@article{waller1969the,
    author = "Waller, Thomas R.",
    title = "The Evolution of the Argopecten Gibbus Stock (Mollusca: Bivalvia), with Emphasis on the Tertiary and Quaternary Species of Eastern North America",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The living members of the Argopecten gibbus stock include the bay and calico scallops, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck) and A. gibbus (Linné), both common in the western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico; the less common A. nucleus (Born) of the Caribbean, southern Gulf of Mexico, Antilles, and southeastern Florida; and the common A. circularis (Sowerby) and A. purpuratus (Lamarck) of the eastern Pacific. The fossil members of the stock include the ancestors of these living species together with Argopecten eboreus (Conrad), an extinct species or species-group not ancestral to any of the later taxa. This study seeks to determine evolutionary relationships within the Argopecten gibbus stock by working back through the fossil record from a model of the morphological and ecological relationships of living species and subspecies. Biologically, the study is limited to an analysis of the morphology and ecology of the living taxa deduced from population samples. Paleontologically, it is limited to an analysis of morphological variation among samples of fossil populations collected from upper Cenozoic strata (Alum Bluff Group of the middle Miocene through the Pleistocene) exposed on the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of the United States. The time span investigated is about 18 million years, according to the latest published scale of absolute time. Differences between samples were studied and evaluated by means of morphometric data consisting of 70 measurements and form ratios of the outline, ligamenture, and musculature of each valve. Using an electronic digital computer, data were subjected to univariate and bivariate analyses, and samples were compared using machine-plotted, bivariate scatter diagrams, reduced major axes, and other graphical techniques. Data from right and left valves were treated separately, except that they were recombined in the study of characters that differ between valves, thereby furnishing new information on intervalve features. The postulated phylogeny shows a poorly known species, Argopecten species b, in the early middle Miocene (Oak Grove Sand), that is apparently very near the origin of the stock. This species evolved phyletically through A. nicholsi (Gardner) of the Shoal River Formation and A. choctawhatcheensis (Mansfield) of the Arca Faunizone into A. comparilis (Tuomey \& Holmes) of the upper Miocene (Tamiami, Pinecrest, Duplin, and Yorktown Formations). A. comparilis was apparently broadly adapted and widely distributed, living in bays, sounds, and open marine waters in the western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean and probably extending through seaway passages to the Pacific, where it gave rise phyletically to A. circularis. By the end of the Miocene, on the eastern side of the Americas, this variable species had split, giving rise to a primitive bay scallop, A. anteamplicostatus (Mansfield), that, like the living bay scallop (its phyletic descendant), was probably ecologically restricted to the semienclosed waters of bays and sounds, and to another species, A. vicenarius (Conrad), probably restricted to open marine waters like the living calico scallop. The primitive bay scallop was apparently unable to reach the Pacific, but the open-marine species seems to have given rise to both the Pacific A. purpuratus and the Atlantic calico scallop, A. gibbus. The living Pacific A. circularis is morphologically primitive in that it resembles the Miocene species A. comparilis more than it does any of the later species on the eastern side of the Americas and is ecologically primitive in that it is broadly adapted and able to live both in bays and sounds and in open marine waters. During the Pleistocene, A. nucleus, a tropical bay scallop, is inferred to have split from A. gibbus and to have become morphologically convergent on the true bay scallop, A. irradians. A. eboreus, a common scallop on the eastern side of the Americas in the Miocene and Pliocene, represents a highly variable yet morphologically persistent lineage that neither split nor gave rise phyletically to other species and that became extinct during the early Pleistocene. In certain features of morphology, the A. gibbus lineage is convergent on the A. eboreus lineage, indicating that the extinct species may also have been restricted to open marine waters. On the basis of the materials analyzed thus far, the evolution (both phyletic change and splitting) of the stock has been faster on the Atlantic side of the Americas than on the Pacific side, with the living Pacific species resembling late Miocene and early Pliocene Atlantic species. Because barrier islands seem to have played a key role in speciation within the stock, it would appear that evolutionary differences may have been caused by the active coastal tectonism of the Pacific side destroying such island barriers before genetic differences between inshore and offshore scallop populations could arise. With regard to nomenclature, the name Argopecten is shown to be a senior synonym of Plagioctenium; the generic name Aequipecten is rejected for American species related to Argopecten gibbus; and it is concluded that the generic name Chlamys, sensu lato, is better applied as the subfamily name Chlamydinae. The species name Argopecten vicenarius (Conrad), unused since 1898, is reinstated as the only available name for an important taxon occurring in the Caloosahatchee Marl of Florida and the Waccamaw Formation of the Carolinas.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000062466",
    doi = "10.1017/s0022336000062466",
    number = "S3",
    openalex = "W2728810968",
    pages = "1-125",
    volume = "43",
    references = "doi101017cbo9781139567411, doi101086404940, doi101130001676061967781125bif20co2, doi101130gsab541713, doi101139f68189, doi1023071539297, doi104159harvard9780674865327, doi107312simp92414, openalexw1513990972, openalexw2133981135, openalexw2264583994"
}

