@article{doi101086330610,
    author = "Fuller, G. D.",
    title = "Evaporation and Plant Succession",
    year = "1911",
    journal = "Botanical Gazette",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/040233ea7b5b338b647838611a5173d3010b1150",
    doi = "10.1086/330610",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "3",
    pages = "193-208",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "11",
    semanticscholar_id = "040233ea7b5b338b647838611a5173d3010b1150",
    volume = "52"
}

@article{doi101086331398,
    author = "Fuller, G. D.",
    title = "Evaporation and Soil Moisture in Relation to the Succession of Plant Associations",
    year = "1914",
    journal = "Botanical Gazette",
    url = "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/224466",
    doi = "10.1086/331398",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "3",
    pages = "193-234",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "29",
    semanticscholar_id = "a383381131d98f71858c43817bc8498948445744",
    volume = "58"
}

@book{doi105962bhltitle56234,
    author = "Clements, Frederic E.",
    title = "Plant succession; an analysis of the development of vegetation,",
    year = "1916",
    booktitle = "Carnegie Institution of Washington eBooks",
    abstract = {The metadata below describe the original scanning. Follow the "All Files: HTTP" link in the "View the book" box to the left to find XML files that contain more metadata about the original images and the derived formats (OCR results, PDF etc.). See also the What is the directory structure for the texts? FAQ for information about file content and naming conventions.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.56234",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.56234",
    openalex = "W1273791837"
}

@article{doi101086332587,
    author = "Cowles, H.",
    title = "Plant Succession",
    year = "1919",
    journal = "Botanical Gazette",
    url = "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/224520",
    doi = "10.1086/332587",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "6",
    pages = "477-478",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "137",
    semanticscholar_id = "876db47311ef9d3a7000e1dd46ada92ea134ac9a",
    volume = "68"
}

@misc{clements1920plant1,
    author = "Clements, F. E",
    title = "Plant Succession",
    year = "1920",
    howpublished = "An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation: Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institute, 388 p.; Publication No. 290",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Clements, F. E., 1920, Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation: Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institute, 388 p.; Publication No. 290.}"
}

@article{doi101086333909,
    author = "Cain, S. A.",
    title = "Plant Succession and Ecological History of a Central Indiana Swamp",
    year = "1928",
    journal = "Botanical Gazette",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c4d2a95b2ec30f4d59826946b7a3da824f309fe8",
    doi = "10.1086/333909",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    pages = "384-401",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "11",
    semanticscholar_id = "c4d2a95b2ec30f4d59826946b7a3da824f309fe8",
    volume = "86"
}

@article{doi1023072480528,
    author = "Cooper, William S.",
    title = "The Seed-Plants and Ferns of the Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska",
    year = "1930",
    journal = "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2480528",
    doi = "10.2307/2480528",
    openalex = "W2796486108"
}

@misc{doctersvanleeuwen1936krakatau4,
    author = "Docters van Leeuwen, W. M",
    title = "Krakatau, 1833 to 1933",
    year = "1936",
    howpublished = "Ann. Jard. Botan. Buitenzorg, v. 56-57, p. 1-506",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Docters van Leeuwen, W. M., 1936, Krakatau, 1833 to 1933: Ann. Jard. Botan. Buitenzorg, v. 56-57, p. 1-506.}"
}

@article{doi101007bf02872308,
    author = "Loehwing, W. F.",
    title = "Root interactions of plants",
    year = "1937",
    journal = "The Botanical Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02872308",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02872308",
    openalex = "W1991407465"
}

@misc{daubenmire1956climate2,
    author = "Daubenmire, R. F",
    title = "Climate as a determinant of vegetation distribution in eastern Washington and northern Idaho",
    year = "1956",
    howpublished = "Ecological Monographs, v. 26, p. 131-154",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Daubenmire, R. F., 1956, Climate as a determinant of vegetation distribution in eastern Washington and northern Idaho: Ecological Monographs, v. 26, p. 131-154.}"
}

@article{doi10108020014422196311881012,
    author = "Stork, Adelaide",
    title = "Plant Immigration in Front of Retreating Glaciers, with Examples from the Kebnekajse Area, Northern Sweden",
    year = "1963",
    journal = "Geografiska Annaler",
    abstract = "Plant immigration in front of retreating glaciers with examples from the Kebnekaise area, Northern Sweden.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/20014422.1963.11881012",
    doi = "10.1080/20014422.1963.11881012",
    openalex = "W2767676906"
}

@article{doi101126science1473655250,
    author = "Whittaker, R. H.",
    title = "Dominance and Diversity in Land Plant Communities",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Most plant communities consist of several or many species which compete for light, water, and nutrients. Species in a given community may be ranked by their relative success in competition; productivity seems to be the best measure of their success or importance in the community. Curves of decreasing productivity connect the few most important species (the dominants) with a larger number of species of intermediate importance (whose number primarily determines the community's diversity or richness in species) and a smaller number of rare species. These curves are of varied forms and are believed to express different patterns of competition and niche differentiation in communities. It is probably true of plants, as of animals, that no two species in a stable community occupy the same niche. Evolution of niche differentiation makes possible the occurrence together of many plant species which are partial, rather than direct, competitors. Species tend to evolve also toward habitat differentiation, toward scattering of their centers of maximum population density in relation to environmental gradients, so that few species are competing with one another in their population centers. Evolution of both niche and habitat differentiation permits many species to exist together in communities as partial competitors, with distributions broadly and continuously overlapping, forming the landscape's many intergrading communities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.147.3655.250",
    doi = "10.1126/science.147.3655.250",
    openalex = "W2035166278",
    references = "beauchamp1932competitive, doi101038163688a0, doi101086282070, doi101086282106, doi101086282286, doi101093biomet3812196, doi101126science13134091292, doi1023071411, doi1023071931600, doi1023071931976, doi1023071932254, doi1023071942268, doi1023071943563, doi1023072407089, doi1023072411924, doi104159harvard9780674865327, doi105962bhltitle4489, openalexw3035987306"
}

@article{doi1023071942416,
    author = "Viereck, Leslie A.",
    title = "Plant Succession and Soil Development on Gravel Outwash of the Muldrow Glacier, Alaska",
    year = "1966",
    journal = "Ecological Monographs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1942416",
    doi = "10.2307/1942416",
    openalex = "W2033020302"
}

@article{doi1023072483411,
    author = "Tukey, H. B.",
    title = "Leaching of Metabolites from Above-Ground Plant Parts and Its Implications",
    year = "1966",
    journal = "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2483411",
    doi = "10.2307/2483411",
    openalex = "W195142880"
}

@article{doi1023072257876,
    author = "Harper, John L.",
    title = "A Darwinian Approach to Plant Ecology",
    year = "1967",
    journal = "Journal of Ecology",
    abstract = "The theory of evolution by natural selection is an ecological theory-founded on ecological observation by perhaps the greatest of all ecologists. It has been adopted by and brought up by the science of genetics, and ecologists, being modest people, are apt to forget their distinguished parenthood. Indeed, Darwinian plant ecology has been largely neglected and a changeling child nourished and brought o adulthood by Schimper and Warming who asked geographical questions about vegetation, and answered the questions by demonstrating correlations between climate and soils on the one hand and comparative physiology on the other. By contrast with the 'vegetationalist' and his concern to describe and interpret areas of land, Darwin's ecological observations and the questions he asked were based on a consideration of individuals and populations-a preoccupation with numbers. 'Look at a plant in the midst of its range, why does it not double or quadruple its numbers?' '... if we wish in imagination to give the plant the power of increasing in number, we should have to give it some advantage over its competitors, or over the animals which prey on it'. 'Look at the most vigorous species; by as much as it swarms in numbers, by so much will it tend to increase still further' (Darwin, Origin of Species, Chapter III).* These quotations, with their emphasis on numbers, pose problems of population biology-of a demography which has never gained a momentum in plant ecology, although it has played a vertebral role in animal ecology. Two interlinked properties of higher plants have seriously hindered the development of plant demography-plasticity and vegetative reproduction. Darwin found a 26-yearold pine tree on heathland which 'had during many years tried to raise its head above the stems of the heath and had failed'. It is clearly not fair to count such a plant as a unit equal to a full grown tree in a population census. A mature plant of an annual weed such as Chenopodium album may produce four seeds or 100 000 seeds, depending on the nutrient and water status of the soil. It can therefore be argued that a statement about numbers of plants implies very little about the real nature of the population. Vegetative reproduction is a further obstacle to census making, because the vegetative offspring remain to some extent a part of the parent, often for a long period. When is such a ramet to be counted as an individual? Arbitrary decisions have to be made if plant populations are to become numerable and the arbitrariness of the decisions has often discouraged attempts to count plants. These problems are, however, not peculiar to plants and have had to be faced in animal demography where they arise in only a slightly less acute form. Plasticity in individual size and reproductive capacity have to be taken into account in population studies of fish and even of Drosophila. Vegetative reproduction in Hydra, where the 'ramets' slowlv develon indenendence. has not Drevented its use in model population studies. * All quotations in this paper are from Chapters III and IV of The Origin of Species (1859), the text being the Everyman edition of 1928. Italics are mine. 247",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2257876",
    doi = "10.2307/2257876",
    openalex = "W2325216580"
}

@article{doi1023072483566,
    author = "Abdul-Wahab, Ahmad S. and Rice, Elroy L.",
    title = "Plant Inhibition by Johnson Grass and Its Possible Significance in Old- Field Succession",
    year = "1967",
    journal = "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club",
    abstract = "Ahmad S. Abdul-Wahab, Elroy L. Rice, Plant Inhibition by Johnson Grass and Its Possible Significance in Old- Field Succession, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 94, No. 6 (Nov. - Dec., 1967), pp. 486-497",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2483566",
    doi = "10.2307/2483566",
    openalex = "W2303135801"
}

@article{doi1023072484043,
    author = "Floyd, Gary L. and Rice, Elroy L.",
    title = "Inhibition of Higher Plants by Three Bacterial Growth Inhibitors",
    year = "1967",
    journal = "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2484043",
    doi = "10.2307/2484043",
    openalex = "W2797634513"
}

@misc{daubenmire1968plant3,
    author = "Daubenmire, R. F",
    title = "Plant Communities",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "New York, Harper \& Row, 300 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Daubenmire, R. F., 1968, Plant Communities: New York, Harper \& Row, 300 p.}"
}

@article{doi1023072483475,
    author = "Wilson, Roger E. and Rice, Elroy L.",
    title = "Allelopathy as Expressed by Helianthus annuus and Its Role in Old-Field Succession",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club",
    abstract = "Roger E. Wilson, Elroy L. Rice, Allelopathy as Expressed by Helianthus annuus and Its Role in Old-Field Succession, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 95, No. 5 (Sep. - Oct., 1968), pp. 432-448",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2483475",
    doi = "10.2307/2483475",
    openalex = "W2796430018"
}

@article{olsen1968banding,
    author = "OLSEN, DAVID",
    title = "BANDING PATTERNS OF HALIOTIS RUFESCENS AS INDICATORS OF BOTANICAL AND ANIMAL SUCCESSION",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "The Biological Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1539972",
    doi = "10.2307/1539972",
    number = "1",
    pages = "139-147",
    volume = "134"
}

@article{doi101007bf02859887,
    author = "Rovira, Albert",
    title = "Plant root exudates",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "The Botanical Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02859887",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02859887",
    openalex = "W2034558874"
}

@article{doi1023071934737,
    author = "Reiners, William A. and Worley, Ian A. and Lawrence, Donald B.",
    title = "Plant Diversity in a Chronosequence at Glacier Bay, Alaska",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Ecology",
    abstract = "Eight sites of known age were sampled in Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska, to examine the changes in plant diversity during primary succession in that region. Four strata–trees, tall shrubs, low shrubs—herbs, and bryoid—thalloids–were sampled independently. Data suggested a sequence of wave—like invasions on sites by strata, largely in order of increasing size. Bryoid—thalloids were exceptional in demonstrating a late peak in cover values. In general, diversity of a particular stratum declined during the period in which the stratum dominated the community in terms of foliar cover. Richness (species number) of communities increased rapidly in the first 100 years, then more gradually to reach a maximum in the muskeg steady state. Equitability (evenness of distribution of foliar cover among species) was erratic, but tended to increase with age. After initial rises, three diversity indices showed nearly flat curves with two exceptions: marked decreases in the 30— to 50—year period; and a rise to maximum levels in the final steady state. Total information per unit area calculated from diversity and foliar cover increased in a sigmoid manner with peak information in the final muskeg stage.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1934737",
    doi = "10.2307/1934737",
    openalex = "W2050060044"
}

@article{doi1023071942161,
    author = "Root, Richard B.",
    title = "Organization of a Plant‐Arthropod Association in Simple and Diverse Habitats: The Fauna of Collards (Brassica Oleracea)",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Ecological Monographs",
    abstract = {Collards were grown at Ithaca, New York, in two experimental habitats: pure stands and single rows that were bounded on each side by diverse, meadow vegetation. The arthropods associated with these plants were sampled on 20 dates over a 3—year period. The status of the herbivore species was measured by their rank in biomass in each sample. The two most prominent species, Phyllotreta cruciferae and Pieris rapae, maintained high status throughout the investigation, but another important species, Brevicoryne brassicae, was absent for an entire season. Pit feeders usually formed the most important herbivore guild. Nevertheless, the guild spectrum, which describes the functional structure of the fauna, varied widely in time and space. The size distributions of species and of individuals were both highly skewed toward the smaller sizes. Herbivore loads, the mean biomass of herbivores per 100 g of consumable foliage, were consistently higher in the pure stands. Moreover, herbivore loads varied significantly with season in each experimental habitat. Both the number of herbivore species and the diversity of the herbivore load were greater in the diverse habitat. Biomass was more heavily concentrated among the prominent herbivores in the pure stands; increased dominance, rather than differences in species richness, appeared to be the major cause for the lower herbivore diversity in this habitat. The diversity of predators and parasitoids was higher in the pure stands. Most of the abundant species found on collards shared a similar narrow range of hosts. As a result the species in this core group of herbivores and parasitoids were regularly associated with each other. Predators and the less abundant herbivores tended to be less specialized and served to link the collard association with the surrounding community. Plant—arthropod associations are representative of component communities, well—integrated systems that form portions of larger compound communities. This distinction facilitates the analysis of community structure. Microclimates and the effectiveness of "enemies" did not appear to differ sufficiently in the two experimental habitats to account for the observed differences in the herbivore load. The results suggest a new proposition, the resource concentration hypothesis, which states that herbivores are more likely to find and remain on hosts that are growing in dense or nearly pure stands; that the most specialized species frequently attain higher relative densities in simple environments; and that, as a result, biomass tends to become concentrated in a few species, causing a decrease in the diversity of herbivores in pure stands.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1942161",
    doi = "10.2307/1942161",
    openalex = "W2056816058"
}

@article{doi1023072258988,
    author = "Yarranton, G. A. and Morrison, R. G.",
    title = "Spatial Dynamics of a Primary Succession: Nucleation",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Journal of Ecology",
    abstract = "Changes in spatial pattern during the course of succession have attracted considerable interest in recent years. Such changes are of interest not only for their own sake, but because they may throw light on mechanisms of successional change. Greig-Smith (1964) summarized the currently accepted hypothesis of successional variations in pattern. He suggested that the variations are determined by the establishment and growth of clumps (often clones) of persistent species. As these clumps enlarge, and eventually coalesce, the scale of pattern will increase, not necessarily smoothly, to a maximum at climax; on the other hand, the intensity of pattern will decline as the range of scale of contagion increases with age. Work by Whitford (1949), Greig-Smith (1952), Margalef (1958), Kershaw (1958), Pielou (1966) and Brereton (1971) supports this view. Williams et al. (1969) have examined the question of whether succession is a gradual or stagewise process, i.e. does the rate of change of composition of the vegetation fluctuate? In a secondary succession in a Queensland rain forest they found a change from predominantly temporal to predominantly spatial variation after 6 years. If successional stages exist they are likely to influence variations in spatial pattern: patterns may differ from stage to stage but the pattern at times of transition may also differ from that within stages. Shafi \& Yarranton (1973) have demonstrated stages of differing heterogeneity during a post-fire succession in the boreal forest. Their discovery that a stage may be succeeded by another of greater homogeneity implies that the scale of pattern may decrease during at least part of a succession. Anderson (1967) has also noted a decrease in the scale of pattern early in a succession. Morrison \& Yarranton (1973) showed that heterogeneity is greatest during a sand dune succession at the transition between stages. Webb, Tracey \& Williams (1972) raise the question of whether patches of vegetation occurring in a succession represent different stages of maturity; both Morrison \& Yarranton and Shafi \& Yarranton (1973) suggest that transitions from stage to stage take place heterogeneously on the ground so that this is indeed the case. If this is admitted as at least a possibility, it establishes the connection between the mechanism of succession and variations in spatial pattern. On the basis of this reasoning it was decided that detailed examination of the pattern of vegetation on the ground before, during and after a stage-to-stage transition in a succession might not only clarify the sequence of spatial pattern but also help to elucidate the mechanism of succession itself. The sand dune succession at Grand Bend, Ontario, previously described by Morrison (1973), was selected for such a study.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2258988",
    doi = "10.2307/2258988",
    openalex = "W2063934992",
    references = "doi1023071932934"
}

@book{doi1010079789400958517,
    author = "Elton, Charles C.",
    title = "The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants",
    year = "1977",
    abstract = {"The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants sounded an early warning about an environmental catastrophe that has become all too familiar today - the invasion of nonnative species. From kudzu to zebra mussels to Asian long-horned beetles, nonnative species are colonizing new habitats around the world at an alarming rate, thanks to accidental and deliberate human intervention. One of the leading causes of extinctions of native animals and plants, invasive species also wreak severe economic havoc, causing billions of dollars in damage each year in the United States alone." "Elton explains the devastating effects that invasive species can have on local ecosystems in clear, concise language and with numerous examples. The first book on invasion biology, and still the most cited, Elton's masterpiece provides an accessible, engaging introduction to one of the most important environmental crises of our time."--BOOK JACKET.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5851-7",
    doi = "10.1007/978-94-009-5851-7",
    openalex = "W2132145325"
}

