@article{hunter1941blood, author = "Hunter, Arthur", title = "BLOOD PRESSURE", year = "1941", journal = "JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association", url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1941.02820270062025", doi = "10.1001/jama.1941.02820270062025", number = "1", pages = "62", volume = "117" } @article{doi107326000348197311521, title = "The Direct and Indirect Measurement of Blood Pressure.", year = "1970", journal = "Annals of Internal Medicine", url = "https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-73-1-152\_1", doi = "10.7326/0003-4819-73-1-152\_1", openalex = "W1515604706" } @article{doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, author = "Barker, Robert T.", title = "DINOSAUR PHYSIOLOGY AND THE ORIGIN OF MAMMALS", year = "1971", journal = "Evolution", abstract = "Journal Article DINOSAUR PHYSIOLOGY AND THE ORIGIN OF MAMMALS Get access Robert T. Barker Robert T. Barker Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Evolution, Volume 25, Issue 4, 1 December 1971, Pages 636–658, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01922.x Published: 01 December 1971 Article history Received: 09 September 1970 Published: 01 December 1971", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01922.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01922.x", openalex = "W2073972884", references = "doi101098rstb19700028, doi101111j109636421961tb00220x, doi101111j174966321912tb55164x, doi1023071441916, doi1023071932171, doi104095105049, doi105962bhltitle118972, doi107208chicago97802267365700010001, openalexw2089359955, openalexw337536883" } @article{bakker1972anatomical, author = "BAKKER, ROBERT T.", title = "Anatomical and Ecological Evidence of Endothermy in Dinosaurs", year = "1972", journal = "Nature", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/238081a0", doi = "10.1038/238081a0", number = "5359", openalex = "W2021172872", pages = "81-85", volume = "238", references = "doi101001jama196203050110085031, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi101152ajplegacy197021941104, doi101515mamm19673111, doi1023071365733, doi1023071933240, doi1023072406945, doi1023073250, doi1023073799111, doi107208chicago97802267365700010001" } @article{doi101152jappl1973342279, author = "Buñag, R D", title = "Validation in awake rats of a tail-cuff method for measuring systolic pressure.", year = "1973", journal = "Journal of Applied Physiology", abstract = "Bu\textasciitilde \textasciitilde AG, RUBEN D. Validation in awake rats of a tail-cuf method for measuring systolic pressure. J. Appl. Physiol. 34(2): 279-282. 1973.-To determine why results of recent studies on applicability of the tail-cuff method to awake rats have been conflicting, arterial pres-sures were measured under various conditions. A Doppler ultra-sonic flowmeter was used to detect blood flow changes occurring in rats ’ tails during cuff inflation and deflation. Simultaneous record-ing of arterial pressures from different sites showed that systolic pressure in the carotid artery approximates tail-cuff values more closely than that in the lower abdominal aorta or iliac artery. Tail cuffs 15 mm long gave the most accurate readings; determinations with shorter cuffs were falsely high while those with longer ones were falsely low. Pressures measured in unanesthetized normo-tensive and hypertensive rats by using a Doppler flowmeter to-gether with a 15-mm tail cuff were the same as those recorded con-currently from a carotid artery. Correlation between direct and", url = "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1973.34.2.279", doi = "10.1152/jappl.1973.34.2.279", openalex = "W1672412245", references = "doi107326000348197311521" } @article{doi101038262207a0, author = "Seymour, R.", title = "Dinosaurs, endothermy and blood pressure", year = "1976", journal = "Nature", url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2d312170ded1d99ba0aa823d24434ae9662ca9cd", doi = "10.1038/262207A0", is_oa = "true", number = "5565", pages = "207-208", semanticscholar_citation_count = "37", semanticscholar_id = "2d312170ded1d99ba0aa823d24434ae9662ca9cd", volume = "262" } @article{seymour1976dinosaurs, author = "SEYMOUR, ROGER S.", title = "Dinosaurs, endothermy and blood pressure", year = "1976", journal = "Nature", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/262207a0", doi = "10.1038/262207a0", number = "5565", openalex = "W1982587162", pages = "207-208", volume = "262", references = "doi101001jama196103040510042019, doi1010160031018275900279, doi101016003456877190020x, doi101038scientificamerican047558, doi1010970000044119620600000017, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi10116101res13291, doi1023071375442, doi1023072406945, doi107326000348197311521" } @book{seymour1976dinosaurs1, author = "Seymour, R. S", title = "Dinosaurs, endothermy and blood pressure", year = "1976", publisher = "Nature, v. 262, p. 207-208", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Seymour, R. S., 1976, Dinosaurs, endothermy and blood pressure: Nature, v. 262, p. 207-208.}" } @article{doi101086410790, author = "Coombs, Walter P.", title = "Theoretical Aspects of Cursorial Adaptations in Dinosaurs", year = "1978", journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology", abstract = "A theoretical review of the physical constraints on cursorial animals provides a list of the morphological correlates of superior running ability, with emphasis on osteological features. This list includes the following adaptations: relatively long limbs; small forelimbs (bipeds only); freely rotating scapula (quadrupeds only); hinge-like joints; short and massive proximal limb elements; long and slender distal limb elements; radius-ulna and tibia-fibula which are reduced to single elements; manus and pes with pronounced median symmetery; digitigrade to unguligrade stance; interlocked or fused metapodials; reduced or lost inner and outer digits, and snap ligaments sometimes present. These adaptations are ubiquitous among phylogenetically diverse animals which run and may be regarded as inevitable in any cursor. Theoretical arguments predict a lower speed potential for very large and very small animals, and this conclusion is supported by empirical data which point to an optimum body mass of about 50 kg for a cursor. By utilizing these findings and a system of four levels of running ability (graviportal, mediportal, subcursorial, cursorial), it is possible to evaluate the running potential of dinosaurs. Quadrupedal dinosaurs had fewer cursorial features than bipeds, and large bipeds had fewer than small bipeds. Sauropods and stegosaurs were graviportal; ankylosaurs and large ceratopsians were low to intermediate grade mediportal; prosauropods were high-grade mediportal; large ornithopods were subcursorial; and large theropods were subcursorial to cursorial. Small ceratopsians were dynamic bipeds and were high-grade subcursorial. Small bipedal ornithischians and small theropods were cursorial and were the fastest of the dinosaurs, but were probably not as fast as the best modern runners.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/410790", doi = "10.1086/410790", openalex = "W2011000302", references = "doi1010160031018275900279, doi101038246313a0, doi101093jaoac201142a, doi101111j174966321912tb55164x, doi101130spe40p1, doi1023071292217, doi1023072376, doi104095101672, doi105479si00963801361666197, openalexw1534787790, openalexw2409934689, openalexw3146596760, russell1969a, welles1954new" } @article{doi101126science493968, author = "Bennett, Albert F. and Ruben, John A.", title = "Endothermy and Activity in Vertebrates", year = "1979", journal = "Science", abstract = "Resting and maximal levels of oxygen consumption of endothermic vertebrates exceed those of ectotherms by an average of five- to tenfold. Endotherms have a much broader range of activity that can be sustained by this augmented aerobic metabolism. Ectotherms are more reliant upon, and limited by, anaerobic metabolism during activity. A principal factor in the evolution of endothermy was the increase in aerobic capacities to support sustained activity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.493968", doi = "10.1126/science.493968", openalex = "W2171422564", references = "bakker1972anatomical, doi101016s0003347280801357, doi101038272333a0, doi101086283249, doi101086physzool36330152307, doi101086physzool37430152753, doi101111j1474919x1969tb02566x, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi101126science1774045222, doi101139f64103, doi101146annurevph40030178002311, doi101152ajplegacy197021941104, doi101242jeb631273, doi1023071366368, spotila1973a" } @article{doi10116101hyp46898, author = "Buñag, Ruben and Butterfield, James L.", title = "Tail-cuff blood pressure measurement without external preheating in awake rats.", year = "1982", journal = "Hypertension", abstract = "A new photoelectric sensor capable of detecting tail pulses even in unheated rats was tested for accuracy in indirect measurements of blood pressure. This sensor proved more sensitive than a Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter because it allowed detection not only of tail pulsations without preheating but also of peak oscillations usable for estimating mean arterial pressure. After blood pressures in anesthetized rats were elevated with norepinephrine or lowered with sodium nitroprusside, systolic pressures determined with the photoelectric sensor were almost identical with those recorded concurrently from femoral catheters (r = 0.939). Cuff pressure at peak oscillations in the tail correlated better with femoral mean pressure than with femoral diastolic pressure. However, similar comparisons in awake rats with chronically implanted carotid catheters showed that, although correlation between tail-cuff and carotid systolic pressures remained significant (r = 0.962), the correlation between peak tail oscillations and either mean or diastolic pressure was not. When systolic pressures were measured indirectly once a week for 7 weeks in unheated awake rats, normotensive rats could be easily distinguished from streptozotocin-diabetic and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.4.6.898", doi = "10.1161/01.hyp.4.6.898", openalex = "W2069890010", references = "doi107326000348197311521" } @article{doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, author = "Anderson, John F. and Hall-Martin, A.J. and Russell, Dale A.", title = "Long‐bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs", year = "1985", journal = "Journal of Zoology", abstract = "The mid‐shaft circumferences of the humerus and femur are closely related to body weight in living terrestrial vertebrates. Because these elements are frequently preserved in subfossil and fossil vertebrate skeletal materials, the relationship can be used to estimate body weight in extinct vertebrates. When the allometric equations are applied to the mid‐shaft circumferences of these elements in dinosaurs, the weights calculated for some giant sauropods (Brachiosaurus) are found to be lighter than previous estimates.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x", openalex = "W2160621949", references = "bakker1972anatomical, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101017s0094837300004322, doi101038238081a0, doi101086410790, doi101111j136520281979tb00256x, doi101111j146979981979tb03940x, doi101111j146979981979tb03964x, doi101111j146979981983tb05785x, doi1023072987996, openalexw654491377" } @article{doi101007bf01617900, author = "Ramsey, Maynard", title = "Blood pressure monitoring: Automated oscillometric devices", year = "1991", journal = "The Journal of Clinical Monitoring", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01617900", doi = "10.1007/bf01617900", openalex = "W2049364112", references = "doi107326000348197311521" } @article{doi101017s0094837300012197, author = "Hillenius, Willem J.", title = "The evolution of nasal turbinates and mammalian endothermy", year = "1992", journal = "Paleobiology", abstract = "Complex nasal turbinal bones are associated with reduction of respiratory water loss in desert mammals and have previously been described as an adaptation to xeric conditions. However, complex turbinates are found in virtually all mammals. Experimental data presented here indicate that turbinates also substantially reduce respiratory water loss in five species of small mammals from relatively mesic environments. The data support the conclusion that turbinates did not evolve primarily as an adaptation to particular environmental conditions, but in relation to high ventilation rates, typical of all mammals. Complex turbinates appear to be an ancient attribute of mammals and may have originated among the therapsid ancestors of mammals, in relation to elevated ventilation rates and the evolution of endothermy.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012197", doi = "10.1017/s0094837300012197", openalex = "W2475676679", references = "doi101016003456877190020x, doi101111j109636421981tb01127x" } @article{doi101126science2605109794, author = "Rogers, Raymond R. and Swisher, Carl C. and Sereno, Paul C. and Monetta, Alfredo M. and Forster, Catherine A. and Martínez, Ricardo N.", title = "The Ischigualasto Tetrapod Assemblage (Late Triassic, Argentina) and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar Dating of Dinosaur Origins", year = "1993", journal = "Science", abstract = "40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of sanidine from a bentonite interbedded in the Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina yielded a plateau age of 227.8 ± 0.3 million years ago. This middle Carnian age is a direct calibration of the Ischigualasto tetrapod assemblage, which includes some of the best known early dinosaurs. This age shifts last appearances of Ischigualasto taxa back into the middle Carnian, diminishing the magnitude of the proposed late Carnian tetrapod extinction event. By 228 million years ago, the major dinosaurian lineages were established, and theropods were already important constituents of the carnivorous tetrapod guild in the Ischigualasto—Villa Unión Basin. Dinosaurs as a whole remained minor components of tetrapod faunas for at least another 10 million years.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5109.794", doi = "10.1126/science.260.5109.794", openalex = "W2017250743", references = "doi101007bf01134434, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi1023073514444, doi1023073514695, doi105962bhlpart22965, openalexw1574544995" } @article{doi101126science8469974, author = "Block, Barbara A. and Finnerty, John R. and Stewart, Alexandre F.R. and Kidd, Jessica", title = "Evolution of Endothermy in Fish: Mapping Physiological Traits on a Molecular Phylogeny", year = "1993", journal = "Science", abstract = "Mackerels, tunas, and billfishes (suborder Scombroidei and Teleostei) provide an ideal taxonomic context in which to examine the evolution of endothermy. Multiple origins and diverse strategies for endothermy exist among these fish. Here a molecular phylogeny of the Scombroidei has been determined by direct sequencing of a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The distribution of endothermic species within this proposed genealogy indicates that the ability to warm the brain and retina arose independently in three lineages, each time in association with a movement into colder water. This suggests that the evolution of cranial endothermy in fish was selected in order to permit thermal niche expansion and not selected for increased aerobic capacity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8469974", doi = "10.1126/science.8469974", openalex = "W2028594199" } @article{doi101111j155856461994tb01308x, author = "Hillenius, Willem J.", title = "TURBINATES IN THERAPSIDS: EVIDENCE FOR LATE PERMIAN ORIGINS OF MAMMALIAN ENDOTHERMY", year = "1994", journal = "Evolution", abstract = "The structure and function of the nasal conchae of extant reptiles, birds, and mammals are reviewed, and the relationships to endothermy of the mammalian elements are examined. Reptilian conchae are relatively simple, recurved structures, which bear primarily sensory (olfactory) epithelium. Conversely, the conchae, or turbinates, of birds and mammals are considerably more extensive and complex, and bear, in addition, nonsensory (respiratory) epithelium. Of the mammalian turbinates, only the exclusively respiratory maxilloturbinal has a clear functional relationship with endothermy, as it reduces desiccation associated with rapid and continuous pulmonary ventilation. The other mammalian turbinates principally retain the primitive, olfactory function of the nasal conchae. The maxilloturbinates are the first reliable morphological indicator of endothermy that can be used in the fossil record. In fossil mammals and mammallike reptiles, the presence and function of turbinates are most readily revealed by the ridges by which they attach to the walls of the nasal cavity. Ridges for olfactory turbinals are located posterodorsally, away from the main flow of respiratory air, whereas those of the respiratory maxilloturbinals are situated in the anterolateral portion of the nasal passage, directly in the path of respired air. The maxilloturbinal is also characterized by its proximity to the opening of the nasolacrimal canal. Posterodorsal ridges, for olfactory turbinals, have long been recognized in many mammallike reptiles, including early forms such as pelycosaurs. However, ridges for respiratory turbinals have not been identified previously in this group. In this paper, the presence of anterolateral ridges, which most likely supported respiratory turbinals, is reported in the primitive therocephalian Glanosuchus and in several cynodonts. The presence of respiratory turbinals in these advanced mammallike reptiles suggests that the evolution of “mammalian” oxygen consumption rates may have begun as early as the Late Permian and developed in parallel in therocephalians and cynodonts. Full mammalian endothermy may have taken as much as 40 to 50 million yr to develop.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb01308.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb01308.x", openalex = "W2332176983", references = "doi101038scientificamerican047558" } @article{doi101007bf02530049, author = "Baker, P. D. and Westenskow, Dwayne R. and Kück, Kai", title = "Theoretical analysis of non-invasive oscillometric maximum amplitude algorithm for estimating mean blood pressure", year = "1997", journal = "Medical \& Biological Engineering \& Computing", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02530049", doi = "10.1007/bf02530049", openalex = "W1976093437", references = "doi101007bf02368225, doi107326000348197311521" } @article{doi101146annurevearth251435, author = "Sereno, Paul C.", title = "THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF DINOSAURS", year = "1997", journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences", abstract = "▪ Abstract Phylogenetic studies and new fossil evidence have yielded fundamental insights into the pattern and timing of dinosaur evolution and the emergence of functionally modern birds. The dinosaurian radiation began in the Middle Triassic, significantly predating the global dominance of dinosaurs by the end of the period. The phylogenetic history of ornithischian and saurischian dinosaurs reveals evolutionary trends such as increasing body size. Adaptations to herbivory in dinosaurs were not tightly correlated with marked floral replacements. Dinosaurian biogeography during the era of continental breakup principally involved dispersal and regional extinction.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435", doi = "10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435", openalex = "W2081551955", references = "coria1995a, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101007bf02986571, doi1010160031018272900491, doi1010160195667191900155, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101038248168a0, doi101038274661a0, doi101038292051a0, doi101038378774a0, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199210011473, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j155856461996tb04496x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science24348951145, doi101126science2725264986, doi101139e93176, doi101139e93179, doi101139e93187, doi101146annureven10010165000525, doi101353book34649, doi1023071441916, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105860choice331556, doi105962bhltitle5716, doi105962p226819, galton1977onstaurikosaums, gregor1988the, openalexw1574544995, openalexw2310875238, openalexw2788234611, parrish1987late, rowe1989a" } @article{doi101126science28454232137, author = "Sereno, Paul C.", title = "The Evolution of Dinosaurs", year = "1999", journal = "Science", abstract = "The ascendancy of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and opportunistic as their demise and replacement by therian mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. The dinosaurian radiation, launched by 1-meter-long bipeds, was slower in tempo and more restricted in adaptive scope than that of therian mammals. A notable exception was the evolution of birds from small-bodied predatory dinosaurs, which involved a dramatic decrease in body size. Recurring phylogenetic trends among dinosaurs include, to the contrary, increase in body size. There is no evidence for co-evolution between predators and prey or between herbivores and flowering plants. As the major land masses drifted apart, dinosaurian biogeography was molded more by regional extinction and intercontinental dispersal than by the breakup sequence of Pangaea.