@misc{waller1969the1,
    author = "Waller, T. R",
    title = "The evolution of the Argopecten gibbus stock (Mollusca",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "Bivalvia), with emphasis on the Tertiary and Quaternary of eastern North America: Paleontological Society Memoirs, v. 3, p. 1-125",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Waller, T. R., 1969, The evolution of the Argopecten gibbus stock (Mollusca: Bivalvia), with emphasis on the Tertiary and Quaternary of eastern North America: Paleontological Society Memoirs, v. 3, p. 1-125.}"
}

@article{openalexw2302261279,
    author = "v. Salvini‐Plawen, L.",
    title = "A reconsideration of systematics in the Mollusca (phylogeny and higher classification)",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Malacologia",
    openalex = "W2302261279"
}

@article{doi101139f87207,
    author = "Wolff, Matthias",
    title = "Population Dynamics of the Peruvian scallop Argopecten purpuratus during the El Niño Phenomenon of 1983",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences",
    abstract = {Population size, growth, and mortality rates of the Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus were studied during the El Niño event of 1983 in the fishing area off Pisco, Peru. Gonadal index and larval abundance of this scallop as well as measurements of in situ temperature, dissolved oxygen, and plankton volumes were taken to record spawning activity and environmental conditions. The scallop population size exceeded 60 times that of "normal" years. It is thought to be due to a significant increase in survival rate of larval and juvenile scallops and/or intensified spawning activity with subsequent recruitment in the warm El Niño waters. Only small scallops (15–45 mm shell height) showed accelerated growth due to elevated temperatures. Total mortality (Z) was estimated as 2.5 and natural mortality (M) as 1.0. the hypothesis is proposed that A. purpuratus is a relict of a tropical/subtropical fauna inhabiting the Peruvian and Chilean waters in the Miocene, which has maintained its warmwater characteristics during evolution in the cold upwelling water because of periodic post-Miocene El Niño events.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f87-207",
    doi = "10.1139/f87-207",
    openalex = "W2034515068"
}

@article{bändel1988stages,
    author = "Bändel, Klaus",
    title = "Stages in the ontogeny and a model of the evolution of bivalves (Mollusca)",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Paläontologische Zeitschrift",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02989494",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02989494",
    number = "3-4",
    openalex = "W1989382386",
    pages = "217-254",
    volume = "62",
    references = "doi101007bf02537225, doi1010160016003258902862, doi101016b9780122825057500129, doi101111j146363951987tb00892x, doi101126science18040931377, doi1023071292581, doi1025773v5jaxgtq24, openalexw1869415094, openalexw2531009674, openalexw565715315"
}

@incollection{crossref1994bivalves,
    title = "Bivalves",
    year = "1994",
    booktitle = "Aquaculture",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1201/b12549-12",
    doi = "10.1201/b12549-12",
    pages = "183-188"
}

