 257-263",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, A. D., 1972, New light on the origin of birds and crocodiles: Nature, v. 237, p. 257-263.}"
}

@misc{gingerich1973skull29,
    author = "Gingerich, P. D",
    title = "Skull of Hesperornis and the early evolution of birds",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 243, p. 70-73",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gingerich, P. D., 1973, Skull of Hesperornis and the early evolution of birds: Nature, v. 243, p. 70-73.}"
}

@article{ostrom1974archeopteryx65,
    author = "Ostrom, J. H",
    title = "Archeopteryx and the origin of flight",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Quarterly Review of Biology, v. 49, p. 27-47",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ostrom, J. H., 1974, Archeopteryx and the origin of flight: Quarterly Review of Biology, v. 49, p. 27-47.}"
}

@misc{wellnhofer1974das90,
    author = "Wellnhofer, P",
    title = "Das funfte Skelettexemplar von Archeopteryx",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "Palaeontographica Americana, v. 147, no. 4-6; 169-216",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wellnhofer, P., 1974, Das funfte Skelettexemplar von Archeopteryx: Palaeontographica Americana, v. 147, no. 4-6; 169-216.}"
}

@misc{harrison1975the30,
    author = "Harrison, C. J. O. and Walker, C. A",
    title = "The Bradycnemidae, a new family of owls from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 18, p. 563- 570",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Harrison, C. J. O., and Walker, C. A., 1975, The Bradycnemidae, a new family of owls from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania: Palaeontology, v. 18, p. 563- 570.}"
}

@article{regal1975the72,
    author = "Regal, P. J",
    title = "The evolutionary origin of feathers",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Quarterly Review of Biology, v. 50, p. 35-66",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Regal, P. J., 1975, The evolutionary origin of feathers: Quarterly Review of Biology, v. 50, p. 35-66.}"
}

@article{thulborn1975dinosaur78,
    author = "Thulborn, R. A",
    title = "Dinosaur polyphyly and the classification of archosaurs and birds",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Aust. Journal Zoology, v. 23, p. 249-270",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Thulborn, R. A., 1975, Dinosaur polyphyly and the classification of archosaurs and birds: Aust. Journal Zoology, v. 23, p. 249-270.}"
}

@article{ostrom1976archeopteryx66,
    author = "Ostrom, J. H",
    title = "Archeopteryx and the origin of birds",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 8, p. 91-182",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ostrom, J. H., 1976, Archeopteryx and the origin of birds: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 8, p. 91-182.}"
}

@book{murton1977avian58,
    author = "Murton, R. K. and Westwood, N. J",
    title = "Avian Breeding Cycles",
    year = "1977",
    publisher = "Oxford, Claredon Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Murton, R. K., and Westwood, N. J., 1977, Avian Breeding Cycles: Oxford, Claredon Press.}"
}

@article{mcgowen1979the52,
    author = "McGowen, C",
    title = "The hindlimb musculature of the Brown Kiwi, Apteryx australis mantelli",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Journal of Morphology, v. 160, p. 33-74",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McGowen, C., 1979, The hindlimb musculature of the Brown Kiwi, Apteryx australis mantelli: Journal of Morphology, v. 160, p. 33-74.}"
}

@misc{olson1979flight62,
    author = "Olson, S. L. and Feduccia, A",
    title = "Flight capability and the pectoral girdle of Archeopteryx",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 278, p. 247-248",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Olson, S. L., and Feduccia, A., 1979, Flight capability and the pectoral girdle of Archeopteryx: Nature, v. 278, p. 247-248.}"
}

@misc{ostrom1979bird67,
    author = "Ostrom, J. H",
    title = "Bird flight",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "How did it begin?: American Scientist, v. 67, p. 45-56",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ostrom, J. H., 1979, Bird flight: How did it begin?: American Scientist, v. 67, p. 45-56.}"
}

@book{feduccia1980the24,
    author = "Feduccia, A",
    title = "The Age of Birds",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Harvard University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Feduccia, A., 1980, The Age of Birds: Cambridge, Harvard University Press.}"
}

@book{king1980form40,
    author = "King, A. S. and McLelland, J",
    title = "Form and Function in Birds",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press, v. 1",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {King, A. S., and McLelland, J., 1980, Form and Function in Birds: London, Academic Press, v. 1.}"
}

@phdthesis{kollar1980tooth41,
    author = "Kollar, E. J. and Fisher, C",
    title = "Tooth induction on chick epithelium",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "expression of quiescent genes for enamel synthesis: Science, v. 207, p. 993-995",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kollar, E. J., and Fisher, C., 1980, Tooth induction on chick epithelium: expression of quiescent genes for enamel synthesis: Science, v. 207, p. 993-995.}"
}

@misc{jensen1981another39,
    author = "Jensen, J. A",
    title = "Another look at Archeoperyx as the World's oldest bird",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Encyclia, v. 58, p. 109-128",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jensen, J. A., 1981, Another look at Archeoperyx as the World's oldest bird: Encyclia, v. 58, p. 109-128.}"
}