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2137", doi = "10.1126/science.284.5423.2137", openalex = "W1974320804", references = "brouwers1987dinosaurs, coria1995a, doi101007978364268836217, doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160031018272900491, doi1010160031018282900852, doi1010160198025483901334, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi10103820167, doi101038248168a0, doi101038277560a0, doi10103831927, doi10103832642, doi10103834356, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi101038387390a0, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199210011473, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi10108002724634199810011101, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101093oso97801985491780010001, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x1997tb00024x, doi101111j155856461973tb05912x, doi101111j155856461996tb04496x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science27953581915, doi101126science28053661048, doi101126science28253921298, doi101126science2845414616, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101139e93187, doi101146annurevea03050175000415, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi1015159780691224244, doi1023071292217, doi1023073514751, doi1023073515466, openalexw1528487914, rowe1989a, sereno1997the" } @article{cushman2000systolic, author = "CUSHMAN, WILLIAM C.", title = "Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure, or Pulse Pressure", year = "2000", journal = "Southern Medical Journal", url = "https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-200093050-00023", doi = "10.1097/00007611-200093050-00023", number = "5", pages = "531-533", volume = "93" } @article{doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, author = "Horner, John R. and de Ricqlès, Armand and Padian, Kevin", title = "Long bone histology of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum: growth dynamics and physiology based on an ontogenetic series of skeletal elements", year = "2000", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT Ontogenetic changes in the bone histology of Maiasaura peeblesorum are revealed by six relatively distinct but gradational growth stages: early and late nestling, early and late juvenile, sub-adult, and adult. These stages are distinguished not only by relative size but by changes in the histological patterns of bones at each stage. In general, the earliest stages are marked by spongy bone matrix with large vascular canals. Through growth, the cortical bone differentiates into fibro-lamellar tissue that tends to become more regularly layered in the outer cortex. By the sub-adult stage, lines of arrested growth (LAGs) begin to appear regularly. Resorption lines and substantial Haversian substitution in many long bones also begin to appear at this stage, and the external cortex has a lamellar-zonal structure in some bones that indicates imminent cessation of growth. Judging by the rates of apposition of similar bone tissues in living amniotes, and by the number and placement of LAGs, these patterns suggest that young Maiasaura nestlings grew at very high rates, and at high and moderately high rates during later nestling, juvenile, and sub-adult stages, slowing to low and very low growth rates in adults (7–9 m total length). The nesting period would have lasted one to two months, late juvenile size (3.5 meters) would have been reached in one or two years, and adult size in six to eight years, depending on the basis for extrapolating bone growth rates. The histological tissues, patterns, and inferred growth rates of the bones of Maiasaura are completely different from those of living non-avian reptiles, generally similar to those of most other dinosaurs and pterosaurs for which data are available, and much like those of extant birds and mammals. No living reptiles (except birds) grow to adult size at these rates, nor do they show these histological patterns. We conclude that Maiasaura did not grow at all like living non-avian reptiles, which cannot be considered informative models for most aspects of dinosaurian growth (or physiology, to the extent that growth rates reflect metabolism). The use of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) to infer dinosaurian physiology has never been tested and is not supported by independent lines of evidence; their use in calculating age is also more complex than previously suggested and should not be based on single bones.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0115:lbhoth]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0115:lbhoth]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2179073245", references = "chinsamy1994dinosaur, chinsamy1998polar, doi101001jama195602970180082039, doi101002jmor1051080103, doi1010079781489957405, doi101017s0094837300012331, doi101017s0094837300013543, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038282296a0, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi101093clinids222240, doi101126science26251422020, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi105962bhltitle113905, openalexw2259112626, openalexw648632191, openalexw991367939, reid1984primary" } @article{doi101017s1464793101005735, author = "Barrett, Paul M. and Willis, Katherine J.", title = "Did dinosaurs invent flowers? Dinosaur—angiosperm coevolution revisited", year = "2001", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "Angiosperms first appeared in northern Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous, approximately 135 million years ago. Several authors have hypothesised that the origin of angiosperms, and the tempo and pattern of their subsequent radiation, was mediated by changes in the browsing behaviour of large herbivorous dinosaurs (sauropods and ornithischians). Moreover, the taxonomic and ecological radiation of angiosperms has been associated with the evolution of complex jaw mechanisms among ornithischian dinosaurs. Here, we review critically the evidence for dinosaur-angiosperm interactions during the Cretaceous Period, providing explicit spatiotemporal comparisons between evolutionary and palaeoecological events in both the dinosaur and angiosperm fossil records and an assessment of the direct and indirect evidence for dinosaur diets. We conclude that there are no strong spatiotemporal correlations in support of the hypothesis that dinosaurs were causative agents in the origin of angiosperms; however, dinosaur-angiosperm interactions in the Late Cretaceous may have resulted in some coevolutionary interactions, although direct evidence of such interactions is scanty at present. It is likely that other animal groups (insects, arboreal mammals) had a greater impact on angiosperm diversity during the Cretaceous than herbivorous dinosaurs. Elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 might have played a critical role in the initial stages of the angiosperm radiation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793101005735", doi = "10.1017/s1464793101005735", openalex = "W2139189634", references = "doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160031018275900279, doi1010160031018291900605, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101017s009483730001410x, doi101038277560a0, doi101038374027a0, doi10103846528, doi10103846536, doi10108002724634198510011859, doi101086284406, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101111j155856461966tb03367x, doi101126science2815376555, doi1011300091761319910190547lpoeef23co2, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101163156853974x00345, doi1011632294193290000239, doi1023072258301, doi1023072412923, doi1023073243920, lehman1987late, openalexw2603335639" } @article{doi101111146989863820190, author = "Drummond, Peter D. and Quah, Saw Han", title = "The effect of expressing anger on cardiovascular reactivity and facial blood flow in Chinese and Caucasians", year = "2001", journal = "Psychophysiology", abstract = "Blood pressure, heart rate, and changes in facial and finger blood flow were monitored in 24 male Chinese and 24 male Caucasians while they described anger-provoking incidents and read out neutral material, either loudly and rapidly or softly and slowly. Describing the incidents loudly and rapidly heightened anger ratings and enhanced digital vasoconstriction but not blood pressure or heart rate; however, anger enhanced blood pressure during soft, slow speech. Facial blood flow increased during anger expression, irrespective of speech style, but decreased when neutral material was read out. The findings suggest that an increase in facial blood flow reduces peripheral vascular resistance during anger expression, and that baroreflexes attenuate increases in heart rate and blood pressure. Racial background did not influence subjective reports or physiological responses, possibly because the procedure did not draw strongly enough on cultural taboos.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3820190", doi = "10.1111/1469-8986.3820190", openalex = "W2120548236", references = "doi107326000348197311521" } @article{doi101017s1477201903001007, author = "Yates, Adam M.", title = "A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs", year = "2003", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "Synopsis Juvenile sauropodomorph specimens from a Late Triassic/Early Jurassic fissure fill in Pant‐y‐ffynnon Quarry, South Wales are redescribed and named as a new species, Thecodontosaurus caducus. T. caducus can be diagnosed by the presence of pleurocoel‐like pits on the neurocentral sutures of the sixth, seventh and eighth cervical vertebrae. It is further distinguished from the type species of the genus, T. antiquus, by the primitive shape of its proximal humerus and ilium. Data from this specimen are incorporated into a cladistic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships. It is found that Thecodontosaurus is basal to all other sauropodomorphs, with the exception of Saturnalia from the late Carnian of Brazil. As such Thecodontosaurus is a key taxon, with a novel combination of characters that has important implications for early dinosaur phylogenetics. Thecodontosaurus provides evidence that ‘prosauropods’ are paraphyletic with respect to Sauropoda and that Herrera‐sauridae lies outside the clade containing Sauropodomorpha + Theropoda.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201903001007", doi = "10.1017/s1477201903001007", openalex = "W2118203199", references = "doi101007bf02985709, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi101093sysbio24137, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105962bhlpart22965, openalexw1585246501" } @article{doi1016710272463420030230344teovpi20co2, author = "Wedel, Mathew J.", title = "The evolution of vertebral pneumaticity in sauropod dinosaurs", year = "2003", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT The vertebrae of sauropod dinosaurs are characterized by complex architecture involving laminae, fossae, and internal chambers of various shapes and sizes. These structures are interpreted as osteological correlates of an intricate system of air sacs and pneumatic diverticula similar to that of birds. In basal sauropods pneumatic features are limited to fossae. Camerae and camellae are internalized pneumatic chambers independently acquired in neosauropods and some Chinese forms. The polycamerate and camellate vertebrae of higher neosauropods are characterized by internal pneumatic chambers of considerable complexity. The independent acquisition of these derived morphologies in Mamenchisaurus, derived diplodocids, and most titanosauriforms is correlated with increasing size and neck length. The presacrai vertebrae of basal sauropods were probably pneumatized by diverticula of cervical air sacs similar to those of birds. Although pneumatic characters in sauropods are most extensive and complex in presacrai vertebrae, the sacrum was also pneumatized in most neosauropods. Pneumatization of the proximal caudal vertebrae was achieved independently in diplodocids and titanosaurids. In birds, the synsacrum is pneumatized via abdominal air sacs which function primarily in lung ventilation. The presence of pneumatized sacral and caudal vertebrae in neosauropods indicates that abdominal air sacs were probably present in at least some sauropods.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0344:teovpi]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0344:teovpi]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W1969596295", references = "doi1010160031018275900279, doi101038229172a0, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x" } @article{doi101086425188, author = "Grigg, Gordon C. and Beard, L. A. and Augee, M. L.", title = "The Evolution of Endothermy and Its Diversity in Mammals and Birds", year = "2004", journal = "Physiological and Biochemical Zoology", abstract = {Many elements of mammalian and avian thermoregulatory mechanisms are present in reptiles, and the changes involved in the transition to endothermy are more quantitative than qualitative. Drawing on our experience with reptiles and echidnas, we comment on that transition and on current theories about how it occurred. The theories divide into two categories, depending on whether selection pressures operated directly or indirectly on mechanisms producing heat. Both categories of theories focus on explaining the evolution of homeothermic endothermy but ignore heterothermy. However, noting that hibernation and torpor are almost certainly plesiomorphic (=ancestral, primitive), and that heterothermy is very common among endotherms, we propose that homeothermic endothermy evolved via heterothermy, with the earliest protoendotherms being facultatively endothermic and retaining their ectothermic capacity for "constitutional eurythermy." Thus, unlike current models for the evolution of endothermy that assume that hibernation and torpor are specialisations arising from homeothermic ancestry, and therefore irrelevant, we consider that they are central. We note the sophistication of thermoregulatory behavior and control in reptiles, including precise control over conductance, and argue that brooding endothermy seen in some otherwise ectothermic Boidae suggests an incipient capacity for facultative endothermy in reptiles. We suggest that the earliest insulation in protoendotherms may have been internal, arising from redistribution of the fat bodies that are typical of reptiles. We note that short-beaked echidnas provide a useful living model of what an (advanced) protoendotherm may have been like. Echidnas have the advantages of endothermy, including the capacity for homeothermic endothermy during incubation, but are very relaxed in their thermoregulatory precision and minimise energetic costs by using ectothermy facultatively when entering short- or long-term torpor. They also have a substantial layer of internal dorsal insulation. We favor theories about the evolution of endothermy that invoke direct selection for the benefits conferred by warmth, such as expanding daily activity into the night, higher capacities for sustained activity, higher digestion rates, climatic range expansion, and, not unrelated, control over incubation temperature and the benefits for parental care. We present an indicative, stepwise schema in which observed patterns of body temperature are a consequence of selection pressures, the underlying mechanisms, and energy optimization, and in which homeothermy results when it is energetically desirable rather than as the logical endpoint.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/425188", doi = "10.1086/425188", openalex = "W2082717652", references = "doi101086283249, doi101086422766, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi101146annurevph57030195000441, doi1023072406945" } @article{amiot2006oxygen, author = "AMIOT, R and LECUYER, C and BUFFETAUT, E and ESCARGUEL, G and FLUTEAU, F and MARTINEAU, F", title = "Oxygen isotopes from biogenic apatites suggest widespread endothermy in Cretaceous dinosaurs", year = "2006", journal = "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.018", doi = "10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.018", number = "1-2", openalex = "W2003509095", pages = "41-54", volume = "246", references = "doi1010160012821x73900885, doi1010160012821x83901000, doi1010160012821x83901012, doi101016001670378490259x, doi101016s0012821x99001053, doi101016s0016703796002402, doi101016s0031018297001089, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101029jb093ib10p11791, doi101111j215334901964tb00181x, doi101126science27352791204, openalexw1546962148" } @article{doi101371journalpone0001230, author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Witmer, Lawrence M. and Whitlock, John A. and Maga, Abdoulaye and Idé, Oumarou and Rowe, Timothy A.", title = "Structural Extremes in a Cretaceous Dinosaur", year = "2007", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Fossils of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur, Nigersaurus taqueti, document for the first time the cranial anatomy of a rebbachisaurid sauropod. Its extreme adaptations for herbivory at ground-level challenge current hypotheses regarding feeding function and feeding strategy among diplodocoids, the larger clade of sauropods that includes Nigersaurus. We used high resolution computed tomography, stereolithography, and standard molding and casting techniques to reassemble the extremely fragile skull. Computed tomography also allowed us to render the first endocast for a sauropod preserving portions of the olfactory bulbs, cerebrum and inner ear, the latter permitting us to establish habitual head posture. To elucidate evidence of tooth wear and tooth replacement rate, we used photographic-casting techniques and crown thin sections, respectively. To reconstruct its 9-meter postcranial skeleton, we combined and size-adjusted multiple partial skeletons. Finally, we used maximum parsimony algorithms on character data to obtain the best estimate of phylogenetic relationships among diplodocoid sauropods. Nigersaurus taqueti shows extreme adaptations for a dinosaurian herbivore including a skull of extremely light construction, tooth batteries located at the distal end of the jaws, tooth replacement as fast as one per month, an expanded muzzle that faces directly toward the ground, and hollow presacral vertebral centra with more air sac space than bone by volume. A cranial endocast provides the first reasonably complete view of a sauropod brain including its small olfactory bulbs and cerebrum. Skeletal and dental evidence suggests that Nigersaurus was a ground-level herbivore that gathered and sliced relatively soft vegetation, the culmination of a low-browsing feeding strategy first established among diplodocoids during the Jurassic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001230", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0001230", openalex = "W2111030938", references = "doi10100797844317693306, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101038274661a0, doi101038nature02048, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas932514623, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101126science1118806, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi105860choice260307, doi105962bhltitle102117, doi105962bhltitle60562, doi105962p234818, larsson2000forebrain, openalexw2983381470, openalexw2989049194" } @article{doi101098rspb20080715, author = "Lloyd, Graeme T. and Davis, Katie E. and Pisani, Davide and Tarver, James E. and Ruta, Marcello and Sakamoto, Manabu and Hone, David W. E. and Jennings, Rachel and Benton, Michael J.", title = "Dinosaurs and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution", year = "2008", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "The observed diversity of dinosaurs reached its highest peak during the mid- and Late Cretaceous, the 50 Myr that preceded their extinction, and yet this explosion of dinosaur diversity may be explained largely by sampling bias. It has long been debated whether dinosaurs were part of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR), from 125-80 Myr ago, when flowering plants, herbivorous and social insects, squamates, birds and mammals all underwent a rapid expansion. Although an apparent explosion of dinosaur diversity occurred in the mid-Cretaceous, coinciding with the emergence of new groups (e.g. neoceratopsians, ankylosaurid ankylosaurs, hadrosaurids and pachycephalosaurs), results from the first quantitative study of diversification applied to a new supertree of dinosaurs show that this apparent burst in dinosaurian diversity in the last 18 Myr of the Cretaceous is a sampling artefact. Indeed, major diversification shifts occurred largely in the first one-third of the group's history. Despite the appearance of new clades of medium to large herbivores and carnivores later in dinosaur history, these new originations do not correspond to significant diversification shifts. Instead, the overall geometry of the Cretaceous part of the dinosaur tree does not depart from the null hypothesis of an equal rates model of lineage branching. Furthermore, we conclude that dinosaurs did not experience a progressive decline at the end of the Cretaceous, nor was their evolution driven directly by the KTR.