@article{n1973particle,
    author = "N., J. V.",
    title = "Particle Creation in a Big-bang Universe",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/246378a0",
    doi = "10.1038/246378a0",
    number = "5433",
    openalex = "W4240772894",
    pages = "378-378",
    volume = "246"
}

@misc{slusher1978the3,
    author = "Slusher, H. S",
    title = "The origin of the universe",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "an examination of the big-bang and steady-state cosmogenies: ICR Technical Monograph, v. 8; Institute for Creation Research, 50 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Slusher, H. S., 1978, The origin of the universe: an examination of the big-bang and steady-state cosmogenies: ICR Technical Monograph, v. 8; Institute for Creation Research, 50 pp.}"
}

@misc{silk1980the2,
    author = "Silk, J",
    title = "The Big Bang",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "The Creation and Evolution of the Universe: San Francisco, W. H. Freeman and Co., 394 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Silk, J., 1980, The Big Bang: The Creation and Evolution of the Universe: San Francisco, W. H. Freeman and Co., 394 p.}"
}

@misc{trefil1983the4,
    author = "Trefil, J. S",
    title = "The Moment of Creation",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Big Bang Physics From Before the First Millisecond to the Present Universe: New York, Scribner's",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Trefil, J. S., 1983, The Moment of Creation: Big Bang Physics From Before the First Millisecond to the Present Universe: New York, Scribner's.}"
}

@misc{bartusaik1987before1,
    author = "Bartusaik, M",
    title = "Before the Big Bang",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "The Big Foam: Discover, v. 8, p. 76- 83",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bartusaik, M., 1987, Before the Big Bang: The Big Foam: Discover, v. 8, p. 76- 83.}"
}

@article{beardsley1991big,
    author = "Beardsley, Tim",
    title = "Big Bang",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Scientific American",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1191-30",
    doi = "10.1038/scientificamerican1191-30",
    number = "5",
    pages = "30-30",
    volume = "265"
}

@incollection{arp1994galaxy,
    author = "Arp, Halton",
    title = "Galaxy Creation in a Non-Big-Bang Universe",
    year = "1994",
    booktitle = "Philosophy, Mathematics and Modern Physics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78808-6\_9",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-642-78808-6\_9",
    openalex = "W1501654154",
    pages = "132-143",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511564857, doi101038330621a0, doi101038343726a0, doi10106312811638, doi1010631881088, doi101086157756, doi101086172341, doi101086180026, doi101093mnras1085372, doi101103physrevd23347"
}

@article{doi101103physrevd64123522,
    author = "Khoury, Justin and Ovrut, Burt A. and Steinhardt, Paul J. and Turok, Neil",
    title = "Ekpyrotic universe: Colliding branes and the origin of the hot big bang",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields",
    abstract = "We propose a cosmological scenario in which the hot big bang universe is produced by the collision of a brane in the bulk space with a bounding orbifold plane, beginning from an otherwise cold, vacuous, static universe. The model addresses the cosmological horizon, flatness and monopole problems and generates a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of density perturbations without invoking superluminal expansion (inflation). The scenario relies, instead, on physical phenomena that arise naturally in theories based on extra dimensions and branes. As an example, we present our scenario predominantly within the context of heterotic M theory. A prediction that distinguishes this scenario from standard inflationary cosmology is a strongly blue gravitational wave spectrum, which has consequences for microwave background polarization experiments and gravitational wave detectors.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.64.123522",
    doi = "10.1103/physrevd.64.123522",
    openalex = "W2029143135",
    references = "doi101016037015739290044z, doi1010160370269382912199, doi101016s0370269398004663, doi101016s0370269398008600, doi101103physrevd23347, doi101103physrevd59086004, doi101103physrevlett481220, doi101103physrevlett491110, doi101103physrevlett833370, doi101103physrevlett834690"
}

@article{crossref2008the,
    title = "The evolutionists: American thinkers confront Charles Darwin, 1860-1920",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-2797",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.45-2797",
    number = "05",
    pages = "45-2797-45-2797",
    volume = "45"
}