@article{kurzanov1981avimimus43,
    author = "Kurzanov, S. M",
    title = "Avimimus and the problem of the origin of birds",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 24, p. 104- 109; In Russian",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kurzanov, S. M., 1981, Avimimus and the problem of the origin of birds: Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 24, p. 104- 109; In Russian.}"
}

@misc{osmolska1981coossified63,
    author = "Osmolska, H",
    title = "Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Palaeont. Polonica, v. 42, p. 79- 95",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osmolska, H., 1981, Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins: Palaeont. Polonica, v. 42, p. 79- 95.}"
}

@article{mcgowen1982the53,
    author = "McGowen, C",
    title = "The wing musculature of the Brown Kiwi Apteryx australis mantelli and its bearing on ratite affinities",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology, v. 197, p. 179- 219",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McGowen, C., 1982, The wing musculature of the Brown Kiwi Apteryx australis mantelli and its bearing on ratite affinities: Journal of Zoology, v. 197, p. 179- 219.}"
}

@article{tarsitano1982a77,
    author = "Tarsitano, S. and Hecht, M. K",
    title = "A reconsideration of the reptilian relationships of Archeopteryx",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 69, p. 149-182",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Tarsitano, S., and Hecht, M. K., 1982, A reconsideration of the reptilian relationships of Archeopteryx: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 69, p. 149-182.}"
}

@misc{lewin1983how46,
    author = "Lewin, R",
    title = "How did vertebrates take to the air?",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 221, p. 38- 39",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lewin, R., 1983, How did vertebrates take to the air?: Science, v. 221, p. 38- 39.}"
}

@misc{oilphant1983first59,
    author = "Oilphant, L. W",
    title = "First observations of brown fat in birds",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Condor, v. 85, p. 350-354",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Oilphant, L. W., 1983, First observations of brown fat in birds: Condor, v. 85, p. 350-354.}"
}

@misc{trop1983is82,
    author = "Trop, M",
    title = "Is the Archeopteryx a fake?",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 20, p. 120-121",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Trop, M., 1983, Is the Archeopteryx a fake?: Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 20, p. 120-121.}"
}

@article{whetstone1983braincase92,
    author = "Whetstone, K. N",
    title = "Braincase of Mesozoic birds",
    year = "1983",
    journal = {1. New preparation of the "London" Archeopteryx: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 2, p. 439- 452},
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whetstone, K. N., 1983, Braincase of Mesozoic birds: 1. New preparation of the "London" Archeopteryx: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 2, p. 439- 452.}}
}

@misc{gauthier1984phylogenetic27,
    author = "Gauthier, J. and Padian, K",
    title = "Phylogenetic, Functional and Aerodynamic Analysis of the Origin of Birds, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 185-198",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gauthier, J., and Padian, K., 1984, Phylogenetic, Functional and Aerodynamic Analysis of the Origin of Birds, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 185-198.}"
}

@misc{hou1984a32,
    author = "Hou, L. and Zhicheng, L",
    title = "A new fossil bird from the Lower Cretaceous of Gansu, and the early evolution of birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Sci. Sinica B, v. XXVII, p. 1296- 1302",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hou, L., and Zhicheng, L., 1984, A new fossil bird from the Lower Cretaceous of Gansu, and the early evolution of birds: Sci. Sinica B, v. XXVII, p. 1296- 1302.}"
}

@incollection{howgate1984problems34,
    author = "Howgate, M. E",
    editor = "Hecht, M. K. and Ostrom, J. H. and Viohl, G. and Wellnhofer, P.",
    title = "Problems of the Osteology of Archeopteryx: Is the Eichstatt Specimen a Distinct Genus?",
    year = "1984",
    booktitle = "The Beginnings of Birds",
    publisher = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 105-112",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Howgate, M. E., 1984, Problems of the Osteology of Archeopteryx: Is the Eichstatt Specimen a Distinct Genus?, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 105-112.}"
}

@book{martin1984the49,
    author = "Martin, L. D",
    title = "The Origin of Birds and Avian Flight, in Johnston, R. F., ed., Current Ornithology",
    year = "1984",
    publisher = "London, Plenum Press, p. 105-129",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Martin, L. D., 1984, The Origin of Birds and Avian Flight, in Johnston, R. F., ed., Current Ornithology: London, Plenum Press, p. 105-129.}"
}

@misc{martin1984the50,
    author = "Martin, L. D",
    title = "The Relationship of Archeopteryx to Other Birds, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 177-184",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Martin, L. D., 1984, The Relationship of Archeopteryx to Other Birds, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 177-184.}"
}

@misc{mcgowen1984evolutionary54,
    author = "McGowen, C",
    title = "Evolutionary relationships of ratites and carinates",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Evidence from ontogeny of the tarsus: Nature, v. 307, p. 733-735",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McGowen, C., 1984, Evolutionary relationships of ratites and carinates: Evidence from ontogeny of the tarsus: Nature, v. 307, p. 733-735.}"
}

@misc{paul1984the70,
    author = "Paul, G. S",
    title = "The hand of Archeopteryx",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 310, p. 372",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Paul, G. S., 1984, The hand of Archeopteryx: Nature, v. 310, p. 372.}"
}