@article{doi101111j174474102002tb00132x,
    author = "Giribet, Gonzalo and Wheeler, Ward C.",
    title = "On bivalve phylogeny: a high‐level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Invertebrate Biology",
    abstract = "Abstract. Bivalve classification has suffered in the past from the crossed‐purpose discussions among paleontologists and neontologists, and many have based their proposals on single character systems. More recently, molecular biologists have investigated bivalve relationships by using only gene sequence data, ignoring paleontological and neontological data. In the present study we have compiled morphological and anatomical data with mostly new molecular evidence to provide a more stable and robust phylogenetic estimate for bivalve molluscs. The data here compiled consist of a morphological data set of 183 characters, and a molecular data set from 3 loci: 2 nuclear ribosomal genes (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA), and 1 mitochondrial coding gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I), totaling ∼3 Kb of sequence data for 76 molluscs (62 bivalves and 14 outgroup taxa). The data have been analyzed separately and in combination by using the direct optimization method of Wheeler (1996), and they have been evaluated under 12 analytical schemes. The combined analysis supports the monophyly of bivalves, paraphyly of protobranchiate bivalves, and monophyly of Autolamellibranchiata, Pteriomorphia, Heteroconchia, Palaeoheterodonta, and Heterodonta s.l., which includes the monophyletic taxon Anomalodesmata. These analyses strongly support the conclusion that Anomalodesmata should not receive a class status, and that the heterodont orders Myoida and Veneroida are not monophyletic. Among the most stable results of the analysis are the monophyly of Palaeoheterodonta, grouping the extant trigoniids with the freshwater unionids, and the sister‐group relationship of the heterodont families Astartidae and Carditidae, which together constitute the sister taxon to the remaining heterodont bivalves. Internal relationships of the main bivalve groups are discussed on the basis of node support and clade stability.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00132.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1744-7410.2002.tb00132.x",
    openalex = "W2019951764",
    references = "doi101007bf00339290, doi101016b9780122825057500129, doi101111j109636421997tb00137x, doi101242jcss279314181, doi101242jcss279315375, doi101242jcss280319345, doi1015159780295743240, doi1023071292581, openalexw2531009674"
}

@article{crossref2005a,
    title = "A SIMPLE TRANSPORT PROCEDURE FOR JUVENILE CALICO SCALLOPS, ARGOPECTEN GIBBUS (LINNAEUS, 1758)",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Journal of Shellfish Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2005)24[377:astpfj]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.2983/0730-8000(2005)24[377:astpfj]2.0.co;2",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2157462614",
    pages = "377-380",
    volume = "24"
}

@article{doi101002gj1048,
    author = "Zongjie, Fang",
    title = "An introduction to Ordovician bivalves of southern China, with a discussion of the early evolution of the Bivalvia",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Geological Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1048",
    doi = "10.1002/gj.1048",
    openalex = "W2081171541",
    references = "bändel1988stages, doi101016s0009254199000819, doi101017s0094837300002979, doi101038369716c0, doi101111j14636395200500211x, doi101722611310, doi1023072405671, doi104159harvard9780674865327, doi105860choice273873, doi105860choice295709, doi107312simp93764, openalexw2989049194"
}

@article{doi101111j10963642200600257x,
    author = "Tëmkin, Ilya",
    title = "Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Tëmkin, Ilya (2006): Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 148 (3): 253-312, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00257.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00257.x",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00257.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00257.x",
    openalex = "W2094781548",
    references = "openalexw2133981135"
}

@article{doi101111j10963642200600262x,
    author = "Mikkelsen, Paula M. and Bieler, Rüdiger and Kappner, Isabella and Rawlings, Timothy A.",
    title = "Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "The largest Recent family of Bivalvia, the marine Veneridae with approximately 800 species, comprises one of the least understood and most poorly defined molluscan taxa, despite including some of the most economically important and abundant bivalves, for example quahog, Pismo clams, and Manila clams. A review of previous phylogenetic analyses including the superfamily Veneroidea (Veneridae, Petricolidae, Glauconomidae, Turtoniidae, Neoleptonidae) and within the Veneridae shows minimal taxon sampling leading to weak conclusions and few supported synapomorphies. New phylogenetic analyses on 114 taxa tested the monophyly of Veneroidea, Veneridae, and 17 nominal venerid subfamilies, using morphological (conchological, anatomical) data and molecular sequences from mitochondrial (16S, cytochrome oxidase I) and nuclear (28S, histone 3) genes. Morphological analyses using 45 exemplar taxa and 23 traditional characters were highly homoplastic and failed to reconstruct traditional veneroid classification. Full morphological analyses (31 characters) supported the monophyly of Veneroidea and Veneridae but only when certain taxa were excluded, revealing analytical difficulties caused by a suite of characters associated with neotenous or miniaturized morphology. Molecular analyses resulted in substantially higher clade consistency. The combined molecular data set resulted in significant support for a particular topology. The monophyly of Veneridae was supported only when Petricolidae and Turtoniidae were subsumed, and recognized as members with derived or neotenous morphologies, respectively. Morphological character mapping on molecular trees retained a high level of homoplasy, but revealed synapomorphies for major branch points and supported six subfamily groups (Dosiniinae, Gemminae, Samarangiinae, Sunettinae, Tapetinae, combined Chioninae + Venerinae). Glauconomidae and Neoleptonidae are provisionally maintained in Veneroidea pending further study; Petricolinae and Turtoniinae are placed in Veneridae.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00262.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00262.x",
    openalex = "W2108402799",
    references = "doi101016s0167930901800314, doi105962bhltitle40014, openalexw2133981135"
}