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0715", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2008.0715", openalex = "W2131872692", references = "doi101007978140206754912413, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101038274661a0, doi101038nature05634, doi101046j14610248200100230x, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi101073pnas111144698, doi101093bioinformatics124357, doi101111j109600311999tb00277x, doi101126science1118806, doi101126science1144066, doi101159000452856, doi1015159780691224244, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202462320010001, openalexw2989049194, openalexw3217097258, sloan1986gradual, smith2007marine" } @article{doi101126science1161833, author = "Brusatte, Stephen L. and Benton, Michael J. and Ruta, Marcello and Lloyd, Graeme T.", title = "Superiority, Competition, and Opportunism in the Evolutionary Radiation of Dinosaurs", year = "2008", journal = "Science", abstract = {The rise and diversification of the dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, from 230 to 200 million years ago, is a classic example of an evolutionary radiation with supposed competitive replacement. A comparison of evolutionary rates and morphological disparity of basal dinosaurs and their chief "competitors," the crurotarsan archosaurs, shows that dinosaurs exhibited lower disparity and an indistinguishable rate of character evolution. The radiation of Triassic archosaurs as a whole is characterized by declining evolutionary rates and increasing disparity, suggesting a decoupling of character evolution from body plan variety. The results strongly suggest that historical contingency, rather than prolonged competition or general "superiority," was the primary factor in the rise of dinosaurs.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1161833", doi = "10.1126/science.1161833", openalex = "W2030637789", references = "benton1983dinosaur, doi101017s009483730001263x, doi101017s009483730001280x, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j14754983200600614x, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1084786, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science2314734129, doi101126science28454232137, doi101126science28554321386, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1041599780674417922, doi105860choice396411" } @article{doi10108008912960903450505, author = "Isles, Timothy E.", title = "The socio-sexual behaviour of extant archosaurs: implications for understanding dinosaur behaviour", year = "2009", journal = "Historical Biology", abstract = "Dinosaur behaviour has little legacy in the fossil record and the rarity of fossil soft tissues makes it difficult to evaluate.Indirect evidence from bonebeds, trackways, nesting traces and in-group comparisons with extant Archosauria suggests that the only substantive arguments to be made for dinosaur sociality concern cranial ornamentation and herding behaviour.There is currently no reliable method to determine gender from skeletal remains.Dinosaur reproductive anatomy was a unique combination of crocodilian and avian characters and extant models indicate that dinosaurs copulated using a reptilian 'leg over back' posture.Reliable evidence for post-hatching care in dinosaurs is lacking and extant archosaurs yield little insight.A hypothesis is proposed that for the majority of dinosaurs there was no post-hatching care provided which would have allowed adults energy acquisition that would otherwise have been required for defence and provisioning to be redirected towards growth and increased fecundity, both traits for which there is fossil evidence.Arguments suggesting that the more advanced aspects of extant avian care boasting an explicit coelurosaurian theropod origin are rejected as these behaviours appear unique to the Neornithes.Three ancestral care hypotheses are tested and none conform in a satisfactory manner with body fossil and ichnological evidence.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960903450505", doi = "10.1080/08912960903450505", openalex = "W2088920978", references = "crossref1997the, doi1010160022519371901895, doi1010160022519375901113, doi101038262207a0, doi101126science327542, doi101139z84267, doi1015159780691206981, doi1015159780691207209, doi1015159780691207278, doi101537ase188722495, doi1023072874, doi102307jctvs32ssj, doi105962bhltitle27468, seymour1976dinosaurs" } @article{doi10108809673334311r01, author = "Avolio, Alberto and Butlin, Mark and Walsh, A", title = "Arterial blood pressure measurement and pulse wave analysis-–their role in enhancing cardiovascular assessment", year = "2009", journal = "Physiological Measurement", abstract = "The most common method of clinical measurement of arterial blood pressure is by means of the cuff sphygmomanometer. This instrument has provided fundamental quantitative information on arterial pressure in individual subjects and in populations and facilitated estimation of cardiovascular risk related to levels of blood pressure obtained from the brachial cuff. Although the measurement is taken in a peripheral limb, the values are generally assumed to reflect the pressure throughout the arterial tree in large conduit arteries. Since the arterial pressure pulse becomes modified as it travels away from the heart towards the periphery, this is generally true for mean and diastolic pressure, but not for systolic pressure, and so pulse pressure. The relationship between central and peripheral pulse pressure depends on propagation characteristics of arteries. Hence, while the sphygmomanometer gives values of two single points on the pressure wave (systolic and diastolic pressure), there is additional information that can be obtained from the time-varying pulse waveform that enables an improved quantification of the systolic load on the heart and other central organs. This topical review will assess techniques of pressure measurement that relate to the use of the cuff sphygmomanometer and to the non-invasive registration and analysis of the peripheral and central arterial pressure waveform. Improved assessment of cardiovascular function in relation to treatment and management of high blood pressure will result from future developments in the indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure that involve the conventional cuff sphygmomanometer with the addition of information derived from the peripheral arterial pulse.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/31/1/r01", doi = "10.1088/0967-3334/31/1/r01", openalex = "W2151436842", references = "doi101007bf02441895, doi1010160021929083900374, doi107326000348197311521" } @article{doi101111j1469185x200900094x, author = "Langer, Max C. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Novas, Fernando E.", title = "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs", year = "2009", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = {The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x", openalex = "W2121596487", references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi1010160031018281900924, doi1010160031018295000178, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103820167, doi10106313060577, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gsjgs14720321, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20080415, doi10432497802030907329, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice465038, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw114509570, openalexw1496509561, openalexw1535663436, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3208547338, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic" } @article{doi101242jeb029009, author = "Walter, Isabel and Seebacher, Frank", title = "Endothermy in birds: underlying molecular mechanisms", year = "2009", journal = "Journal of Experimental Biology", abstract = "Endothermy is significant in vertebrate evolution because it changes the relations between animals and their environment. How endothermy has evolved in archosaurs (birds, crocodiles and dinosaurs) is controversial especially because birds do not possess brown adipose tissue, the specialized endothermic tissue of mammals. Internal heat production is facilitated by increased oxidative metabolic capacity, accompanied by the uncoupling of aerobic metabolism from energy (ATP) production. Here we show that the transition from an ectothermic to an endothermic metabolic state in developing chicken embryos occurs by the interaction between increased basal ATP demand (Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and gene expression), increased oxidative capacity and increased uncoupling of mitochondria; this process is controlled by thyroid hormone via its effect on PGC1alpha and adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) gene expression. Mitochondria become more uncoupled during development, but unlike in mammals, avian uncoupling protein (avUCP) does not uncouple electron transport from oxidative phosphorylation and therefore plays no role in heat production. Instead, ANT is the principal uncoupling protein in birds. The relationship between oxidative capacity and uncoupling indicates that there is a continuum of phenotypes that fall between the extremes of selection for increased heat production and increased aerobic activity, whereas increased cellular ATP demand is a prerequisite for increased oxidative capacity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.029009", doi = "10.1242/jeb.029009", openalex = "W2044477864", references = "doi101002jmor1050880104, doi101016jcmet200506002, doi10103835093050, doi101038nature01568, doi101093nar299e45, doi101126science493968, doi101152physrev000152003, doi101172jci27794, doi101210er20020012, openalexw195142154" } @article{ernst2009nighttime, author = "Ernst, Michael E. and Hay, John", title = "Nighttime Blood Pressure Is the Blood Pressure", year = "2009", journal = "Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy", url = "https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.29.1.3", doi = "10.1592/phco.29.1.3", number = "1", pages = "3-6", volume = "29" } @article{doi101073pnas1011924108, author = "Zanno, Lindsay E. and Makovicky, Peter J.", title = "Herbivorous ecomorphology and specialization patterns in theropod dinosaur evolution", year = "2010", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", abstract = "Interpreting key ecological parameters, such as diet, of extinct organisms without the benefit of direct observation or explicit fossil evidence poses a formidable challenge for paleobiological studies. To date, dietary categorizations of extinct taxa are largely generated by means of modern analogs; however, for many species the method is subject to considerable ambiguity. Here we present a refined approach for assessing trophic habits in fossil taxa and apply the method to coelurosaurian dinosaurs--a clade for which diet is particularly controversial. Our findings detect 21 morphological features that exhibit statistically significant correlations with extrinsic fossil evidence of coelurosaurian herbivory, such as stomach contents and a gastric mill. These traits represent quantitative, extrinsically founded proxies for identifying herbivorous ecomorphology in fossils and are robust despite uncertainty in phylogenetic relationships among major coelurosaurian subclades. The distribution of these features suggests that herbivory was widespread among coelurosaurians, with six major subclades displaying morphological evidence of the diet, and that contrary to previous thought, hypercarnivory was relatively rare and potentially secondarily derived. Given the potential for repeated, independent evolution of herbivory in Coelurosauria, we also test for repetitive patterns in the appearance of herbivorous traits within sublineages using rank concordance analysis. We find evidence for a common succession of increasing specialization to herbivory in the subclades Ornithomimosauria and Oviraptorosauria, perhaps underlain by intrinsic functional and/or developmental constraints, as well as evidence indicating that the early evolution of a beak in coelurosaurians correlates with an herbivorous diet.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011924108", doi = "10.1073/pnas.1011924108", openalex = "W2133829099", references = "doi10103831635, doi101038nature00930, doi101038nature08322, doi10108008912960600719988, doi101098rspb19940006, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science13334591105, doi101139e03011, doi101139e72031, doi101159000156416, doi1023072285423, doi105281zenodo1040385, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice392183, openalexw2097385721, openalexw2611511275" } @article{doi10108008912961003787598, author = "Farlow, James O. and Coroian, I. Dan and Foster, John R.", title = "Giants on the landscape: modelling the abundance of megaherbivorous dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic, western USA)", year = "2010", journal = "Historical Biology", abstract = "The ecosystem impact of megaherbivorous dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation would have depended on their abundance (number of animals per unit of habitat area) on the landscape. We constrain Morrison megaherbivore abundance by modelling dinosaur abundance in terms of carrying capacity (K), average body mass (ABM) and animal's energy needs. Two kinds of model are presented: ‘demand-side’ models that estimate K in terms of the aggregate energy demand of the dinosaur community, and ‘supply-side’ models that estimate K in terms of retrodicted primary productivity. Baseline values of K, ABM and energy needs for the models are further derived from comparisons with modern large herbivores, and from the composition of the megaherbivore fauna from a particular stratigraphic interval of the Morrison, but in all models a broad range of fractions and multiples of these baseline parameters are considered. ‘Best-guess’ estimates of Morrison megaherbivore abundance suggest an upper limit of a few hundred animals across all taxa and size classes per square kilometre, and up to a few tens of individuals of large subadults and adults.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912961003787598", doi = "10.1080/08912961003787598", openalex = "W2030038362", references = "doi10108008912960903450505" } @article{doi101080089129632010500379, author = "Varricchio, David J.", title = "A distinct dinosaur life history?", year = "2010", journal = "Historical Biology", abstract = "Five factors, mobile terrestrial lifestyle, oviparity, parental care, multi-year maturation and juvenile sociality, contribute to a distinct life history for Mesozoic dinosaurs in comparison to extant archosaurs and mammals. Upright, para-sagittal gait reflects several synapomorphies of Dinosauria, and wide histological sampling suggests that multi-year maturation typified dinosaurs across a range of body sizes. Fossil support for juvenile sociality exceeds that for either oviparity or parental care. Implications of these factors include temporal segregation of adults for an extended, perhaps months-long reproductive cycle; spatial separation of adults and perhaps hatchlings to suitable nesting sites; increased likelihood for territoriality; reduced potential for long migrations; intraspecific niche segregation by age; population and community structure and macroevolutionary patterns. Fossil evidence for oviparity, parental care and juvenile sociality consists of combinations of adults, juveniles, embryos, eggs or traces and emphasises the importance of bonebeds and taphonomy in understanding dinosaur life-history strategies. Oviparity and parental care, predicted for dinosaurs by their extant phylogenetic bracket, have the least fossil support and cautions against overextending parsimonious interpretations to extinct taxa with the risk of obscuring novel or intermediate behaviours. Given the great diversity of Mesozoic dinosaurs, the proposed life history is hypothesised to represent only a general tendency.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2010.500379", doi = "10.1080/08912963.2010.500379", openalex = "W1998041136", references = "doi101002ar20991, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101017s0022336000018862, doi10108002724634199910011125, doi10108008912960903450505, doi101111j15023931200900187x, reid1984primary" } @article{doi101111j1469185x201000122x, author = "Clarke, Andrew and Pörtner, Hans‐Otto", title = "Temperature, metabolic power and the evolution of endothermy", year = "2010", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "Endothermy has evolved at least twice, in the precursors to modern mammals and birds. The most widely accepted explanation for the evolution of endothermy has been selection for enhanced aerobic capacity. We review this hypothesis in the light of advances in our understanding of ATP generation by mitochondria and muscle performance. Together with the development of isotope-based techniques for the measurement of metabolic rate in free-ranging vertebrates these have confirmed the importance of aerobic scope in the evolution of endothermy: absolute aerobic scope, ATP generation by mitochondria and muscle power output are all strongly temperature-dependent, indicating that there would have been significant improvement in whole-organism locomotor ability with a warmer body. New data on mitochondrial ATP generation and proton leak suggest that the thermal physiology of mitochondria may differ between organisms of contrasting ecology and thermal flexibility. Together with recent biophysical modelling, this strengthens the long-held view that endothermy originated in smaller, active eurythermal ectotherms living in a cool but variable thermal environment. We propose that rather than being a secondary consequence of the evolution of an enhanced aerobic scope, a warmer body was the means by which that enhanced aerobic scope was achieved. This modified hypothesis requires that the rise in metabolic rate and the insulation necessary to retain metabolic heat arose early in the lineages leading to birds and mammals. Large dinosaurs were warm, but were not endotherms, and the metabolic status of pterosaurs remains unresolved.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00122.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00122.x", openalex = "W2110669729", references = "amiot2006oxygen, doi101016s1095643302000454, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi10103835007527, doi101038nature07447, doi101038nature07856, doi101086283249, doi101086284325, doi101086425185, doi101093oso97801985464120010001, doi101126science1061967, doi101126science24248841403, doi101146annurevph57030195000441, doi101152physrev1997773731, doi101371journalpone0003303, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016660094837320030290243vpasat20co2, doi101890039000, doi1023071223169, doi105860choice295104, openalexw2983381470" } @article{doi101111j1469185x201000137x, author = "Sander, P. Martin and Christian, Andreas and Clauß, Marcus and Fechner, Regina and Gee, Carole T. and Griebeler, Eva-Maria and Gunga, Hanns‐Christian and Hummel, Jürgen and Mallison, Heinrich and Perry, Steven F. and Preuschoft, Holger and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Remes, Kristian and Tütken, Thomas and Wings, Oliver and Witzel, U.", title = "Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism", year = "2010", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "The herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were the largest terrestrial animals ever, surpassing the largest herbivorous mammals by an order of magnitude in body mass. Several evolutionary lineages among Sauropoda produced giants with body masses in excess of 50 metric tonnes by conservative estimates. With body mass increase driven by the selective advantages of large body size, animal lineages will increase in body size until they reach the limit determined by the interplay of bauplan, biology, and resource availability. There is no evidence, however, that resource availability and global physicochemical parameters were different enough in the Mesozoic to have led to sauropod gigantism.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x", openalex = "W2090710319", references = "amiot2006oxygen, christiansen2004mass, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jez513, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101017s1464793101005735, doi101021j150446a008, doi101038262207a0, doi101038344858a0, doi10103835086558, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas251548698, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421985tb00871x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science1118806, doi101139e93176, doi101146annurevecolsys36102003152631, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101242jeb029009, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi1015159781400881376, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1023072407154, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi10560219780801881206, doi105860choice271523, doi105860choice304997, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice490282, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw114509570, openalexw1504554173, openalexw1534857865, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1585246501, openalexw1607828269, openalexw2318111898, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2983381470, openalexw3015256845, openalexw575222456, seymour1976dinosaurs" } @article{doi101111j1469185x201000139x, author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Carrano, Matthew T. and Barrett, Paul M.", title = "Testing the effect of the rock record on diversity: a multidisciplinary approach to elucidating the generic richness of sauropodomorph dinosaurs through time", year = "2010", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "The accurate reconstruction of palaeobiodiversity patterns is central to a detailed understanding of the macroevolutionary history of a group of organisms. However, there is increasing evidence that diversity patterns observed directly from the fossil record are strongly influenced by fluctuations in the quality of our sampling of the rock record; thus, any patterns we see may reflect sampling biases, rather than genuine biological signals. Previous dinosaur diversity studies have suggested that fluctuations in sauropodomorph palaeobiodiversity reflect genuine biological signals, in comparison to theropods and ornithischians whose diversity seems to be largely controlled by the rock record. Most previous diversity analyses that have attempted to take into account the effects of sampling biases have used only a single method or proxy: here we use a number of techniques in order to elucidate diversity. A global database of all known sauropodomorph body fossil occurrences (2024) was constructed. A taxic diversity curve for all valid sauropodomorph genera was extracted from this database and compared statistically with several sampling proxies (rock outcrop area and dinosaur-bearing formations and collections), each of which captures a different aspect of fossil record sampling. Phylogenetic diversity estimates, residuals and sample-based rarefaction (including the first attempt to capture 'cryptic' diversity in dinosaurs) were implemented to investigate further the effects of sampling. After 'removal' of biases, sauropodomorph diversity appears to be genuinely high in the Norian, Pliensbachian-Toarcian, Bathonian-Callovian and Kimmeridgian-Tithonian (with a small peak in the Aptian), whereas low diversity levels are recorded for the Oxfordian and Berriasian-Barremian, with the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary seemingly representing a real diversity trough. Observed diversity in the remaining Triassic-Jurassic stages appears to be largely driven by sampling effort. Late Cretaceous diversity is difficult to elucidate and it is possible that this interval remains relatively under-sampled. Despite its distortion by sampling biases, much of sauropodomorph palaeobiodiversity can be interpreted as a reflection of genuine biological signals, and fluctuations in sea level may account for some of these diversity patterns.