@misc{raath1984the71,
    author = "Raath, M. A",
    title = "The Theropod Syntarsus and Its Bearing on the Origin of Birds, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 219- 228",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Raath, M. A., 1984, The Theropod Syntarsus and Its Bearing on the Origin of Birds, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 219- 228.}"
}

@misc{reitschel1984feathers73,
    author = "Reitschel, S",
    title = "Feathers and Wings of Archeopteryx, and the Question of Her Flight Ability, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura- Museums, p. 249-260",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Reitschel, S., 1984, Feathers and Wings of Archeopteryx, and the Question of Her Flight Ability, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura- Museums, p. 249-260.}"
}

@article{saha1984aves,
    author = "Saha, Subhendu Sekhar",
    title = "Aves",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Records of the Zoological Survey of India",
    abstract = "No Abstract.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v82/i1-4/1984/161305",
    doi = "10.26515/rzsi/v82/i1-4/1984/161305",
    pages = "303-319"
}

@misc{taquet1984two76,
    author = "Taquet, P",
    title = "Two New Jurassic Specimens of Coelurosaurs (Dinosauria), in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 229-232",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Taquet, P., 1984, Two New Jurassic Specimens of Coelurosaurs (Dinosauria), in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 229-232.}"
}

@misc{thulborn1984a81,
    author = "Thulborn, R. A. and Hamley, T. L",
    title = "A New Paleoecological Role in Archeopteryx, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura- Museums, p. 81-90",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Thulborn, R. A., and Hamley, T. L., 1984, A New Paleoecological Role in Archeopteryx, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura- Museums, p. 81-90.}"
}

@article{thulborn1984the79,
    author = "Thulborn, R. A",
    title = "The avain relationships of Archeopteryx, and the origin of birds",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 82, p. 119-158",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Thulborn, R. A., 1984, The avain relationships of Archeopteryx, and the origin of birds: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 82, p. 119-158.}"
}

@misc{viohl1984geology84,
    author = "Viohl, G",
    title = "Geology of the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestones and the Habitat of Archeopteryx, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 31-44",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Viohl, G., 1984, Geology of the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestones and the Habitat of Archeopteryx, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 31-44.}"
}

@misc{walker1984the87,
    author = "Walker, A. D",
    title = "The Braincase of Archeopteryx, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 123-134",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, A. D., 1984, The Braincase of Archeopteryx, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 123-134.}"
}

@misc{yalden1984forelimb93,
    author = "Yalden, D. W",
    title = "Forelimb Function in Archeopteryx, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 91-98",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Yalden, D. W., 1984, Forelimb Function in Archeopteryx, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 91-98.}"
}

@article{currie1985cranial20,
    author = "Currie, P. J",
    title = "Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 22, p. 1643-1658",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Currie, P. J., 1985, Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 22, p. 1643-1658.}"
}

@article{howgate1985archeopteryx35,
    author = "Howgate, M. E",
    title = "Archeopteryx counterview",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "British Journal of Photography, v. 132, p. 348",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Howgate, M. E., 1985, Archeopteryx counterview: British Journal of Photography, v. 132, p. 348.}"
}

@article{hoyle1985archeopteryx36,
    author = "Hoyle, F. and Wichramasinghe, N. C. and Watkins, R. S",
    title = "Archeopteryx",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "British Journal of Photography, v. 132, p. 693-694, 703",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hoyle, F., Wichramasinghe, N. C., and Watkins, R. S., 1985, Archeopteryx: British Journal of Photography, v. 132, p. 693-694, 703.}"
}

@misc{kurochkin1985a42,
    author = "Kurochkin, E. N",
    title = "A true carinate bird from Lower Cretaceous deposits in Mongolia and other evidence of early Cretaceous birds in Asia",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Cretaceous Research, v. 6, p. 271-278",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kurochkin, E. N., 1985, A true carinate bird from Lower Cretaceous deposits in Mongolia and other evidence of early Cretaceous birds in Asia: Cretaceous Research, v. 6, p. 271-278.}"
}

@misc{lewin1985how47,
    author = "Lewin, R",
    title = "How does half a bird fly?",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 230, p. 530-531",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lewin, R., 1985, How does half a bird fly?: Science, v. 230, p. 530-531.}"
}

@misc{milner1985cosesaurusthe57,
    author = "Milner, A. R",
    title = "Cosesaurus-the last proavian?",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 315, p. 544",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Milner, A. R., 1985, Cosesaurus-the last proavian?: Nature, v. 315, p. 544.}"
}

@book{olson1985the61,
    author = "Olson, S. L",
    title = "The fossil record of birds, in Farner, D. S., King, J. R., and Parkes, K. C., eds., Avian Biology VIII",
    year = "1985",
    publisher = "New York, Academic Press, p. 80-238",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Olson, S. L., 1985, The fossil record of birds, in Farner, D. S., King, J. R., and Parkes, K. C., eds., Avian Biology VIII: New York, Academic Press, p. 80-238.}"
}