@misc{levine2006bivalves,
    author = "Levine, Jay F. and Law, Mac and Corsin, Flavio",
    title = "Bivalves",
    year = "2006",
    booktitle = "Invertebrate Medicine",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470344606.ch7",
    doi = "10.1002/9780470344606.ch7",
    pages = "91-113"
}

@article{doi101016jecolmodel200707013,
    author = "Wolff, Matthias and Taylor, Marc H and Mendo, Jaime and Yamashiro, Carmen",
    title = "A catch forecast model for the Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) based on estimators of spawning stock and settlement rate",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Ecological Modelling",
    abstract = "The Peruvian Bay scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) fishery in Independencia bay (Southern Peru) is being subjected to great inter-annual variability in catch and effort. This is mainly due to the ENSO (El Niño-Southern oscillation)-caused changes in the population dynamics of the stock, which greatly proliferated during the El Niño events 1983 and 1998. As a consequence “gold rush” conditions arose and resource users profited from a multi-million dollar export business. After the El Niño booms, the system normalized and catches dropped to normal levels. This boom and bust situation has made a rational management of the resource difficult, and annual catches are considered unpredictable, just like the stochastic environment. This paper attempts to provide a catch forecast model to enable the scallop fishery to better prepare for and adapt to the ever-changing conditions of the scallop stock. The model proposes that annual catches are mainly the result of the recruitment success of the incoming new cohort, which is a function of adult spawning stock size and the number of settlers to the sea bottom. The latter is considered a function of the larval mortality rate and the temperature-dependent development time to the settlement stage, while the former is proportional to the catches taken over the spawning period (November–April). Using monthly catch and temperature data for the period 1983–2005, we constructed a regression model to predict the catch for the year after the recruitment period (July–June) as a function of (a) the catch during the spawning period (as a proxy for spawning stock biomass) and (b) the settlement factor that was derived from the mean water temperature over the spawning period, an assumed instantaneous larval mortality rate, and the relationship between temperature and larval period to settlement. The resulting multiple regression (R2 = 0.930) proves that both factors can explain a large part of the inherent variability of the data. The model reveals that annual catches greatly depend on the spawning stock size when temperatures are low, while this factor decreases in importance with increasing temperatures, at which the settlement factor is much more influential instead. These findings are relevant for the stock management: at low temperatures, the maintenance of a large enough spawning stock over the spawning period (November–April) is decisive for the yield of the post-recruitment fishing period thereafter, while at increasing spawning temperatures, spawning stock size is of decreasing importance for determining the yield.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.07.013",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.07.013",
    openalex = "W2028315127",
    references = "doi1010160169534789900086, doi101016jecolmodel200505015, doi101023a1008828730759, doi101109tnnls20202991088, doi101139f58054, doi101139f89086, doi103354meps113061, doi105860choice351501, openalexw2046860163, waller1969the"
}