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00139.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00139.x", openalex = "W2009772623", references = "doi101038274661a0, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108008912969009386535, doi101098rspb20091845, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101666070341, doi105860choice435907, foote1996perspective, smith2007marine" } @article{doi101126science1200043, author = "Schmitz, Lars and Motani, Ryosuke", title = "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology", year = "2011", journal = "Science", abstract = "Variation in daily activity patterns facilitates temporal partitioning of habitat and resources among species. Knowledge of temporal niche partitioning in paleobiological systems has been limited by the difficulty of obtaining reliable information about activity patterns from fossils. On the basis of an analysis of scleral ring and orbit morphology in 33 archosaurs, including dinosaurs and pterosaurs, we show that the eyes of Mesozoic archosaurs were adapted to all major types of diel activity (that is, nocturnal, diurnal, and cathemeral) and provide concrete evidence of temporal niche partitioning in the Mesozoic. Similar to extant amniotes, flyers were predominantly diurnal; terrestrial predators, at least partially, nocturnal; and large herbivores, cathemeral. These similarities suggest that ecology drives the evolution of diel activity patterns.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200043", doi = "10.1126/science.1200043", openalex = "W2072020803", references = "doi101016b9780123852502500183, doi101016jsedgeo200605013, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101034j1600048x2000310314x, doi101038272333a0, doi101111j1469185x1992tb01188x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101146annurevecolsys34011802132435, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1023071380998" } @article{doi101126science1206196, author = "Eagle, Robert A. and Tütken, Thomas and Martin, Taylor and Tripati, Aradhna and Fricke, Henry and Connely, Melissa V. and Cifelli, Richard L. and Eiler, John M.", title = "Dinosaur Body Temperatures Determined from Isotopic (13 C- 18 O) Ordering in Fossil Biominerals", year = "2011", journal = "Science", abstract = "The nature of the physiology and thermal regulation of the nonavian dinosaurs is the subject of debate. Previously, arguments have been made for both endothermic and ectothermic metabolisms on the basis of differing methodologies. We used clumped isotope thermometry to determine body temperatures from the fossilized teeth of large Jurassic sauropods. Our data indicate body temperatures of 36° to 38°C, which are similar to those of most modern mammals. This temperature range is 4° to 7°C lower than predicted by a model that showed scaling of dinosaur body temperature with mass, which could indicate that sauropods had mechanisms to prevent excessively high body temperatures being reached because of their gigantic size.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206196", doi = "10.1126/science.1206196", openalex = "W1994076869", references = "amiot2006oxygen, brattstrom1965body, doi101002jms1614, doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101002mmng20010040113, doi101002mmng200900004, doi101006jasc19960126, doi1010160012821x83901000, doi1010160012821x96000933, doi101016jgca200511014, doi101016s0016703797001695, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101073pnas1001824107, doi101073pnas932514623, doi101086410622, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi102110palo2003p0322, doi102475ajs3042105, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2786463731, pontzer2009biomechanics" } @article{doi105860choice490282, title = "Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: understanding the life of giants", year = "2011", journal = "Choice Reviews Online", abstract = "List of Contributors Preface List of Institutional Abbreviations Introduction 1. Sauropod Biology and the Evolution of Gigantism: What Do We Know? / Marcus Clauss Part 1. Nutrition 2. Sauropod Feeding and Digestive Physiology / Jurgen Hummel and Marcus Clauss 3. Dietary Options for the Sauropod Dinosaurs from an Integrated Botanical and Paleobotanical Perspective / Carole T. Gee 4. The Diet of Sauropod Dinosaurs: Implications of Carbon Isotope Analysis on Teeth, Bones, and Plants / Thomas Tutken Part 2. Physiology 5. Structure and Function of the Sauropod Respiratory System / Steven F. Perry, Thomas Breuer, and Nadine Pajor 6. Reconstructing Body Volume and Surface Area of Dinosaurs Using Laser Scanning and Photogrammetry / Stefan Stoinski, Tim Suthau, and Hanns-Christian Gunga 7. Body Mass Estimation, Thermoregulation, and Cardiovascular Physiology of Large Sauropods / Bergita Ganse, Alexander Stahn, Stefan Stoinski, Tim Suthau, and Hanns-Christian Gunga Part 3. Construction 8. How to Get Big in the Mesozoic: The Evolution of the Sauropodomorph Body Plan / Oliver W. M. Rauhut, Regina Fechner, Kristian Remes, and Katrin Reis 9. Characterization of Sauropod Bone Structure / Maitena Dumont, Anke Pyzalla, Aleksander Kostka, and Andras Borbely 10. Finite Element Analyses and Virtual Syntheses of Biological Structures and Their Application to Sauropod Skulls / Ulrich Witzel, Julia Mannhardt, Rainer Goessling, Pascal de Micheli, and Holger Preuschoft 11. Walking with the Shoulder of Giants: Biomechanical Conditions in the Tetrapod Shoulder Girdle as a Basis for Sauropod Shoulder Reconstruction / Bianca Hohn 12. Why So Huge? Biomechanical Reasons for the Acquisition of Large Size in Sauropod and Theropod Dinosaurs / Holger Preuschoft, Bianca Hohn, Stefan Stoinski, and Ulrich Witzel 13. Plateosaurus in 3D: How CAD Models and Kinetic-Dynamic Modeling Bring an Extinct Animal to Life / Heinrich Mallison 14. Rearing Giants: Kinetic-Dynamic Modeling of Sauropod Bipedal and Tripodal Poses / Heinrich Mallison 15. Neck Posture in Sauropods / Andreas Christian and Gordon Dzemski Part 4. Growth 16. The Life Cycle of Sauropod Dinosaurs / Eva-Maria Griebeler and Jan Werner 17. Sauropod Bone Histology and Its Implications for Sauropod Biology / P. Martin Sander, Nicole Klein, Koen Stein, and Oliver Wings Part 5. Epilogue 18. Skeletal Reconstruction of Brachiosaurus brancai in the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin: Summarizing 70 Years of Sauropod Research / Kristian Remes, David M. Unwin, Nicole Klein, Wolf-Dieter Heinrich, and Oliver Hampe Appendix: Compilation of Published Body Mass Data for a Variety of Basal Sauropodomorphs and Sauropods Index", url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-0282", doi = "10.5860/choice.49-0282", openalex = "W293512402", references = "amiot2006oxygen, christiansen2004mass, doi101002mmng200900004, doi1010160012825273900287, doi1010160031018275900279, doi1010160375650595000240, doi101016b9780126764604500081, doi101016jpalaeo200401006, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s009483730000676x, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi101038229172a0, doi101038262207a0, doi10103835086558, doi101038nature00930, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas251548698, doi101073pnas932514623, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science1138709, doi101242jeb02443, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320000260734aaateo20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016660094837320030290243vpasat20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi101666080251, doi1016710272463420020220766tehits20co2, doi1023071310735, doi1023073515313, doi104039ent912935, doi105860choice271523, doi105860choice324505, doi105962bhltitle118957, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1534857865, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1590241584, openalexw2473973115, openalexw2729191089, openalexw603337959, seymour1976dinosaurs" } @book{openalexw1585246501, author = "Farlow, James O. and Brett-Surman, Michael K.", title = "The Complete Dinosaur", year = "2012", booktitle = "Opus: Research \& Creativity (Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne)", abstract = "PREFACE: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman PART ONE: THE DISCOVERY OF DINOSAURS The Earliest Discoveries: William A. S. Sarjeant European Dinosaur Hunters: Hans-Dieter Sues North American Dinosaur Hunters: Edwin H. Colbert Asian Dinosaur Hunters: John R. Lavas Dinosaur Hunters of the Southern Continents: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. PART TWO: THE STUDY OF DINOSAURS Hunting for Dinosaur Bones: David D. Gillette The Osteology of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K.Brett-Surman The Taxonomy and Systematics of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K. Brett-Surman Dinosaurs and Geologic Time: James O. Farlow The Scientific Study of Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Chapman Molecular Paleontology: Rationale and Techniques for the Study of Ancient Biomolecules: Mary Higby Schweitzer Dinosaurs as Museum Exhibits: Kenneth Carpenter Restoring Dinosaurs as Living Animals: Douglas Henderson PART THREE: THE GROUPS OF DINOSAURS Introduction: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman Politics and Paleontology: Richard Owen and the Invention of Dinosaurs: Hugh Torrens Evolution of the Archosaurs: J. Michael Parrish Origin and Early Evolution of Dinosaurs: Michael J. Benton Theropods: Philip J. Currie Segnosaurs (Therezinosaurs): Teresa Maryanska Prosauropods: Jacques VanHeerden Sauropods: John S. McIntosh, M. K. Brett-Surman, and James O. Farlow Stegosaurs: Peter M. Galton Ankylosaurs: Kenneth Carpenter Marginocephalians: Catherine A. Forster and Paul C. Sereno Ornithopods: M. K. Brett-Surman PART FOUR: BIOLOGY OF THE DINOSAURS Land Plants as Food and Habitat in the Age of Dinosaurs: Bruce H. Tiffney What Did Dinosaurs Eat? Coprolites and Other Direct Evidence of Dinosaur Diets: Karen Chin Dinosaur Combat and Courtship: Scott Sampson Dinosaur Eggs: Karl F. Hirsch and Darla K. Zelenitsky How Dinosaurs Grew: R. E. H. Reid Engineering a Dinosaur: R. McN. Alexander Dinosaurian Paleopathology: Bruce M. Rothschild Dinosaurian Physiology: the Case for Intermediate Dinosaurs: R. E. H. Reid Oxygen Isotopes in Dinosaur Bone: Reese E. Barrick, Michael K. Stoskopf, and William J. Showers A Blueprint for Giants: Do Living Reptiles, Birds or Mammals Provide the Best Model for the Physiology of Large Dinosaurs? Frank V. Paladino, James R. Spotila, and Peter Dodson New Insights into the Metabolic Physiology of Dinosaurs: John Ruben, Andrew Leitch, Willem Hillenius, Nicholas Geist, and Terry Jones The Scientific Study of Dinosaur Footprints: James O. Farlow and Ralph E. Chapman The Paleoecological and Paleoenvironmental Utility of Dinosaur Tracks: Martin G. Lockley PART FIVE: DINOSAUR EVOLUTION IN THE CHANGING WORLD OF THE MESOZOIC ERA Biogeography for Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Molnar Major Groups of Non-Dinosaurian Vertebrates of the Mesozoic Era: Michael Morales Continental Tetrapods of the Early Mesozoic: Faunas and Faunal Changes: Hans-Dieter Sues Dinosaurian Faunas of the Later Mesozoic: Dale A. Russell and Jose F. Bonaparte The Extinction of the Dinosaurs: A Dialogue Between a Catastrophist and a Gradualist: Dale A. Russell and Peter Dodson PART SIX: DINOSAURS AND THE MEDIA Dinosaurs and the Media: Donald F. Glut and M. K. Brett-Surman APPENDIX: A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF DINOSAUR PALEONTOLOGY: M. K. Brett-Surman GLOSSARY CONTRIBUTORS INDEX", openalex = "W1585246501", references = "chatterjee2013a, chinsamy1998polar, deklerk2000a, doi101002ar20982, doi101002ara10097, doi101002jmor10406, doi101007s0011400804883, doi1010160031018291900605, doi1010160034666781900695, doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101016jepsl200801015, doi101016jpalaeo201002025, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017s0022336000018862, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101017s0094837300016900, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101038262207a0, doi101038307360a0, doi10103832884, doi101038359117a0, doi101038362709a0, doi101038368196a0, doi101038nature03635, doi101038nature10906, doi101046j14401738200300386x, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108002724634199910011125, doi10108008912960903503345, doi10108010420940802471027, doi101086284406, doi101086422766, doi101098rspb20060443, doi101111j10963642200600245x, doi101111j10963642200900631x, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101126science1157704, doi101126science1180219, doi101126science172397867, doi101126science24248841403, doi101126science27352791204, doi101127njgpm19831983141, doi1011300091761319930210503pioatv23co2, doi101130g23452a1, doi101130spe40p1, doi101144001676492006032, doi101144gslsp20042280106, doi101146annurevearth040610133502, doi101146annurevearth28119, doi101146annurevgenet37110801143214, doi10120600030082200635301ydanpc20co2, doi1012066391, doi101353book59141, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi1016660094837320000260450fpindi20co2, doi1016660094837320050310291teafot20co2, doi1016690883135120030180286rpoumt20co2, doi1016710272463420020220593cvancf20co2, doi1016710272463420020220766tehits20co2, doi101671a11168, doi102110palo2007p07070r, doi1023071445147, doi1023073514548, doi102475ajss425149387, doi104202app20080049, doi105281zenodo13315375, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105281zenodo3739898, doi105962p339375, fiorillo2004the, jacobsen1998feeding, lehman1987late, nelson1980counts, openalexw1550095290, openalexw1558456135, openalexw2163397885, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2506868775, pontzer2009biomechanics, russell2002synopsis, seymour1976dinosaurs, sloan1986gradual, stevens2006binocular, witmer1991biomechanics, woodward1910on" } @article{doi101098rsbl20130036, author = "Birchard, Geoffrey F. and Ruta, Marcello and Deeming, D. Charles", title = "Evolution of parental incubation behaviour in dinosaurs cannot be inferred from clutch mass in birds", year = "2013", journal = "Biology Letters", abstract = "A recent study proposed that incubation behaviour (i.e. type of parental care) in theropod dinosaurs can be inferred from an allometric analysis of clutch volume in extant birds. However, the study in question failed to account for factors known to affect egg and clutch size in living bird species. A new scaling analysis of avian clutch mass demonstrates that type of parental care cannot be distinguished by conventional allometry because of the confounding effects of phylogeny and hatchling maturity. Precociality of young but not paternal care in the theropod ancestors of birds is consistent with the available data.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0036", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2013.0036", openalex = "W2132117810", references = "doi10108008912960903450505, doi103184175815508x402482" } @article{doi101371journalpone0068714, author = "Clauß, Marcus and Steuer, Patrick and Müller, Dennis and Codron, Daryl and Hummel, Jürgen", title = "Herbivory and Body Size: Allometries of Diet Quality and Gastrointestinal Physiology, and Implications for Herbivore Ecology and Dinosaur Gigantism", year = "2013", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Digestive physiology has played a prominent role in explanations for terrestrial herbivore body size evolution and size-driven diversification and niche differentiation. This is based on the association of increasing body mass (BM) with diets of lower quality, and with putative mechanisms by which a higher BM could translate into a higher digestive efficiency. Such concepts, however, often do not match empirical data. Here, we review concepts and data on terrestrial herbivore BM, diet quality, digestive physiology and metabolism, and in doing so give examples for problems in using allometric analyses and extrapolations. A digestive advantage of larger BM is not corroborated by conceptual or empirical approaches. We suggest that explanatory models should shift from physiological to ecological scenarios based on the association of forage quality and biomass availability, and the association between BM and feeding selectivity. These associations mostly (but not exclusively) allow large herbivores to use low quality forage only, whereas they allow small herbivores the use of any forage they can physically manage. Examples of small herbivores able to subsist on lower quality diets are rare but exist. We speculate that this could be explained by evolutionary adaptations to the ecological opportunity of selective feeding in smaller animals, rather than by a physiologic or metabolic necessity linked to BM. For gigantic herbivores such as sauropod dinosaurs, other factors than digestive physiology appear more promising candidates to explain evolutionary drives towards extreme BM.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068714", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0068714", openalex = "W2034817348", references = "doi101016c20130113815, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi10103846266, doi101086284369, doi101086284385, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi1023071938809, doi1023072259478, doi105860choice324505, doi1075919781501732355" } @article{doi101371journalpone0069235, author = "D’Emic, Michael D. and Whitlock, John A. and Smith, Kathlyn M. and Fisher, Daniel C. and Wilson, Jeffrey A.", title = "Evolution of High Tooth Replacement Rates in Sauropod Dinosaurs", year = "2013", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "BACKGROUND: Tooth replacement rate can be calculated in extinct animals by counting incremental lines of deposition in tooth dentin. Calculating this rate in several taxa allows for the study of the evolution of tooth replacement rate. Sauropod dinosaurs, the largest terrestrial animals that ever evolved, exhibited a diversity of tooth sizes and shapes, but little is known about their tooth replacement rates. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We present tooth replacement rate, formation time, crown volume, total dentition volume, and enamel thickness for two coexisting but distantly related and morphologically disparate sauropod dinosaurs Camarasaurus and Diplodocus. Individual tooth formation time was determined by counting daily incremental lines in dentin. Tooth replacement rate is calculated as the difference between the number of days recorded in successive replacement teeth. Each tooth family in Camarasaurus has a maximum of three replacement teeth, whereas each Diplodocus tooth family has up to five. Tooth formation times are about 1.7 times longer in Camarasaurus than in Diplodocus (315 vs. 185 days). Average tooth replacement rate in Camarasaurus is about one tooth every 62 days versus about one tooth every 35 days in Diplodocus. Despite slower tooth replacement rates in Camarasaurus, the volumetric rate of Camarasaurus tooth replacement is 10 times faster than in Diplodocus because of its substantially greater tooth volumes. A novel method to estimate replacement rate was developed and applied to several other sauropodomorphs that we were not able to thin section. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Differences in tooth replacement rate among sauropodomorphs likely reflect disparate feeding strategies and/or food choices, which would have facilitated the coexistence of these gigantic herbivores in one ecosystem. Early neosauropods are characterized by high tooth replacement rates (despite their large tooth size), and derived titanosaurs and diplodocoids independently evolved the highest known tooth replacement rates among archosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069235", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0069235", openalex = "W2041856039", references = "doi105860choice490282, openalexw2786463731" } @article{doi101038srep06196, author = "Lacovara, Kenneth J. and Lamanna, Matthew C. and Ibiricu, Lucio M. and Poole, Jason C. and Schroeter, Elena R. and Ullmann, Paul V. and Voegele, Kristyn K. and Boles, Zachary M. and Carter, Aja M. and Fowler, Emma K. and Egerton, Victoria M. and Moyer, Alison E. and Coughenour, Christopher and Schein, Jason P. and Harris, Jerald D. and Martínez, Rubén D. and Novas, Fernando E.", title = "A Gigantic, Exceptionally Complete Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from Southern Patagonia, Argentina", year = "2014", journal = "Scientific Reports", abstract = "Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs were the most diverse and abundant large-bodied herbivores in the southern continents during the final 30 million years of the Mesozoic Era. Several titanosaur species are regarded as the most massive land-living animals yet discovered; nevertheless, nearly all of these giant titanosaurs are known only from very incomplete fossils, hindering a detailed understanding of their anatomy. Here we describe a new and gigantic titanosaur, Dreadnoughtus schrani, from Upper Cretaceous sediments in southern Patagonia, Argentina. Represented by approximately 70\% of the postcranial skeleton, plus craniodental remains, Dreadnoughtus is the most complete giant titanosaur yet discovered, and provides new insight into the morphology and evolutionary history of these colossal animals. Furthermore, despite its estimated mass of about 59.3 metric tons, the bone histology of the Dreadnoughtus type specimen reveals that this individual was still growing at the time of death.