@misc{sick1985birds75,
    author = "Sick, H",
    title = "Birds, in Encyclopedia Britannica",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Chicago, Encyclopedia Britannica, v. 15, p. 1-13",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sick, H., 1985, Birds, in Encyclopedia Britannica: Chicago, Encyclopedia Britannica, v. 15, p. 1-13.}"
}

@misc{thulborn1985birds80,
    author = "Thulborn, R. A",
    title = "Birds as neotenous dinosaurs",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Records of the New Zealand Geological Society, v. 9, p. 90-92",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Thulborn, R. A., 1985, Birds as neotenous dinosaurs: Records of the New Zealand Geological Society, v. 9, p. 90-92.}"
}

@misc{vines1985strange83,
    author = "Vines, G",
    title = {Strange case of Archeopteryx "fraud},
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "New Scientist, p. 3",
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Vines, G., 1985, Strange case of Archeopteryx "fraud": New Scientist, p. 3.}}
}

@article{watkins1985archeopteryxa88,
    author = "Watkins, R. S. and Hoyle, F. and Wickramsinghe, N. C. and Watkins, J. and Rabilizirof, R. and Spetner, L. M",
    title = "Archeopteryx--a photographic study",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "British Journal of Photography, v. 132, p. 264-266, 358-359, 367, 469-470",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Watkins, R. S., Hoyle, F., Wickramsinghe, N. C., Watkins, J., Rabilizirof, R., and Spetner, L. M., 1985, Archeopteryx--a photographic study: British Journal of Photography, v. 132, p. 264-266, 358-359, 367, 469-470.}"
}

@phdthesis{beardsley1986fossil2,
    author = "Beardsley, T",
    title = "Fossil bird shakes evolutionary hypothesis",
    year = "1986",
    publisher = "Nature, v. 322, p. 677",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Beardsley, T., 1986, Fossil bird shakes evolutionary hypothesis: Nature, v. 322, p. 677.}"
}

@misc{bock1986the3,
    author = "Bock, W. J",
    title = "The arboreal origin of avian flight",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Memoirs of the California Academy of Science, v. 8, p. 57-72",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bock, W. J., 1986, The arboreal origin of avian flight: Memoirs of the California Academy of Science, v. 8, p. 57-72.}"
}

@misc{charig1986archeopteryx7,
    author = "Charig, A. J. and Greenaway, F. and Milner, A. C. and Walker, C. A. and Whybrow, P. J",
    title = "Archeopteryx is Not a Forgery",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 232, p. 622-626",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Charig, A. J., Greenaway, F., Milner, A. C., Walker, C. A., and Whybrow, P. J., 1986, Archeopteryx is Not a Forgery: Science, v. 232, p. 622-626.}"
}

@misc{feduccia1986the25,
    author = "Feduccia, A",
    title = "The scapulocoracoid of flightless birds",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "A primitive avain chacteristic similar to that of theropods: Ibis, v. 128, p. 128-131",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Feduccia, A., 1986, The scapulocoracoid of flightless birds: A primitive avain chacteristic similar to that of theropods: Ibis, v. 128, p. 128-131.}"
}

@article{mcgowen1986the55,
    author = "McGowen, C",
    title = "The wing musculature of the Weka (Gallirallus australis), a flightless rail endemic to New Zealand",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology, v. 210, p. 305- 346",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McGowen, C., 1986, The wing musculature of the Weka (Gallirallus australis), a flightless rail endemic to New Zealand: Journal of Zoology, v. 210, p. 305- 346.}"
}

@misc{ostrom1986the68,
    author = "Ostrom, J. H",
    title = "The Cursorial Origin of Avian Flight, in Padian, K., ed., The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, p. 75-81",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ostrom, J. H., 1986, The Cursorial Origin of Avian Flight, in Padian, K., ed., The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight: San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, p. 75-81.}"
}

@misc{weisburd1986oldest89,
    author = "Weisburd, S",
    title = "Oldest Bird and Longest Dinosaur",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Science News, v. 130, p. 103",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Weisburd, S., 1986, Oldest Bird and Longest Dinosaur: Science News, v. 130, p. 103.}"
}

@misc{gauthier1987saurischian26,
    author = "Gauthier, J",
    title = "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Memoirs of the California Academy of Science, v. 8, p. 1-55",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gauthier, J., 1987, Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds: Memoirs of the California Academy of Science, v. 8, p. 1-55.}"
}

@article{kurzanov1987avimimidae44,
    author = "Kurzanov, S. M",
    title = "Avimimidae and the problem of the origin of birds",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Joint Soviet- Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 31, p. 1-95; In Russian",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kurzanov, S. M., 1987, Avimimidae and the problem of the origin of birds: Joint Soviet- Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 31, p. 1-95; In Russian.}"
}

@misc{sanz1988unusual74,
    author = "Sanz, J. L. and Bonaparte, J. F. and Lacasa, A",
    title = "Unusual Early Cretaceous birds from Spain",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 331, p. 433-435",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sanz, J. L., Bonaparte, J. F., and Lacasa, A., 1988, Unusual Early Cretaceous birds from Spain: Nature, v. 331, p. 433-435.}"
}