@article{doi101111j14636409200700299x,
    author = "Taylor, John D. and Williams, Suzanne T. and Glover, Emily A. and Dyal, Patricia",
    title = "A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Zoologica Scripta",
    abstract = "A new molecular phylogeny is presented for the highly diverse, bivalve molluscan subclass Heterodonta. The study, the most comprehensive for heterodonts to date, used new sequences of 18S and 28S rRNA genes for 103 species from 49 family groups with species of Palaeoheterodonta (Trigoniidae, Margaritiferidae and Unionidae) as outgroups. Results confirm previous analyses that the Carditidae/Astartidae/Crassatellidae clade is basal to all other heterodonts including Anomalodesmata (often classified as a separate subclass or order). Thyasiroidea occupy a near basal position between the Crassatelloidea and Anomalodesmata. Lucinidae form a well‐supported monophyletic group distinct from Thyasiridae and Ungulinidae. The Solenoidea and Hiatelloidea link as sister groups distant from the Tellinoidea and Myoidea, respectively, where they had been previously associated. The position of the Gastrochaenidae is unstable but does not group with myoidean taxa. Species of four families of Galeommatoidea form a clade that also includes Sportellidae of the Cyamioidea. The Cardioidea and Tellinoidea form highly supported, long branched, individual clades but group as sister taxa. A major clade including Veneroidea, Mactroidea, Myoidea and other families is given the unranked name Neoheterodontei. There is no support for a separate order Myoida (Myoidea and Pholadoidea). Dreissenidae group within the clade including Myidae, Corbulidae, Pholadidae and Teredinidae. The Corbiculoidea is confirmed as polyphyletic with the Sphaeriidae and Corbiculidae forming separate clades within the Neoheterodontei; Corbiculidae grouping with the Glauconomidae. Hemidonacidae are unrelated to the Cardiidae, as previously proposed, but nest within the Neoheterodontei. The Gaimardiidae group near to the Ungulinidae and not with Cyamioidea where most recently classified. The family Ungulinidae, previously classified in the Lucinoidea, forms a well‐supported clade within the Neoheterodontei and is elevated to superfamily rank — Ungulinoidea. The monophyletic status of Glossoidea, Arcticoidea and Veneroidea is unconfirmed. A brief review of the fossil record of the heterodonts indicates that the basal clades of Crassatelloidea, Anomalodesmata and Lucinoidea diverged very early in the Lower Palaeozoic. Other groups such as the Hiatelloidea, Solenoidea, Gastrochaenidae probably were of late Palaeozoic origins. The Cardioidea and Tellinoidea originated in the Triassic while major groups of Neoheterodontei radiated in the Late Mesozoic. The phylogenetic position of the Thyasiroidea and Galeommatoidea suggests a longer fossil history than has so far been recognized.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00299.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00299.x",
    openalex = "W2078529225",
    references = "openalexw2133981135"
}

@incollection{chen2008bivalves,
    author = "Chen, Jin-hua",
    title = "BIVALVES",
    year = "2008",
    booktitle = "The Jehol Fossils",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012374173-8.50005-3",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-012374173-8.50005-3",
    pages = "40-41-43"
}