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06196", doi = "10.1038/srep06196", openalex = "W2025269251", references = "doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas251548698, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101111zoj12029, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1022179revmacn12239, doi1022179revmacn688, doi1022179revmacn7344, openalexw581267017" } @article{doi101146annurevearth042711105515, author = "Barrett, Paul M.", title = "Paleobiology of Herbivorous Dinosaurs", year = "2014", journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences", abstract = "Herbivorous dinosaurs were abundant, species-rich components of Late Triassic–Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. Obligate high-fiber herbivory evolved independently on several occasions within Dinosauria, through the intermediary step of omnivory. Anatomical character complexes associated with this diet exhibit high levels of convergence and morphological disparity, and may have evolved by correlated progression. Dinosaur faunas changed markedly during the Mesozoic, from early faunas dominated by taxa with simple, uniform feeding mechanics to Cretaceous biomes including diverse sophisticated sympatric herbivores; the environmental and biological drivers causing these changes remain unclear. Isotopic, taphonomic, and anatomical evidence implies that niche partitioning reduced competition between sympatric herbivores, via morphological differentiation, dietary preferences, and habitat selection. Large body size in dinosaur herbivores is associated with low plant productivity, and gave these animals prominent roles as ecosystem engineers. Although dinosaur herbivores lived through several major events in floral evolution, there is currently no evidence for plant-dinosaur coevolutionary interactions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105515", doi = "10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105515", openalex = "W2127568739", references = "doi10100797836426953391, doi101007s0001501000206, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101111j14209101201102427x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101186147267851314, doi101371journalpone0012553, doi101371journalpone0067182, doi105860choice490282, openalexw2971401580" } @article{doi101371journalpbio1001853, author = "Benson, Roger and Campione, Nicolás E. and Carrano, Matthew T. and Mannion, Philip D. and Sullivan, Corwin and Upchurch, Paul and Evans, David C.", title = "Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage", year = "2014", journal = "PLoS Biology", abstract = "Large-scale adaptive radiations might explain the runaway success of a minority of extant vertebrate clades. This hypothesis predicts, among other things, rapid rates of morphological evolution during the early history of major groups, as lineages invade disparate ecological niches. However, few studies of adaptive radiation have included deep time data, so the links between extant diversity and major extinct radiations are unclear. The intensively studied Mesozoic dinosaur record provides a model system for such investigation, representing an ecologically diverse group that dominated terrestrial ecosystems for 170 million years. Furthermore, with 10,000 species, extant dinosaurs (birds) are the most speciose living tetrapod clade. We assembled composite trees of 614-622 Mesozoic dinosaurs/birds, and a comprehensive body mass dataset using the scaling relationship of limb bone robustness. Maximum-likelihood modelling and the node height test reveal rapid evolutionary rates and a predominance of rapid shifts among size classes in early (Triassic) dinosaurs. This indicates an early burst niche-filling pattern and contrasts with previous studies that favoured gradualistic rates. Subsequently, rates declined in most lineages, which rarely exploited new ecological niches. However, feathered maniraptoran dinosaurs (including Mesozoic birds) sustained rapid evolution from at least the Middle Jurassic, suggesting that these taxa evaded the effects of niche saturation. This indicates that a long evolutionary history of continuing ecological innovation paved the way for a second great radiation of dinosaurs, in birds. We therefore demonstrate links between the predominantly extinct deep time adaptive radiation of non-avian dinosaurs and the phenomenal diversification of birds, via continuing rapid rates of evolution along the phylogenetic stem lineage. This raises the possibility that the uneven distribution of biodiversity results not just from large-scale extrapolation of the process of adaptive radiation in a few extant clades, but also from the maintenance of evolvability on vast time scales across the history of life, in key lineages.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853", doi = "10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853", openalex = "W2155522161", references = "doi101007b97636, doi101017s009483730001263x, doi101017s009483730001280x, doi10103835086500, doi10103844766, doi101038nature11631, doi10108010635150490445706, doi101086284325, doi101093bioinformaticsbtm538, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101093oso97801985404720010001, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101111j001438202003tb00285x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j15585646201201723x, doi101126science1144066, doi101126science1161833, doi101146annurevecolsys39110707173447, doi101159000452856, doi101186174170071060, doi101198tech2003s146, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi10166612041, martinsander2006bone, openalexw2145250129" } @article{doi101016jjash201509011, author = "Babbs, Charles F.", title = "The origin of Korotkoff sounds and the accuracy of auscultatory blood pressure measurements", year = "2015", journal = "Journal of the American Society of Hypertension", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2015.09.011", doi = "10.1016/j.jash.2015.09.011", openalex = "W2122991268", references = "doi107326000348197311521" } @article{doi101109rbme20152434215, author = "Forouzanfar, Mohamad and Dajani, Hilmi R. and Groza, Voicu Z. and Bolić, Miodrag and Rajan, Sreeraman and Batkin, Izmail", title = "Oscillometric Blood Pressure Estimation: Past, Present, and Future", year = "2015", journal = "IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering", abstract = "The use of automated blood pressure (BP) monitoring is growing as it does not require much expertise and can be performed by patients several times a day at home. Oscillometry is one of the most common measurement methods used in automated BP monitors. A review of the literature shows that a large variety of oscillometric algorithms have been developed for accurate estimation of BP but these algorithms are scattered in many different publications or patents. Moreover, considering that oscillometric devices dominate the home BP monitoring market, little effort has been made to survey the underlying algorithms that are used to estimate BP. In this review, a comprehensive survey of the existing oscillometric BP estimation algorithms is presented. The survey covers a broad spectrum of algorithms including the conventional maximum amplitude and derivative oscillometry as well as the recently proposed learning algorithms, model-based algorithms, and algorithms that are based on analysis of pulse morphology and pulse transit time. The aim is to classify the diverse underlying algorithms, describe each algorithm briefly, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. This paper will also review the artifact removal techniques in oscillometry and the current standards for the automated BP monitors.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1109/rbme.2015.2434215", doi = "10.1109/rbme.2015.2434215", openalex = "W1954157498", references = "doi101007bf02368225, doi107326000348197311521" } @article{doi101038srep18952, author = "Lockley, Martin G and McCrea, Richard T and Buckley, Lisa G and Lim, Jong Deock and Matthews, Neffra A and Breithaupt, Brent H and Houck, Karen J and Gierliński, Gerard D and Surmik, Dawid and Kim, Kyung Soo and Xing, Lida and Kong, Dal Yong and Cart, Ken and Martin, Jason and Hadden, Glade", title = "Theropod courtship: large scale physical evidence of display arenas and avian-like scrape ceremony behaviour by Cretaceous dinosaurs.", year = "2016", journal = "Scientific reports", abstract = {Relationships between non-avian theropod dinosaurs and extant and fossil birds are a major focus of current paleobiological research. Despite extensive phylogenetic and morphological support, behavioural evidence is mostly ambiguous and does not usually fossilize. Thus, inferences that dinosaurs, especially theropods displayed behaviour analogous to modern birds are intriguing but speculative. Here we present extensive and geographically widespread physical evidence of substrate scraping behavior by large theropods considered as compelling evidence of "display arenas" or leks, and consistent with "nest scrape display" behaviour among many extant ground-nesting birds. Large scrapes, up to 2 m in diameter, occur abundantly at several Cretaceous sites in Colorado. They constitute a previously unknown category of large dinosaurian trace fossil, inferred to fill gaps in our understanding of early phases in the breeding cycle of theropods. The trace makers were probably lekking species that were seasonally active at large display arena sites. Such scrapes indicate stereotypical avian behaviour hitherto unknown among Cretaceous theropods, and most likely associated with terrirorial activity in the breeding season. The scrapes most probably occur near nesting colonies, as yet unknown or no longer preserved in the immediate study areas. Thus, they provide clues to paleoenvironments where such nesting sites occurred.}, url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4704466/", doi = "10.1038/srep18952", openalex = "W2436312931", pmcid = "PMC4704466", pmid = "26741567", references = "doi1010079781489928757, doi1010079789400904095, doi101038nature02898, doi101038nature12168, doi101098rspb20060443, doi101111j15023931201100300x, doi101126science1253293, doi101126science27953581915, openalexw1550095290, sereno1997the" } @article{doi101111brv12280, author = "Lovegrove, Barry G.", title = "A phenology of the evolution of endothermy in birds and mammals", year = "2016", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "Recent palaeontological data and novel physiological hypotheses now allow a timescaled reconstruction of the evolution of endothermy in birds and mammals. A three-phase iterative model describing how endothermy evolved from Permian ectothermic ancestors is presented. In Phase One I propose that the elevation of endothermy - increased metabolism and body temperature (T b) - complemented large-body-size homeothermy during the Permian and Triassic in response to the fitness benefits of enhanced embryo development (parental care) and the activity demands of conquering dry land. I propose that Phase Two commenced in the Late Triassic and Jurassic and was marked by extreme body-size miniaturization, the evolution of enhanced body insulation (fur and feathers), increased brain size, thermoregulatory control, and increased ecomorphological diversity. I suggest that Phase Three occurred during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic and involved endothermic pulses associated with the evolution of muscle-powered flapping flight in birds, terrestrial cursoriality in mammals, and climate adaptation in response to Late Cenozoic cooling in both birds and mammals. Although the triphasic model argues for an iterative evolution of endothermy in pulses throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, it is also argued that endothermy was potentially abandoned at any time that a bird or mammal did not rely upon its thermal benefits for parental care or breeding success. The abandonment would have taken the form of either hibernation or daily torpor as observed in extant endotherms. Thus torpor and hibernation are argued to be as ancient as the origins of endothermy itself, a plesiomorphic characteristic observed today in many small birds and mammals.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12280", doi = "10.1111/brv.12280", openalex = "W2346237294", references = "doi101002ara20206, doi101016jcub201408034, doi101016jcub201508003, doi101038nature11146, doi101038nature12424, doi101038nature12973, doi101038nature13467, doi101038nature13718, doi101073pnas1203238109, doi101073pnas1519387112, doi101086422766, doi101086425185, doi101098rspb20110238, doi101098rspb20130508, doi101111brv12157, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101126science1180219, doi101126science1200043, doi101126science1206196, doi101126science1213780, doi101126science1228753, doi101126science1253143, doi101126science1253293, doi101371journalpone0068714, doi1016660094837320030290605etatoo20co2, doi1016710272463420050250865hitrif20co2" } @article{doi101152physiol000162016, author = "Seymour, Roger S.", title = "Cardiovascular Physiology of Dinosaurs", year = "2016", journal = "Physiology", abstract = "Cardiovascular function in dinosaurs can be inferred from fossil evidence with knowledge of how metabolic rate, blood flow rate, blood pressure, and heart size are related to body size in living animals. Skeletal stature and nutrient foramen size in fossil femora provide direct evidence of a high arterial blood pressure, a large four-chambered heart, a high aerobic metabolic rate, and intense locomotion. But was the heart of a huge, long-necked sauropod dinosaur able to pump blood up 9 m to its head?", url = "https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00016.2016", doi = "10.1152/physiol.00016.2016", openalex = "W2529499608", references = "doi1010160002934380904714, doi101016000368709290318p, doi101038262207a0, doi101038417166a, doi101126science2765309122, doi101146annurevbioeng8061505095721, doi101152physiol000222014, doi101152physiol000612014, doi101242jeb01501, doi101371journalpone0069361, doi101371journalpone0078573, doi107717peerj36, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1581028088, openalexw623886000, seymour1976dinosaurs" } @article{agarwal2017blood, author = "Agarwal, Rajiv", title = "Blood pressure is blood pressure is blood pressure: Or is it?", year = "2017", journal = "The Journal of Clinical Hypertension", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.12964", doi = "10.1111/jch.12964", number = "3", pages = "303-304", volume = "19" } @article{doi101017pab201651, author = "Mallon, Jordan C.", title = "Recognizing sexual dimorphism in the fossil record: lessons from nonavian dinosaurs", year = "2017", journal = "Paleobiology", abstract = "Abstract The demonstration of sexual dimorphism in the fossil record can provide vital information about the role that sexual selection has played in the evolution of life. However, statistically robust inferences of sexual dimorphism in fossil organisms are exceedingly difficult to establish, owing to issues of sample size, experimental control, and methodology. This is particularly so in the case of dinosaurs, for which sexual dimorphism has been posited in many species, yet quantifiable data are often lacking. This study presents the first statistical investigation of sexual dimorphism across Dinosauria. It revisits prior analyses that purport to find quantitative evidence for sexual dimorphism in nine dinosaur species. After the available morphological data were subjected to a suite of statistical tests (normality and unimodality tests and mixture modeling), no evidence for sexual dimorphism was found in any of the examined taxa, contrary to conventional wisdom. This is not to say that dinosaurs were not sexually dimorphic (phylogenetic inference suggests they may well have been), only that the available evidence precludes its detection. A priori knowledge of the sexes would greatly facilitate the assessment of sexual dimorphism in the fossil record, and it is suggested that unambiguous indicators of sex (e.g., presence of eggs, embryos, medullary bone) be used to this end.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2016.51", doi = "10.1017/pab.2016.51", openalex = "W2598969013", references = "doi101002ar20991, doi101017pab201519, doi10108002724634198510011859, doi10108008912960903450505, doi101098rsbl20150947, doi101111j15023931201100300x, doi101371journalpone0029958, openalexw3215035079" } @article{doi101038nature22037, author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Butler, Richard J. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Barrett, Paul M. and Stocker, Michelle R. and Angielczyk, Kenneth D. and Smith, Roger M. H. and Sidor, Christian A. and Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz and Сенников, А. Г. and Charig, Alan J.", title = "The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan", year = "2017", journal = "Nature", abstract = "The relationship between dinosaurs and other reptiles is well established, but the sequence of acquisition of dinosaurian features has been obscured by the scarcity of fossils with transitional morphologies. The closest extinct relatives of dinosaurs either have highly derived morphologies or are known from poorly preserved or incomplete material. Here we describe one of the stratigraphically lowest and phylogenetically earliest members of the avian stem lineage (Avemetatarsalia), Teleocrater rhadinus gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle Triassic epoch. The anatomy of T. rhadinus provides key information that unites several enigmatic taxa from across Pangaea into a previously unrecognized clade, Aphanosauria. This clade is the sister taxon of Ornithodira (pterosaurs and birds) and shortens the ghost lineage inferred at the base of Avemetatarsalia. We demonstrate that several anatomical features long thought to characterize Dinosauria and dinosauriforms evolved much earlier, soon after the bird-crocodylian split, and that the earliest avemetatarsalians retained the crocodylian-like ankle morphology and hindlimb proportions of stem archosaurs and early pseudosuchians. Early avemetatarsalians were substantially more species-rich, widely geographically distributed and morphologically diverse than previously recognized. Moreover, several early dinosauromorphs that were previously used as models to understand dinosaur origins may represent specialized forms rather than the ancestral avemetatarsalian morphology.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22037", doi = "10.1038/nature22037", openalex = "W2606337068", references = "doi1010160169534789901626, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101111bij12746, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j136530911989tb00817x, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science28454232137, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi1012063521, doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2, doi1023071005355, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi107717peerj1778, nesbitt2013the" } @article{doi101098rspb20171219, author = "Carballido, José Luis and Pol, Diego and Otero, Alejandro and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Salgado, Leonardo and Garrido, Alberto C. and Ramezani, Jahandar and Cúneo, N. Rubén and Krause, J. Marcelo", title = "A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs", year = "2017", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Titanosauria was the most diverse and successful lineage of sauropod dinosaurs. This clade had its major radiation during the middle Early Cretaceous and survived up to the end of that period. Among sauropods, this lineage has the most disparate values of body mass, including the smallest and largest sauropods known. Although recent findings have improved our knowledge on giant titanosaur anatomy, there are still many unknown aspects about their evolution, especially for the most gigantic forms and the evolution of body mass in this clade. Here we describe a new giant titanosaur, which represents the largest species described so far and one of the most complete titanosaurs. Its inclusion in an extended phylogenetic analysis and the optimization of body mass reveals the presence of an endemic clade of giant titanosaurs inhabited Patagonia between the Albian and the Santonian. This clade includes most of the giant species of titanosaurs and represents the major increase in body mass in the history of Titanosauria.