@misc{wellnhofer1988a91,
    author = "Wellnhofer, P",
    title = "A New Specimen of Archeopteryx",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 240, p. 1790-1792",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wellnhofer, P., 1988, A New Specimen of Archeopteryx: Science, v. 240, p. 1790-1792.}"
}

@misc{houck1990allometric33,
    author = "Houck, M. A. and Gauthier, J. A. and Strauss, R. E",
    title = "Allometric scaling in the earliest fossil bird, Archeopteryx lithographica",
    year = "1990",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 247, p. 195",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Houck, M. A., Gauthier, J. A., and Strauss, R. E., 1990, Allometric scaling in the earliest fossil bird, Archeopteryx lithographica: Science, v. 247, p. 195.}"
}

@article{sereno1992origin,
    author = "Sereno, Paul C.",
    title = "Origin and early evolution of Aves: dinosaurs, ancient birds, and mtDNA sequences",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "The Paleontological Society Special Publications",
    abstract = "Recently a general cladistic framework for early avian evolution has emerged. Postcranial modifications in the wrist joint and elsewhere firmly establish birds as a diversified subgroup of maniraptoran theropods. And the best known Mesozoic avians– Archaeopteryx and Late Cretaceous Hesperornis and Ichthyornis –have been positioned as successive sister taxa to living birds. Within this framework, however, several basic phylogenetic questions need to be addressed: (1) Which maniraptorans are most closely related to birds? (2) How was the modern avian skeleton built during the first third of avian history, between Archaeopteryx and Late Cretaceous Hesperornis and Ichthyornis? (3) And what are the relationships between the major groups of living birds? Avian origins. Synapomorphies listed by Ostrom and others to unite birds and other theropods typically apply to all maniraptorans or higher-level theropod clades, leaving unsettled the question of which maniraptorans constitute the immediate outgroups to birds. Deinonychosauria is confirmed as the sister-group to Aves, based principally on synapomorphies of the pectoral and pelvic girdles. In contrast to some previous suggestions, this study supports monophyly of Deinonychosauria (uniting dromaeosaurids and troodontids), with a single origin of the hyper-extendable, raptorial digit II of the pes. Sinornis and the evolution of powered flight and perching. Archaeopteryx lacks the profound modifications of the avian skeleton that characterize Ichthyornis and modern birds. Recent discovery of Lower Cretaceous birds has brought to light important intermediate stages in the transformation of the avian skeleton. Sparrow-sized Sinornis, discovered in Lower Cretaceous lake deposits in China, exhibits features that are associated with sustained powered flight; the laterally directed glenoid and V-shaped ulnare suggest that the wing was capable of tight flexion during flight. Features unrelated to the flight apparatus, in contrast, have not been altered; the skull is toothed, the manal digits are flexible and clawed, and gastralia are present beneath the rib cage. Higher-level relationships among living birds. The deep branching history of living birds occurred before the end of the Cretaceous and can be reconstructed from anatomical and genetic evidence in living birds. DNA sequences have been obtained from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in a variety of living birds. These data are consistent with a basal split between palaeognaths and neognaths and support the basal position of galliforms and anseriforms among neognaths. Piciforms appear to be closely related to passeriforms, and Corvida does not appear to be monophyletic, in contrast to recent DNA-DNA hybridization results.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008273",
    doi = "10.1017/s2475262200008273",
    openalex = "W2783919863",
    pages = "267-267",
    volume = "6"
}

@article{doi105860choice343307,
    title = "The origin and evolution of birds",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "This text is a comprehensive and illustrated discussion of the origin of and of avian flight. Ornithologist and evolutionary biologist Alan Feduccia, author of Age of Birds, here draws on fossil evidence and studies of the structure and biochemistry of living to present knowledge and data on avian evolution and propose a model of this evolutionary process. Feduccia begins with an overview of bird evolution, giving his opinions about the controversial problem in verte-brate paleontology: whether evolved directly from bipedal, terrestrial dinosaurs (the ground-up theory) or from the precursors of dinosaurs - perhaps small arboreal thecodonts (the trees-down theory). He then provides information about the origin of avian flight and feathers and discusses the most dramatic discoveries in avian paleontolgy of the past few decades - the opposite birds that were the dominant landbirds of the Mesozoic. Feduccia next offers a theory of avian evolution during the Tertiary, arguing that the evolution of follows a pattern similar to that of mammals, with an explosive (rather than gradual) evolution lasting only 5 to 10 million years. In the second half of the book he summarizes the evolution of all the modern orders of birds, discussing such subjects as the evolution of filter-feeding in ducks and flamingos, the evolution of flightlessness, the evolution of of prey and the rise of landbirds. The book also includes reconstructions of ancient fossil that have been prepared by bird artist John O'Neill.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.34-3307",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.34-3307",
    openalex = "W1555551215"
}