@article{doi101080030367582011559727,
    author = "Beu, A. G.",
    title = "Marine Mollusca of the last 2 million years in New Zealand. Part 5. Summary",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand",
    abstract = "Abstract Evolution occurred equally through allopatric speciation and anagenesis during Pliocene–Early Pleistocene time. However, no anagenesis is observed in Castlecliffian to Recent Mollusca. Possible explanations include (1) increasing shallowness and energy of the environment (Sheldon's ‘plus ça change’ model); (2) lecithotrophs increased with falling temperatures, and are more susceptible than planktotrophs to allopatric speciation; (3) ‘plus ça change’ implies that anagenesis continued unabated, but unrecorded, offshore from the recorded Pleistocene fauna. Three lineages (Pelicaria vermis, Stiracolpus symmetricus, Aoteadrillia wanganuiensis) became highly variable as a result of their changed developmental mode. Origination continued throughout Castlecliffian–Haweran time at a background rate of 0–2 new species per oxygen isotope stage (OIS), whereas extinction and range extensions of warm‐water taxa to Wanganui Basin both reached a peak in OIS 9–7. However, the faunal record results from the interplay of temperature change and the preservation of different depositional environments. Biostratigraphy and temperature change also are reviewed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2011.559727",
    doi = "10.1080/03036758.2011.559727",
    openalex = "W1973667524",
    references = "doi101017s1477201907002374"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0046926,
    author = "Li, Hongjun and Liu, Xiao and Zhang, Guofan",
    title = "A Consensus Microsatellite-Based Linkage Map for the Hermaphroditic Bay Scallop (Argopecten irradians) and Its Application in Size-Related QTL Analysis",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) is one of the most economically important aquaculture species in China. In this study, we constructed a consensus microsatellite-based genetic linkage map with a mapping panel containing two hybrid backcrosslike families involving two subspecies of bay scallop, A. i. irradians and A. i. concentricus. One hundred sixty-one microsatellite and one phenotypic (shell color) markers were mapped to 16 linkage groups (LGs), which corresponds to the haploid chromosome number of bay scallop. The sex-specific map was 779.2 cM and 781.6 cM long in female and male, respectively, whereas the sex-averaged map spanned 849.3 cM. The average resolution of integrated map was 5.9 cM/locus and the estimated coverage was 81.3\%. The proportion of distorted markers occurred more in the hybrid parents, suggesting that the segregation distortion was possibly resulted from heterospecific interaction between genomes of two subspecies of bay scallop. The overall female-to-male recombination rate was 1.13:1 across all linked markers in common to both parents, and considerable differences in recombination also existed among different parents in both families. Four size-related traits, including shell length (SL), shell height (SH), shell width (SW) and total weight (TW) were measured for quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. Three significant and six suggestive QTL were detected on five LGs. Among the three significant QTL, two (qSW-10 and qTW-10, controlling SW and TW, respectively) were mapped on the same region near marker AiAD121 on LG10 and explained 20.5\% and 27.7\% of the phenotypic variance, while the third (qSH-7, controlling SH) was located on LG7 and accounted for 15.8\% of the phenotypic variance. Six suggestive QTL were detected on four different LGs. The linkage map and size-related QTL obtained in this study may facilitate marker-assisted selection (MAS) in bay scallop.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046926",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0046926",
    openalex = "W2055612890",
    references = "doi101093genetics1281175, doi101093genetics13741121, doi101093genetics1491383, doi101093genetics15941701, doi101093jhered93177, doi101111j1365313x199300739x, doi101111j155856461989tb04220x, openalexw1542836032, openalexw258794974, openalexw2790689565"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0062432,
    author = "Hu, Liping and Huang, Xiaoting and Mao, Junxia and Wang, Chunde and Bao, Zhenmin",
    title = "Genomic Characterization of Interspecific Hybrids between the Scallops Argopecten purpuratus and A. irradians irradians",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "The Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) has been introduced to China and has successfully been hybridized with the bay scallop (A. irradians irradians). The F1 hybrids of these two scallops exhibited a large increase in production traits and some other interesting new characteristics. To understand the genetic basis of this heterosis, nuclear gene and partial mtDNA sequences, and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) were employed to analyze the genomic organization of the hybrids. Amplification of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) showed that the parental ITS sequences were present in all the hybrid individuals, illustrating that the hybrid offspring inherited nuclear DNA from both parents. Sequence analyses of the ITS region further confirmed that the hybrids harbored alleles from their parents; some recombinant variants were also detected, which revealed some alterations in the nuclear genetic material of the hybrids. The analysis of mitochondrial 16S rDNA showed that the hybrids possessed sequences that were identical to the 16S rDNA of the female parents, proving a matrilineal inheritance of mitochondrial genes in scallops. In addition, GISH clearly discriminated between the parental chromosomes and indicated a combination of haploid genomes of duplex parents in the hybrids. The genetic analyses in our study illustrated that the F1 hybrids inherited nuclear material from both parents and cytoplasmic genetic material maternally, and some variations occurred in the genome, which might contribute to a further understanding of crossbreeding and heterosis in scallop species.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062432",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0062432",
    openalex = "W2154472714",
    references = "doi101016jgde200709001, doi101016s0022534701635407, doi101016s0169534701021875, doi101073pnas91167463, doi101073pnas921280, doi101093bib52150, doi101093med97801953753360010001, doi101093nar25244876, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101534genetics107071399"
}