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1219", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2017.1219", openalex = "W2742460947", references = "doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101038srep06196, doi101038srep19165, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101111j10960031200600122x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111zoj12029, doi1011300091761320020300123dsproe20co2, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0093105, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi10560219780801881206" } @article{doi101111pala12329, author = "Benson, Roger and Hunt, Gene and Carrano, Matthew T. and Campione, Nicolás E.", title = "Cope's rule and the adaptive landscape of dinosaur body size evolution", year = "2017", journal = "Palaeontology", abstract = "Abstract The largest known dinosaurs weighed at least 20 million times as much as the smallest, indicating exceptional phenotypic divergence. Previous studies have focused on extreme giant sizes, tests of Cope's rule, and miniaturization on the line leading to birds. We use non‐uniform macroevolutionary models based on Ornstein–Uhlenbeck and trend processes to unify these observations, asking: what patterns of evolutionary rates, directionality and constraint explain the diversification of dinosaur body mass? We find that dinosaur evolution is constrained by attraction to discrete body size optima that undergo rare, but abrupt, evolutionary shifts. This model explains both the rarity of multi‐lineage directional trends, and the occurrence of abrupt directional excursions during the origins of groups such as tiny pygostylian birds and giant sauropods. Most expansion of trait space results from rare, constraint‐breaking innovations in just a small number of lineages. These lineages shifted rapidly into novel regions of trait space, occasionally to small sizes, but most often to large or giant sizes. As with Cenozoic mammals, intermediate body sizes were typically attained only transiently by lineages on a trajectory from small to large size. This demonstrates that bimodality in the macroevolutionary adaptive landscape for land vertebrates has existed for more than 200 million years.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12329", doi = "10.1111/pala.12329", openalex = "W2766635059", references = "doi101007b97636, doi101007s0026501010296, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101017pab201615, doi101038229172a0, doi10103844766, doi101038nature04633, doi101038ncomms7987, doi101038srep06196, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas1302642110, doi10108010635150490445706, doi101086284325, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg412, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101109tac19741100705, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi101111j2041210x201200223x, doi101126scienceaag1772, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101186174170071060, doi101198tech2003s146, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi101371journalpone0033539, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi101371journalpone0051925, doi1022179revmacn14372, erickson2014on, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1550095290, openalexw2473973115, openalexw3086315876" } @article{doi103389fphys201700889, author = "Nowack, Julia and Giroud, Sylvain and Arnold, Walter and Ruf, Thomas", title = "Muscle Non-shivering Thermogenesis and Its Role in the Evolution of Endothermy", year = "2017", journal = "Frontiers in Physiology", abstract = "The development of sustained, long-term endothermy was one of the major transitions in the evolution of vertebrates. Thermogenesis in endotherms does not only occur via shivering or activity, but also via non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). Mammalian NST is mediated by the uncoupling protein 1 in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) and possibly involves an additional mechanism of NST in skeletal muscle. This alternative mechanism is based on Ca 2+ -slippage by a sarcoplasmatic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA) and is controlled by the protein sarcolipin. The existence of muscle based NST has been discussed for a long time and is likely present in all mammals. However, its importance for thermoregulation was demonstrated only recently in mice. Interestingly, birds, which have evolved from a different reptilian lineage than mammals and lack UCP1-mediated NST, also exhibit muscle based NST under the involvement of SERCA, though likely without the participation of sarcolipin. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on muscle NST and discuss the efficiency of muscle NST and BAT in the context of the hypothesis that muscle NST could have been the earliest mechanism of heat generation during cold exposure in vertebrates that ultimately enabled the evolution of endothermy. We suggest that the evolution of BAT in addition to muscle NST was related to heterothermy being predominant among early endothermic mammals. Furthermore, we argue that, in contrast to small mammals, muscle NST is sufficient to maintain high body temperature in birds, which have enhanced capacities to fuel muscle NST by high rates of fatty acid import.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00889", doi = "10.3389/fphys.2017.00889", openalex = "W2767572094", references = "doi101093oso97801985660380010001, doi101111brv12157" } @article{doi107717peerj7764, author = "Bailleul, Alida M. and O’Connor, Jingmai K. and Schweitzer, Mary H.", title = "Dinosaur paleohistology: review, trends and new avenues of investigation", year = "2019", journal = "PeerJ", abstract = {In the mid-19th century, the discovery that bone microstructure in fossils could be preserved with fidelity provided a new avenue for understanding the evolution, function, and physiology of long extinct organisms. This resulted in the establishment of paleohistology as a subdiscipline of vertebrate paleontology, which has contributed greatly to our current understanding of dinosaurs as living organisms. Dinosaurs are part of a larger group of reptiles, the Archosauria, of which there are only two surviving lineages, crocodilians and birds. The goal of this review is to document progress in the field of archosaur paleohistology, focusing in particular on the Dinosauria. We briefly review the "growth age" of dinosaur histology, which has encompassed new and varied directions since its emergence in the 1950s, resulting in a shift in the scientific perception of non-avian dinosaurs from "sluggish" reptiles to fast-growing animals with relatively high metabolic rates. However, fundamental changes in growth occurred within the sister clade Aves, and we discuss this major evolutionary transition as elucidated by histology. We then review recent innovations in the field, demonstrating how paleohistology has changed and expanded to address a diversity of non-growth related questions. For example, dinosaur skull histology has elucidated the formation of curious cranial tissues (e.g., "metaplastic" tissues), and helped to clarify the evolution and function of oral adaptations, such as the dental batteries of duck-billed dinosaurs. Lastly, we discuss the development of novel techniques with which to investigate not only the skeletal tissues of dinosaurs, but also less-studied soft-tissues, through molecular paleontology and paleohistochemistry-recently developed branches of paleohistology-and the future potential of these methods to further explore fossilized tissues. We suggest that the combination of histological and molecular methods holds great potential for examining the preserved tissues of dinosaurs, basal birds, and their extant relatives. This review demonstrates the importance of traditional bone paleohistology, but also highlights the need for innovation and new analytical directions to improve and broaden the utility of paleohistology, in the pursuit of more diverse, highly specific, and sensitive methods with which to further investigate important paleontological questions.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7764", doi = "10.7717/peerj.7764", openalex = "W2975364321", references = "doi101002jmor10372, doi101017pab201519, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038362709a0, doi101038nature01420, doi101038s4146701909259x, doi1010719781486300679, doi101093sysbiosyw033, doi101098rsbl20090310, doi101098rspb20042813, doi1011111475475400064, doi101111j1469185x201000142x, doi101111j1474919x1968tb00058x, doi101126science26251422020, doi101242dev1172409, doi101371journalpone0029958, doi101371journalpone0088834, doi1016660094837320040300253chopom20co2, doi1016660094837320050310291teafot20co2, doi1016690883135120030180286rpoumt20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1031610680390210, doi10560219780801881206, doi107717peerj4129, garilli2009first" } @article{doi101016jgr202008003, author = "Benton, Michael J.", title = "The origin of endothermy in synapsids and archosaurs and arms races in the Triassic", year = "2020", journal = "Gondwana Research", abstract = "Birds and mammals are key elements of modern ecosystems, and many biologists explain their great success by their endothermy, or warm-bloodedness. New palaeontological discoveries point to the origins of endothermy in the Triassic, and that birds (archosaurs) and mammals (synapsids) likely acquired endothermy in parallel. Here, a further case is made, that the emergence of endothermy in a stepwise manner began in the Late Permian but accelerated in the Early Triassic. The trigger was the profound destruction wrought by the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME). In the oceans, this was the beginning of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution (MMR), and a similar revolution occurred on land, termed here the Triassic Terrestrial Revolution (TTR). Among tetrapods, both synapsids and archosaurs survived into the Triassic, but numbers were heavily depleted. However, the survivors were marked by the acquisition of endothermy, as shown by bone histology, isotopic analyses, and the acquisition of insulating pelage. Both groups before the PTME had been sprawlers; after the event they adopted parasagittal (erect) gait. The new posture and the new physiology enabled both groups to compete in their ecosystems at a faster rate than before the PTME. The new world of the Triassic was characterised by a fast-paced arms race between synapsids and archosauromorphs in which the latter, as both dinosaurs and pterosaurs, initially prevailed.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.08.003", doi = "10.1016/j.gr.2020.08.003", openalex = "W3082265010", references = "doi1010079781461417439, doi1010160031018274900194, doi10103831635, doi10103834356, doi101038ngeo1475, doi101038s41467018039961, doi101038s41598020678541, doi101093sysbiosyw033, doi101098rspb20180361, doi101098rstb20190136, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi101126sciadvaaw4486, doi101126science1097023, doi101126science493968, doi101152physiol000162016, doi1012063521, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi107312kiel11918, owen1857monograph" } @article{doi101093biolinneanblaa105, author = "Saitta, Evan T. and Stockdale, Maximilian T. and Longrich, Nicholas R. and Bonhomme, Vincent and Benton, Michael J. and Cuthill, Innes C. and Makovicky, Peter J.", title = "An effect size statistical framework for investigating sexual dimorphism in non-avian dinosaurs and other extinct taxa", year = "2020", journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Abstract Despite reports of sexual dimorphism in extinct taxa, such claims in non-avian dinosaurs have been rare over the last decade and have often been criticized. Since dimorphism is widespread in sexually reproducing organisms today, under-reporting in the literature might suggest either methodological shortcomings or that this diverse group exhibited highly unusual reproductive biology. Univariate significance testing, especially for bimodality, is ineffective and prone to false negatives. Species recognition and mutual sexual selection hypotheses, therefore, may not be required to explain supposed absence of sexual dimorphism across the grade (a type II error). Instead, multiple lines of evidence support sexual selection and variation of structures consistent with secondary sexual characteristics, strongly suggesting sexual dimorphism in non-avian dinosaurs. We propose a framework for studying sexual dimorphism in fossils, focusing on likely secondary sexual traits and testing against all alternate hypotheses for variation in them using multiple lines of evidence. We use effect size statistics appropriate for low sample sizes, rather than significance testing, to analyse potential divergence of growth curves in traits and constrain estimates for dimorphism magnitude. In many cases, estimates of sexual variation can be reasonably accurate, and further developments in methods to improve sex assignments and account for intrasexual variation (e.g. mixture modelling) will improve accuracy. It is better to compare estimates for the magnitude of and support for dimorphism between datasets than to dichotomously reject or fail to reject monomorphism in a single species, enabling the study of sexual selection across phylogenies and time. We defend our approach with simulated and empirical data, including dinosaur data, showing that even simple approaches can yield fairly accurate estimates of sexual variation in many cases, allowing for comparison of species with high and low support for sexual variation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa105", doi = "10.1093/biolinnean/blaa105", openalex = "W3082435594", references = "doi101007s1065401601493, doi101016jcub201706071, doi101038246015a0, doi101038s4146701702088w, doi101038srep18952, doi101073pnas1313334111, doi1010800003130520161154108, doi10108008912960903450505, doi101111brv12436, doi101111j1469185x1970tb01176x, doi101111j1469185x200700027x, doi101126science13134091292, doi1015159780691207278, doi101537ase188722495, doi1016710390290119, doi1023072874" } @article{doi101098rstb20190136, author = "Legendre, Lucas J. and Davesne, Donald", title = "The evolution of mechanisms involved in vertebrate endothermy", year = "2020", journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Endothermy, i.e. the endogenous production of metabolic heat, has evolved multiple times among vertebrates, and several strategies of heat production have been studied extensively by physiologists over the course of the twentieth century. The independent acquisition of endothermy by mammals and birds has been the subject of many hypotheses regarding their origin and associated evolutionary constraints. Many groups of vertebrates, however, are thought to possess other mechanisms of heat production, and alternative ways to regulate thermogenesis that are not always considered in the palaeontological literature. Here, we perform a review of the mechanisms involved in heat production, with a focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms, in a phylogenetic context encompassing the entire vertebrate diversity. We show that endothermy in mammals and birds is not as well defined as commonly assumed by evolutionary biologists and consists of a vast array of physiological strategies, many of which are currently unknown. We also describe strategies found in other vertebrates, which may not always be considered endothermy, but nonetheless correspond to a process of active thermogenesis. We conclude that endothermy is a highly plastic character in vertebrates and provides a guideline on terminology and occurrences of the different types of heat production in vertebrate evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0136", doi = "10.1098/rstb.2019.0136", openalex = "W2999733722", references = "doi101016b9780444820334500015, doi101038nature11264, doi101038nature15697, doi101038nature19417, doi101038nm2897, doi101073pnas1616702114, doi101093sysbiosyw033, doi101098rspb20111778, doi101111brv12137, doi101111evo13680, doi101126science1187443, doi101126science493968, doi101152physiol000162016, doi101152physrev000152003, doi101186s1286201709583, doi101371journalpone0069361, doi101371journalpone0081917, doi101371journalpone0088834, doi101371journalpone0185185, doi107717peerj1358, köhler2012seasonal, pontzer2009biomechanics" } @article{doi101111brv12822, author = "Grigg, Gordon C. and Nowack, Julia and Bicudo, J. Eduardo P. W. and Bal, Naresh C. and Woodward, Holly N. and Seymour, Roger S.", title = "Whole‐body endothermy: ancient, homologous and widespread among the ancestors of mammals, birds and crocodylians", year = "2021", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "-ATPase (SERCA) in skeletal muscle, similar to a process seen in some fishes. This similarity prompted our realisation that the capacity for whole-body endothermy could even have pre-dated the divergence of Amniota into Synapsida and Sauropsida, leading us to hypothesise the homology of whole-body endothermy in birds and mammals, in contrast to the current assumption of their independent (convergent) evolution. To explore the extent of similarity between muscle NST in mammals and birds we undertook a detailed review of these processes and their control in each group. We found considerable but not complete similarity between them: in extant mammals the 'slippage' is controlled by the protein sarcolipin (SLN), in birds the SLN is slightly different structurally and its role in NST is not yet proved. However, considering the multi-millions of years since the separation of synapsids and diapsids, we consider that the similarity between NST production in birds and mammals is consistent with their whole-body endothermy being homologous. If so, we should expect to find evidence for it much earlier and more widespread among extinct amniotes than is currently recognised. Accordingly, we conducted an extensive survey of the palaeontological literature using established proxies. Fossil bone histology reveals evidence of sustained rapid growth rates indicating tachymetabolism. Large body size and erect stature indicate high systemic arterial blood pressures and four-chambered hearts, characteristic of tachymetabolism. Large nutrient foramina in long bones are indicative of high bone perfusion for rapid somatic growth and for repair of microfractures caused by intense locomotion. Obligate bipedality appeared early and only in whole-body endotherms. Isotopic profiles of fossil material indicate endothermic levels of body temperature. These proxies led us to compelling evidence for the widespread occurrence of whole-body endothermy among numerous extinct synapsids and sauropsids, and very early in each clade's family tree. These results are consistent with and support our hypothesis that tachymetabolic endothermy is plesiomorphic in Amniota. A hypothetical structure for the heart of the earliest endothermic amniotes is proposed. We conclude that there is strong evidence for whole-body endothermy being ancient and widespread among amniotes and that the similarity of biochemical processes driving muscle NST in extant birds and mammals strengthens the case for its plesiomorphy.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12822", doi = "10.1111/brv.12822", openalex = "W4200490813", references = "cubo2020were, doi101016jgr202008003, doi101016s0092867400814105, doi101017pab201519, doi101038262207a0, doi101038nature11264, doi101038ncomms9296, doi101038s4155901910473, doi101038srep06196, doi1010719781486300679, doi101073pnas1206625109, doi101086283547, doi101093biolinneanblw044, doi101093sysbiosyw033, doi101096fj020367com, doi101098rstb20190136, doi101098rstb20190142, doi101111brv12137, doi101111j10958312201001431x, doi101126sciadvaaw4486, doi101126science1187443, doi101126science493968, doi101126scienceaal4853, doi101152physiol000162016, doi101152physrev000152003, doi1012063521, doi101210er20020012, doi101371journalpone0011613, doi101371journalpone0033539, doi101371journalpone0069361, doi105860choice355657, doi107717peerj1778, doi107717peerj7764, köhler2012seasonal, pontzer2009biomechanics, seymour1976dinosaurs, zhao2019ontogenetic" } @article{doi101152physrev000222020, author = "Claassen, Jurgen A.H.R. and Thijssen, Dick H. J. and Panerai, Ronney B. and Faraci, Frank M.", title = "Regulation of cerebral blood flow in humans: physiology and clinical implications of autoregulation", year = "2021", journal = "Physiological Reviews", abstract = "and NVC. In addition to our focus on effects of perfusion pressure (or blood pressure), we describe the impact of select stimuli on regulation of CBF (i.e., arterial blood gases, cerebral metabolism, neural mechanisms, and specific vascular cells), the interrelationships between these stimuli, and implications for regulation of CBF at the level of large arteries and the microcirculation. We review clinical implications of autoregulation in aging, hypertension, stroke, mild cognitive impairment, anesthesia, and dementias. Finally, we discuss autoregulation in the context of common daily physiological challenges, including changes in posture (e.g., orthostatic hypotension, syncope) and physical activity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00022.2020", doi = "10.1152/physrev.00022.2020", openalex = "W3139496128", references = "doi101113jphysiol2004070409, doi101152physiol000162016" } @article{doi101016jearscirev2022104196, author = "Reolid, Matías and Ruebsam, Wolfgang and Benton, Michael J.", title = "Impact of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian) on dinosaurs: Comparison with the Triassic/Jurassic transition", year = "2022", journal = "Earth-Science Reviews", abstract = "The Early Jurassic Jenkyns Event (∼183 Ma) was characterized in terrestrial environments by global warming, perturbation of the carbon cycle, enhanced weathering and wildfires. Heating and acid rain on land caused a loss of forests and affected diversity and composition of land plant assemblages and the rest of the trophic web. We suggest that the Jenkyns Event, triggered by the activity of the Karoo-Ferrar Large Igneous Province, was pivotal in remodelling terrestrial ecosystems, including plants and dinosaurs. Macroplant assemblages and palynological data show reductions in diversity and richness of conifers, cycadophytes, ginkgophytes, bennetitaleans, and ferns, and continuation of seasonally dry and warm conditions. Major changes occurred to sauropodomorph dinosaurs, with extinction of diverse basal families formerly called ‘prosauropods’ as well as some basal sauropods, and diversification of the derived Eusauropoda in the Toarcian in South America, Africa, and Asia, and wider diversification of new families, including Mamenchisauridae, Cetiosauridae and Neosauropoda (Dicraeosauridae and Macronaria) in the Middle Jurassic, showing massive increase in size and diversification of feeding modes. Ornithischian dinosaurs show patchy records; some heterodontosaurids and scelidosaurids disappeared, and major new clades (Stegosauridae, Ankylosauridae, Nodosauridae) emerged soon after the Jenkyns Event, in the Bajocian and Bathonian worldwide. Among theropod dinosaurs, Coelophysidae and Dilophosauridae died out during the Jenkyns Event and a diversification of theropods (Megalosauroidea, Allosauroidea, Tyrannosauroidea) occurred after this event with substantial increases in size. We suggest then that the Jenkyns Event terrestrial crisis was marked especially by floral changes and origins of major new sauropodomorph and theropod clades, characterized by increasing body size. Comparison with the end Triassic Mass Extinction helps to understand the incidence of climatic changes driven by activity of large igneous provinces on land ecosystems and their great impacts on early dinosaur evolution.