@article{doi101111j109636422001tb01313x,
    author = "Hutchinson, John R.",
    title = "The evolution of pelvic osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes)",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Substantial differences in pelvic osteology and soft tissues separate crown group crocodylians (Crocodylia) and birds (Neornithes). A phylogenetic perspective including fossils reveals that these disparities arose in a stepwise pattern along the line to extant birds, with major changes occurring both within and outside Aves. Some character states that preceded the origin of Neornithes are only observable or inferable in extinct taxa. These transitional states are important for recognizing the derived traits of neornithines. Palaeontological and neontological data are vital for reconstructing the sequence of pelvic changes along the line to Neornithes. Soft tissue correlation with osteological structures allows changes in soft tissue anatomy to be traced along a phylogenetic framework, and adds anatomical significance to systematic characters from osteology. Explicitly addressing homologies of bone surfaces reveals many subtleties in pelvic evolution that were previously unrecognized or implicit. I advocate that many anatomical features often treated as independent characters should be interpreted as different character states of the same character. Relatively few pelvic character states are unique to Neornithes. Indeed, many features evolved quite early along the line to Neornithes, blurring the distinction between ‘avian’ and ‘non-avian’ anatomy.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb01313.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb01313.x",
    openalex = "W4211258340",
    references = "doi101007bf02985709, doi101016b9781483231426500124, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi10108002724634199310011511, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101098rstb19920117, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j109600311991tb00045x, doi101126science27853411267, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139e72031, doi1023072413134, doi1023072413454, doi10230730135049, doi104095101672, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105860choice300927, doi105860choice321516, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice392183, madsen1976a, openalexw646636017"
}

@article{doi101111j109636422001tb01314x,
    author = "Hutchinson, John R.",
    title = "The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes)",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Femoral osteology and soft tissues evolved in a stepwise pattern in archosauromorph reptiles on the line to crown group birds. Crocodylia retains most ancestral archosaurian traits, whereas Dinosauromorpha (including birds) acquired many more derived traits. The complex sequence of changes included major shifts of several thigh muscle insertions. Medial rotation of the proximal femur (e.g. the femoral head) in archosaurs moved the greater trochanter laterally, bringing along the insertion of M. pubo‐ischio‐femoralis externus. Within Dinosauromorpha, the lesser trochanter moved proximally away from the trochanteric shelf. Presumably the lesser trochanter indicates the insertion of M. iliotrochantericus caudalis whereas the trochanteric shelf indicates the insertion of M. iliofemoralis externus. An accessory trochanter at the base of the lesser trochanter marks the insertion of M. pubo‐ischio‐femoralis internus 2 in tetanuran theropods. I propose hypotheses for the homologies of several intermuscular lines and other features on the femoral shaft. On the line to Neornithes, most changes of femoral morphology predated Aves and the origin of flight; few femoral features are unique to birds. Overall, the pattern of morphological evolution is consistent with stepwise functional evolution of the hindlimb within Dinosauromorpha on the line to Neornithes. The clade Ornithurae evolved the last few hindlimb apomorphies that characterize extant birds, in conjunction with more flexed hip and knee joints.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb01314.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb01314.x",
    openalex = "W2020878527",
    references = "coria1995a, doi101007bf02985709, doi101016b9781483231426500124, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi101038248168a0, doi101038292051a0, doi101038387390a0, doi10103845769, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199310011511, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101086283367, doi101093sysbio33183, doi101098rstb19610007, doi101098rstb19650003, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101098rstb19920117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j109600311991tb00045x, doi101111j109600311995tb00092x, doi101111j109636422001tb01313x, doi101111j146979981991tb04794x, doi101111j155856461996tb04496x, doi101126science2555046845, doi101126science27853411267, doi101126science27953581915, doi101139e72031, doi101139e93179, doi1015468p4gnhz, doi1016660094837320000260734aaateo20co2, doi1023071292217, doi10230730135049, doi104095101672, doi105281zenodo1038220, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105860choice300927, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice392183, doi105962p226819, gregor1988the, madsen1976a, openalexw2788234611, openalexw617951419, openalexw638862129, openalexw646636017, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic"
}

@misc{cunnningham2002aves,
    author = "Cunnningham, Emma JA",
    title = "Aves (Birds)",
    year = "2002",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Life Sciences",
    abstract = "The class Aves is the part of the animal kingdom containing all known species of birds, past and present. Their basic biology, evolutionary history and general ecology are key to understanding their success in the environment today.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0001548",
    doi = "10.1038/npg.els.0001548",
    openalex = "W4249253194",
    references = "doi1016760043564320001120571br20co2, doi102307jctt1xp3v3r, doi105860choice343307, openalexw646636017"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20011877,
    author = "Ericson, Per G. P. and Christidis, Les and Cooper, Alan and Irestedt, Martin and Jackson, Jennifer A. and Johansson, Ulf S. and Norman, Janette A.",
    title = "A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Zoogeographic, palaeontological and biochemical data support a Southern Hemisphere origin for passerine birds, while accumulating molecular data suggest that most extant avian orders originated in the mid-Late Cretaceous. We obtained DNA sequence data from the nuclear c-myc and RAG-1 genes of the major passerine groups and here we demonstrate that the endemic New Zealand wrens (Acanthisittidae) are the sister taxon to all other extant passerines, supporting a Gondwanan origin and early radiation of passerines. We propose that (i) the acanthisittids were isolated when New Zealand separated from Gondwana (ca. 82-85 Myr ago), (ii) suboscines, in turn, were derived from an ancestral lineage that inhabited western Gondwana, and (iii) the ancestors of the oscines (songbirds) were subsequently isolated by the separation of Australia from Antarctica. The later spread of passerines into the Northern Hemisphere reflects the northward migration of these former Gondwanan elements.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1877",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2001.1877",
    openalex = "W1989551086",
    references = "doi101098rspb20001368, doi105860choice343307"
}