@incollection{crossref2014bivalves,
    title = "BIVALVES",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "A Monograph of the Mollusca from the Great Oolite",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781316143469.010",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9781316143469.010",
    pages = "269-314"
}

@article{doi101017pab201412,
    author = "Klompmaker, Adiël A. and Kelley, Patricia H.",
    title = "Shell ornamentation as a likely exaptation: evidence from predatory drilling on Cenozoic bivalves",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Abstract Predation is an important process in modern oceans and in the evolutionary history of marine ecosystems. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that shelled prey modified their ornamentation in response to predation. However, bivalve ornamentation has also been argued to be important in maintaining a stable life position in the sediment and in burrowing. To test whether concentric ribs were effective against drilling by carnivorous gastropods, we examined drill hole position and completeness for four Cenozoic bivalve species that differ in rib strength (Astarte radiata, A. goldfussi, Lirophora glyptocyma, and L. latilirata). The percentage of drill holes located between the ribs increases with increasing rib strength, whereas the percentage of drill holes on top of ribs decreases. This result suggests that gastropods select the drill hole site more effectively as rib strength increases, thereby saving time and energy, and that natural selection favors gastropods that select drill hole sites between ribs. Because of this greater stereotypy, the percentage of drill holes that are incomplete is generally lower in strongly ribbed species. The proportion of drill holes located on top of ribs is greater for incomplete than complete holes, implying that ribs can be effective against predators, but only when selected as the drilling location. We show that ribs are most effective against drilling predation for bivalves with moderately sized ribs, between which gastropods have difficulty siting drill holes. Concentric ribs are unlikely to have evolved as an adaptation against drilling predation because concentric ribs evolved in the Paleozoic and were already common in the Mesozoic, whereas drilling frequency increased later, in the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene. Moreover, rib strength of North American Astarte did not change through this time interval. Thus, the ribs considered here are a likely exaptation to drilling given their effectiveness at deterring drilling predation on bivalves with moderate ribs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2014.12",
    doi = "10.1017/pab.2014.12",
    openalex = "W2141042298",
    references = "doi1017161tov0i04275"
}

@incollection{cole2017vii,
    author = "Cole, Theodor C. H.",
    title = "VII. Mollusca: Bivalvia – Muscheln – Bivalves",
    year = "2017",
    booktitle = "Wörterbuch der Wirbellosen / Dictionary of Invertebrates",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52869-3\_7",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-662-52869-3\_7",
    openalex = "W2529652091",
    pages = "45-70"
}

@misc{crossref2017argopecten,
    title = "Argopecten gibbus",
    year = "2017",
    booktitle = "CABI Compendium",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.93557",
    doi = "10.1079/cabicompendium.93557",
    openalex = "W4313124161"
}

@article{doi101093gigasciencegiy031,
    author = "Li, Chao and Liu, Xiao and Liu, Bo and Ma, Bin and Liu, Fengqiao and Liu, Guilong and Shi, Qiong and Wang, Chunde",
    title = "Draft genome of the Peruvian scallop Argopecten purpuratus",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "GigaScience",
    abstract = "Background: The Peruvian scallop, Argopecten purpuratus, is mainly cultured in southern Chile and Peru was introduced into China in the last century. Unlike other Argopecten scallops, the Peruvian scallop normally has a long life span of up to 7 to 10 years. Therefore, researchers have been using it to develop hybrid vigor. Here, we performed whole genome sequencing, assembly, and gene annotation of the Peruvian scallop, with an important aim to develop genomic resources for genetic breeding in scallops. Findings: A total of 463.19-Gb raw DNA reads were sequenced. A draft genome assembly of 724.78 Mb was generated (accounting for 81.87\% of the estimated genome size of 885.29 Mb), with a contig N50 size of 80.11 kb and a scaffold N50 size of 1.02 Mb. Repeat sequences were calculated to reach 33.74\% of the whole genome, and 26,256 protein-coding genes and 3,057 noncoding RNAs were predicted from the assembly. Conclusions: We generated a high-quality draft genome assembly of the Peruvian scallop, which will provide a solid resource for further genetic breeding and for the analysis of the evolutionary history of this economically important scallop.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giy031",
    doi = "10.1093/gigascience/giy031",
    openalex = "W2796069297",
    references = "doi101016jaquaculture201011014"
}

