@article{doi101017s0033583500000615,
    author = "Prigogine, I. and Nicolis, G.",
    title = "Biological order, structure and instabilities",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics",
    abstract = "SCOPUS: re.j",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033583500000615",
    doi = "10.1017/s0033583500000615",
    openalex = "W2156854847",
    references = "doi101007bf00623322, doi1010160022519370900925, doi101016b9780444508867x50000, doi101016s0006349572861642, doi101038197525a0, doi101038225535b0, doi101098rstb19520012, doi101103physrev382265, doi101103revmodphys17343, doi10111911987158"
}

@article{alper1977biological,
    author = "Alper, J. S.",
    title = "Biological Determinism",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Telos",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3817/0377031164",
    doi = "10.3817/0377031164",
    number = "31",
    openalex = "W4240768233",
    pages = "164-172",
    volume = "1977"
}

@phdthesis{szentgyorgyi1977drive1,
    author = "Szent-Gyorgyi, A",
    title = "Drive in living matter to perfect itself",
    year = "1977",
    publisher = "Synthesis I, v. 1, no. 1, p. 14-26",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Szent-Gyorgyi, A., 1977, Drive in living matter to perfect itself: Synthesis I, v. 1, no. 1, p. 14-26.}"
}

@misc{crossref2002biological,
    title = "Biological Determinism",
    year = "2002",
    booktitle = "The Concise Dictionary of Crime and Justice",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229300.n205",
    doi = "10.4135/9781452229300.n205",
    openalex = "W4229612723"
}

@misc{crossref2006biological,
    title = "Biological Determinism",
    year = "2006",
    booktitle = "The Sage Dictionary of Health and Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446215159.n85",
    doi = "10.4135/9781446215159.n85",
    openalex = "W4237981963"
}

@misc{crossref2009biological,
    title = "Biological Determinism",
    year = "2009",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Gender and Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412964517.n45",
    doi = "10.4135/9781412964517.n45",
    openalex = "W4238623933"
}

@misc{greene2016biological,
    author = "Greene, Sheila",
    title = "Biological Determinism",
    year = "2016",
    booktitle = "The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies",
    abstract = "Biological determinism is an approach to the explanation of human behavior that emphasizes the definitive causal role of biological entities or processes. From the classical period onwards it has had strong currency in explaining differences between men and women and the origins of different sexual orientations. Extreme biological determinism, which disregards the contribution of environmental factors, does not have scientific support, but theories that tend toward biological determinism have been bolstered in recent years by the rise of evolutionary psychology, the “new genetics” and the claims of some branches of neuroscience.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss553",
    doi = "10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss553",
    pages = "1-3"
}

@misc{ellison2018biological,
    author = "Ellison, George T. H. and de Wet, Thea",
    title = "Biological determinism",
    year = "2018",
    booktitle = "The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology",
    abstract = "Biological determinism is the tendency to view human social phenomena (at the individual, group, and societal level) as the products of biological causes. It can be traced back to the earliest philosophical ideas regarding the biological basis of human nature, and it has played an important role in the interpretation of scientific advances in human anatomy, physiology, and genetics. By privileging biological over environmental causes, biological determinism plays a key role in the “nature versus nurture” debate—suggesting that social phenomena are essential, natural, and immutable and therefore only subject to limited modification by the contexts from which these have emerged and in which these are expressed. These features have placed biological determinism at the center of scientific and popular claims regarding the biological nature of social divisions, including gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and disability (among others). The limits these claims place on individual (and group) agency have been criticized on both scientific and philosophical grounds—first, because many such claims mistake phenotypic and genotypic traits as predominantly prescriptive and insensitive to environmental modification; and second, because they involve logical fallacies and cognitive errors that are prone to social and political bias, and serve to “naturalize” pernicious social effects.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118584538.ieba0056",
    doi = "10.1002/9781118584538.ieba0056",
    pages = "1-4"
}

@article{doi1010800964704x20262636457,
    author = "Serrado, Ricardo",
    title = "Consciousness, determinism, and free will in nineteenth-century Portuguese medical thought: Resonances with contemporary neuroscience.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Journal of the history of the neurosciences",
    abstract = "This article examines the nineteenth-century Portuguese medical-philosophical debate on consciousness and free will, at a time when advances in the biological and physiological sciences were undermining the notion of the soul as a regulating principle. The works of physicians Miguel Bombarda, Júlio de Matos, and Bettencourt Raposo are analyzed, showing how determinism, materialism, and positivism shaped conceptions of the relationship between brain, consciousness, and freedom. Bombarda defended a materialist conception of consciousness, arguing that free will is nothing more than the manifestation of neuronal activity that produces the feeling of freedom. Matos embraced determinism and rejected absolute freedom, yet intermittently allowed for behavioral modulation through education and effort, generating a partially compatibilist but unstable position. Raposo, for his part, advanced a naturalistic view of consciousness in which the brain itself constitutes will and desire, leaving no room for genuine freedom. In sum, this article examines the medical contribution to the nineteenth-century debate on consciousness and free will, a debate that unfolded in a distinctly naturalistic and deterministic framework.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41846514/",
    doi = "10.1080/0964704X.2026.2636457",
    pmid = "41846514"
}