@article{maurino2005aves,
    author = "Maurino, Alejandro and Bryant, Todd",
    title = "Aves / Birds",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Sirena: poesia, arte y critica",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1353/sir.2005.0065",
    doi = "10.1353/sir.2005.0065",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W4205372497",
    pages = "40-41",
    volume = "2005"
}

@misc{cunningham2007aves,
    author = "Cunningham, Emma J. A.",
    title = "Aves (Birds)",
    year = "2007",
    booktitle = "Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780471743989.vse9808",
    doi = "10.1002/9780471743989.vse9808",
    openalex = "W4213110822",
    references = "doi1010079783662059579, doi101016016093279290029o, doi101017cbo9781139106788, doi101093acprofoso97801985208630010001, doi101093condor1072476, doi101093oso97801985660380010001, doi10129879780300237856, doi1016760043564320001120571br20co2, doi105860choice343307"
}

@article{doi101111j10963642200600293x,
    author = "Livezey, Bradley C. and Zusi, Richard L.",
    title = "Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "In recent years, avian systematics has been characterized by a diminished reliance on morphological cladistics of modern taxa, intensive palaeornithogical research stimulated by new discoveries and an inundation by analyses based on DNA sequences. Unfortunately, in contrast to significant insights into basal origins, the broad picture of neornithine phylogeny remains largely unresolved. Morphological studies have emphasized characters of use in palaeontological contexts. Molecular studies, following disillusionment with the pioneering, but non-cladistic, work of Sibley and Ahlquist, have differed markedly from each other and from morphological works in both methods and findings. Consequently, at the turn of the millennium, points of robust agreement among schools concerning higher-order neornithine phylogeny have been limited to the two basalmost and several mid-level, primary groups. This paper describes a phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis of 150 taxa of Neornithes, including exemplars from all non-passeriform families, and subordinal representatives of Passeriformes. Thirty-five outgroup taxa encompassing Crocodylia, predominately theropod Dinosauria, and selected Mesozoic birds were used to root the trees. Based on study of specimens and the literature, 2954 morphological characters were defined; these characters have been described in a companion work, approximately one-third of which were multistate (i.e. comprised at least three states), and states within more than one-half of these multistate characters were ordered for analysis. Complete heuristic searches using 10 000 random-addition replicates recovered a total solution set of 97 well-resolved, most-parsimonious trees (MPTs). The set of MPTs was confirmed by an expanded heuristic search based on 10 000 random-addition replicates and a full ratchet-augmented exploration to ascertain global optima. A strict consensus tree of MPTs included only six trichotomies, i.e. nodes differing topologically among MPTs. Bootstrapping (based on 10 000 replicates) percentages and ratchet-minimized support (Bremer) indices indicated most nodes to be robust. Several fossil Neornithes (e.g. Dinornithiformes, Aepyornithiformes) were placed within the ingroup a posteriori either through unconstrained, heursitic searches based on the complete matrix augmented by these taxa separately or using backbone-constraints. Analysis confirmed the topology among outgroup Theropoda and achieved robust resolution at virtually all levels of the Neornithes. Findings included monophyly of the palaeognathous birds, comprising the sister taxa Tinamiformes and ratites, respectively, and the Anseriformes and Galliformes as monophyletic sister-groups, together forming the sister-group to other Neornithes exclusive of the Palaeognathae (Neoaves). Noteworthy inferences include: (i) the sister-group to remaining Neoaves comprises a diversity of marine and wading birds; (ii) Podicipedidae are the sister-group of Gaviidae, and not closely related to the Phoenicopteridae, as recently suggested; (iii) the traditional Pelecaniformes, including the shoebill (Balaeniceps rex) as sister-taxon to other members, are monophyletic; (iv) traditional Ciconiiformes are monophyletic; (v) Strigiformes and Falconiformes are sister-groups; (vi) Cathartidae is the sister-group of the remaining Falconiformes; (vii) Ralliformes (Rallidae and Heliornithidae) are the sister-group to the monophyletic Charadriiformes, with the traditionally composed Gruiformes and Turniciformes (Turnicidae and Mesitornithidae) sequentially paraphyletic to the entire foregoing clade; (viii) Opisthocomus hoazin is the sister-taxon to the Cuculiformes (including the Musophagidae); (ix) traditional Caprimulgiformes are monophyletic and the sister-group of the Apodiformes; (x) Trogoniformes are the sister-group of Coliiformes; (xi) Coraciiformes, Piciformes and Passeriformes are mutually monophyletic and closely related; and (xii) the Galbulae are retained within the Piciformes. Unresolved portions of the Neornithes (nodes having more than one most-parsimonious solution) comprised three parts of the tree: (a) several interfamilial nodes within the Charadriiformes; (b) a trichotomy comprising the (i) Psittaciformes, (ii) Columbiformes and (iii) Trogonomorphae (Trogoniformes, Coliiformes) + Passerimorphae (Coraciiformes, Piciformes, Passeriformes); and (c) a trichotomy comprising the Coraciiformes, Piciformes and Passeriformes. The remaining polytomies were among outgroups, although several of the highest-order nodes were only marginally supported; however, the majority of nodes were resolved and met or surpassed conventional standards of support. Quantitative comparisons with alternative hypotheses, examination of highly supportive and diagnostic characters for higher taxa, correspondences with prior studies, complementarity and philosophical differences with palaeontological phylogenetics, promises and challenges of palaeogeography and calibration of evolutionary rates of birds, and classes of promising evidence and future directions of study are reviewed. Homology, as applied to avian examples of apparent homologues, is considered in terms of recent theory, and a revised annotated classification of higher-order taxa of Neornithes and other closely related Theropoda is proposed. (c) 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 149, 1-95.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x",
    openalex = "W2153165351",
    references = "crossref1995systematics, doi101002jmor10382, doi101002jmor10406, doi101002jmor1052090107, doi101007bf02101113, doi101016b978012249408650011x, doi101017s0006323197005100, doi101017s1464793102006103, doi101017s1464793105006779, doi101038nature03150, doi101073pnas0507106102, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108010635150500234583, doi10108010635150590950326, doi101093oso97801951223430010001, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva026092, doi101093sysbio33183, doi101093sysbio422182, doi101098rspb20001368, doi101111j109600311989tb00573x, doi101111j109600311993tb00217x, doi101111j109600312003tb00387x, doi101111j109636422001tb01313x, doi101111j109636422001tb01314x, doi101111j1469185x1997tb00024x, doi101111j146979981991tb04794x, doi101111j155856461959tb03005x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101126science2665186779, doi1012060003008220023870001tmappo20co2, doi1012060003009020042860001mptaso20co2, doi1016660094837320050310192meam20co2, doi1023072408678, doi1023072413134, doi1023072992540, doi10230740168337, doi102992014590582006371pon20co2, doi105860choice323881, doi105860choice343307, doi105860choice392183, doi105860choice405235, doi105962bhltitle106607, gregor1988the, openalexw2506868775, openalexw3217097258"
}