@article{doi101086283241,
    author = "Connell, Joseph H. and Slatyer, Ralph O.",
    title = "Mechanisms of Succession in Natural Communities and Their Role in Community Stability and Organization",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "The American Naturalist",
    abstract = {The sequence of species observed after a relatively large space is opened up is a consequence of the following mechanisms. "Opportunist" species with broad dispersal powers and rapid growth to maturity usually arrive first and occupy empty space. These species cannot invade and grow in the presence of adults of their own or other species. Several alternative mechanisms may then determine which species replace these early occupants. Three models of such mechanisms have been proposed. The first "facilitation" model suggests that the entry and growth of the later species is dependent upon the earlier species "preparing the ground"; only after this can later species colonize. Evidence in support of this model applies mainly to certain primary successions and in heterotrophic succession. A second "tolerance" model suggests that a predictable sequence is produced by the existence of species that have evolved different strategies for exploiting resources. Later species will be those able to tolerate lower levels of resources than earlier ones. Thus they can invade and grow to maturity in the presence of those that preceded them. At present there exists little evidence in support of this model. A third "inhibition" model suggests that all species resist invasions of competitors. The first occupants preempt the space and will continue to exclude or inhibit later colonists until the former die or are damaged, thus releasing resources. Only then can later colonists reach maturity. A considerable body of evidence exists in support of this model. In the majority of natural communities succession is frequently interrupted by major disturbances, such as fires, storms, insect plagues, etc., starting the process all over again. However, if not interrupted, it eventually reaches a stage in which further change is on a small scale as individuals die and are replaced. The pattern of these changes will depend upon whether individuals are more likely to be replaced by a member of their own or another species. If the former, stability will be assured. However, in terrestrial communities, conditions in the soil in the immediate vicinity of long-lived plants may become modified in such a way that offspring of the same species are much less favored than those of other species. A likely cause is the buildup of host-specific pathogenic soil organisms near a long-lived plant. In this case, the species at each local site keep changing, producing local instability. Whether the average species composition of the whole tract does not change, exhibiting global stability, or whether it keeps changing has not yet been decided for any natural community.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/283241",
    doi = "10.1086/283241",
    openalex = "W2091818139",
    references = "dayton1971competition, doi101007bf00275587, doi101038260204c0, doi101086282286, doi101086282687, doi1023071930070, doi1023071942352, doi1023072256497, doi1023072258550, doi102307jctvx5wbbh, openalexw1996657273, openalexw2962874606"
}

@article{doi101086283244,
    author = "Grime, J. P.",
    title = "Evidence for the Existence of Three Primary Strategies in Plants and Its Relevance to Ecological and Evolutionary Theory",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "The American Naturalist",
    abstract = "It is suggested that evolution in plants may be associated with the emergence of three primary strategies, each of which may be identified by reference to a number of characteristics including morphological features, resource allocation, phenology, and response to stress. The competitive strategy prevails in productive, relatively undisturbed vegetation, the stress-tolerant strategy is associated with continuously unproductive conditions, and the ruderal strategy is characteristic of severely disturbed but potentially productive habitats. A triangular model based upon the three strategies may be reconciled with the theory of r- and K-selection, provides an insight into the processes of vegetation succession and dominance, and appears to be capable of extension to fungi and to animals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/283244",
    doi = "10.1086/283244",
    openalex = "W2055424972",
    references = "doi101038242344a0, doi101038250026a0, doi101086282454, doi101086282455, doi1015159781400881376, doi102307213332, doi1023072258728, doi10230725528056, doi1023073241344, doi105962bhltitle59991"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x1977tb01347x,
    author = "Grubb, P. J.",
    title = "THE MAINTENANCE OF SPECIES‐RICHNESS IN PLANT COMMUNITIES: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE REGENERATION NICHE",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "SUMMARY According to ‘Gause's hypothesis’ a corollary of the process of evolution by natural selection is that in a community at equilibrium every species must occupy a different niche. Many botanists have found this idea improbable because they have ignored the processes of regeneration in plant communities. Most plant communities are longer‐lived than their constituent individual plants. When an individual dies, it may or may not be replaced by an individual of the same species. It is this replacement stage which is all‐important to the argument presented. Several mechanisms not involving regeneration also contribute to the maintenance of species‐richness: differences in life‐form coupled with the inability of larger plants to exhaust or cut off all resources, also the development of dependence‐relationships, differences in phenology coupled with tolerance of suppression, fluctuations in the environment coupled with relatively small differences in competitive ability between many species, the ability of certain species‐pairs to form stable mixtures because of a balance of intraspecific competition against interspecific competition, the production of substances more toxic to the producer‐species than to the other species, differences in the primary limiting mineral nutrients or pore‐sizes in the soil for neighbouring plants of different soecies, and differences in the competitive abilities of species dependent on their physiological age coupled with the uneven‐age structure of many populations. The mechanisms listed above do not go far to explain the indefinite persistence in mixture of the many species in the most species‐rich communities known. In contrast there seem to be almost limitless possibilities for differences between species in their requirements for regeneration, i.e. the replacement of the individual plants of one generation by those of the next. This idea is illustrated for tree species and it is emphasized that foresters were the first by a wide margin to appreciate its importance. The processes involved in the successful invasion of a gap by a given plant species and some characters of the gap that may be important are summarized in Table 2. The definition of a plant's niche requires recognition of four components: the habitat niche, the life‐form niche, the phenological niche, and the regeneration niche. A brief account is given of the patterns of regeneration in different kinds of plant community to provide a background for studies of differentiation in the regeneration niche. All stages in the regeneration‐cycle are potentially important and examples of differentiation between species are given for each of the following stages: Production of viable seed (including the sub‐stages of flowering, pollination and seed‐set), dispersal, in space and time, germination, establishment, and further development of the immature plant. In the concluding discussion emphasis is placed on the following themes: the kinds of work needed in future to prove or disprove that differentiation in the regeneration niche is the major explanation of the maintenance of species‐richness in plant communities, the relation of the present thesis to published ideas on the origin of phenological spread, the relevance of the present thesis to the discussion on the presence of continua in vegetation, the co‐incidence of the present thesis and the emerging ideas of evolutionists about differentiation of angiosperm taxa, and the importance of regeneration‐studies for conservation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1977.tb01347.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.1977.tb01347.x",
    openalex = "W2119259345",
    references = "doi101038242344a0, doi101086282070, doi101086282687, doi101093biomet3812196, doi101111j155856461969tb03489x, doi101126science1473655250, doi1015159780691206912, doi1023071218190, doi1023071929601, doi1023072256497, doi1023072258550, doi1023072989767, openalexw1532540194"
}

@article{doi10108000288233197810427397,
    author = "Young, J. M. and Dye, D. W. and Bradbury, J. F. and Panagopoulos, C. G. and Robbs, C. F.",
    title = "A proposed nomenclature and classification for plant pathogenic bacteria",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research",
    abstract = "Abstract Many names of plant pathogenic bacteria will not be included in the Approved Lists, 1980, if the lists contain only the names of valid species. It is proposed that pathogens which do not have a claim to species rank be classified as pathovars. All validly published names of plant pathogens for which there are authentic cultures are listed here as species or as pathovars. A guide for using the term pathovar at the infrasubspecific level is suggested. Designated type and reference strains are listed, and neotype and new reference strains are suggested where none has been reported elsewhere.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1978.10427397",
    doi = "10.1080/00288233.1978.10427397",
    openalex = "W2089338877",
    references = "openalexw2777527484"
}

@article{doi101146annureves10110179002031,
    author = "Bazzaz, F. A.",
    title = "The Physiological Ecology of Plant Succession",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics",
    abstract = "Succession is a process of continuous colonization of and extinction on a site by species populations. The process has long been central in ecological thinking; much theory and many data about succession have accumulated over the years. Since nearly all species in all communities participate in successional interactions, and because physiological ecology encompasses everything that a plant does during its life cycle, a complete review of physiological ecology of all species in all successions is not possible. Thus in this review I discuss the physiological adaptations of species of one successional gradient-from open field to broad-leaved deciduous forest. I concentrate on the physiological adaptations of early successional plants to environmental variability and collate the literature on tree physiology to make comparisons with early successional plants. My discussion may not be applicable to seres where there is little difference in physiognomy between early and late successional plants or where the designation of species as early or late successional is unjustified (e.g. for certain desert and tundra habitats). I discuss the nature of successional environments, seed germination, seedling and mature plant development, plant growth, photosynthesis, water use, and the physiological ecology of competition and interference.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.10.110179.002031",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.es.10.110179.002031",
    openalex = "W2098654279"
}

@book{openalexw2169917233,
    author = "Grime, J. Philip",
    title = "Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes",
    year = "1979",
    abstract = "PLANT STRATEGIES. Primary Strategies in the Established Phase. Secondary Strategies in the Established Phase. Regenerative Strategies. VEGETATION PROCESSES. Dominance. Succession. Co-Existence. References. Index.",
    openalex = "W2169917233"
}

@article{doi1010160033589480900071,
    author = "Birks, H. J. B.",
    title = "The Present Flora and Vegetation of the Moraines of the Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada: A Study in Plant Succession",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Quaternary Research",
    abstract = "Abstract The flora and vegetation of six ice-cored moraines of the Klutlan Glacier were analyzed in 65 plots by European plant-sociological techniques. The age of each plot was estimated from annual growth rings of shrubs or trees in the plots. Nine major vegetation types are distinguished: Crepis nana, Dryas drummondii, Hedysarum mackenzii, Hedysarum-Salix, Salix-Shepherdia canadensis, Picea-Salix, Picea-Arctostaphylos, Picea-Ledum, and Picea-Rhytidium. These contain plants aged 2–6, 9–23, 10–20, 24–30, 32–58, 58–80, 96–178, 177–240, and >163- >339 yr, respectively. Six other vegetation types are described from windthrow areas, drainage channels, volcanic tephra slopes, lake margins, fens, and drained lakes. The major vegetation types reflect a vegetational succession related to moraine age and stability, with the Crepis nana type as the pioneer vegetation developing through the other vegetation types to the Picea-Rhytidium type on the oldest moraines. Changes in species diversity and soil development, particularly humus accumulation, parallel the vegetational succession. This succession differs from patterns of revegetation of deglaciated landscapes in Alaska and British Columbia today and in Minnesota in late-Wisconsin times because of differences in climate, plant migration, and local ecology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(80)90007-1",
    doi = "10.1016/0033-5894(80)90007-1",
    openalex = "W2140075036"
}

@article{doi1010800028825x198010426921,
    author = "Wardle, P.",
    title = "Primary succession in Westland National Park and its vicinity, New Zealand",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "New Zealand Journal of Botany",
    abstract = "Summary This paper concludes a series on the vegetation of Westland National Park with an outline of the development of vegetation on new surfaces. A particularly long succession, well dated over its latest 14 000 years, is taking place on surfaces formed during the fluctuating retreat of low‐altitude glaciers. Surfaces have been classed as gravel slopes, alluvial flats, loose boulders, solid bedrock, landslide scars, and talus slopes. In general, they show a development from open pioneer vegetation, through shrubland and seral forest to “climax forest”, and eventually, a deterioration to heathland vegetation where soils change to gley podzols with impervious iron pans. On poorly drained areas, successions lead to infertile swamps. Successions at subalpine and alpine levels are slower and none in the district are older than the end of the last major glaciation. Consequently, they do not reach a stage equivalent to the low‐altitude heathlands, except where the former glaciers left scoured bedrock that is still almost bare of soil. Nothofagus menziesii has entered the south‐eastern part of the Park, apparently late in post‐glacial time. Its rapid colonisation of new surfaces contrasts both with its very slow marginal invasion of other forest communities, and with the delayed entry of native conifers into primary successions where beech is absent.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1980.10426921",
    doi = "10.1080/0028825x.1980.10426921",
    openalex = "W2076587104"
}

@article{doi101146annureves11110180001313,
    author = "Chapin, F. Stuart",
    title = "The Mineral Nutrition of Wild Plants",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics",
    abstract = "Our understanding of plant mineral nutrition comes largely from studies of herbaceous crops that evolved from ruderal species characteristic of nutri­ ent-rich disturbed sites (52). With the development of agriculture, these ancestral species were bred for greater productivity and reproductive output at high nutrient levels where there was little selective advantage in efficient nutrient use. This paper briefly reviews the nature of crop responses to nutrient stress and compares these responses to those of species that have evolved under more natural conditions, particularly in low-nutrient envi­ ronments. I draw primarily upon nutritional studies of nitrogen and phos­ phorus because these elements most commonly limit plant growth and because their role in controlling plant growth and metabolism is most clearly understood (51). Other more specific aspects of nutritional plant ecology not discussed here include ammonium/nitrate nutrition (79), cal­ cicole/calcifuge nutrition (51,88), heavy metal tolerance (4), and serpentine ecology (133).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.001313",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.001313",
    openalex = "W2114773779",
    references = "doi101086283244, openalexw2169917233"
}

@article{doi10108010408398209527361,
    author = "Fenwick, G. Roger and Heaney, Robert K. and Mullin, W.J. and VanEtten, C. H.",
    title = "Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition",
    abstract = "Abstract This review surveys the occurrence, analysis, and properties of glucosinolates and derived compounds in plants and products intended for humans and animal consumption. The paper, which includes references published in 1981, is also intended to compliment existing reviews on the chemistry of these sulfur‐containing natural products. Particular emphasis is placed upon members of the Brassica family because of their importance as vegetables, condiments, oilseeds, and animal feedingstuffs. Since much of the work considered here relates to glucosinolate decomposition products, biochemical information concerning the nature, occurrence, and properties of the glucosinolate‐degrading enzyme, myrosinase, is considered in Section III. The methods available for the chemical analysis of glucosinolates and their various breakdown products are discussed critically. Factors affecting the glucosinolate content of plants and plant products arc outlined in Section VII. Particular emphasis is placed upon the effect of processing on the concentration and nature of breakdown products and on the myrosinase activity. The role of glucosinolate breakdown products on flavor development is examined in Section VIII. The more general effects, both beneficial and adverse, of these compounds in food are discussed in Section X. Since such effects in animal feedingstuffs have been the subject of regular reviews, these are considered here only briefly. Contraindications in the literature are pointed out, areas which have been inadequately explored are highlighted, and suggestions are made for future research.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398209527361",
    doi = "10.1080/10408398209527361",
    openalex = "W2041550216",
    references = "doi101126science1713973757"
}

@article{doi101126science2304728895,
    author = "Coley, Phyllis D. and Bryant, John P. and Chapin, F. Stuart",
    title = "Resource Availability and Plant Antiherbivore Defense",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The degree of herbivory and the effectiveness of defense varies widely among plant species. Resource availability in the environment is proposed as the major determinant of both the amount and type of plant defense. When resource are limited, plants with inherently slow growth are favored over those with fast growth rates; slow rates in turn favor large investments in antiherbivore defenses. Leaf lifetime, also determined by resource availability, affects the relative advantages of defenses with different turnover rates. Relative limitation of different resources also constrains the types of defenses. The proposals are compared with other theories on the evolution of plant defenses.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.230.4728.895",
    doi = "10.1126/science.230.4728.895",
    openalex = "W2166390717",
    references = "doi10100797814684264651, doi101086283244, doi101126science12933611466, doi101126science1713973757, doi101126science2114485887, doi101146annureven26010181001151, doi101146annureves11110180001003, doi101146annureves11110180001313, doi1023071942495, doi1023072259845, doi1023073544308, doi1023073817"
}

@article{doi1023072260374,
    author = "Etherington, John and Kershaw, K. A. and Looney, John Henry H.",
    title = "Quantitative and Dynamic Plant Ecology.",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Journal of Ecology",
    abstract = "Quantitative and dynamic plant ecology, Quantitative and dynamic plant ecology, مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2260374",
    doi = "10.2307/2260374",
    openalex = "W1976291170"
}

@article{doi1023071551403,
    author = "Matthews, John A. and Whittaker, Robert J.",
    title = "Vegetation Succession on the Storbreen Glacier Foreland, Jotunheimen, Norway: A Review",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Arctic and Alpine Research",
    abstract = "John A. Matthews, Robert J. Whittaker, Vegetation Succession on the Storbreen Glacier Foreland, Jotunheimen, Norway: A Review, Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 19, No. 4, Restoration and Vegetation Succession in Circumpolar Lands: Seventh Conference of the Comité Arctique International (Nov., 1987), pp. 385-395",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1551403",
    doi = "10.2307/1551403",
    openalex = "W2796580479"
}

@article{doi101017s0890037x00032371,
    author = "Putnam, Alan R.",
    title = "Allelochemicals from Plants as Herbicides",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Weed Technology",
    abstract = "Allelochemicals representing numerous chemical groups have been isolated from over 30 families of terrestrial and aquatic plants. Some of the compounds also have been isolated from soil in quantities sufficient to reduce plant growth. Although selected allelochemicals are believed to influence plant densities and distributions, none isolated from higher plants have been considered active enough for development as commercial herbicidal products. Almost all herbicidal allelochemicals exist in plants in nontoxic, conjugated forms. The toxic moiety may be released upon exposure to stress or upon death of the tissue. The most successful use of allelochemicals in weed control has been management of selectively toxic plant residues. For example, rye residues have controlled weeds effectively in a variety of cropping systems. Several weed species may interfere with crop growth through chemicals released from their residues. A number of noxious perennial species appear to exploit allelochemicals in their interference processes. This review focuses on the more recent chemical discoveries and how they might be exploited for weed control.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00032371",
    doi = "10.1017/s0890037x00032371",
    openalex = "W2791499975",
    references = "doi101007bf00982210, doi101007bf01020168, doi101016026121948390042x, doi101016s003194220081818x, doi101017s0043174500067035, doi101021bk19870330, doi101146annurevpp31060180002245, doi102134agronj196600021962005800030017x, doi1023072483566, openalexw1637981159, openalexw1937271242"
}