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104196", doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104196", openalex = "W4297473149", references = "doi101016jgr202008003, doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101017jpa202014, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi103389feart2022899541, doi107717peerj5976" } @article{doi101016jisci2023108321, author = "Casagrande, Stefania and Działo, Maciej and Trost, Lisa and Malkoc, Kasja and Sadowska, Edyta T. and Hau, Michaela and Pierce, Barbara J. and McWilliams, Scott R. and Bauchinger, Ulf", title = "Mitochondrial metabolism in blood more reliably predicts whole-animal energy needs compared to other tissues", year = "2023", journal = "iScience", abstract = ", we examined how RBC oxygen consumption relates to oxygen use in key tissues (brain, liver, heart, and pectoral muscle) and versus the whole organism measured at basal levels. The pectoral muscle accounted for 34\%-42\% of organismal MR, while the heart and liver, despite their high mass-specific metabolic rate, each contributed 2.5\%-3.0\% to organismal MR. Despite its low contribution to organismal MR (0.03\%-0.04\%), RBC MR best predicted organismal MR (r = 0.70). Oxygen consumption of the brain and pectoralis was also associated with whole-organism MR, unlike that of heart and liver. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the metabolism of a systemic tissue like blood is a superior proxy for organismal energy metabolism than that of other tissues.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108321", doi = "10.1016/j.isci.2023.108321", openalex = "W4387873436", references = "doi101016jtree202012006" } @article{doi101126scienceadc8714, author = "D’Emic, Michael D. and O’Connor, Patrick M. and Sombathy, Riley S. and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Pascucci, Thomas R. and Varricchio, David J. and Pol, Diego and Dave, Anjali and Coria, Rodolfo A. and Rogers, Kristina A. Curry", title = "Developmental strategies underlying gigantism and miniaturization in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs", year = "2023", journal = "Science", abstract = "In amniotes, the predominant developmental strategy underlying body size evolution is thought to be adjustments to the rate of growth rather than its duration. However, most theoretical and experimental studies supporting this axiom focus on pairwise comparisons and/or lack an explicit phylogenetic framework. We present the first large-scale phylogenetic comparative analysis examining developmental strategies underlying the evolution of body size, focusing on non-avialan theropod dinosaurs. We reconstruct ancestral states of growth rate and body mass in a taxonomically rich dataset, finding that contrary to expectations, changes in the rate and duration of growth played nearly equal roles in the evolution of the vast body size disparity present in non-avialan theropods-and perhaps that of amniotes in general.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adc8714", doi = "10.1126/science.adc8714", openalex = "W4321749260", references = "doi101017s0094837300006588, doi101038nature02699, doi101038s41598019453069, doi101073pnas0611235104, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101086410622, doi101093oso97801951060840010001, doi101098rspb20202258, doi101111brv12822, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0121476, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2" } @article{chiarenza2024early, author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Cantalapiedra, Juan L. and Jones, Lewis A. and Gamboa, Sara and Galván, Sofía and Farnsworth, Alexander J. and Valdes, Paul J. and Sotelo, Graciela and Varela, Sara", title = "Early Jurassic origin of avian endothermy and thermophysiological diversity in dinosaurs", year = "2024", journal = "Current Biology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.051", doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.051", number = "11", openalex = "W4396921380", pages = "2517-2527.e4", volume = "34", references = "barta2022osteohistology, doi101002ar24130, doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016jcub202111061, doi101016jgr202008003, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi10103844766, doi101038ncomms12931, doi101038sdata2018214, doi101073pnas2213987120, doi10108003610927808827599, doi101086284325, doi101086426002, doi101093aesa383396, doi101093bioinformaticsbtu181, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi101111pala12514, doi101126sciadvaaw4486, doi101371journalpone0235078, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi107717peerj12362, doi107717peerj7764" } @article{doi101002ar25459, author = "Caspar, Kai R. and Gutiérrez‐Ibáñez, Cristián and Bertrand, Ornella and Carr, Thomas D. and Colbourne, Jennifer and Erb, Arthur and George, Hady and Holtz, Thomas R. and Naish, Darren and Wylie, Douglas R. and Hurlburt, Grant R.", title = "How smart was T. rex? Testing claims of exceptional cognition in dinosaurs and the application of neuron count estimates in palaeontological research", year = "2024", journal = "The Anatomical Record", abstract = {Recent years have seen increasing scientific interest in whether neuron counts can act as correlates of diverse biological phenomena. Lately, Herculano-Houzel (2023) argued that fossil endocasts and comparative neurological data from extant sauropsids allow to reconstruct telencephalic neuron counts in Mesozoic dinosaurs and pterosaurs, which might act as proxies for behaviors and life history traits in these animals. According to this analysis, large theropods such as Tyrannosaurus rex were long-lived, exceptionally intelligent animals equipped with "macaque- or baboon-like cognition", whereas sauropods and most ornithischian dinosaurs would have displayed significantly smaller brains and an ectothermic physiology. Besides challenging established views on Mesozoic dinosaur biology, these claims raise questions on whether neuron count estimates could benefit research on fossil animals in general. Here, we address these findings by revisiting Herculano-Houzel's (2023) work, identifying several crucial shortcomings regarding analysis and interpretation. We present revised estimates of encephalization and telencephalic neuron counts in dinosaurs, which we derive from phylogenetically informed modeling and an amended dataset of endocranial measurements. For large-bodied theropods in particular, we recover significantly lower neuron counts than previously proposed. Furthermore, we review the suitability of neurological variables such as neuron numbers and relative brain size to predict cognitive complexity, metabolic rate and life history traits in dinosaurs, coming to the conclusion that they are flawed proxies for these biological phenomena. Instead of relying on such neurological estimates when reconstructing Mesozoic dinosaur biology, we argue that integrative studies are needed to approach this complex subject.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25459", doi = "10.1002/ar.25459", openalex = "W4395665019", references = "doi101002cne25458, doi10100797830311398338, doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016s0047248477801358, doi10103844766, doi101038nature11631, doi101038srep18952, doi10108010635150802302427, doi101086303327, doi101093bioinformaticsbty633, doi101093molbevmsx116, doi101126science1157704, doi101126science2985593556, doi101126scienceabl5584, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0298242" } @article{doi101016jisci2024109375, author = "Faure‐Brac, Mathieu G. and Woodward, Holly N. and Aubier, Paul and Cubo, Jorge", title = "On the origins of endothermy in amniotes", year = "2024", journal = "iScience", abstract = {A recent study showed evidence that endothermy was ancestral for amniotes using a variety of proxies and a large sample of taxa. However, it did not include numerous crucial taxa. We reevaluated this hypothesis using a large sample of early amniotes and tetrapodomorphs. We inferred the probability of endothermy for each taxon using a model constructed through phylogenetic logistic regressions and using the size of their bone vascular cavities. An ancestral state reconstruction, based on these inferences, was performed to assess the probability of an ancestral endothermy at the node Amniota. Most outgroups were recovered as ectothermic, as is the node Amniota. Our results contradict the hypothesis of an ancestral endothermy and support several independent acquisitions. We discuss that endothermy should be regarded as a collection of acquisitions forming an "endothermic engine" and that studies aimed at inferring endothermy should consider as many of these features as possible.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109375", doi = "10.1016/j.isci.2024.109375", openalex = "W4392345591", references = "doi101017pab202134, doi101017pab202228" } @article{doi101038s41586024082654, author = "Qvarnström, Martin and Wernström, Joel Vikberg and Wawrzyniak, Zuzanna and Barbacka, Mária and Pacyna, Grzegorz and Górecki, Artur and Ziaja, Jadwiga and Jarzynka, Agata and Owocki, Krzysztof and Sulej, Tomasz and Marynowski, Leszek and Pieńkowski, Grzegorz and Ahlberg, Per and Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz", title = "Digestive contents and food webs record the advent of dinosaur supremacy", year = "2024", journal = "Nature", abstract = "resulted in substantial vegetation changes that paved the way for ((3) and (4)) an expansion of herbivore ecospace and the replacement of pseudosuchian and therapsid herbivores by large sauropodomorphs and early ornithischians that ingested food of a broader range, even including burnt plants. Finally, (5) theropods rapidly evolved and developed enormous sizes in response to the appearance of the new herbivore guild. We suggest that the processes shown by the Polish data may explain global patterns, shedding new light on the environmentally governed emergence of dinosaur dominance and gigantism that endured until the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08265-4", doi = "10.1038/s41586-024-08265-4", openalex = "W4404754585", references = "chiarenza2024early, doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101073pnas2020778118, doi101126scienceaal4853" } @article{doi101098rsbl20240392, author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro", title = "The macroecology of Mesozoic dinosaurs", year = "2024", journal = "Biology Letters", abstract = "Dinosaurs thrived for over 160 million years in Mesozoic ecosystems, displaying diverse ecological and evolutionary adaptations. Their ecology was shaped by large-scale climatic and biogeographic changes, calling for a 'deep-time' macroecological investigation. These factors include temperature fluctuations and the break up of Pangaea, influencing species richness, ecological diversity and biogeographic history. Recent improvements in the dinosaur fossil record have enabled large-scale studies of their responses to tectonic, geographic and climatic shifts. Trends in species diversity, body size and reproductive traits can now be analysed using quantitative approaches like phylogenetic comparative methods, machine learning and Bayesian inference. These patterns sometimes align with, but also deviate from, first-order macroecological rules (e.g. species-area relationship, latitudinal biodiversity gradient, Bergmann's rule). Accurate reconstructions of palaeobiodiversity and niche partitioning require ongoing taxonomic revisions and detailed anatomical descriptions. Interdisciplinary research combining sedimentology, geochemistry and palaeoclimatology helps uncover the environmental conditions driving dinosaur adaptations. Fieldwork in under-sampled regions, particularly at latitudinal extremes, is crucial for understanding the spatial heterogeneity of dinosaur ecosystems across the planet. Open science initiatives and online databases play a key role in advancing this field, enriching our understanding of deep-time ecological processes, and offering new insights into dinosaur macroecology and its broader implications.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0392", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2024.0392", openalex = "W4404328467", references = "chiarenza2024early, doi101002spp21487, doi101016jearscirev2023104537, doi101038s41467024468432, doi1010801477201920242346577, doi101111pala12591, doi101139cjes20200145, doi101371journalpone0235078, doi102110palo2016041, doi104202app001522015" } @article{doi101098rsbl20240429, author = "Upchurch, Paul and Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro", title = "A brief review of non-avian dinosaur biogeography: state-of-the-art and prospectus", year = "2024", journal = "Biology Letters", abstract = "Dinosaurs potentially originated in the mid-palaeolatitudes of Gondwana 245-235 million years ago (Ma) and may have been restricted to cooler, humid areas by low-latitude arid zones until climatic amelioration made northern dispersals feasible ca 215 Ma. However, this scenario is challenged by new Carnian Laurasian fossils and evidence that even the earliest dinosaurs had adaptations for arid conditions. After becoming globally distributed in the Early-Middle Jurassic (200-160 Ma), dinosaurs experienced vicariance driven by Pangaean fragmentation. Regional extinctions and trans-oceanic dispersals also played a role, and the formation of ephemeral land connections meant that older vicariance patterns were repeatedly overprinted by younger ones, creating a reticulate biogeographic history. Palaeoclimates shaped dispersal barriers and corridors, including filters that had differential effects on different types of dinosaurs. Dinosaurian biogeographic research faces many challenges, not the least of which is the patchiness of the fossil record. However, new fossils, extensive databasing and improved analytical methods help distinguish signal from noise and generate fresh perspectives. In the future, developing techniques for quantifying and ameliorating sampling biases and modelling the dispersal capacities of dinosaurs are likely to be two of the key components in our modern research programme.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429", openalex = "W4403856200", references = "chiarenza2024early, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101016jcretres201603008, doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016jcub202111061, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jearscirev2023104537, doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101017s1755691013000431, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038s41559021016515, doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101038s41598021837455, doi101073pnas2020778118, doi101080027246342010520779, doi1010800272463420232199810, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi1010800891296320242336992, doi10108010635150701883881, doi1010801477201920242345333, doi101086648217, doi101093sysbiosyu056, doi101098rsbl20180431, doi101111pala12496, doi101111pala12514, doi101126science1161833, doi101146annurevearth081320064052, doi101371journalpone0012553, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0235078, doi1021425f55419694, doi1023072413039, doi1023073243019, doi1029920070860302, doi105860choice353642" } @article{doi101111jav03301, author = "Engert, Elana Rae and Andreasson, Fredrik and Nord, Andreas and Nilsson, Jan‐Åke", title = "Using metabolic data to investigate the role of brood size in the development of endothermy", year = "2024", journal = "Journal of Avian Biology", abstract = "Altricial songbirds transform themselves from naked poikilotherms to fully feathered endothermic homeotherms over a matter of days from hatching to fledging. The ontogeny of endothermy is a developmental milestone for birds that not only face warmer average temperatures, but also increasingly frequent cold snaps and extreme weather. The timing of development of endothermy has been studied in altricial birds for over half a century. However, the determinants and constraints of the onset of endothermy are not yet fully understood. We experimentally investigated whether brood size influences the ontogeny of endothermic heat production in 4–8 day‐old nestling blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus in southern Sweden. The thermogenic response to a cooling challenge (15°C) increased with age overall. We found that 8‐day‐old nestlings from reduced broods had a slightly increased capacity for endothermic heat production compared to enlarged broods. This difference cannot be explained by body mass because this trait did not differ between brood size categories. Although a metabolic response was present in most nestlings by day 6, it was brief, not lasting more than a few minutes, and not sufficient to maintain a stable body temperature in any age group. Our study shows that incipient endothermy is present at an early age in nestling blue tits and may advance faster in reduced broods, but that individual nestlings lack sufficient insulation and thermogenic performance to maintain homeothermy independently during the first week of life.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.03301", doi = "10.1111/jav.03301", openalex = "W4404271321", references = "doi101111brv12885" } @article{doi101186s1286202302187x, author = "Baiano, Mattia A. and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Bertozzo, Filippo and Pol, Diego", title = "New information on paleopathologies in non-avian theropod dinosaurs: a case study on South American abelisaurids", year = "2024", journal = "BMC Ecology and Evolution", abstract = "Studies on pathological fossil bones have allowed improving the knowledge of physiology and ecology, and consequently the life history of extinct organisms. Among extinct vertebrates, non-avian dinosaurs have drawn attention in terms of pathological evidence, since a wide array of fossilized lesions and diseases were noticed in these ancient organisms. Here, we evaluate the pathological conditions observed in individuals of different brachyrostran (Theropoda, Abelisauridae) taxa, including Aucasaurus garridoi, Elemgasem nubilus, and Quilmesaurus curriei. For this, we use multiple methodological approaches such as histology and computed tomography, in addition to the macroscopic evaluation. The holotype of Aucasaurus shows several pathognomonic traits of a failure of the vertebral segmentation during development, causing the presence of two fused caudal vertebrae. The occurrence of this condition in Aucasaurus is the first case to be documented so far in non-tetanuran theropods. Regarding the holotype of Elemgasem, the histology of two fused vertebrae shows an intervertebral space between the centra, thus the fusion is limited to the distal rim of the articular surfaces. This pathology is here considered as spondyloarthropathy, the first evidence for a non-tetanuran theropod. The microstructural arrangement of the right tibia of Quilmesaurus shows a marked variation in a portion of the outer cortex, probably due to the presence of the radial fibrolamellar bone tissue. Although similar bone tissue is present in other extinct vertebrates and the cause of its formation is still debated, it could be a response to some kind of pathology. Among non-avian theropods, traumatic injuries are better represented than other maladies (e.g., infection, congenital or metabolic diseases, etc.). These pathologies are recovered mainly among large-sized theropods such as Abelisauridae, Allosauridae, Carcharodontosauridae, and Tyrannosauridae, and distributed principally among axial elements. Statistical tests on the distribution of injuries in these theropod clades show a strong association between taxa-pathologies, body regions-pathologies, and taxa-body regions, suggesting different life styles and behaviours may underlie the frequency of different injuries among theropod taxa.