@article{lópezcolomé2007las,
    author = "López Colomé, Pura and Stumpf, Jason",
    title = "Las Aves / The Birds",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Sirena: poesia, arte y critica",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1353/sir.2007.0119",
    doi = "10.1353/sir.2007.0119",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2045474029",
    pages = "74-89",
    volume = "2007"
}

@misc{crossref2011aves,
    title = "AVES",
    year = "2011",
    booktitle = "A Biographical Sketch of the Late William George Maton M.D.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139104012.005",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9781139104012.005",
    pages = "97-100"
}

@incollection{crossref2018aves,
    title = "Aves",
    year = "2018",
    booktitle = "La vida en un fragmento de bosque en las rocas: una muestra de la diversidad andina en Bolívar, Santander.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.19053/978-958-660-331-7.3",
    doi = "10.19053/978-958-660-331-7.3"
}

@misc{crossref2019aves,
    title = "Aves (birds)",
    year = "2019",
    booktitle = "CABI Compendium",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.46",
    doi = "10.1079/cabicompendium.46",
    openalex = "W4312552958"
}

@incollection{glushchenko2019birds,
    author = "Glushchenko, Yu.N. and Korobov, D.V. and Harchenko, V.A. and Korobova, I.N. and Glushchenko, V.P.",
    title = "Birds - Aves",
    year = "2019",
    booktitle = "The natural complex of the Ussuriysk urban district: current status",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.24866/7444-4638-3/3.3",
    doi = "10.24866/7444-4638-3/3.3",
    openalex = "W4236238463",
    pages = "151-301",
    references = "doi101007bf02002212, doi101007bf02002958"
}

@incollection{clauss2021aves,
    author = "Clauss, Wolfgang and Clauss, Cornelia",
    title = "Aves",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "Taschenatlas Zoologie",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61593-5\_43",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-662-61593-5\_43",
    pages = "324-329"
}

@incollection{cheke202417,
    author = "Cheke, Anthony S.",
    title = "17. Birds (Aves)",
    year = "2024",
    booktitle = "The Natural History of Blenheim’s High Park",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.53061/cigw8855",
    doi = "10.53061/cigw8855",
    openalex = "W4399834528",
    pages = "257-280"
}

@misc{crossrefNoneaves,
    title = "Aves",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "AccessScience",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.065700",
    doi = "10.1036/1097-8542.065700"
}

@incollection{wardenNoneaves,
    author = "Warden, Carl J. and Jenkins, Thomas N. and Warner, Lucien H.",
    title = "Aves.",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "Introduction to comparative psychology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1037/11308-018",
    doi = "10.1037/11308-018",
    pages = "473-501"
}