@article{doi105860choice260924,
    title = "Plant strategies and the dynamics and structure of plant communities",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Although ecologists have long considered morphology and life history to be important determinants of the distribution, abundance, and dynamics of plants in nature, this book contains the first theory to predict explicitly both the evolution of plant traits and the effects of these traits on plant community structure and dynamics. David Tilman focuses on the universal requirement of terrestrial plants for both below-ground and above-ground resources. The physical separation of these resources means that plants face an unavoidable tradeoff. To obtain a higher proportion of one resource, a plant must allocate more of its growth to the structures involved in its acquisition, and thus necessarily obtain a lower proportion of another resource. Professor Tilman presents a simple theory that includes this constraint and tradeoff, and uses the theory to explore the evolution of plant life histories and morphologies along productivity and disturbance gradients. The book shows that relative growth rate, which is predicted to be strongly influenced by a plant's proportional allocation to leaves, is a major determinant of the transient dynamics of competition. These dynamics may explain the differences between successions on poor versus rich soils and suggest that most field experiments performed to date have been of too short a duration to allow unambiguous interpretation of their results.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.26-0924",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.26-0924",
    openalex = "W1488595547"
}

@article{doi101094phyto79921,
    author = "Smillie, R.H.",
    title = "The Mode of Action of Phosphite: Evidence for Both Direct and Indirect Modes of Action on Three Phytophthora spp. in Plants",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Phytopathology",
    abstract = "Results suggest that the concentration of phosphate present at the infection site influenced the degree to which phosphite protection was observed in treated plants. In the three fungal-plant combinations examined, phosphite concentrations were sufficient to reduce fungal growth by direct action. However, plant defenses would be important in completely arresting pathogen invasion",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-79-921",
    doi = "10.1094/phyto-79-921",
    openalex = "W1965058750"
}

@article{doi1023071942601,
    author = "Vitousek, Peter M. and Walker, Lawrence R.",
    title = "Biological Invasion by Myrica Faya in Hawai'i: Plant Demography, Nitrogen Fixation, Ecosystem Effects",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Ecological Monographs",
    abstract = "Myrica faya, an introduced actinorhizal nitrogen fixer, is invading young volcanic sites in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. We examined the population biology of the invader and ecosystem—level consequences of its invasion in open—canopied forests resulting from volcanic cinder—fall. Although Myrica faya is nominally dioecious, both males and females produce large amounts of fruit that are utilized by a number of exotic and native birds, particularly the exotic Zosterops japonica. In areas of active colonization, Myrica seed rain under perch trees of the dominant native Metrosideros polymorpha ranged from 6 to 60 seeds · m — 2 · yr — 1; no seeds were captured in the open. Planted seeds of Myrica also germinated and established better under isolated individuals of Metrosideros than in the open. Diameter growth of Myrica is >15—fold greater than that of Metrosideros, and the Myrica population is increasing rapidly. Rates of nitrogen fixation were measured using the acetylene reduction assay calibrated with 1 5 N. Myrica nodules reduced acetylene at between 5 and 20 µmol · g — 1 · h — 1, a rate that extrapolated to nitrogen fixation of 18 kg · ha — 1 · yr — 1 in a densely colonized site. By comparison, all native sources of nitrogen fixation summed to 0.2 kg · ha — 1 · yr — 1, and precipitation added <4 kg · ha — 1 · yr — 1. Measurements of litter decomposition and nitrogen release, soil nitrogen mineralization, and plant growth in bioassays all demonstrated that nitrogen fixed by Myrica becomes available to other organisms as well. We concluded that biological invasion by Myrica faya alters ecosystem—level properties in this young volcanic area; at least in this case, the demography and physiology of one species controls characteristics of a whole ecosystem.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1942601",
    doi = "10.2307/1942601",
    openalex = "W2144450527",
    references = "doi1023074785, mountainspring1985interspecific"
}

@article{doi10108002757259009532119,
    author = "Rich, Paul M.",
    title = "Characterizing plant canopies with hemispherical photographs",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Remote Sensing Reviews",
    abstract = "(1990). Characterizing plant canopies with hemispherical photographs. Remote Sensing Reviews: Vol. 5, Instrumentation for studying vegetation canopies for remote sensing in optical and thermal infrared regions, pp. 13-29.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02757259009532119",
    doi = "10.1080/02757259009532119",
    openalex = "W2017208387",
    references = "doi101038114085a0"
}

@article{doi101007bf02858763,
    author = "Facelli, José M. and Pickett, Steward T. A.",
    title = "Plant litter: Its dynamics and effects on plant community structure",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "The Botanical Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02858763",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02858763",
    openalex = "W2028836169",
    references = "doi101016s006525040860121x, doi101111j1469185x1977tb01347x, doi101126science1643877262, doi101126science2304728895, doi1023071932179, doi1023072258550, doi1023072402622, doi1023072483566, openalexw2077454220, openalexw2169917233"
}

@article{doi101007bf02858600,
    author = "Kozlowski, T. T.",
    title = "Carbohydrate sources and sinks in woody plants",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "The Botanical Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02858600",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02858600",
    openalex = "W2089469242",
    references = "doi101007bf02862630, doi101016b9780124250505x50018, doi101086282907, doi1023072403413, doi1023072424020"
}

@article{doi101086417659,
    author = "Herms, Daniel A. and Mattson, William J.",
    title = "The Dilemma of Plants: To Grow or Defend",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    abstract = "Physiological and ecological constraints play key roles in the evolution of plant growth patterns, especially in relation to defenses against herbivores. Phenotypic and life history theories are unified within the growth-differentiation balance (GDB) framework, forming an integrated system of theories explaining and predicting patterns of plant defense and competitive interactions in ecological and evolutionary time. Plant activity at the cellular level can be classified as growth (cell division and enlargement) of differentiation (chemical and morphological changes leading to cell maturation and specialization). The GDB hypothesis of plant defense is premised upon a physiological trade-off between growth and differentiation processes. The trade-off between growth and defense exists because secondary metabolism and structural reinforcement are physiologically constrained in dividing and enlarging cells, and because they divert resources from the production of new leaf area. Hence the dilemma of plants: They must grow fast enough to complete, yet maintain the defenses necessary to survive in the presence of pathogens and hervivores. The physiological trade-off between growth and differentiation processes interacts with herbivory and plant-plant competition to manifest itself as a genetic trade-off between growth and defense in the evolution of plant life history strategies. Evolutionary theories of plant defense are reviewed. We also extend a standard growth rate model by separating its ecological and evolutionary components,and formalizing the role of competition in the evolution of plant defense. We conclude with a conceptual model of the evolution of plant defense in which plant physioligical trade-offs interact with the abiotic environment, competition and herbivory.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/417659",
    doi = "10.1086/417659",
    openalex = "W1990151103",
    references = "doi101007bf02860717, doi101086283244, doi101086284531, doi101111j109583121989tb00492x, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101111j155856461985tb00391x, doi101126science12933611466, doi101126science1713973757, doi101126science188418319, doi101126science2304728895, doi101146annureves19110188000551, doi1023071942495, doi1023072259845, doi1023072389364, openalexw2169917233"
}

@article{doi101007bf02856599,
    author = "Gopal, Brij and Goel, Usha",
    title = "Competition and allelopathy in aquatic plant communities",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "The Botanical Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02856599",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02856599",
    openalex = "W2066152331",
    references = "doi101007bf00008684, doi101016s0065211308606331, doi101017s0890037x00032371, doi101086282146, doi101111j136524271990tb00293x, doi1023072402622, doi1023072485224, doi1023072807146, doi105962bhltitle56234, openalexw1498087204, openalexw2077454220, openalexw2169917233"
}

@article{doi1023072937039,
    author = "Chapin, F. Stuart and Walker, Lawrence R. and Fastie, Christopher L. and Sharman, Lewis C.",
    title = "Mechanisms of Primary Succession Following Deglaciation at Glacier Bay, Alaska",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Ecological Monographs",
    abstract = {In primary succession following deglaciation at Glacier Bay, Alaska, we tested the hypothesis that the major effect of initial nitrogen—fixing colonizers is to facilitate establishment of late—successional dominants and that other possible causes of successional change (e.g., life history factors governing seed rain and competitive interactions among species) need not be invoked. Environment changed dramatically through the first 200 yr of succession. Soil organic matter increased 10—fold in the upper mineral soil with corresponding increases in soil moisture, total nitrogen (N), and capacity to support plant growth and declines in bulk density, pH, and total phosphorus (P). Plant growth in pioneer soils tended to be simultaneously limited by both N and P, as well as by unknown factors (perhaps lack of mycorrhizae), whereas only P limited growth in older soils. Light availability to seedlings declined through succession. Early—successional species (Epilobium latifolium, Dryas drummondii) had smaller seeds, younger age at first reproduction, shorter life—span, and shorter height at maturity than did mid—successional (alder, Alnus sinuata) and late—successional species (sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis). Seed rain of alder and spruce was negligible in the pioneer stage, increased prior to the stage in which a species was dominant, and was greatest in the stage in which a species dominated. Vegetation in each successional stage inhibited germination and initial establishment of sown alder and spruce seeds (except a tendency of the "black—crust") algal/microbial community in the pioneer stage to enhance survivorship). Removal of the surface litter layer generally enhanced germination and survivorship, particularly of alder. Comparisons of germination in the greenhouse and the field indicated that climatic or indirect vegetation effects (e.g., differential seed predation) and allelopathy also reduced germination and establishment in vegetated communities. Naturally occurring spruce seedlings grew most rapidly in the Dryas and alder stages and most slowly in the spruce stage. Similarly, growth of spruce seedlings transplanted into each successional stage was facilitated by the Dryas (nonsignificantly) and alder stages but inhibited by the spruce stage, relative to earlier successional stages. Facilitation of growth of natural and transplanted spruce seedlings by Dryas and alder stages was associated with higher N and P uptake and tissue nutrient concentrations, whereas nutrient uptake and concentration in spruce seedlings declined in the spruce stage. By contrast, transplanted alder seedlings grew rapidly and accumulated most nutrients in the pioneer stage and were strongly inhibited by subsequent stages. The facilitative effect of Dryas and alder comes primarily from inputs of organic matter and associated N. Addition of alder litter stimulated nutrient uptake and growth of transplanted spruce seedlings in the pioneer and Dryas stages, whereas shading had no effect on growth of spruce seedlings. Root trenching and planting of spruce near isolated alders indicated that, although the net effect of alder is facilitative, alder also inhibits growth of spruce seedlings through competition for soil resources. Strong root competition also occurs in the spruce stage. Alder competitively inhibits Dryas, primarily by shading but also through the physical and allelopathic effects of its litter. In general, both at Glacier Bay and elsewhere, life history traits determine the pattern of succession. Changes in competitive balance accompanying successional changes in environment provide the mechanism for changes in species dominance. Initial site conditions (and facilitation, where present) influence the rate of change and final state of community composition and productivity. We conclude that no single factor or mechanism fully accounts for primary succession at Glacier Bay.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2937039",
    doi = "10.2307/2937039",
    openalex = "W2068028745",
    references = "doi101007bf00002772, doi1010160016706176900665, doi101086283241, doi101126science1643877262, doi101146annureves10110179002031, doi1023071942484, doi1023071942661, doi1023071943075, doi1023072258728, doi1023074549, doi105962bhltitle56234"
}

@article{doi101007bf02912621,
    author = "Callaway, Ragan M.",
    title = "Positive interactions among plants",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "The Botanical Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02912621",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02912621",
    openalex = "W1975867518",
    references = "doi1010160169534794900884, doi101016s006525040860121x, doi101086283241, doi101086284133, doi101086284165, doi101086285357, doi101111j1469185x1977tb01347x, doi1023071942161, doi1023072256497, doi1023072479933, doi1023072937039, doi105962bhltitle56234"
}

@article{doi101007bf02857921,
    author = "Inderjit, Inderjit",
    title = "Plant phenolics in allelopathy",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "The Botanical Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02857921",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02857921",
    openalex = "W1985715974",
    references = "doi101007bf00332847, doi101007bf00997160, doi1023072424020"
}

@article{doi101146annurevecolsys271305,
    author = "Coley, Phyllis D. and Barone, John A.",
    title = "HERBIVORY AND PLANT DEFENSES IN TROPICAL FORESTS",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics",
    abstract = "▪ Abstract In this review, we discuss the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant-herbivore interactions in tropical forests. We note first that herbivory rates are higher in tropical forests than in temperate ones and that, in contrast to leaves in temperate forests, most of the damage to tropical leaves occurs when they are young and expanding. Leaves in dry tropical forests also suffer higher rates of damage than in wet forests, and damage is greater in the understory than in the canopy. Insect herbivores, which typically have a narrow host range in the tropics, cause most of the damage to leaves and have selected for a wide variety of chemical, developmental, and phenological defenses in plants. Pathogens are less studied but cause considerable damage and, along with insect herbivores, may contribute to the maintenance of tree diversity. Folivorous mammals do less damage than insects or pathogens but have evolved to cope with the high levels of plant defenses. Leaves in tropical forests are defended by having low nutritional quality, greater toughness, and a wide variety of secondary metabolites, many of which are more common in tropical than temperate forests. Tannins, toughness, and low nutritional quality lengthen insect developmental times, making them more vulnerable to predators and parasitoids. The widespread occurrence of these defenses suggests that natural enemies are key participants in plant defenses and may have influenced the evolution of these traits. To escape damage, leaves may expand rapidly, be flushed synchronously, or be produced during the dry season when herbivores are rare. One strategy virtually limited to tropical forests is for plants to flush leaves but delay “greening” them until the leaves are mature. Many of these defensive traits are correlated within species, due to physiological constraints and tradeoffs. In general, shade-tolerant species invest more in defenses than do gap-requiring ones, and species with long-lived leaves are better defended than those with short-lived leaves.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.305",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.305",
    openalex = "W2150998549",
    references = "doi101001jama196203050110085031, doi101086284369, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101126science2304728895, doi1023071942495, doi1023072406212, ehrlich1964butterflies, openalexw2097385721"
}

@article{doi101073pnas942513730,
    author = "Reich, Peter B. and Walters, Michael B. and Ellsworth, David S.",
    title = "From tropics to tundra: Global convergence in plant functioning",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Despite striking differences in climate, soils, and evolutionary history among diverse biomes ranging from tropical and temperate forests to alpine tundra and desert, we found similar interspecific relationships among leaf structure and function and plant growth in all biomes. Our results thus demonstrate convergent evolution and global generality in plant functioning, despite the enormous diversity of plant species and biomes. For 280 plant species from two global data sets, we found that potential carbon gain (photosynthesis) and carbon loss (respiration) increase in similar proportion with decreasing leaf life-span, increasing leaf nitrogen concentration, and increasing leaf surface area-to-mass ratio. Productivity of individual plants and of leaves in vegetation canopies also changes in constant proportion to leaf life-span and surface area-to-mass ratio. These global plant functional relationships have significant implications for global scale modeling of vegetation-atmosphere CO2 exchange.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.25.13730",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.94.25.13730",
    openalex = "W2031418293",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101126science2304728895"
}

@article{doi101126science27753301302,
    author = "Hooper, David U. and Vitousek, Peter M.",
    title = "The Effects of Plant Composition and Diversity on Ecosystem Processes",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The relative effects of plant richness (the number of plant functional groups) and composition (the identity of the plant functional groups) on primary productivity and soil nitrogen pools were tested experimentally. Differences in plant composition explained more of the variation in production and nitrogen dynamics than did the number of functional groups present. Thus, it is possible to identify and differentiate among potential mechanisms underlying patterns of ecosystem response to variation in plant diversity, with implications for resource management.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5330.1302",
    doi = "10.1126/science.277.5330.1302",
    openalex = "W2051624184",
    references = "doi1023072937039"
}

@article{doi101146annurevecolsys281545,
    author = "Casper, Brenda B. and Jackson, Robert B.",
    title = "Plant Competition Underground",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics",
    abstract = "Belowground competition occurs when plants decrease the growth, survival, or fecundity of neighbors by reducing available soil resources. Competition belowground can be stronger and involve many more neighbors than aboveground competition. Physiological ecologists and population or community ecologists have traditionally studied belowground competition from different perspectives. Physiologically based studies often measure resource uptake without determining the integrated consequences for plant performance, while population or community level studies examine plant performance but fail to identify the resource intermediary or mechanism. Belowground competitive ability is correlated with such attributes as root density, surface area, and plasticity either in root growth or in the properties of enzymes involved in nutrient uptake. Unlike competition for light, in which larger plants have a disproportionate advantage by shading smaller ones, competition for soil resources is apparently more symmetric. Belowground competition often decreases with increases in nutrient levels, but it is premature to generalize about the relative importance of above- and belowground competition across resource gradients. Although shoot and root competition are often assumed to have additive effects on plant growth, some studies provide evidence to the contrary, and potential interactions between the two forms of competition should be considered in future investigations. Other research recommendations include the simultaneous study of root and shoot gaps, since their closures may not occur simultaneously, and improved estimates of the belowground neighborhood. Only by combining the tools and perspectives from physiological ecology and population and community biology can we fully understand how soil characteristics, neighborhood structure, and global climate change influence or are influenced by plant competition belowground.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.545",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.545",
    openalex = "W2138626896",
    references = "doi101007bf02912621, doi1023072937039"
}