@article{openalexw3100008042,
    author = "Narlikar, J. V. and Burbidge, G. R. and Vishwakarma, Ram Gopal",
    title = "2007, ‘Cosmology and Cosmogony in a Cyclic Universe",
    year = "2012",
    abstract = "Abstract. In this paper we discuss the properties of the quasi-steady state cosmological model (QSSC) developed in 1993 in its role as a cyclic model of the universe driven by a negative energy scalar field. We discuss the origin of such a scalar field in the primary creation process first described by F. Hoyle \& J. V. Narlikar forty years ago. It is shown that the creation processes which take place in the nuclei of galaxies are closely linked to the high energy and explosive phenomena, which are commonly observed in galaxies at all redshifts. The cyclic nature of the universe provides a natural link between the places of origin of the microwave background radiation (arising in hydro-gen burning in stars), and the origin of the lightest nuclei (H, D, He3 and He4). It also allows us to relate the large scale cyclic properties of the uni-verse to events taking place in the nuclei of galaxies. Observational evi-dence shows that ejection of matter and energy from these centers in the form of compact objects, gas and relativistic particles is responsible for the population of quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) and gamma-ray burst sources in the universe. In the later parts of the paper we briefly discuss the major unsolved problems of this integrated cosmological and cosmogonical scheme – the understanding of the origin of the intrinsic redshifts, and the periodicities in the redshift distribution of the QSOs. Key words. Cosmology—cosmogony—high energy phenomena. 1.",
    openalex = "W3100008042",
    references = "doi10106312811638"
}

@misc{crossref2014big,
    title = "BIG BANG",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Environmental Change",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446247501.n392",
    doi = "10.4135/9781446247501.n392"
}

@article{guendelman2015stable,
    author = "Guendelman, E. and Herrera, R. and Labrana, P. and Nissimov, E. and Pacheva, S.",
    title = "Stable emergent Universe – a creation without Big‐Bang",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Astronomische Nachrichten",
    abstract = "Based on an earlier introduced new class of generalized gravity‐matter models defined in terms of two independent nonRiemannian volume forms (alternative generally covariant integration measure densities) on the space‐time manifold, we derive an effective “Einstein‐frame” theory featuring the following remarkable properties: (i) We obtain effective potential for the cosmological scalar field possessing two infinitely large flat regions which allows for a unified description of both early Universe inflation as well as of present dark energy epoch; (ii) for a specific parameter range the model possesses a non‐singular stable “emergent Universe” solution which describes an initial phase of evolution that precedes the inflationary phase. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA, Weinheim)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.201512221",
    doi = "10.1002/asna.201512221",
    number = "8-9",
    openalex = "W1913281259",
    pages = "810-814",
    volume = "336",
    references = "doi101016037026938090670x, doi10106313128097, doi101086300499, doi101086307221, doi101086383612, doi10108802649381211015, doi101103physrevd59063505, doi101103physrevd62023511, doi101103physrevd63103510, doi101103physrevlett854438"
}

@article{veneziano2017a,
    author = "Veneziano, Gabriele",
    title = "A Quantum Universe Before the Big Bang(s)?",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Journal of Physics: Conference Series",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/880/1/012001",
    doi = "10.1088/1742-6596/880/1/012001",
    openalex = "W2746601824",
    pages = "012001",
    volume = "880",
    references = "doi101016s0370157302003897, doi101017cbo9780511790553"
}

@article{bhattacharjee2022universe,
    author = "Bhattacharjee, Deep",
    title = "Universe before Big Bang",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics",
    abstract = "The ghost condensation of the early universe in a pre-big bang phase has been presented in this paper through duration of a non-singular bounce. The undergoing universe contracts and passes smoothly in an expanding universe via a post-big bang phase. Initially developing and then taming any ghost like instabilities, the Null Energy Condition (NEC) is explicitly violated through the curvature mechanism of an adiabatic perturbed metric. The vacuum state of the ongoing phase is stabilized via a Lagrangian that in essence stabilizes the vacuum state under the higher order derivatives. The violation of the NEC regards a catastrophic vacuum instability, which re-emerges with a correction valid at small energies and momenta, below the UV-cut-off scale that, could potentially be problematic if one tries to construct a UV-completed theory of this Ekpyrotic model. The scale-invariant curvature perturbation, that arises and is sourced out of the scale-invariant entropy perturbations sourced by 2-Ekpyrotic scalar fields, that, in contrast, becomes constant on the super-horizon limits, due to the non-singular nature of the background geometry. Apart, from the ghost condensates, this theory addresses the new Ekpyrotic theory which in order becomes a distinguishable alternative to inflation theory for the birth of the universe. As per the recent WMAP data, the Ekpyrotic model has a spectral red tilt that shows the bounced scalar potential falling through a negative phase shift during the matter-fluid fluctuations in the hot big bang phase.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2022/v6i3120",
    doi = "10.9734/ajr2p/2022/v6i3120",
    openalex = "W4311975224",
    pages = "33-47",
    references = "doi101016jphysrep200806001, doi10108811266708200405074, doi10108811266708200610014, doi10108811266708200612080, doi101103physrevd63023506, doi101103physrevd65126003, doi101103physrevd68023509, doi101103physrevd70043543, doi101103physrevlett833370, doi1015159780691212937"
}