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-023-02187-x", doi = "10.1186/s12862-023-02187-x", openalex = "W4392788624", references = "doi101098rsbl20220404, doi101111joa13363, doi101126scienceadc8714, zhao2019ontogenetic" } @article{doi101371journalpone0298242, author = "Rogers, Kristina Curry and Martínez, Ricardo N. and Colombi, Carina E. and Rogers, Raymond R. and Alcober, Oscar A.", title = "Osteohistological insight into the growth dynamics of early dinosaurs and their contemporaries", year = "2024", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Dinosauria debuted on Earth's stage in the aftermath of the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction Event, and survived two other Triassic extinction intervals to eventually dominate terrestrial ecosystems. More than 231 million years ago, in the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of west-central Argentina, dinosaurs were just getting warmed up. At this time, dinosaurs represented a minor fraction of ecosystem diversity. Members of other tetrapod clades, including synapsids and pseudosuchians, shared convergently evolved features related to locomotion, feeding, respiration, and metabolism and could have risen to later dominance. However, it was Dinosauria that radiated in the later Mesozoic most significantly in terms of body size, diversity, and global distribution. Elevated growth rates are one of the adaptations that set later Mesozoic dinosaurs apart, particularly from their contemporary crocodilian and mammalian compatriots. When did the elevated growth rates of dinosaurs first evolve? How did the growth strategies of the earliest known dinosaurs compare with those of other tetrapods in their ecosystems? We studied femoral bone histology of an array of early dinosaurs alongside that of non-dinosaurian contemporaries from the Ischigualasto Formation in order to test whether the oldest known dinosaurs exhibited novel growth strategies. Our results indicate that the Ischigualasto vertebrate fauna collectively exhibits relatively high growth rates. Dinosaurs are among the fastest growing taxa in the sample, but they occupied this niche alongside crocodylomorphs, archosauriformes, and large-bodied pseudosuchians. Interestingly, these dinosaurs grew at least as quickly, but more continuously than sauropodomorph and theropod dinosaurs of the later Mesozoic. These data suggest that, while elevated growth rates were ancestral for Dinosauria and likely played a significant role in dinosaurs' ascent within Mesozoic ecosystems, they did not set them apart from their contemporaries.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298242", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0298242", openalex = "W4393900212", references = "barta2022osteohistology, doi1010079781489953919, doi101016s1631069102014294, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111joa13937, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science1198467, doi101126scienceadc8714, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2" } @misc{doi1052843cassynic02jkh, title = "The macroecology of Mesozoic dinosaurs", year = "2024", abstract = "Dinosaurs thrived for over 160 million years in Mesozoic ecosystems, displaying diverse ecological and evolutionary adaptations. Their ecology was shaped by large-scale climatic and biogeographic changes, calling for a ‘deep-time’ macroecological investigation. These factors include temperature fluctuations and the break up of Pangaea, influencing species richness, ecological diversity and biogeographic history. Recent improvements in the dinosaur fossil record have enabled large-scale studies of their responses to tectonic, geographic and climatic shifts. Trends in species diversity, body size and reproductive traits can now be analysed using quantitative approaches like phylogenetic comparative methods, machine learning and Bayesian inference. These patterns sometimes align with, but also deviate from, first-order macroecological rules (e.g. species–area relationship, latitudinal biodiversity gradient, Bergmann’s rule). Accurate reconstructions of palaeobiodiversity and niche partitioning require ongoing taxonomic revisions and detailed anatomical descriptions. Interdisciplinary research combining sedimentology, geochemistry and palaeoclimatology helps uncover the environmental conditions driving dinosaur adaptations. Fieldwork in under-sampled regions, particularly at latitudinal extremes, is crucial for understanding the spatial heterogeneity of dinosaur ecosystems across the planet. Open science initiatives and online databases play a key role in advancing this field, enriching our understanding of deep-time ecological processes, and offering new insights into dinosaur macroecology and its broader implications.", url = "https://doi.org/10.52843/cassyni.c02jkh", doi = "10.52843/cassyni.c02jkh", openalex = "W4404780710", references = "chiarenza2024early, doi101098rsbl20240429" } @article{doi101002ar70113, author = "Caspar, Kai R. and Gutiérrez‐Ibáñez, Cristián and George, Hady and Holtz, Thomas R. and Naish, Darren and Hurlburt, Grant R.", title = "Endothermy, neuron counts, and other issues: Further remarks on neurocognitive evolution in fossil vertebrates", year = "2025", journal = "The Anatomical Record", abstract = "Last year, we challenged the view that large-bodied theropod dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus rex resembled primates in cognition and behavior, a proposition made by Herculano-Houzel in 2023. More recently, Jensen et al. have criticized our work on this topic, raising methodological and conceptual issues. Central to their argument is the assumption that tachymetabolic endotherms should be expected to converge in neurocognitive traits, which follows the recently proposed endothermic brain hypothesis. We here respond to their critique, address critical misconceptions, and argue that none of the points raised by Jensen et al. challenge the conclusions we have drawn. We show that the endothermic brain hypothesis lacks robust support from the fossil record. As of now, no compelling evidence suggests that endothermy coevolved with enlarged brains or elevated neuron densities in either the avian or mammalian lineage. Various fossil groups containing endothermic taxa retain plesiomorphic endocast traits and do not converge with birds and mammals in the relative size and proportions of their brains. Furthermore, we elaborate on our discussion on (forebrain) neuron counts as correlates of cognitive performance and highlight that neuron numbers evolve in tandem with body mass in birds and mammals, suggesting that comparatively high neuron number estimates for some Mesozoic dinosaurs do not require explanations that orbit around exceptional cognitive abilities. Despite these disagreements, we identify significant overlap in opinion between Jensen et al. and ourselves, including in the position that neuron count estimates for Mesozoic dinosaurs will remain unreliable and are unsuitable for inferring cognitive complexity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70113", doi = "10.1002/ar.70113", openalex = "W4417503716", references = "chiarenza2024early, doi101002ar70074, doi101002cne70056, doi101016jtics202408002, doi101017jpa202510121" } @article{doi101016jcub202412053, author = "Heath, Joel A and Cooper, Natalie and Upchurch, Paul and Mannion, Philip D.", title = "Accounting for sampling heterogeneity suggests a low paleolatitude origin for dinosaurs", year = "2025", journal = "Current Biology", abstract = "Dinosaurs dominated Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems for ∼160 million years, but their biogeographic origin remains poorly understood. The earliest unequivocal dinosaur fossils appear in the Carnian (∼230 Ma) of southern South America and Africa, leading most authors to propose southwestern Gondwana as the likely center of origin. However, the high taxonomic and morphological diversity of these earliest assemblages suggests a more ancient evolutionary history that is currently unsampled. Phylogenetic uncertainty at the base of Dinosauria, combined with the subsequent appearance of dinosaurs throughout Laurasia in their early evolutionary history, further complicates this picture. Here, we estimate the distribution of early dinosaurs and their archosaurian relatives under a phylogenetic maximum likelihood framework, testing alternative topological arrangements and incorporating potential abiotic barriers to dispersal into our biogeographic models. For the first time, we include spatiotemporal sampling heterogeneity in these models, which frequently supports a low-latitude Gondwanan origin for dinosaurs. These results are best supported when silesaurids are constrained as early-diverging ornithischians, which is likely because this topology accounts for the otherwise substantial ornithischian ghost lineage, explaining the group's absence from the fossil record prior to the Early Jurassic. Our results suggest that the archosaur radiation also took place within low-latitude Gondwana following the end-Permian extinction before lineages dispersed across Pangaea into ecologically and climatically distinct provinces during the Late Triassic. Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrates are under-sampled at low paleolatitudes, and our findings suggest that heterogeneous sampling has hitherto obscured the true paleobiogeographic origin of dinosaurs and their kin.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.12.053", doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2024.12.053", openalex = "W4406758949", references = "doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101016jpgeola202307002, doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101073pnas1319091111, doi101093bioinformaticsbty633, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101093sysbiosyt040, doi101093sysbiosyu056, doi101109tac19741100705, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi1021425f55419694, doi1023073802723" } @article{doi101016jcub202506051, author = "Rowe, Andre J and Rayfield, Emily J.", title = "Carnivorous dinosaur lineages adopt different skull performances at gigantic size", year = "2025", journal = "Current Biology", abstract = "Theropoda is one of the most extensively studied dinosaur clades, including iconic carnivores such as Tyrannosaurus rex and Spinosaurus aegyptiacus. The clade includes the largest terrestrial bipeds ever described, including three lineages that independently achieved giant size: Megalosauroidea, Allosauroidea, and Tyrannosauroidea. Here, we investigate how increasing size influenced feeding performance by quantifying feeding-induced mechanical performance across numerous large theropods using 3D finite element analysis. Unexpectedly, we discovered a divergence in functional strategy among the three lineages that led to gigantic top predators: in non-tyrannosauroid theropods, skull stress generally did not increase with size, in contrast to tyrannosauroids, which experienced greater stress due to increased muscle volume and bite forces. When skulls were scaled to equivalent size, smaller theropods, particularly basal taxa, experienced higher stresses. Despite similar scaling constraints, theropods adopted two distinct functional and likely ecological strategies: increased size with reduced stress or increased skull size, muscle volume, and bite force at the cost of higher stress. Giant tyrannosaurids uniquely maximized bite force despite elevated cranial stress, a strategy perhaps driven by the demands of subduing increasingly large and mobile prey in the Late Cretaceous. Alternatively-or additionally-this shift may reflect ecological displacement by coexisting predators such as smaller theropods and giant crocodyliforms. Whatever the cause, tyrannosaurids pursued a high-risk, high-reward feeding strategy unlike any seen in their Early Cretaceous counterparts, underscoring a profound shift in mega-carnivore evolution near the end of the Mesozoic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2025.06.051", doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2025.06.051", openalex = "W4412928183", references = "doi101016jcub202111060, doi101016jisci2024110679, doi101126scienceadc8714" } @article{doi101086736225, author = "Rubalcaba, Juan G.", title = "The Evolution of Homeothermic Endothermy via Life History Optimization", year = "2025", journal = "The American Naturalist", abstract = {AbstractEndothermy is an energetically expensive trait, yet it has posed an evolutionary advantage across different lineages-a paradox that remains puzzling to biologists. Here, I investigate whether endothermy can evolve through life history optimization using a model of the balance between energy assimilation and energy allocation to somatic maintenance, thermoregulation, growth, or reproduction. The model displays bistable strategies when assimilation rates and thermoregulatory costs increase, respectively, exponentially and linearly with body temperature: the "heterothermic strategy" consists of minimizing the costs of thermoregulation by maintaining body temperature close to ambient temperature, and the "homeothermic strategy" consists of increasing body temperature until the costs of thermoregulation are fully compensated by the increased assimilation capacity at higher temperatures. These strategies produce similar fitness outcomes and thus emerge as alternative stable states of the system, maintained by strong stabilizing selection preventing transitions between them. Using quantitative genetics simulations, I show that a drop in ambient temperature may push populations toward an evolutionary branching point, enabling the rapid radiation of homeothermic lineages coupled with body size reductions. I thus propose that life history optimization of energy balance can explain the radiation of homeothermic endothermy associated with either climate cooling or migration to colder regions by early endothermic lineages.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/736225", doi = "10.1086/736225", openalex = "W4409547517", references = "doi103390sci6020028" } @article{doi101098rsbl20240474, author = "Chapelle, Kimberley E. J. and Griffin, Christopher T. and Pol, Diego", title = "Growing with dinosaurs: a review of dinosaur reproduction and ontogeny", year = "2025", journal = "Biology Letters", abstract = "Since the start of the twenty-first century, there has been a notable increase in annual publications focusing on dinosaur reproduction and ontogeny with researchers using these data to address a range of macroevolutionary questions about dinosaurs. Ontogeny, which is closely tied to osteological morphological variation, impacts several key research areas, such as taxonomic diversity, population dynamics, palaeoecology, macroevolution, as well as the physiological and reproductive factors driving ecological success. While these broad studies have significantly advanced our understanding of dinosaur evolution, they have also revealed important challenges and areas needing further investigation. In this review, we aim to outline some of these challenges in major research areas linked to dinosaur ontogeny, namely reproductive biology, osteohistological growth strategies, morphological osteological variation and the link between ontogeny and macroevolution. We also offer some recommendations for best practices and promising future research directions. These recommendations include increasing sample sizes through fieldwork and exhaustive use of pre-existing fossil collections, using micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanning methods to increase dataset sizes in a non-destructive manner, methodical collection and reposition of μCT scan data, assessing ontogenetic maturity, establishing consistency in terminology and methods and building comprehensive extant comparative datasets.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0474", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2024.0474", openalex = "W4406352887", references = "barta2022osteohistology, doi101002ar24130, doi101002ar24282, doi101016jgsf2024101872, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi10103824370, doi101038nature02699, doi101046j14610248200300505x, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101098rsbl20230245, doi101111j14610248200500816x, doi101126science2665186779, doi101126scienceadc8714, doi101371journalpone0298242, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023072412825, doi104202app006982019, openalexw3215057009" } @article{doi101007s1331202600346z, author = "Mahajan, Akanksha and Lalramchuani, Cindy and Mantan, Mukta and Mehta, Vimal", title = "Continuous Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring of Non-Dialyzed Children and Adolescents with Chronic Kidney Disease.", year = "2026", journal = "Indian pediatrics", abstract = "Hypertension is a known complication and modifiable risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Diurnal variability is better assessed using continuous ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (CABPM). We enrolled 74 adolescents (78.4\% boys) aged 10-18 years with CKD, excluding those on dialysis or with hypertensive urgency/emergency. Casual blood pressure and CABPM were measured using Omron oscillometric sphygmomanometer and A\&D TM2441, respectively. Using CABPM, 12 (16.2\%) had white coat hypertension, 7 (9.5\%) had masked hypertension, and 14 (18.9\%) had ambulatory hypertension. Twenty-eight (37.8\%) children had blunted nocturnal dipping and 6.6\% had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).", url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/3841520/", doi = "10.1007/s13312-026-00346-z", pmcid = "3841520", pmid = "42043771" } @article{doi101016jjtherbio2026104385, author = "Dubiner, Shahar", title = "Pathogens may have assisted the evolution of endothermy by restricting its reversibility", year = "2026", journal = "Journal of Thermal Biology", abstract = {Endothermy is an important trait in the biology of several (extant and extinct) groups of amniotes. Despite its distinct benefits, it is an extremely expensive trait, and the drivers for its emergence and evolutionary success are debated. I offer a hypothesis complementary to current theories, linking endotherms' capacity for thermogenesis with the need to increase body temperature during pathogen infection ("fever", present in both endotherms and ectotherms). I do not propose this as a primary driver of endothermy; rather, the emergence of efficient fever prevented the secondary loss of endothermy. After endothermy has evolved in a given lineage, the stabler host temperature, coupled with higher direct transmission due to incubation and parental care, would lead to the propagation and specialization of pathogens in the population. Hence, although ectothermy carries no inherent disadvantage, reverting from endothermy to ectothermy faces the obstacle of an already-high pathogen load. Reduced heat production would increase the gap from normal to fever temperature, impairing the reliability of the response and increasing its cost, when pathogen load in the population is already higher and more specialized as enabled by endothermy. This factor may be enough to outweigh selective pressures against the energetic cost of endothermy. This hypothesis, though anecdotally supported by the intriguing fact that endothermy is very rarely lost (and is often retained even when homeothermy is not), is merely a conceptual framework and must be tested further.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104385", doi = "10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104385", openalex = "W7124954850", references = "chiarenza2024early" } @article{doi101038s43247025030836, author = "Chen, Jianbo and Niu, Yi-ning and Ma, Rongyao and Zhou, Yan-ling and Liu, Wen-jie and Wang, Yaming and You, Hai-Lu and Xu, Xing and Shen, Shu-Zhong and Feng, Zhuo", title = "Triassic–Jurassic environmental instability on the subtropical eastern Tethyan margin linked to low-latitude dinosaur dispersal", year = "2026", journal = "Communications Earth \& Environment", abstract = "The Triassic–Jurassic transition marks a critical interval, witnessing major biotic turnovers, including the rise of dinosaurs and the end-Triassic mass extinction, triggered by the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. However, the volcanism linked to terrestrial ecosystem disturbance and dinosaur distribution remains poorly constrained. Here we present an integrated dataset of chemostratigraphic and astrochronological records for a continental drill core from the Kunming Basin in Yunnan Province of Southwest China, where rich dinosaur assemblages have been previously identified. Three negative carbon isotope excursions coupled with volcanogenic mercury anomalies confirm pulsed volcanism-induced environmental impacts on this subtropical terrestrial setting and placement of the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Critically, the earliest regional sauropodomorph fossils occurred at \textasciitilde 200.17 Ma, indicating post-extinction colonization in low palaeolatitudes by medium- to large-bodied dinosaurs. Large-scale volcanism-induced stressors, potentially coupled with increased climate seasonality, likely created ecological opportunities facilitating dinosaur expansion in the earliest Jurassic. Early regional sauropodomorph fossils from 200.17 Ma suggest post-Triassic mass extinction dinosaur colonization in low paleolatitudes, likely due to Central Atlantic Magmatic Province stressors and increased climate seasonality, according to chemostratigraphic and astrochronological analysis of a core from the Kunming Basin in China.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03083-6", doi = "10.1038/s43247-025-03083-6", openalex = "W7123351308", references = "chiarenza2024early, doi101016jcageo201902011, doi101016jcub202412053, doi101016jearscirev2019102880, doi101038299715a0, doi101086648222, doi101098rsbl20240429, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science1234204, doi101126science28554321386, doi1011300091761320020300251tameat20co2, doi101146annurevearth050212124107, doi101146annurevearth081320064052" }