@article{doi1018900012965819970781958cafasa20co2,
    author = "Callaway, Ragan M. and Walker, Lawrence R.",
    title = "COMPETITION AND FACILITATION: A SYNTHETIC APPROACH TO INTERACTIONS IN PLANT COMMUNITIES",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Ecology",
    abstract = "Interactions among organisms take place within a complex milieu of abiotic and biotic processes, but we generally study them as solitary phenomena. Complex combinations of negative and positive interactions have been identified in a number of plant communities. The importance of these two processes in structuring plant communities can best be understood by comparing them along gradients of abiotic stress, consumer pressure, and among different life stages, sizes, and densities of the interacting species. Here, we discuss the roles of life stage, physiology, indirect interactions, and the physical environment on the balance of competition and facilitation in plant communities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1958:cafasa]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1958:cafasa]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2084253034",
    references = "doi101007bf02912621, doi1010160169534794900884, doi101086283241, doi101086284133, doi101086284165, doi101086285357, doi1018900012965819970781966tiofac20co2, doi1023072937039, doi105860choice260924, doi105860choice330294, doi105962bhltitle56234, openalexw2169917233"
}

@article{doi101007bf02856581,
    author = "Keeley, Jon E.",
    title = "CAM photosynthesis in submerged aquatic plants",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "The Botanical Review",
    abstract = "Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a CO2-concentrating mechanism selected in response to aridity in terrestrial habitats, and, in aquatic environments, to ambient limitations of carbon. Evidence is reviewed for its presence in five genera of aquatic vascular plants, includingIsoëtes, Sagittaria, Vallisneria, Crassula, andLittorella. Initially, aquatic CAM was considered by some to be an oxymoron, but some aquatic species have been studied in sufficient detail to say definitively that they possess CAM photosynthesis. CO2-concentrating mechanisms in photosynthetic organs require a barrier to leakage; e.g., terrestrial C4 plants have suberized bundle sheath cells and terrestrial CAM plants high stomatal resistance. In aquatic CAM plants the primary barrier to CO2 leakage is the extremely high difrusional resistance of water. This, coupled with the sink provided by extensive intercellular gas space, generates daytime CO2(pi) comparable to terrestrial CAM plants. CAM contributes to the carbon budget by both net carbon gain and carbon recycling, and the magnitude of each is environmentally influenced. Aquatic CAM plants inhabit sites where photosynthesis is potentially limited by carbon. Many occupy moderately fertile shallow temporary pools that experience extreme diel fluctuations in carbon availability. CAM plants are able to take advantage of elevated nighttime CO2 levels in these habitats. This gives them a competitive advantage over non-CAM species that are carbon starved during the day and an advantage over species that expend energy in membrane transport of bicarbonate. Some aquatic CAM plants are distributed in highly infertile lakes, where extreme carbon limitation and light are important selective factors. Compilation of reports on diel changes in titratable acidity and malate show 69 out of 180 species have significant overnight accumulation, although evidence is presented discounting CAM in some. It is concluded that similar proportions of the aquatic and terrestrial floras have evolved CAM photosynthesis. AquaticIsoëtes (Lycophyta) represent the oldest lineage of CAM plants and cladistic analysis supports an origin for CAM in seasonal wetlands, from which it has radiated into oligotrophic lakes and into terrestrial habitats. Temperate Zone terrestrial species share many characteristics with amphibious ancestors, which in their temporary terrestrial stage, produce functional stomata and switch from CAM to C3. Many lacustrineIsoëtes have retained the phenotypic plasticity of amphibious species and can adapt to an aerial environment by development of stomata and switching to C3. However, in some neotropical alpine species, adaptations to the lacustrine environment are genetically fixed and these constitutive species fail to produce stomata or loose CAM when artificially maintained in an aerial environment. It is hypothesized that neotropical lacustrine species may be more ancient in origin and have given rise to terrestrial species, which have retained most of the characteristics of their aquatic ancestry, including astomatous leaves, CAM and sediment-based carbon nutrition.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02856581",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02856581",
    openalex = "W1988352209",
    references = "doi101046j13652427199700183x"
}

@article{doi101023a1004327224729,
    author = "Westoby, Mark",
    title = "A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Plant and Soil",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004327224729",
    doi = "10.1023/a:1004327224729",
    openalex = "W201316592",
    references = "doi10100797814684264651, doi101073pnas942513730, doi101086283244, doi101086284133, doi101086284165, doi101086285357, doi101126science2304728895, doi101146annureves11110180001313, doi101146annureves16110185001413, doi1015159781400881376, doi102307213332, doi1023074549, openalexw2169917233"
}

@article{doi101046j13652745199800306x,
    author = "Grime, J. Philip",
    title = "Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Journal of Ecology",
    abstract = "1 It is useful to distinguish between the immediate effects of species richness on ecosystems and those which become apparent on a longer time scale, described here as filter and founder effects. 2 Relationships between plant diversity and ecosystem properties can be explored by classifying component species into three categories – dominants, subordinates and transients. Dominants recur in particular vegetation types, are relatively large, exhibit coarse‐grained foraging for resources and, as individual species, make a substantial contribution to the plant biomass. Subordinates also show high fidelity of association with particular vegetation types but they are smaller in stature, forage on a more restricted scale and tend to occupy microhabitats delimited by the architecture and phenology of their associated dominants. Transients comprise a heterogeneous assortment of species of low abundance and persistence; a high proportion are juveniles of species that occur as dominants or subordinates in neighbouring ecosystems. 3 A ‘mass ratio’ theory proposes that immediate controls are in proportion to inputs to primary production, are determined to an overwhelming extent by the traits and functional diversity of the dominant plants and are relatively insensitive to the richness of subordinates and transients. Recent experiments support the mass ratio hypothesis and the conclusion of Huston (1997) that claims of immediate benefits of high species richness to ecosystem functions arise from misinterpretation of data. 4 Attribution of immediate control to dominants does not exclude subordinates and transients from involvement in the determination of ecosystem function and sustainability. Both are suspected to play a crucial, if intermittent, role by influencing the recruitment of dominants. Some subordinates may act as a filter influencing regeneration by dominants following major perturbations. 5 Transients originate from the seed rain and seed banks and provide an index of the pool of potential dominants and subordinates at specific sites. Where the landscape carousel operates against a background of declining diversity in the reservoir of colonizing transients, we may predict that a progressive loss of ecosystem functions will arise from the decline in the precision with which dominants can engage in the re‐assembly and relocation of ecosystems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00306.x",
    doi = "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00306.x",
    openalex = "W2064604453",
    references = "doi1010079781461262329, doi1010160006320787901224, doi101038379718a0, doi101086283241, doi101111j1469185x1977tb01347x, doi101126science1473655250, doi1023072256497"
}

@article{doi101023a1004475206351,
    author = "Wali, Mohan K.",
    title = "Ecological succession and the rehabilitation of disturbed terrestrial ecosystems",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Plant and Soil",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004475206351",
    doi = "10.1023/a:1004475206351",
    openalex = "W14602362",
    references = "doi101038238413a0, doi101038307321a0, doi101086283241, doi101126science1643877262, doi101126science2775325494, doi1015159780691206912, doi102136sssaj198703615995005100050015x, doi1023071218190, doi1023071938672, doi1023072483566, doi105962bhltitle56234"
}

@book{openalexw1564371012,
    author = "Körner, Christian",
    title = "Alpine plant life",
    year = "1999",
    abstract = "1 Plant ecology at high elevations.- The concept of limitation.- A regional and historical account.- The challenge of alpine plant research.- 2 The alpine life zone.- Altitudinal boundaries.- Global alpine land area.- Alpine plant diversity.- Origin of alpine floras.- Alpine growth forms.- 3 Alpine climate.- Which alpine climate.- Common features of alpine climates.- Regional features of alpine climates.- 4 The climate plants experience.- Interactions of relief, wind and sun.- How alpine plants influence their climate.- The geographic variation of alpine climate.- 5 Life under snow: protection and limitation.- Temperatures under snow.- Solar radiation under snow.- Gas concentrations under snow.- Plant responses to snowpack.- 6 Alpine soils.- Physics of alpine soil formation.- The organic compound.- The interaction of organic and inorganic compounds.- 7 Alpine treelines.- About trees and lines.- Current altitudinal positions of climatic treelines.- Treeline-climate relationships.- Intrazonal variations and pantropical plateauing of alpine treelines.- Treelines in the past.- Attempts at a functional explanation of treelines.- A hypothesis for treeline formation.- Growth trends near treelines.- Evidence for sink limitation.- 8 Climatic stress.- Survival of low temperature extremes.- Avoidance and tolerance of low temperature extremes.- Heat stress in alpine plants.- Ultraviolet radiation - a stress factor.- 9 Water relations.- Ecosystem water balance.- Soil moisture at high altitudes.- Plant water relations - a brief review of principles.- Water relations of alpine plants.- Desiccation stress.- Water relations of special plant types.- 10 Mineral nutrition.- Soil nutrients.- The nutrient status of alpine plants.- Nutrient cycling and nutrient budgets.- Nitrogen fixation.- Mycorrhiza.- Responses of vegetation to variable nutrient supply.- 11 Uptake and loss of carbon.- Photosynthetic capacity of alpine plants.- Photosynthetic responses to the environment.- Daily carbon gain of leaves.- The seasonal carbon gain of leaves.- C4 and CAM photosynthesis at high altitudes.- Tissue respiration of alpine plants.- Ecosystem carbon balance.- 12 Carbon investments.- Non-structural carbohydrates.- Lipids and energy content.- Carbon costs of leaves and roots.- Whole plant carbon allocation.- 13 Growth dynamics and phenology.- Seasonal growth.- Diurnal leaf extension.- Rates of plant dry matter accumulation.- Functional duration of leaves and roots.- 14 Cell division and tissue formation.- Cell size and plant size.- Mitosis and the cell cycle.- From meristem activity to growth control.- 15 Plant biomass production.- The structure of alpine plant canopies.- Primary productivity of alpine vegetation.- Plant dry matter pools.- Biomass losses through herbivores.- 16 Plant reproduction.- Flowering and pollination.- Seed development and seed size.- Germination.- Alpine seed banks and natural recruitment.- Clonal propagation.- Alpine plant age.- Community processes.- 17 Global change at high elevation.- Alpine land use.- The impact of altered atmospheric chemistry.- Climatic change and alpine ecosystems.- References (with chapter annotation).- Taxonomic index (genera).- Geographical index.- Color plates.- Plant life forms.- The alpine life zone.- Environmental stress.- The human dimension.",
    openalex = "W1564371012"
}

@article{doi101046j14724642200000083x,
    author = "Richardson, David M. and Pyšek, Petr and Rejmánek, Marcel and Barbour, Michael G. and Panetta, F. D. and West, Carol J.",
    title = "Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Diversity and Distributions",
    abstract = "Abstract. Much confusion exists in the English‐language literature on plant invasions concerning the terms ‘naturalized’ and ‘invasive’ and their associated concepts. Several authors have used these terms in proposing schemes for conceptualizing the sequence of events from introduction to invasion, but often imprecisely, erroneously or in contradictory ways. This greatly complicates the formulation of robust generalizations in invasion ecology. Based on an extensive and critical survey of the literature we defined a minimum set of key terms related to a graphic scheme which conceptualizes the naturalization/invasion process. Introduction means that the plant (or its propagule) has been transported by humans across a major geographical barrier. Naturalization starts when abiotic and biotic barriers to survival are surmounted and when various barriers to regular reproduction are overcome. Invasion further requires that introduced plants produce reproductive offspring in areas distant from sites of introduction (approximate scales: > 100 m over 6 m/3 years for taxa spreading by roots, rhizomes, stolons or creeping stems). Taxa that can cope with the abiotic environment and biota in the general area may invade disturbed, seminatural communities. Invasion of successionally mature, undisturbed communities usually requires that the alien taxon overcomes a different category of barriers. We propose that the term ‘invasive’ should be used without any inference to environmental or economic impact. Terms like ‘pests’ and ‘weeds’ are suitable labels for the 50–80\% of invaders that have harmful effects. About 10\% of invasive plants that change the character, condition, form, or nature of ecosystems over substantial areas may be termed ‘transformers’.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00083.x",
    doi = "10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00083.x",
    openalex = "W2163826476",
    references = "doi1010079781489972149, doi1010079789400958517, doi101046j13652745200000473x, doi101093auk1002507, doi1018900012965819990801522gpopia20co2, doi1023072257385, doi105281zenodo18199125, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303, openalexw1550375751, openalexw2101875448, openalexw2990282461"
}

@incollection{doi10120197808493849748,
    author = "Uren, Nicholas C.",
    title = "Types, Amounts, and Possible Functions of Compounds Released into the Rhizosphere by Soil-Grown Plants",
    year = "2000",
    abstract = "The rhizosphere is defined here as that volume of soil affected by the presence of the roots of growing plants. The overall change may be deemed biological, but chemical, biological, and physical properties of the soil, in tum, are affected. A multitude of compounds are released into the rhizosphere of plants grown in soil, most of which are organic compounds and are normal plant constituents derived from photosynthesis and other plant processes (Table 1). The relative and absolute amounts of these compounds produced by plant roots vary with the plant species, cultivars, the age of plant, the environmental conditions-including soil properties particularly, the level of physical, chemical, and biological stress, and so on (1,2,10-13).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1201/9780849384974-8",
    doi = "10.1201/9780849384974-8",
    openalex = "W8309970",
    references = "doi101007bf00997160, doi101007bf02857949"
}

@article{doi10108011263500112331350930,
    author = "Andreis, Carlo and Caccianiga, Marco and Cerabolini, Bruno Enrico Leone",
    title = "Vegetation and environmental factors during primary succession on glacier forelands: Some outlines from the Italian Alps",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/11263500112331350930",
    doi = "10.1080/11263500112331350930",
    openalex = "W2053671446"
}

@article{doi101081pln100106017,
    author = "McDonald, Allison E. and Grant, Bruce R. and Plaxton, William C.",
    title = "PHOSPHITE (PHOSPHOROUS ACID): ITS RELEVANCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE AND INFLUENCE ON PLANT PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Journal of Plant Nutrition",
    abstract = "Abstract Phosphites (H2PO3 −; Phi) are alkali metal salts of phosphorous acid [HPO(OH)2] that are being widely marketed either as an agricultural fungicide or as a superior source of plant phosphorus (P) nutrition. Published research conclusively indicates that Phi functions as an effective control agent for a number of crop diseases caused by various species of pathogenic pseudo fungi belonging to the genus Phytophthora. However, evidence that Phi can be directly used by plants as a sole source of nutritional P is lacking. When Phi is administered in such as way as to allow it to come into contact with bacteria, either associated with plant root systems or in the soil, then the oxidation of Phi to phosphate (HPO4 2−; Pi) may take place. By this indirect method Phi could thus become available to the plant as a P nutrient. The rates at which this occurs are slow, taking months or as much as a year, depending on the soil type. Phi is not without direct effects on plants itself, as Phi concentrations comparable to those required to control plant infection by pathogenic Phytophthora, or to restrict Phytophthora growth in sterile culture, are extremely phytotoxic to Pi-deprived, but not Pi-fertilized, plants. This is because Phi treatment negates the acclimation of plants to Pi deficiency by disrupting the induction of enzymes (e.g., acid phosphatase) and transporters (e.g., high-affinity plasmalemma Pi translocator) characteristic of their Pi starvation response. Thus, Phi intensifies the deleterious effects of P-deficiency by ‘tricking’ Pi-deprived plant cells into sensing that they are Pi-sufficient, when, in fact, their cellular Pi content is extremely low. The Phi anion appears to effectively obstruct the signal transduction pathway by which plants (and yeast) perceive and respond to Pi deprivation at the molecular level. The review concludes by citing concerns and recommendations regarding the significant input of Phi into food products and the environment that arises from its extensive use in agriculture and industry. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Work in W.C.P's lab is supported by research and equipment grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). We are also grateful to Prof. K.G. Ragothama (Purdue Univ.) and Dr. Julie Niere (Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology) for their helpful discussions and comments on the manuscript. Notes 1Although the terms phosphite and phosphonate have both been used to describe salts of phosphorous acid, HPO(OH)2, phosphonate is also employed for the nomenclature of compounds containing a C-P bond Citation[5]. To avoid ambiguity this review therefore uses the term phosphite for the description of alkali metal salts of phosphorous acid. 2Large amounts of hypophosphite (H2PO2 −; Fig. 1) are being used to reduce metal ions in chemical-plating processes such as those used in compact-disk manufacturing Citation[2]. After metal plating, wastewaters containing high concentrations of Phi have been released into the environment. Treatment of Phi-containing industrial wastes is becoming a difficult problem associated with such high-tech industries Citation[2].",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1081/pln-100106017",
    doi = "10.1081/pln-100106017",
    openalex = "W1964864024",
    references = "doi101111j1469185x1991tb01139x"
}