@misc{gaztanaga2022before,
    author = "Gaztanaga, Enrique",
    title = "Before the Big Bang: the Apollonian Universe",
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "We propose that the Big Bang does not have a singular start, but that it originates from gravitational collapse of a low density cloud that collapsed 25 Gyrs ago to form a Black Hole (BH) of mass M ≃ 6 \× 1022M⊙. The collapse continued inside the BH for 11Gyrs until the density achieves neutron degeneracy and the collapse bounces into expansion like a core collapse supernova. From observations today, this model is very similar to the standard Big Bang cosmology but there is no need for Inflation or Dark Energy (DE). The observed cosmological constant \Λ is not a new form of DE, but results from the dynamics of the Big Bang expansion inside the BH event horizon rS = 2GM = \√3/\Λ. Why our Universe has such a large mass M (or small \Λ value)? If \τO(≃ 10Gyr) is the astronomical timescale needed for observers like us to exist, we find a simple anthropic prediction, based only on gravitational collapse from Gaussian fluctuations, that the maximum probability for M is MO \< M \< 3MO where MO = \τO/3G. This agrees well with the measured values for \τO and M in our Universe.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202205.0266.v2",
    doi = "10.20944/preprints202205.0266.v2",
    openalex = "W4285390640",
    references = "doi101046j13658711199902692x, doi101086150713, doi101086152650, doi10108813616382ac086d, doi101103physrev1161027, doi101103physrev56455, doi101103physrevd23347, doi101103physrevlett1457, doi101103revmodphys611, doi101103revmodphys75559, gaztanaga2022before"
}

@article{doi101007s12288026023640,
    author = "Naithani, Rahul",
    title = "Big Bang to Blood Cells.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Indian journal of hematology \& blood transfusion: an official journal of Indian Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13109492/",
    doi = "10.1007/s12288-026-02364-0",
    pmcid = "PMC13109492",
    pmid = "42040713"
}

@article{doi101038s4159802643242z,
    author = "Mohamed, Reda E and Saleh, Saber M and Ahmad, Ahmad G",
    title = "Comparative optimization of overcurrent relay coordination in DG-integrated distribution networks: water cycle algorithm versus genetic algorithm and big bang-big crunch.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Scientific reports",
    abstract = "The increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) has significantly complicated protection coordination in modern distribution networks by introducing bidirectional power flows and variable fault current levels. These challenges become more pronounced under different operating modes, particularly in islanded operation, where reduced fault current levels place severe constraints on overcurrent relay (OCR) coordination. This paper presents a comparative assessment of metaheuristic optimization techniques for coordinating overcurrent protection in DG-integrated distribution networks. Two distribution systems with different topological characteristics are examined. A radial 9-bus system is analyzed under three operating modes: conventional grid-connected operation without DG, DG-integrated grid-connected operation, and islanded operation. In contrast, a meshed 30-bus distribution system is evaluated exclusively under islanded operation to represent the most demanding coordination conditions, where fault current support is limited to inverter-based DG sources. Relay coordination is formulated as a constrained optimization problem aimed at minimizing total relay operating time while satisfying coordination time interval (CTI) requirements. Three metaheuristic optimization algorithms are applied under identical protection models and fault conditions: the Genetic Algorithm (GA) as a conventional reference approach, and the Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA) and Big Bang-Big Crunch (BB-BC) algorithm as more recent techniques. Short-circuit calculations are performed for three-phase faults in accordance with IEC 60909 standards. The results indicate that all investigated algorithms successfully achieve coordinated relay settings under the examined operating modes.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13035988/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-026-43242-z",
    pmcid = "PMC13035988",
    pmid = "41896260"
}