@article{doi103140bullgeosci1827,
    author = "Peel, J.S",
    title = "Pseudomyona from the Cambrian of North Greenland (Laurentia) and the early evolution of bivalved molluscs",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Bulletin of Geosciences",
    abstract = "Pseudomyona from the Cambrian of North Greenland (Laurentia) and the early evolution of bivalved molluscs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1827",
    doi = "10.3140/bull.geosci.1827",
    openalex = "W3147045608",
    references = "doi1017161tov0i04275"
}

@incollection{harper2021bivalves,
    author = "Harper, E.M.",
    title = "Bivalves",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102908-4.00168-5",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-08-102908-4.00168-5",
    pages = "349-358"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20221907,
    author = "Collins, Katie S. and Edie, Stewart M. and Jablonski, David",
    title = "Convergence and contingency in the evolution of a specialized mode of life: multiple origins and high disparity of rock-boring bivalves",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Evolutionary adaptation to novel, specialized modes of life is often associated with a close mapping of form to the new function, resulting in narrow morphological disparity. For bivalve molluscs, endolithy (rock-boring) has biomechanical requirements thought to diverge strongly from those of ancestral functions. However, endolithy in bivalves has originated at least eight times. Three-dimensional morphometric data representing 75 species from approximately 94\% of extant endolithic genera and families, along with 310 non-endolithic species in those families, show that endolithy is evolutionarily accessible from many different morphological starting points. Although some endoliths appear to converge on certain shell morphologies, the range of endolith shell form is as broad as that belonging to any other bivalve substrate use. Nevertheless, endolithy is a taxon-poor function in Bivalvia today. This limited richness does not derive from origination within source clades having significantly low origination or high extinction rates, and today's endoliths are not confined to low-diversity biogeographic regions. Instead, endolithy may be limited by habitat availability. Both determinism (as reflected by convergence among distantly related taxa) and contingency (as reflected by the endoliths that remain close to the disparate morphologies of their source clades) underlie the occupation of endolith morphospace.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.1907",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2022.1907",
    openalex = "W4319336839",
    references = "doi1017161tov0i04275"
}

@incollection{crossref2025bivalves,
    title = "Bivalves",
    year = "2025",
    booktitle = "Fossils on the Seashore",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.20945013.17",
    doi = "10.2307/jj.20945013.17",
    pages = "83-91"
}

@article{doi103390toxics14040339,
    author = "Giménez, Valéria and Neves, Beatriz and Figueira, Etelvina and Marques, Paula and Pires, Adília",
    title = "Assessing the Interactive Effects of Graphene Oxide and Marine Heatwave Stressors on Estuarine Bivalves.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Toxics",
    abstract = "Coastal ecosystems are increasingly threatened by climate change, especially the rising frequency of marine heatwaves (MHWs), which often co-occur with emerging nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO), whose ecological risks are still being evaluated. While the effects of GO have been studied in isolation, little is known about its interaction with thermal stress events. This research studied the combined effects of temperature (18 °C and 23 °C, simulating control and MHW conditions) and GO nanosheets exposure (0.01 mg/L) on two key estuarine bivalves: the clam Scrobicularia plana and the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. After 7 days of exposure (duration of many MHWs), energy metabolism, antioxidant defenses, oxidative damage, and neurotransmission were assessed. The results revealed that clams exhibited lower ETS and SOD activity when exposed to MHWs and lower SOD and AChE activities at MHW + GO, compared to the control treatment. Mussels relied primarily on SOD activity across treatments but showed increased susceptibility to GO nanosheets, with higher LPO levels and a significant reduction in AChE activity when exposed to GO at both temperatures. Overall, our findings suggest that S. plana shows a stronger response to the environmental alterations tested than M. galloprovincialis. Combined exposure to GO + MHW triggers species-specific biochemical responses in estuarine bivalves, highlighting how physiological traits shape the assessment of ecological risks posed by nanomaterial pollution under climate change.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42043166/",
    doi = "10.3390/toxics14040339",
    pmid = "42043166"
}