@article{doi1016410006356820010510123reoipp20co2,
    author = "Brasier, C. M.",
    title = "Rapid Evolution of Introduced Plant Pathogens via Interspecific Hybridization",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "BioScience",
    abstract = "P lant disease epidemics resulting from introduction of exotic fungal pathogens are a well-known phenom- enon. Limited resistance in the host and excessive aggres- siveness in the pathogen (reflecting their lack of prior co- evolution) can result in an explosive outbreak of disease. Introduction events also present a window of evolutionary op- portunity for the pathogen. In its endemic location, a plant pathogen tends to be subject to routine selection constraints, favoring maintenance of a relatively stable, if fluctuating, population structure over time. When introduced into a new environment, it will often be subject to novel or episodic se- lection, reflecting sudden exposure to new biotic and abiotic influences, such as a new host population, new vectors, new competitors, or a different climate. These influences provide the potential for rapid evolution (Brasier 1995). Falling within the category of episodic selection is the sud- den contact that can occur between closely related but pre- viously geographically isolated pathogens as a result of in- troductions. Theoretically, this process presents an opportunity for rapid emergence of new or modified pathogens via interspecific gene flow (Brasier 1995). Until recently, this phenomenon has been little studied. Now Dutch elm disease, a major ecological accident of the 20th century (Heybroek 1993), is providing remarkable insights into rapid evolution of a plant pathogen outside its en- demic environment. This article describes the migratory events and unusual genetic events that have occurred in this fungus and other new examples of rapid pathogen evo- lution via interspecific gene flow, and discusses some of the wider environmental, evolutionary, and quarantine impli- cations. The Dutch elm disease pathogens Elm trees (Ulmus) are confined mainly to the temperate re- gions of the Northern Hemisphere. China and Japan have a total of about 25 elm species, while Eurasia, North Amer- ica, and the Himalayas each have about five or six species. Dutch elm disease (so called because the early seminal re- search was in The Netherlands (Holmes and Heybroek 1990)) is the elm's main enemy. It is a wilt disease, caused by ascomycete fungi of the genus Ophiostoma, that spreads within the tree's vascular system. The pathogens are trans- mitted from diseased to healthy elms by elm bark beetles of the genus Scolytus (Fransen 1935, Webber and Brasier 1984).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0123:reoipp]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0123:reoipp]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W1932364112",
    references = "openalexw2777527484"
}

@book{openalexw2097450069,
    author = "Grime, J. P.",
    title = "Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes, and Ecosystem Properties",
    year = "2001",
    abstract = "Preface. Preface to First Edition. Introduction. Chapter Summaries. PLANT STRATEGIES. Primary Strategies in the Established Phase. Secondary Strategies in the Established Phase. Regenerative Strategies. PLANT STRATEGIES AND VEGETATION PROCESSES. Dominance. Assembling of Communities. Rarification and Extinction. Colonisation and Invasion. Succession. Co-existence. PLANT STRATEGIES AND ECOSYSTEM PROPERTIES. Trophic Structure, Productivity, and Stability. References. Species list. Index",
    openalex = "W2097450069"
}

@article{doi101046j13652435200200664x,
    author = "Lavorel, Sandra and Garnier, Éric",
    title = "Predicting changes in community composition and ecosystem functioning from plant traits: revisiting the Holy Grail",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Functional Ecology",
    abstract = "Summary The concept of plant functional type proposes that species can be grouped according to common responses to the environment and/or common effects on ecosystem processes. However, the knowledge of relationships between traits associated with the response of plants to environmental factors such as resources and disturbances (response traits), and traits that determine effects of plants on ecosystem functions (effect traits), such as biogeochemical cycling or propensity to disturbance, remains rudimentary. We present a framework using concepts and results from community ecology, ecosystem ecology and evolutionary biology to provide this linkage. Ecosystem functioning is the end result of the operation of multiple environmental filters in a hierarchy of scales which, by selecting individuals with appropriate responses, result in assemblages with varying trait composition. Functional linkages and trade‐offs among traits, each of which relates to one or several processes, determine whether or not filtering by different factors gives a match, and whether ecosystem effects can be easily deduced from the knowledge of the filters. To illustrate this framework we analyse a set of key environmental factors and ecosystem processes. While traits associated with response to nutrient gradients strongly overlapped with those determining net primary production, little direct overlap was found between response to fire and flammability. We hypothesize that these patterns reflect general trends. Responses to resource availability would be determined by traits that are also involved in biogeochemical cycling, because both these responses and effects are driven by the trade‐off between acquisition and conservation. On the other hand, regeneration and demographic traits associated with response to disturbance, which are known to have little connection with adult traits involved in plant ecophysiology, would be of little relevance to ecosystem processes. This framework is likely to be broadly applicable, although caution must be exercised to use trait linkages and trade‐offs appropriate to the scale, environmental conditions and evolutionary context. It may direct the selection of plant functional types for vegetation models at a range of scales, and help with the design of experimental studies of relationships between plant diversity and ecosystem properties.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00664.x",
    doi = "10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00664.x",
    openalex = "W2168173042",
    references = "doi1010079783642809132, doi101007bf00002772, doi101023a1004327224729, openalexw2097450069, openalexw2169917233"
}

@book{doi101093oso97801951385970010001,
    author = "Levin, Donald A.",
    title = "The Role of Chromosomal Change in Plant Evolution",
    year = "2002",
    abstract = "Abstract The application of new molecular technology has greatly increased our understanding of the role of chromosomal change in plant evolution. There is now a broad database on genome size variation within and among species and a wide array of nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic markers. There is a variety of literatures addressing this subject but much of it is scattered. This book created a contemporary synthesis of work in this area and addresses issues such as herogeneity, polyploidy, chromosomal rearrangements within species and phenotypic consequences of chromosome doubling.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138597.001.0001",
    doi = "10.1093/oso/9780195138597.001.0001",
    openalex = "W599917843"
}

@article{doi101126science1072678,
    author = "Brown, James K. M. and Hovmøller, Mogens S.",
    title = "Aerial Dispersal of Pathogens on the Global and Continental Scales and Its Impact on Plant Disease",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Some of the most striking and extreme consequences of rapid, long-distance aerial dispersal involve pathogens of crop plants. Long-distance dispersal of fungal spores by the wind can spread plant diseases across and even between continents and reestablish diseases in areas where host plants are seasonally absent. For such epidemics to occur, hosts that are susceptible to the same pathogen genotypes must be grown over wide areas, as is the case with many modern crops. The strongly stochastic nature of long-distance dispersal causes founder effects in pathogen populations, such that the genotypes that cause epidemics in new territories or on cultivars with previously effective resistance genes may be atypical. Similar but less extreme population dynamics may arise from long-distance aerial dispersal of other organisms, including plants, viruses, and fungal pathogens of humans.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072678",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1072678",
    openalex = "W2038370512"
}

@article{doi101146annurevecolsys33010802150452,
    author = "Westoby, Mark and Falster, Daniel S. and Moles, Angela T. and Vesk, Peter A. and Wright, Ian J.",
    title = "Plant Ecological Strategies: Some Leading Dimensions of Variation Between Species",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics",
    abstract = "▪ Abstract An important aim of plant ecology is to identify leading dimensions of ecological variation among species and to understand the basis for them. Dimensions that can readily be measured would be especially useful, because they might offer a path towards improved worldwide synthesis across the thousands of field experiments and ecophysiological studies that use just a few species each. Four dimensions are reviewed here. The leaf mass per area–leaf lifespan (LMA-LL) dimension expresses slow turnover of plant parts (at high LMA and long LL), long nutrient residence times, and slow response to favorable growth conditions. The seed mass–seed output (SM-SO) dimension is an important predictor of dispersal to establishment opportunities (seed output) and of establishment success in the face of hazards (seed mass). The LMA-LL and SM-SO dimensions are each underpinned by a single, comprehensible tradeoff, and their consequences are fairly well understood. The leaf size–twig size (LS-TS) spectrum has obvious consequences for the texture of canopies, but the costs and benefits of large versus small leaf and twig size are poorly understood. The height dimension has universally been seen as ecologically important and included in ecological strategy schemes. Nevertheless, height includes several tradeoffs and adaptive elements, which ideally should be treated separately. Each of these four dimensions varies at the scales of climate zones and of site types within landscapes. This variation can be interpreted as adaptation to the physical environment. Each dimension also varies widely among coexisting species. Most likely this within-site variation arises because the ecological opportunities for each species depend strongly on which other species are present, in other words, because the set of species at a site is a stable mixture of strategies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150452",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150452",
    openalex = "W2167109558",
    references = "doi1010079789401090131, doi101007bf02860997, doi101016s0065250408600161, doi101023a1004327224729, doi10103823251, doi101086283244, doi101086284133, doi101086284165, doi101086284325, doi101086285357, doi101086417659, doi101111j109583121989tb00492x, doi101126science2304728895, doi101146annurevecolsys311343, doi101146annureves11110180001313, doi1023071942495, openalexw2169917233"
}

@article{s2ea86fe03870114760ce0d4d890abdb5d7571818b,
    author = "Laser, H. and Durand, J. and Emile, J. and Huyghe, C. and Lemaire, G.",
    title = "Long-term and short-term effects of undisturbed plant succession, mulching, and meadow utilisation on the botanical diversity in a moist Arrhenatherum elatius.",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Multi-function grasslands: quality forages, animal products and landscapes. Proceedings of the 19th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, La Rochelle, France, 27-30 May 2002.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ea86fe03870114760ce0d4d890abdb5d7571818b",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W318234072",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "2",
    semanticscholar_id = "ea86fe03870114760ce0d4d890abdb5d7571818b"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511615078,
    author = "Walker, Lawrence R. and del Moral, Roger",
    title = "Primary Succession and Ecosystem Rehabilitation",
    year = "2003",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Natural disturbances such as lava flows, landslides and glacial moraines, and human-damaged sites such as pavement, road edges and mine wastes often leave little or no soil or biological legacy. This 2003 book provided the first comprehensive summary of how plant, animal and microbial communities develop under the harsh conditions following such dramatic disturbances. The authors examine the basic principles that determine ecosystem development and apply the general rules to the urgent practical need for promoting the reclamation of damaged lands. Written for ecologists concerned with disturbance, landscape dynamics, restoration, life histories, invasions, modeling, soil formation and community or population dynamics, this book will also serve as an authoritative text for graduate students and a valuable reference for professionals involved in land management.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511615078",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511615078",
    openalex = "W1685406372",
    references = "doi101007bf00039928, doi101007bf02857949, doi101023a1004475206351, doi101046j13652745200200696x, doi101111j109583122000tb01221x, doi1015159780691239477, doi1023071930735, doi1023071932934, doi1023072424020, doi105860choice380926, moral1998early"
}

@article{doi101023a1023042929441,
    author = "Тимошок, Е. Е. and Narozhnyi, Yu. K. and Dirks, M. N. and Berezov, A. A.",
    title = "Experience in Combined Glaciological and Botanical Studies on the Primary Plant Successions on Young Moraines in the Central Altai",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Russian Journal of Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023042929441",
    doi = "10.1023/a:1023042929441",
    openalex = "W118777005",
    references = "doi1023071930735, doi1023071932934, doi1023072937039"
}

@article{doi101023a1026208327014,
    author = "Hierro, José L. and Callaway, Ragan M.",
    title = "Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Plant and Soil",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026208327014",
    doi = "10.1023/a:1026208327014",
    openalex = "W2060001561",
    references = "doi1010079781489972149, doi101007bf00332847, doi101086283244, doi101086417659, doi101126science2304728895, doi101146annurevecolsys32081501114037, doi1018901051076120000100689bicegc20co2, doi1023072257385, doi1023072483566, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303, openalexw2077454220"
}

@article{doi101046j109583392003t01100158x,
    author = "GROUP*, THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY",
    title = "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x",
    doi = "10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x",
    openalex = "W2980373194",
    references = "doi1023072399846"
}

@article{doi101046j13652699200300818x,
    author = "Jones, Glenda A. and Henry, Greg H. R.",
    title = "Primary plant succession on recently deglaciated terrain in the Canadian High Arctic",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Biogeography",
    abstract = "Abstract Aim Primary succession in a high arctic environment was examined to determine whether the patterns conform to models based on studies in temperate regions. The location also presented an unique opportunity to examine a well preserved pre‐Little Ice Age plant community and organically enriched palaeosol that are being released from the glacier along with the glacial and glaciofluvial sediments. Locations The main location was the recently deglaciated terrain of the Twin Glacier foreland at Alexandra Fjord, Ellesmere Island (79° N). The position of the glacier from air photos in 1959 and 1981, and periodic direct monitoring of the position of the terminus since 1980 provided good chronological control. Surveys of succession patterns were also conducted at four other sites in the Alexandra Fiord region of eastern central Ellesmere Island. Methods Vegetation cover of mosses and vascular plants (lichens were not present) was measured in 1994 and 1995 using a stratified random design. twinspan and canonical correspondence analysis were used together to examine successional vegetation patterns in relation to a set of environmental variables. Species richness, total vegetation cover, and a combined set of soil parameters (pH, organic matter content, moisture and fine substrate) were compared between the two principal soil types, palaeosol and glaciofluvial sediment. Results Terrain age accounted for most of the variation in species composition over the study area. The succession followed a directional‐replacement series with four main stages of dominance in at least 44 years: (1) mosses → (2) graminoid‐forb → (3) deciduous shrub‐moss → (4) evergreen dwarf‐shrub‐moss. There was little difference in species richness patterns over time on the palaeosol compared with the glaciofluvial sediment. However, total vegetation cover was significantly higher on palaeosol and there was a significant difference in a combined set of soil parameters between the two soil types, which indicates that palaeosol may provide conditions more favourable for establishment and growth. Main conclusions Directional‐replacement succession is possible in a high arctic oasis environment; however, this mode of succession is probably atypical of much more extensive high arctic environments such as polar deserts. Descriptive results from four other glacier forelands sampled in 1995 on east‐central Ellesmere Island showed directional succession with no species replacement at two sites and non‐directional succession without species replacement at another site. Primary succession in these high arctic sites is strongly controlled by local environmental conditions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00818.x",
    doi = "10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00818.x",
    openalex = "W2001443201"
}

@article{doi101071bt02124,
    author = "Cornelissen, J. H. C. and Lavorel, Sandra and Garnier, Éric and Dı́az, Sandra and Buchmann, Nina and Gurvich, Diego E. and Reich, Peter B. and ter Steege, Hans and Morgan, Huw D. and van der Heijden, Marcel G. A. and Pausas, Juli G. and Poorter, Hendrik",
    title = "A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Australian Journal of Botany",
    abstract = "There is growing recognition that classifying terrestrial plant species on the basis of their function (into 'functional types') rather than their higher taxonomic identity, is a promising way forward for tackling important ecological questions at the scale of ecosystems, landscapes or biomes. These questions include those on vegetation responses to and vegetation effects on, environmental changes (e.g. changes in climate, atmospheric chemistry, land use or other disturbances). There is also growing consensus about a shortlist of plant traits that should underlie such functional plant classifications, because they have strong predictive power of important ecosystem responses to environmental change and/or they themselves have strong impacts on ecosystem processes. The most favoured traits are those that are also relatively easy and inexpensive to measure for large numbers of plant species. Large international research efforts, promoted by the IGBP–GCTE Programme, are underway to screen predominant plant species in various ecosystems and biomes worldwide for such traits. This paper provides an international methodological protocol aimed at standardising this research effort, based on consensus among a broad group of scientists in this field. It features a practical handbook with step-by-step recipes, with relatively brief information about the ecological context, for 28 functional traits recognised as critical for tackling large-scale ecological questions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1071/bt02124",
    doi = "10.1071/bt02124",
    openalex = "W2144042033",
    references = "doi101006anbo20001261, doi1010160031942281851345, doi101023a1004327224729, doi10103835012241, doi101126science1060391, doi101146annurevecolsys33010802150452, doi105860choice324498, openalexw1573494572, openalexw2097450069, openalexw2586781288"
}

@article{doi101080713610857,
    author = "Inderjit and Nilsen, Erik T.",
    title = "Bioassays and Field Studies for Allelopathy in Terrestrial Plants: Progress and Problems",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences",
    abstract = "Bioassays are an integral part of allelopathy research. The unsuitability of laboratory bioassays to explain field situations is discussed previously. In this article, we discuss progress in bioassay experimental design and several unresolved problems associated with research on allelopathy. The objectives of this article are to discuss problems related to (1) collection of allelopathic material for bioassay, (2) allelochemical quantification in bioassays, (3) selection of concentration of allelochemicals in bioassay, (4) selection of appropriate control, (5) interaction between allelochemicals and other substances, and (6) in situ allelochemical bioassays. We concluded that new experimental designs for in situ bioassay are needed that can account for the large number of confounding factors in a complex field environment, and can be linked to physiological monitoring of target species and biochemical monitoring of the growth medium. Referee: Dr. Stella Elakovich, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 390406-5043",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/713610857",
    doi = "10.1080/713610857",
    openalex = "W1982284003",
    references = "doi1023072424020"
}

@article{doi101086367580,
    author = "Stamp, Nancy E.",
    title = "Out Of The Quagmire Of Plant Defense Hypotheses",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    abstract = {Several hypotheses, mainly Optimal Defense (OD), Carbon: Nutrient Balance (CNB), Growth Rate (GR), and Growth-Differentiation Balance (GDB), have individually served as frameworks for investigating the patterns of plant defense against herbivores, in particular the pattern of constitutive defense. The predictions and tests of these hypotheses have been problematic for a variety of reasons and have led to considerable confusion about the state of the "theory of plant defense." The primary contribution of the OD hypothesis is that it has served as the main framework for investigation of genotypic expression of plant defense, with the emphasis on allocation cost of defense. The primary contribution of the CNB hypothesis is that it has served as the main framework for investigation of how resources affect phenotypic expression of plant defense, often with studies concerned about allocation cost of defense. The primary contribution of the GR hypothesis is that it explains how intrinsic growth rate of plants shaped evolutionarily by resource availability affects defensive patterns. The primary contribution of the expanded GDB hypothesis is that it recognizes the constant physiological tradeoff between growth and differentiation at the cellular and tissue levels relative to the selective pressures of resource availability, including explicitly taking into account plant tolerance of damage by enemies. A clearer understanding of these hypotheses and what we have learned from investigations that use them can facilitate development of well-designed experiments that address the gaps in our knowledge of plant defense.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/367580",
    doi = "10.1086/367580",
    openalex = "W2129668362",
    references = "doi101098rspb19790081, doi101111j155856461980tb04849x, doi101126science1713973757, doi107208chicago97802264249720010001"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20032327,
    author = "Levine, Jonathan M. and Vilà, Montserrat and Antonio, Carla M. D and Dukes, Jeffrey S. and Grigulis, Karl and Lavorel, Sandra",
    title = "Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Although the impacts of exotic plant invasions on community structure and ecosystem processes are well appreciated, the pathways or mechanisms that underlie these impacts are poorly understood. Better exploration of these processes is essential to understanding why exotic plants impact only certain systems, and why only some invaders have large impacts. Here, we review over 150 studies to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions on plant and animal community structure, nutrient cycling, hydrology and fire regimes. We find that, while numerous studies have examined the impacts of invasions on plant diversity and composition, less than 5\% test whether these effects arise through competition, allelopathy, alteration of ecosystem variables or other processes. Nonetheless, competition was often hypothesized, and nearly all studies competing native and alien plants against each other found strong competitive effects of exotic species. In contrast to studies of the impacts on plant community structure and higher trophic levels, research examining impacts on nitrogen cycling, hydrology and fire regimes is generally highly mechanistic, often motivated by specific invader traits. We encourage future studies that link impacts on community structure to ecosystem processes, and relate the controls over invasibility to the controls over impact.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2327",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2003.2327",
    openalex = "W1969996400",
    references = "doi101046j13652745200000473x, openalexw2101875448"
}