@article{doi1011036gtxj455,
    author = "Liu, Ruolin and Quintin, Jerome and Afshordi, Niayesh",
    title = "Ultraviolet Completion of the Big Bang in Quadratic Gravity.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Physical review letters",
    abstract = "We present a quantum quadratic gravity inflationary scenario that can accommodate the new cosmological constraints, which have disfavored Starobinsky inflation. The theory is asymptotically free in the ultraviolet, but 1-loop running is found to dynamically lead to slow-roll inflation toward the infrared. When a large number of matter fields contribute to the beta functions, the spectral index and the tensor-to-scalar ratio can be phenomenologically viable. We find that as inflation ends, the theory approaches its strong coupling regime and general relativity must emerge, as an effective field theory, as the universe must reheat and enter its standard radiation era. In order to avoid strong coupling, a minimum tensor-to-scalar ratio of 0.01 is predicted for this theory. Our framework offers a laboratory for connecting a concrete ultraviolet completion (quantum quadratic gravity) with inflationary dynamics, reheating, and precise cosmological observations.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41931761/",
    doi = "10.1103/6gtx-j455",
    openalex = "W4416057035",
    pmid = "41931761",
    references = "doi101016037026938090670x, doi1010160550321386901938, doi101016jdark201401003, doi101016jppnp2020103812, doi10105100046361201321569, doi10105100046361201833887, doi101103physrevd111044031, doi101103physrevd16953, doi101103physrevd282960, doi101103physrevlett127151301, doi101103physrevlett90091301, doi101142s0218271801000822, donoghue2020quantum"
}

@article{doi101103tbbts819,
    author = "Chen, Y J and Hao, Z R and He, J J and Kajino, T and Ando, S-I and Luo, Y and Feng, H R and Zhang, L Y and Fan, G T and Wang, H W and Zhang, H and Shen, Z L and Liu, L X and Xu, H H and Zhang, Y and Jiao, P and Li, X Y and Yang, Y X and Jin, S and Chen, K J and Shen, W Q and Ma, Y G",
    title = "High-Precision Measurement of D(γ,n)p Photodisintegration Reaction and Implications for Big Bang Nucleosynthesis.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Physical review letters",
    abstract = "We report on a high-precision measurement of the D(γ,n)p photodisintegration reaction at the newly commissioned Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source, employing a quasimonochromatic γ-ray beam from Laser Compton Scattering. The cross sections were determined over E\_{γ}=2.327-7.089 MeV, achieving up to a factor of 2.2 improvement in precision near the neutron separation threshold. Combined with previous data in a global Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis using dibaryon effective field theory, we obtained the unprecedentedly precise p(n,γ)D cross sections and thermonuclear rate, with a precision up to ≈4 times higher than previous evaluations. Implemented in a standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis framework, this new rate decreases uncertainty of the key cosmological parameter of baryon density Ω\_{b}h^{2} by up to ≈16\% relative to the Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics (LUNA) result. A residual ≈1.2σ tension between Ω\_{b}h^{2} constrained from primordial D/H observations and cosmic microwave background measurements persists, highlighting the need for improved dd reaction rates and offering potential hints of new physics beyond the standard model of cosmology.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41723699/",
    doi = "10.1103/tbbt-s819",
    pmid = "41723699"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0340807,
    author = "Singh, Chatter and Singh, Amar and Dhelim, Sahraoui",
    title = "Multi-objective Big Bang Big Crunch framework for reliable rice disease and variety classification with conditional calibration.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "PloS one",
    abstract = "Deploying rice disease detectors in the field remains challenging because models that are accurate in the lab are often poorly calibrated and provide limited uncertainty estimates, raising the risk of costly misclassification. This paper proposes a multi-objective Big-Bang Big-Crunch (MO-BBBC) framework that jointly performs disease detection and variety classification while optimizing six deployment-oriented criteria: classification error, calibration quality, uncertainty estimation, model size, inference latency, and energy consumption. The proposed framework presents conditional temperature scaling, an adaptive scheme that mitigates over-calibration and preserves reliability. The framework is implemented in Python on a lightweight two-headed classifier and evaluated on the Paddy Doctor dataset, MO-BBBC base framework achieves 90.6\% disease accuracy and 97.9\% variety accuracy; improves calibration to [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]\% better than strong post-hoc baselines); achieves micro-AUC of 0.994/0.999 and micro-AP of 0.961/0.994 (disease/variety); delivers robust OOD detection (AUROC = 0.887/0.886); and supports real-time inference at [Formula: see text] ms and [Formula: see text] ms per 64-sample batch on CPU/GPU with Monte Carlo Dropout uncertainty. The resulting Pareto set enables practitioners to trade accuracy for efficiency and reliability, narrowing the gap between prototype validation and field deployment in precision agriculture.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13004533/",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0340807",
    pmcid = "PMC13004533",
    pmid = "41860991"
}