@article{tanaka2003succession,
    author = "TANAKA, Shuhei and FUJII, Shigeo and YAMADA, Kiyoshi and UNEHARA, Kiyoko and NISHIKAWA, Hiroaki",
    title = "SUCCESSION ANALYSIS OF BOTANICAL COMMUNITIES IN REED PLANTATION FIELDS",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2003.727\_13",
    doi = "10.2208/jscej.2003.727\_13",
    number = "727",
    pages = "13-22",
    volume = "2003"
}

@article{doi101111j00220477200400953x,
    author = "Hierro, José L. and Maron, John L. and Callaway, Ragan M.",
    title = "A biogeographical approach to plant invasions: the importance of studying exotics in their introduced and native range",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal of Ecology",
    abstract = "Summary Most theory and empirical research on exotic invasions is based on the assumption that problematic exotics are much more abundant in the regions where they invade than in the regions where they are native. However, the overwhelming majority of studies on exotic plants have been conducted solely within the introduced range. With few exceptions, ecologists know surprisingly little about the abundance, interaction strengths and ecosystems impacts of even the best‐studied exotics in their native range. We argue that taking a biogeographical approach is key to understanding exotic plant invasions. On a descriptive level, unambiguous quantification of distributions and abundances of exotics in native and introduced ranges are crucial. Experiments conducted at a biogeographical scale are also necessary to elucidate the mechanisms that enable highly successful exotics to occur at substantially higher abundance in their introduced vs. native communities. We summarize the leading hypotheses for exotic plant success. We assert that tests of these major hypotheses for invasions (the natural enemies, evolution of invasiveness, empty niche and novel weapons hypotheses) require comparative biogeographical approaches. In addition to focusing on comparative work in the native and introduced range, we also suggest other approaches that could yield important insight into processes that influence exotic success. Increased understanding of invasions has the potential to provide unique insight into fundamental ecological theory, including that on individualistic‐holistic structure, the role of trophic interactions in population regulation, and the importance of co‐evolution in communities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00953.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00953.x",
    openalex = "W2143395390",
    references = "doi101007bf00332847, doi101017s0094837300010617, doi101126science25350241099"
}

@article{doi101890030799,
    author = "Garnier, Éric and Cortez, Jacques and Billès, G. and Navas, Marie‐Laure and Roumet, Catherine and Debussche, Max and Laurent, Gérard and Blanchard, Alain and Aubry, David A. and Bellmann, Astrid and Neill, Cathy and Toussaint, Jean-Patrick",
    title = "PLANT FUNCTIONAL MARKERS CAPTURE ECOSYSTEM PROPERTIES DURING SECONDARY SUCCESSION",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Ecology",
    abstract = "Although the structure and composition of plant communities is known to influence the functioning of ecosystems, there is as yet no agreement as to how these should be described from a functional perspective. We tested the biomass ratio hypothesis, which postulates that ecosystem properties should depend on species traits and on species contribution to the total biomass of the community, in a successional sere following vineyard abandonment in the Mediterranean region of France. Ecosystem-specific net primary productivity, litter decomposition rate, and total soil carbon and nitrogen varied significantly with field age, and correlated with community-aggregated (i.e., weighed according to the relative abundance of species) functional leaf traits. The three easily measurable traits tested, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, and nitrogen concentration, provide a simple means to scale up from organ to ecosystem functioning in complex plant communities. We propose that they be called “functional markers,” and be used to assess the impacts of community changes on ecosystem properties induced, in particular, by global change drivers.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0799",
    doi = "10.1890/03-0799",
    openalex = "W2119567434",
    references = "doi101126science1643877262, doi101146annurevecolsys33010802150452"
}

@article{doi101007s1125800528431,
    author = "Jones, Chad C. and del Moral, Roger",
    title = "Patterns of Primary Succession on the Foreland of Coleman Glacier, Washington, USA",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Plant Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-005-2843-1",
    doi = "10.1007/s11258-005-2843-1",
    openalex = "W2017768881",
    references = "moral1998early"
}

@article{doi101128aem719495149592005,
    author = "Compant, Stéphane and Duffy, Brion and Nowak, Jerzy and Clément, Christophe and Barka, Essaïd Ait",
    title = "Use of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria for Biocontrol of Plant Diseases: Principles, Mechanisms of Action, and Future Prospects",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Applied and Environmental Microbiology",
    abstract = "Pathogenic microorganisms affecting plant health are a major and chronic threat to food production and ecosystem stability worldwide. As agricultural production intensified over the past few decades, producers became more and more dependent on agrochemicals as a relatively reliable method of crop",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.9.4951-4959.2005",
    doi = "10.1128/aem.71.9.4951-4959.2005",
    openalex = "W2135333204"
}

@article{doi1016410006356820050550477bngsca20co2,
    author = "Wolfe, Benjamin E. and Klironomos, John N.",
    title = "Breaking New Ground: Soil Communities and Exotic Plant Invasion",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "BioScience",
    abstract = "Abstract As exotic plant species invade ecosystems, ecologists have been attempting to assess the effects of these invasions on native communities and to determine what factors influence invasion processes. Although much of this work has focused on aboveground flora and fauna, structurally and functionally diverse soil communities also can respond to and mediate exotic plant invasions. In numerous ecosystems, the invasion of exotic plant species has caused major shifts in the composition and function of soil communities. Soil organisms, such as pathogenic or mutualistic fungi, have direct effects on the establishment, growth, and biotic interactions of exotic plants. An integrated understanding of how aboveground and belowground biota interact with exotic plants is necessary to manage and restore communities invaded by exotic plant species.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0477:bngsca]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0477:bngsca]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2178257952",
    references = "doi101023a1026208327014"
}

@article{doi101139a06001,
    author = "Lacoul, P. and Freedman, Bill",
    title = "Environmental influences on aquatic plants in freshwater ecosystems",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Environmental Reviews",
    abstract = "Aquatic plants are important components of many freshwater ecosystems. In this review we examine natural and anthropogenic influences on the distribution and abundance of aquatic plants, and develop a conceptual model of those diverse interactions. Species of aquatic plants vary greatly in their anatomy, physiology, life-history traits, and ability to tolerate inorganic and biological stressors. Key examples of inorganic stressors are extreme regimes of flow velocity, irradiance, salinity, ice cover, temperature, nutrients, and pollutants. Stressors associated with competition, herbivory, and disease may also limit the ability of species to utilize otherwise suitable habitats. Some aquatic plants have a cosmopolitan distribution and display high levels of polymorphism and phenotypic plasticity in response to variations of environmental factors; these qualities allow them to occur over a wide range of conditions. Other species, however, have narrower tolerances and are potentially useful indicators of environmental conditions, in terms of either their presence or relative abundance within communities. In this review, we examine key environmental influences affecting aquatic plants, and their potential use as indicators at local, watershed, and regional scales.Key words: aquatic plants (aquatic macrophytes), environmental factors, environmental indicators, environmental stressors.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/a06-001",
    doi = "10.1139/a06-001",
    openalex = "W2115384857",
    references = "doi101007bf00008684, doi101007bf02856599, doi101016s0304377002000281, doi101046j13652427199700183x"
}

@article{doi101139x06025,
    author = "Royo, Alejandro A. and Carson, Walter P.",
    title = "On the formation of dense understory layers in forests worldwide: consequences and implications for forest dynamics, biodiversity, and succession",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Forest Research",
    abstract = "The mechanistic basis underpinning forest succession is the gap-phase paradigm in which overstory disturbance interacts with seedling and sapling shade tolerance to determine successional trajectories. The theory, and ensuing simulation models, typically assume that understory plants have little impact on the advance regeneration layer's composition. We challenge that assumption by reviewing over 125 papers on 38 species worldwide that form dense and persistent understory canopies. Once established, this layer strongly diminishes tree regeneration, thus altering the rate and direction of forest succession. We term these dense strata recalcitrant understory layers. Over half of the cases reviewed were linked to increases in canopy disturbance and either altered herbivory or fire regimes. Nearly 75\% of the studies declared that competition and allelopathy were the likely interference mechanisms decreasing tree regeneration, yet only 25\% of the studies used manipulative field experiments to test these putative mechanisms. We present a conceptual model that links the factors predisposing the formation of recalcitrant understory layers with their interference mechanisms and subsequent impacts on succession. We propose that their presence constricts floristic diversity and argue for their explicit inclusion in forest dynamics theory and models. Finally, we offer management suggestions to limit their establishment and mitigate their impacts.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/x06-025",
    doi = "10.1139/x06-025",
    openalex = "W2126544822",
    references = "doi101007bf00332847, doi101146annurevecolsys35021103105725"
}

@article{doi101146annurevarplant57032905105159,
    author = "Bais, Harsh P. and Weir, Tiffany L. and Perry, Laura G. and Gilroy, Simon and Vivanco, Jorge M.",
    title = "THE ROLE OF ROOT EXUDATES IN RHIZOSPHERE INTERACTIONS WITH PLANTS AND OTHER ORGANISMS",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Annual Review of Plant Biology",
    abstract = "The rhizosphere encompasses the millimeters of soil surrounding a plant root where complex biological and ecological processes occur. This review describes recent advances in elucidating the role of root exudates in interactions between plant roots and other plants, microbes, and nematodes present in the rhizosphere. Evidence indicating that root exudates may take part in the signaling events that initiate the execution of these interactions is also presented. Various positive and negative plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions are highlighted and described from the molecular to the ecosystem scale. Furthermore, methodologies to address these interactions under laboratory conditions are presented.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105159",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105159",
    openalex = "W2118355172",
    references = "doi101023a1026208327014, doi101038nature01485"
}

@article{doi101071bt06019,
    author = "Shearer, B. L. and Crane, C. E. and Barrett, Sarah and Cochrane, Anne",
    title = "Phytophthora cinnamomi invasion, a major threatening process to conservation of flora diversity in the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Australian Journal of Botany",
    abstract = "The invasive soilborne plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands is a major threatening process in the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia, an internationally recognised biodiversity hotspot. Comparatively recent introduction of P. cinnamomi into native plant communities of the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia since the early 1900s has caused great irreversible damage and altered successional change to a wide range of unique, diverse and mainly susceptible plant communities. The cost of P. cinnamomi infestation to community values is illustrated by examination of direct (mortality curves, changes in vegetation cover) and indirect impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics, the proportion of Threatened Ecological Communities infested, Declared Rare Flora either directly or indirectly threatened by infestation and estimates of the proportion of the native flora of the South-west Botanical Province susceptible to the pathogen. While direct impacts of P. cinnamomi have been poorly documented in the South-west Botanical Province, even less attention has been given to indirect impact where destruction of the habitat by the pathogen affects taxa not directly affected by infection. Current poor understanding and quantification of indirect impacts of P. cinnamomi through habitat destruction results in an underestimation of the true impact of the pathogen on the flora of the South-west Botanical Province. Considerable variation of susceptibility to P. cinnamomi among and within families of threatened flora and responses of taxa within the genus Lambertia show how classification within family and genus are poor predictors of species susceptibility. Within apparently susceptible plant species, individuals are resistant to P. cinnamomi infection. Intra-specific variation in susceptibility can be utilised in the long-term management of threatened flora populations and needs to be a high research priority. Current control strategies for conservation of flora threatened by P. cinnamomi integrate hygiene and ex situ conservation with disease control using fungicide. Application of the fungicide phosphite has proven effective in slowing progress of P. cinnamomi in infested, threatened communities. However, variation in plant species responses to phosphite application is a major factor influencing effective control of P. cinnamomi in native communities. A greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of phosphite in plant species showing different responses to the fungicide may provide options for prescription modification to increase phosphite effectiveness in a range of plant species. The range of responses to P. cinnamomi infection and phosphite application described for Lambertia taxa suggests that the genus would make an ideal model system to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance to P. cinnamomi and the effectiveness of phosphite against the pathogen.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1071/bt06019",
    doi = "10.1071/bt06019",
    openalex = "W2000980675",
    references = "doi101007s003820060115y, doi10103835002501, doi101093forestry72159, doi101111j1466822x200600212x, doi101111j1469185x1991tb01139x, doi101146annurevecolsys35112202130201, doi1018901540929520050030012ispmaf20co2, openalexw1525511537, openalexw2101875448, openalexw2777527484"
}

@article{doi101111j13652745200701295x,
    author = "Brooker, Rob W. and Maestre, Fernando T. and Callaway, Ragan M. and Lortie, Christopher L. and Cavieres, Lohengrin A. and Künstler, Georges and Liancourt, Pierre and Tielbörger, Katja and Travis, Justin M. J. and Anthelme, Fabien and Armas, Cristina and Coll, Lluís and Corcket, Emmanuel and Delzon, Sylvain and Forey, Estelle and Kikvidze, Zaal and Olofsson, Johan and Pugnaire, Francisco I. and Quiroz, Constanza L. and Saccone, Patrick and Schiffers, Katja and Seifan, Merav and Touzard, Blaize and Michalet, Richard",
    title = "Facilitation in plant communities: the past, the present, and the future",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Ecology",
    abstract = "1 Once neglected, the role of facilitative interactions in plant communities has received considerable attention in the last two decades, and is now widely recognized. It is timely to consider the progress made by research in this field. 2 We review the development of plant facilitation research, focusing on the history of the field, the relationship between plant–plant interactions and environmental severity gradients, and attempts to integrate facilitation into mainstream ecological theory. We then consider future directions for facilitation research. 3 With respect to our fundamental understanding of plant facilitation, clarification of the relationship between interactions and environmental gradients is central for further progress, and necessitates the design and implementation of experiments that move beyond the clear limitations of previous studies. 4 There is substantial scope for exploring indirect facilitative effects in plant communities, including their impacts on diversity and evolution, and future studies should connect the degree of non-transitivity in plant competitive networks to community diversity and facilitative promotion of species coexistence, and explore how the role of indirect facilitation varies with environmental severity. 5 Certain ecological modelling approaches (e.g. individual-based modelling), although thus far largely neglected, provide highly useful tools for exploring these fundamental processes. 6 Evolutionary responses might result from facilitative interactions, and consideration of facilitation might lead to re-assessment of the evolution of plant growth forms. 7 Improved understanding of facilitation processes has direct relevance for the development of tools for ecosystem restoration, and for improving our understanding of the response of plant species and communities to environmental change drivers. 8 Attempts to apply our developing ecological knowledge would benefit from explicit recognition of the potential role of facilitative plant–plant interactions in the design and interpretation of studies from the fields of restoration and global change ecology. 9 Synthesis: Plant facilitation research provides new insights into classic ecological theory and pressing environmental issues. Awareness and understanding of facilitation should be part of the basic ecological knowledge of all plant ecologists.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01295.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01295.x",
    openalex = "W1986322390",
    references = "doi101007bf02912621, doi101016s0169534702000459, doi101023a1010086329619, doi101038nrg700, doi101111j13652745200501017x, doi101111j1466822x200600212x, doi1018900012965819970781958cafasa20co2, doi1018900012965819970781966tiofac20co2, doi1023071939337, doi1023072937039"
}

@article{doi101111j13669516200600314x,
    author = "Richardson, David M. and Holmes, Patricia M. and Esler, Karen J. and Galatowitsch, Susan M. and Stromberg, Juliet C. and Kirkman, Steven P. and Pyšek, Petr and Hobbs, Richard J.",
    title = "Riparian vegetation: degradation, alien plant invasions, and restoration prospects",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Diversity and Distributions",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Rivers are conduits for materials and energy; this, the frequent and intense disturbances that these systems experience, and their narrow, linear nature, create problems for conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the face of increasing human influence. In most parts of the world, riparian zones are highly modified. Changes caused by alien plants — or environmental changes that facilitate shifts in dominance creating novel ecosystems — are often important agents of perturbation in these systems. Many restoration projects are underway. Objective frameworks based on an understanding of biogeographical processes at different spatial scales (reach, segment, catchment), the specific relationships between invasive plants and resilience and ecosystem functioning, and realistic endpoints are needed to guide sustainable restoration initiatives. This paper examines the biogeography and the determinants of composition and structure of riparian vegetation in temperate and subtropical regions and conceptualizes the components of resilience in these systems. We consider changes to structure and functioning caused by, or associated with, alien plant invasions, in particular those that lead to breached abiotic‐ or biotic thresholds. These pose challenges when formulating restoration programmes. Pervasive and escalating human‐mediated changes to multiple factors and at a range of scales in riparian environments demand innovative and pragmatic approaches to restoration. The application of a new framework accommodating such complexity is demonstrated with reference to a hypothetical riparian ecosystem under three scenarios: (1) system unaffected by invasive plants; (2) system initially uninvaded, but with flood‐generated incursion of alien plants and escalating invasion‐driven alteration; and (3) system affected by both invasions and engineering interventions. The scheme has been used to derive a decision‐making framework for restoring riparian zones in South Africa and could guide similar initiatives in other parts of the world.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00314.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00314.x",
    openalex = "W2141713151",
    references = "doi101023a1004475206351"
}

@article{doi101016jplaphy200806011,
    author = "Sels, Jan and Mathys, Janick and Coninck, Barbara De and Cammue, Bruno P.A. and Bolle, Miguel F. C. De",
    title = "Plant pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins: A focus on PR peptides",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Plant Physiology and Biochemistry",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.06.011",
    doi = "10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.06.011",
    openalex = "W2063888937"
}

@article{doi101111j13653059200801886x,
    author = "Brasier, C. M.",
    title = "The biosecurity threat to the UK and global environment from international trade in plants",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Plant Pathology",
    abstract = "Native plant communities, woodlands and landscapes in the UK and across the world are suffering from pathogens introduced by human activities. Many of these pathogens arrive on or with living plants. The potential for damage in the future may be large, but current international regulations aimed at reducing the risks take insufficient account of scientific evidence and, in practice, are often highly inadequate. In this Letter I outline the problems and discuss some possible approaches to reducing the threats.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01886.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01886.x",
    openalex = "W2098970393",
    references = "doi101111mpp12568"
}

@article{doi101111j14610248200801173x,
    author = "Johnson, Edward A. and Miyanishi, Kiyoko",
    title = "Testing the assumptions of chronosequences in succession",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Ecology Letters",
    abstract = "Many introductory ecology textbooks illustrate succession, at least in part, by using certain classic studies (e.g. sand dunes, ponds/bogs, glacial till, and old fields) that substituted space for time (chronosequence) in determining the sequences of the succession. Despite past criticisms of this method, there is continued, often uncritical, use of chronosequences in current research on topics besides succession, including temporal changes in biodiversity, productivity, nutrient cycling, etc. To show the problem with chronosequence-based studies in general, we review evidence from studies that used non-chronosequence methods (such as long-term study of permanent plots, palynology, and stand reconstruction) to test the space-for-time substitution in four classic succession studies. In several cases, the tests have used the same locations and, in one case, the same plots as those in the original studies. We show that empirical evidence invalidates the chronosequence-based sequences inferred in these classic studies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01173.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01173.x",
    openalex = "W2071908967",
    references = "doi1023071930735, doi1023071932934"
}

@article{doi101111j14610248200801219x,
    author = "Cornwell, William K. and Cornelissen, Johannes H. C. and Amatangelo, Kathryn L. and Dorrepaal, Ellen and Eviner, Valerie T. and Godoy, Óscar and Hobbie, Sarah E. and Hoorens, Bart and Kurokawa, Hiroko and Harguindeguy, Natalia Pérez and Quested, Helen M. and Santiago, Louis S. and Wardle, David A. and Wright, Ian J. and Aerts, Rien and Allison, Steven and van Bodegom, Peter M. and Brovkin, Victor and Chatain, Alex and Callaghan, Terry V. and Dı́az, Sandra and Garnier, Éric and Gurvich, Diego E. and Kazakou, Elena and Klein, Julia A. and Read, Jenny and Reich, Peter B. and Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A. and Vaieretti, María V. and Westoby, Mark",
    title = "Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Ecology Letters",
    abstract = "Worldwide decomposition rates depend both on climate and the legacy of plant functional traits as litter quality. To quantify the degree to which functional differentiation among species affects their litter decomposition rates, we brought together leaf trait and litter mass loss data for 818 species from 66 decomposition experiments on six continents. We show that: (i) the magnitude of species-driven differences is much larger than previously thought and greater than climate-driven variation; (ii) the decomposability of a species' litter is consistently correlated with that species' ecological strategy within different ecosystems globally, representing a new connection between whole plant carbon strategy and biogeochemical cycling. This connection between plant strategies and decomposability is crucial for both understanding vegetation-soil feedbacks, and for improving forecasts of the global carbon cycle.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01219.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01219.x",
    openalex = "W2159549065",
    references = "doi101016s0065250408600161, doi101038nature02403, doi101046j13652486200300569x, doi101073pnas0702737104, doi101073pnas942513730, doi101111j14698137200501349x, doi101175jcli38001, doi101256004316502320517344, doi101890030799, doi1023071936780, openalexw2097450069"
}

@article{doi101111j14698137200802436x,
    author = "McDowell, Nate G. and Pockman, William T. and Allen, Craig D. and Breshears, David D. and Cobb, Neil S. and Kolb, Thomas E. and Plaut, Jennifer A. and Sperry, John S. and West, Adam G. and Williams, David G. and Yépez, Enrico A.",
    title = "Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought?",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "New Phytologist",
    abstract = "Severe droughts have been associated with regional-scale forest mortality worldwide. Climate change is expected to exacerbate regional mortality events; however, prediction remains difficult because the physiological mechanisms underlying drought survival and mortality are poorly understood. We developed a hydraulically based theory considering carbon balance and insect resistance that allowed development and examination of hypotheses regarding survival and mortality. Multiple mechanisms may cause mortality during drought. A common mechanism for plants with isohydric regulation of water status results from avoidance of drought-induced hydraulic failure via stomatal closure, resulting in carbon starvation and a cascade of downstream effects such as reduced resistance to biotic agents. Mortality by hydraulic failure per se may occur for isohydric seedlings or trees near their maximum height. Although anisohydric plants are relatively drought-tolerant, they are predisposed to hydraulic failure because they operate with narrower hydraulic safety margins during drought. Elevated temperatures should exacerbate carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. Biotic agents may amplify and be amplified by drought-induced plant stress. Wet multidecadal climate oscillations may increase plant susceptibility to drought-induced mortality by stimulating shifts in hydraulic architecture, effectively predisposing plants to water stress. Climate warming and increased frequency of extreme events will probably cause increased regional mortality episodes. Isohydric and anisohydric water potential regulation may partition species between survival and mortality, and, as such, incorporating this hydraulic framework may be effective for modeling plant survival and mortality under future climate conditions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x",
    openalex = "W2169017109",
    references = "doi101038nature03972, doi101073pnas0505734102, openalexw617039848"
}

@article{doi101007s1110400898779,
    author = "Brundrett, Mark",
    title = "Mycorrhizal associations and other means of nutrition of vascular plants: understanding the global diversity of host plants by resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Plant and Soil",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9877-9",
    doi = "10.1007/s11104-008-9877-9",
    openalex = "W1973374750",
    references = "doi101146annurevecolsys35112202130201"
}

@article{doi101007s111040090042x,
    author = "Lambers, Hans and Mougel, Christophe and Jaillard, Benoît and Hinsinger, Philippe",
    title = "Plant-microbe-soil interactions in the rhizosphere: an evolutionary perspective",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Plant and Soil",
    abstract = "Soils are the product of the activities of plants, which supply organic matter and play a pivotal role in weathering rocks and minerals. Many plant species have a distinct ecological amplitude that shows restriction to specific soil types. In the numerous interactions between plants and soil, microorganisms also play a key role. Here we review the existing literature on interactions between plants, microorganisms and soils, and include considerations of evolutionary time scales, where possible. Some of these interactions involve intricate systems of communication, which in the case of symbioses such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis are several hundreds of millions years old; others involve the release of exudates from roots, and other products of rhizodeposition that are used as substrates for soil microorganisms. The possible reasons for the survival value of this loss of carbon over tens or hundreds of millions of years of evolution of higher plants are discussed, taking a cost-benefit approach. Co-evolution of plants and rhizosphere microorganisms is discussed, in the light of known ecological interactions between various partners in terrestrial ecosystems. Finally, the role of higher plants, especially deep-rooted plants and associated microorganisms in the weathering of rocks and minerals, ultimately contributing to pedogenesis, is addressed. We show that rhizosphere processes in the long run are central to biogeochemical cycles, soil formation and Earth history. Major anticipated discoveries will enhance our basic understanding and allow applications of new knowledge to deal with nutrient deficiencies, pests and diseases, and the challenges of increasing global food production and agroecosystem productivity in an environmentally responsible manner.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0042-x",
    doi = "10.1007/s11104-009-0042-x",
    openalex = "W2142996073",
    references = "doi101146annurevecolsys35112202130201"
}

@article{doi101111j14610248200901418x,
    author = "van Kleunen, Mark and Weber, Ewald and Fischer, Markus",
    title = "A meta‐analysis of trait differences between invasive and non‐invasive plant species",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Ecology Letters",
    abstract = "A major aim in ecology is identifying determinants of invasiveness. We performed a meta-analysis of 117 field or experimental-garden studies that measured pair-wise trait differences of a total of 125 invasive and 196 non-invasive plant species in the invasive range of the invasive species. We tested whether invasiveness is associated with performance-related traits (physiology, leaf-area allocation, shoot allocation, growth rate, size and fitness), and whether such associations depend on type of study and on biogeographical or biological factors. Overall, invasive species had significantly higher values than non-invasive species for all six trait categories. More trait differences were significant for invasive vs. native comparisons than for invasive vs. non-invasive alien comparisons. Moreover, for comparisons between invasive species and native species that themselves are invasive elsewhere, no trait differences were significant. Differences in physiology and growth rate were larger in tropical regions than in temperate regions. Trait differences did not depend on whether the invasive alien species originates from Europe, nor did they depend on the test environment. We conclude that invasive alien species had higher values for those traits related to performance than non-invasive species. This suggests that it might become possible to predict future plant invasions from species traits.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01418.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01418.x",
    openalex = "W2110328754",
    references = "doi101016s0169534701021012, doi101046j13652745200000473x, doi101146annurevecolsys33010802150452"
}

@article{doi101111j14698137200902927x,
    author = "Barrett, Luke G. and Kniskern, Joel M. and Bodenhausen, Natacha and Zhang, Wen and Bergelson, Joy",
    title = "Continua of specificity and virulence in plant host–pathogen interactions: causes and consequences",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "New Phytologist",
    abstract = "Ecological, evolutionary and molecular models of interactions between plant hosts and microbial pathogens are largely based around a concept of tightly coupled interactions between species pairs. However, highly pathogenic and obligate associations between host and pathogen species represent only a fraction of the diversity encountered in natural and managed systems. Instead, many pathogens can infect a wide range of hosts, and most hosts are exposed to more than one pathogen species, often simultaneously. Furthermore, outcomes of pathogen infection vary widely because host plants vary in resistance and tolerance to infection, while pathogens are also variable in their ability to grow on or within hosts. Environmental heterogeneity further increases the potential for variation in plant host-pathogen interactions by influencing the degree and fitness consequences of infection. Here, we describe these continua of specificity and virulence inherent within plant host-pathogen interactions. Using this framework, we describe and contrast the genetic and environmental mechanisms that underlie this variation, outline consequences for epidemiology and community structure, explore likely ecological and evolutionary drivers, and highlight several key areas for future research.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02927.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02927.x",
    openalex = "W2143949443",
    references = "doi1010160040580977900429, doi101016jcell200602008, doi101071bt06019, doi101086282687, doi101128aem719495149592005, doi101146annureves19110188001231, doi101146annurevphyto43040204135923, doi1015159780691209418, doi102307jctvx5wbbh, doi107208chicago97802267976700010001, openalexw2962874606"
}

@article{doi101126science1169640,
    author = "Hautier, Yann and Niklaus, Pascal A. and Hector, Andy",
    title = "Competition for Light Causes Plant Biodiversity Loss After Eutrophication",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Human activities have increased the availability of nutrients in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In grasslands, this eutrophication causes loss of plant species diversity, but the mechanism of this loss has been difficult to determine. Using experimental grassland plant communities, we found that addition of light to the grassland understory prevented the loss of biodiversity caused by eutrophication. There was no detectable role for competition for soil resources in diversity loss. Thus, competition for light is a major mechanism of plant diversity loss after eutrophication and explains the particular threat of eutrophication to plant diversity. Our conclusions have implications for grassland management and conservation policy and underscore the need to control nutrient enrichment if plant diversity is to be preserved.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169640",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1169640",
    openalex = "W2094142413",
    references = "doi101038242344a0, doi101038nature01014, doi101038nature06503, doi101073pnas0408648102, doi101126science1057544, doi101126science1094678, doi101126science2775325494, doi101126science28754591770, doi1023074549, openalexw2097450069"
}

@article{doi101016jflora200910001,
    author = "Burga, Conradin A. and Krüsi, Bertil and Egli, Markus and Wernli, Michael and Elsener, Stefan and Ziefle, Michael and Fischer, Thomas and Mavris, Christian",
    title = "Plant succession and soil development on the foreland of the Morteratsch glacier (Pontresina, Switzerland): Straight forward or chaotic?",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Flora",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2009.10.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.flora.2009.10.001",
    openalex = "W2105213008"
}

@article{doi101016jtplants201009008,
    author = "Nicotra, Adrienne B. and Atkin, Owen K. and Bonser, Stephen P. and Davidson, Amy Michelle and Finnegan, E. Jean and Mathesius, Ulrike and Poot, Pieter and Purugganan, Michael D. and Richards, Christina L. and Valladares, Fernando and van Kleunen, Mark",
    title = "Plant phenotypic plasticity in a changing climate",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Trends in Plant Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2010.09.008",
    doi = "10.1016/j.tplants.2010.09.008",
    openalex = "W2101364071",
    references = "doi101023a1004327224729, doi1010781433831900083, doi101086598822, doi101111j13652435200701283x, doi101111j14610248200801277x"
}

@article{doi101111j13652427200902365x,
    author = "Sayer, Carl D. and Davidson, Thomas A. and Jones, J. Iwan",
    title = "Seasonal dynamics of macrophytes and phytoplankton in shallow lakes: a eutrophication‐driven pathway from plants to plankton?",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Freshwater Biology",
    abstract = "Summary 1. Seasonal relationships between macrophyte and phytoplankton populations may alter considerably as lakes undergo eutrophication. Understanding of these changes may be key to the interpretation of ecological processes operating over longer (decadal‐centennial) timescales. 2. We explore the seasonal dynamics of macrophytes (measured twice in June and August) and phytoplankton (measured monthly May–September) populations in 39 shallow lakes (29 in the U.K. and 10 in Denmark) covering broad gradients for nutrients and plant abundance. 3. Three site groups were identified based on macrophyte seasonality; 16 lakes where macrophyte abundance was perennially low and the water generally turbid (‘turbid lakes’); 7 where macrophyte abundance was high in June but low in August (‘crashing’ lakes); and 12 where macrophyte abundance was high in both June and August (‘stable’ lakes). The seasonal behaviour of the crashing and turbid lakes was extremely similar with a consistent increase in nutrient concentrations and chlorophyll‐ a over May–September. By contrast in the stable lakes, seasonal changes were dampened with chlorophyll‐ a consistently low (<10–15 μg L −1) over the entire summer. The crashing lakes were dominated by one or a combination of Potamogeton pusillus, Potamogeton pectinatus and Zannichellia palustris, whereas Ceratophyllum demersum and Chara spp. were more abundant in the stable lakes. 4. A long‐term loss of macrophyte species diversity has occurred in many shallow lakes affected by eutrophication. One common pathway is from a species‐rich plant community with charophytes to a species‐poor community dominated by P. pusillus, P. pectinatus and Z. palustris. Such compositional changes may often be accompanied by a substantial reduction in the seasonal duration of plant dominance and a greater tendency for incursions by phytoplankton. We hypothesise a slow‐enacting (10–100 s years) feedback loop in nutrient‐enriched shallow lakes whereby increases in algal abundance are associated with losses of macrophyte species and hence different plant seasonal strategies. In turn such changes may favour increased phytoplankton production thus placing further pressure on remaining macrophytes. This study blurs the distinction between so‐called turbid phytoplankton‐dominated and clear plant‐dominated shallow lakes and suggests that plant loss from them may be a gradual process.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02365.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02365.x",
    openalex = "W2007002953",
    references = "doi101111j13652427200902353x"
}

@article{doi101111j13652745201001664x,
    author = "Walker, Lawrence R. and Wardle, David A. and Bardgett, Richard D. and Clarkson, Bruce D.",
    title = "The use of chronosequences in studies of ecological succession and soil development",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Journal of Ecology",
    abstract = "Summary 1. Chronosequences and associated space‐for‐time substitutions are an important and often necessary tool for studying temporal dynamics of plant communities and soil development across multiple time‐scales. However, they are often used inappropriately, leading to false conclusions about ecological patterns and processes, which has prompted recent strong criticism of the approach. Here, we evaluate when chronosequences may or may not be appropriate for studying community and ecosystem development. 2. Chronosequences are appropriate to study plant succession at decadal to millennial time‐scales when there is evidence that sites of different ages are following the same trajectory. They can also be reliably used to study aspects of soil development that occur between temporally linked sites over time‐scales of centuries to millennia, sometimes independently of their application to shorter‐term plant and soil biological communities. 3. Some characteristics of changing plant and soil biological communities (e.g. species richness, plant cover, vegetation structure, soil organic matter accumulation) are more likely to be related in a predictable and temporally linear manner than are other characteristics (e.g. species composition and abundance) and are therefore more reliably studied using a chronosequence approach. 4. Chronosequences are most appropriate for studying communities that are following convergent successional trajectories and have low biodiversity, rapid species turnover and low frequency and severity of disturbance. Chronosequences are least suitable for studying successional trajectories that are divergent, species‐rich, highly disturbed or arrested in time because then there are often major difficulties in determining temporal linkages between stages. 5. Synthesis. We conclude that, when successional trajectories exceed the life span of investigators and the experimental and observational studies that they perform, temporal change can be successfully explored through the judicious use of chronosequences.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01664.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01664.x",
    openalex = "W2148679320",
    references = "doi1023071943519, doi1023072937039, openalexw1996657273"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x201000123x,
    author = "Pautasso, Marco and Dehnen‐Schmutz, Katharina and Holdenrieder, Ottmar and Pietravalle, Stéphane and Salama, Nabeil K. G. and Jeger, M. J. and Lange, Eckart and Hehl‐Lange, Sigrid",
    title = "Plant health and global change – some implications for landscape management",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "Global change (climate change together with other worldwide anthropogenic processes such as increasing trade, air pollution and urbanization) will affect plant health at the genetic, individual, population and landscape level. Direct effects include ecosystem stress due to natural resources shortage or imbalance. Indirect effects include (i) an increased frequency of natural detrimental phenomena, (ii) an increased pressure due to already present pests and diseases, (iii) the introduction of new invasive species either as a result of an improved suitability of the climatic conditions or as a result of increased trade, and (iv) the human response to global change. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies on terrestrial plant health in the presence of global change factors. We summarize the links between climate change and some key issues in plant health, including tree mortality, changes in wildfire regimes, biological invasions and the role of genetic diversity for ecosystem resilience. Prediction and management of global change effects are complicated by interactions between globalization, climate and invasive plants and/or pathogens. We summarize practical guidelines for landscape management and draw general conclusions from an expanding body of literature.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00123.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00123.x",
    openalex = "W2089579692",
    references = "doi1018901540929520050030012ispmaf20co2"
}

@article{doi101186gb2010117r73,
    author = "Lévesque, C. André and Brouwer, Henk J. and Cano, Liliana M. and Hamilton, John P. and Holt, Carson and Huitema, Edgar and Raffaele, Sylvain and Robideau, G.P. and Thines, Marco and Win, Joe and Zerillo, Marcelo M. and Beakes, Gordon W. and Boore, Jeffrey L. and Busam, Dana and Dumas, Bernard and Ferriera, Steve and Fuerstenberg, Susan I. and Gachon, Claire M. M. and Gaulin, Elodie and Govers, Francine and Grenville‐Briggs, Laura J. and Horner, Neil and Hostetler, Jessica B. and Jiang, Rays H. Y. and Johnson, Justin and Krajaejun, Theerapong and Lin, Haining and Meijer, H.J.G. and Moore, Barry and Morris, Paul F. and Phuntmart, Vipaporn and Puiu, Daniela and Shetty, Jyoti and Stajich, Jason and Tripathy, Sucheta and Wawra, Stephan and van West, Pieter and Whitty, Brett R. and Coutinho, Pedro M. and Henrissat, Bernard and Martin, Frank N. and Thomas, Paul D. and Tyler, Brett M. and de Vries, Ronald P. and Kamoun, Sophien and Yandell, Mark and Tisserat, Ned and Buell, C. Robin",
    title = "Genome sequence of the necrotrophic plant pathogen Pythium ultimum reveals original pathogenicity mechanisms and effector repertoire",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Genome biology",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Pythium ultimum is a ubiquitous oomycete plant pathogen responsible for a variety of diseases on a broad range of crop and ornamental species. RESULTS: The P. ultimum genome (42.8 Mb) encodes 15,290 genes and has extensive sequence similarity and synteny with related Phytophthora species, including the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Whole transcriptome sequencing revealed expression of 86\% of genes, with detectable differential expression of suites of genes under abiotic stress and in the presence of a host. The predicted proteome includes a large repertoire of proteins involved in plant pathogen interactions, although, surprisingly, the P. ultimum genome does not encode any classical RXLR effectors and relatively few Crinkler genes in comparison to related phytopathogenic oomycetes. A lower number of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were present compared to Phytophthora species, with the notable absence of cutinases, suggesting a significant difference in virulence mechanisms between P. ultimum and more host-specific oomycete species. Although we observed a high degree of orthology with Phytophthora genomes, there were novel features of the P. ultimum proteome, including an expansion of genes involved in proteolysis and genes unique to Pythium. We identified a small gene family of cadherins, proteins involved in cell adhesion, the first report of these in a genome outside the metazoans. CONCLUSIONS: Access to the P. ultimum genome has revealed not only core pathogenic mechanisms within the oomycetes but also lineage-specific genes associated with the alternative virulence and lifestyles found within the pythiaceous lineages compared to the Peronosporaceae.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2010-11-7-r73",
    doi = "10.1186/gb-2010-11-7-r73",
    openalex = "W2101000074",
    references = "openalexw2777527484"
}

@article{doi101111j13652486201102451x,
    author = "Kattge, Jens and Dı́az, Soledad and Lavorel, Sandra and Prentice, I. Colin and Leadley, Paul and Bönisch, Gerhard and Garnier, Éric and Westoby, Mark and Reich, Peter B. and Wright, Ian J. and Cornelissen, J. H. C. and Violle, Cyrille and Harrison, Sandy P. and van Bodegom, Peter M. and Reichstein, Markus and Enquist, Brian J. and Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A. and Ackerly, David D. and Anand, M. and Atkin, Owen K. and Bahn, Michael and Baker, Timothy R. and Baldocchi, Dennis and Bekker, R.M. and Blanco, C. and Blonder, Benjamin and Bond, William J. and Bradstock, Ross A. and Bunker, Dan and Casanoves, Fernando and Cavender‐Bares, Jeannine and Chambers, Jeffrey Q. and Chapin, F. Stuart and Chave, Jérôme and Coomes, David A. and Cornwell, William K. and Craine, Joseph M. and Dobrin, Barbara and Duarte, Leandro and Durka, Walter and Elser, James J. and Esser, G. and Estiarte, Marc and Fagan, William F. and Fang, Jinwei and Fernández‐Méndez, Fernando and Fidélis, Alessandra and Finegan, Bryan and Flores, Olivier and FORD, HENRY and Frank, Dorothea and Freschet, Grégoire T. and Fyllas, Nikolaos M. and Gallagher, Rachael V. and GREEN, W. A. and Gutiérrez, Álvaro G. and Hickler, Thomas and Higgins, Steven I. and Hodgson, J. G. and Jalili, Amir and Jansen, Steven and Joly, Carlos Alfredo and Kerkhoff, Andrew J. and Kirkup, Donald W. and Kitajima, Kaoru and Kleyer, Michael and Klotz, Stefan and Knops, Johannes M. H. and Krämer, K. and Kühn, Ingolf and Kurokawa, H. and Laughlin, Daniel C. and Lee, Tali D. and Leishman, Michelle R. and Lens, Frederic and Lenz, Tanja I. and Lewis, Simon L. and Lloyd, Jon and Llusià, Joan and Louault, Frédérique and Ma, Sai and Mahecha, Miguel D. and Manning, Peter and Massad, Tara Joy and Medlyn, Belinda E. and Messier, J. and Moles, Angela T. and Müller, Sandra Cristina and Nadrowski, Karin and NAEEM, S. and Niinemets, Ülo and Nöllert, Stephanie and Nuske, Alison and Ogaya, Romà and Oleksyn, Jacek and Onipchenko, V. G. and Onoda, Yusuke and Ordóñez, Jenny and Overbeck, Gerhard E. and Ozinga, W.A.",
    title = "TRY – a global database of plant traits",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Global Change Biology",
    abstract = "Abstract Plant traits – the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants and their organs – determine how primary producers respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, influence ecosystem processes and services and provide a link from species richness to ecosystem functional diversity. Trait data thus represent the raw material for a wide range of research from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology to biogeography. Here we present the global database initiative named TRY, which has united a wide range of the plant trait research community worldwide and gained an unprecedented buy‐in of trait data: so far 93 trait databases have been contributed. The data repository currently contains almost three million trait entries for 69 000 out of the world's 300 000 plant species, with a focus on 52 groups of traits characterizing the vegetative and regeneration stages of the plant life cycle, including growth, dispersal, establishment and persistence. A first data analysis shows that most plant traits are approximately log‐normally distributed, with widely differing ranges of variation across traits. Most trait variation is between species (interspecific), but significant intraspecific variation is also documented, up to 40\% of the overall variation. Plant functional types (PFTs), as commonly used in vegetation models, capture a substantial fraction of the observed variation – but for several traits most variation occurs within PFTs, up to 75\% of the overall variation. In the context of vegetation models these traits would better be represented by state variables rather than fixed parameter values. The improved availability of plant trait data in the unified global database is expected to support a paradigm shift from species to trait‐based ecology, offer new opportunities for synthetic plant trait research and enable a more realistic and empirically grounded representation of terrestrial vegetation in Earth system models.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x",
    openalex = "W2162584119",
    references = "doi101007bf00386231, doi1010160165176580900245, doi101016jtree200602002, doi101023a1004327224729, doi101038nature02403, doi101046j13652435200200664x, doi101046j13652486200300569x, doi101071bt02124, doi101086283244, doi101111j00301299200715559x, doi101111j14610248200600924x, doi101111j14610248200801219x, doi101146annurevecolsys33010802150452, doi1011552009421425"
}

@article{doi101111j13652486201102636x,
    author = "Pyšek, Petr and Jaros̆ı́k, Vojtĕch and Hulme, Philip E. and Pergl, Jan and Hejda, Martin and Schaffner, Urs and Vilà, Montserrat",
    title = "A global assessment of invasive plant impacts on resident species, communities and ecosystems: the interaction of impact measures, invading species' traits and environment",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Global Change Biology",
    abstract = "Abstract With the growing body of literature assessing the impact of invasive alien plants on resident species and ecosystems, a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between invasive species traits and environmental settings of invasion on the characteristics of impacts is needed. Based on 287 publications with 1551 individual cases that addressed the impact of 167 invasive plant species belonging to 49 families, we present the first global overview of frequencies of significant and non‐significant ecological impacts and their directions on 15 outcomes related to the responses of resident populations, species, communities and ecosystems. Species and community outcomes tend to decline following invasions, especially those for plants, but the abundance and richness of the soil biota, as well as concentrations of soil nutrients and water, more often increase than decrease following invasion. Data mining tools revealed that invasive plants exert consistent significant impacts on some outcomes (survival of resident biota, activity of resident animals, resident community productivity, mineral and nutrient content in plant tissues, and fire frequency and intensity), whereas for outcomes at the community level, such as species richness, diversity and soil resources, the significance of impacts is determined by interactions between species traits and the biome invaded. The latter outcomes are most likely to be impacted by annual grasses, and by wind pollinated trees invading mediterranean or tropical biomes. One of the clearest signals in this analysis is that invasive plants are far more likely to cause significant impacts on resident plant and animal richness on islands rather than mainland. This study shows that there is no universal measure of impact and the pattern observed depends on the ecological measure examined. Although impact is strongly context dependent, some species traits, especially life form, stature and pollination syndrome, may provide a means to predict impact, regardless of the particular habitat and geographical region invaded.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02636.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02636.x",
    openalex = "W2043734488",
    references = "doi101046j14724642200000083x, doi101111j14610248201101628x, doi101111j1466822x200600212x"
}

@article{doi101111j13653059201002409x,
    author = "Garrett, Karen A. and Forbes, G. A. and Savary, Serge and Skelsey, P. and Sparks, Adam and Valdivia, Corinne and van Bruggen, A.H.C. and Willocquet, Laetitia and Djurle, Annika and Duveiller, E. and Eckersten, Henrik and Pande, S. and Cruz, Casiana Vera and Yuen, Jonathan",
    title = "Complexity in climate‐change impacts: an analytical framework for effects mediated by plant disease",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Plant Pathology",
    abstract = "The impacts of climate change on ecosystem services are complex in the sense that effective prediction requires consideration of a wide range of factors. Useful analysis of climate‐change impacts on crops and native plant systems will often require consideration of the wide array of other biota that interact with plants, including plant diseases, animal herbivores, and weeds. We present a framework for analysis of complexity in climate‐change effects mediated by plant disease. This framework can support evaluation of the level of model complexity likely to be required for analysing climate‐change impacts mediated by disease. Our analysis incorporates consideration of the following set of questions for a particular host, pathogen, host–pathogen combination, or geographic region. 1. Are multiple biological interactions important? 2. Are there environmental thresholds for population responses? 3. Are there indirect effects of global change factors on disease development? 4. Are spatial components of epidemic processes affected by climate? 5. Are there feedback loops for management? 6. Are networks for intervention technologies slower than epidemic networks? 7. Are there effects of plant disease on multiple ecosystem services? 8. Are there feedback loops from plant disease to climate change? Evaluation of these questions will help in gauging system complexity, as illustrated for fusarium head blight and potato late blight. In practice, it may be necessary to expand models to include more components, identify those components that are the most important, and synthesize such models to include the optimal level of complexity for planning and research prioritization.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02409.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02409.x",
    openalex = "W2139820890",
    references = "doi101071bt07159"
}

@article{doi101126science1203659,
    author = "Mukhtar, M. Shahid and Carvunis, Anne‐Ruxandra and Dreze, Matija and Epple, Petra and Steinbrenner, Jens and Moore, Jonathan D. and Taşan, Murat and Galli, Mary and Hao, Tong and Nishimura, Marc T. and Pevzner, Samuel and Donovan, Susan E. and Ghamsari, Lila and Santhanam, Balaji and Romero, Viviana and Poulin, Matthew M. and Gebreab, Fana and Gutierrez, Bryan J. and Tam, Stanley and Monachello, Dario and Boxem, Mike and Harbort, Christopher J. and McDonald, Nathan A. and Gai, Lantian and Chen, Huaming and He, Yijian and Vandenhaute, Jean and Roth, Frederick P. and Hill, David E. and Ecker, Joseph R. and Vidal, Marc and Beynon, Jim and Falter‐Braun, Pascal and Dangl, Jeffery L.",
    title = "Independently Evolved Virulence Effectors Converge onto Hubs in a Plant Immune System Network",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Plants generate effective responses to infection by recognizing both conserved and variable pathogen-encoded molecules. Pathogens deploy virulence effector proteins into host cells, where they interact physically with host proteins to modulate defense. We generated an interaction network of plant-pathogen effectors from two pathogens spanning the eukaryote-eubacteria divergence, three classes of Arabidopsis immune system proteins, and \textasciitilde 8000 other Arabidopsis proteins. We noted convergence of effectors onto highly interconnected host proteins and indirect, rather than direct, connections between effectors and plant immune receptors. We demonstrated plant immune system functions for 15 of 17 tested host proteins that interact with effectors from both pathogens. Thus, pathogens from different kingdoms deploy independently evolved virulence proteins that interact with a limited set of highly connected cellular hubs to facilitate their diverse life-cycle strategies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1203659",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1203659",
    openalex = "W2029835563"
}

@article{doi101146annurevphyto072910095301,
    author = "Brown, James K. M. and Tellier, Aurélien",
    title = "Plant-Parasite Coevolution: Bridging the Gap between Genetics and Ecology",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Annual Review of Phytopathology",
    abstract = "We review current ideas about coevolution of plants and parasites, particularly processes that generate genetic diversity. Frequencies of host resistance and parasite virulence alleles that interact in gene-for-gene (GFG) relationships coevolve in the familiar boom-and-bust cycle, in which resistance is selected when virulence is rare, and virulence is selected when resistance is common. The cycle can result in stable polymorphism when diverse ecological and epidemiological factors cause negative direct frequency-dependent selection (ndFDS) on host resistance, parasite virulence, or both, such that the benefit of a trait to fitness declines as its frequency increases. Polymorphism can also be stabilized by overdominance, when heterozygous hosts have greater resistance than homozygotes to diverse pathogens. Genetic diversity can also persist in the form of statistical polymorphism, sustained by random processes acting on gene frequencies and population size. Stable polymorphism allows alleles to be long-lived and genetic variation to be detectable in natural populations. In agriculture, many of the factors promoting stability in host-parasite interactions have been lost, leading to arms races of host defenses and parasite effectors.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095301",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095301",
    openalex = "W2156406442",
    references = "doi101111j14698137200902927x"
}

@article{doi10165719384246434555,
    author = "Garibotti, Irene A. and Pissolito, Clara and Villalba, Ricardo",
    title = "Spatiotemporal Pattern of Primary Succession in Relation to Meso-topographic Gradients on Recently Deglaciated Terrains in the Patagonian Andes",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research",
    abstract = "Vegetation in primary succession is influenced by multiple stochastic and environmental factors at different spatial and temporal scales. In this study we analyze the effect of meso-topographic heterogeneity on vegetation development following the retreat of Glaciar Seco in the southern Patagonian Andes. Composition and cover of algae, lichens, mosses, and vascular plants were recorded in 580 plots located in different topographic positions within a chronosequence of eight consecutive moraines. Sample plots were characterized by topographical and surface features. Spatiotemporal patterns in vegetation composition and their relationships to environmental factors were assessed by classification and ordination. We recognized eight communities that correspond to four major successional stages. The successional sequence is characterized by a physiognomic development from pioneer saxicolous lichens (first stage) to secondary colonizer lichens (second stage), followed by shrub colonization (third stage) and the development of Nothofagus spp. forests (fourth stage). Alternative successional trajectories on different topographic positions vary in the sequence of these four major successional stages, with the trajectories on the moraine ridge-top and base not going through some of the stages. A variance partition procedure shows that time since deglaciation and topographic position on the moraines account for comparable amounts of vegetation variance, emphasizing the importance of spatiotemporal analysis of vegetation development on heterogeneous landscapes. Broad trends in vegetation development follow environmental gradients. However, emergence and persistence of vegetation patterns can also be attributed to dynamic geomorphic processes such as moraine slope degradation affecting boulder distribution along the moraine foreslope. At the landscape scale, successional trajectories converge to a Nothofagus-dominated state, but significant variability remains in the understory due to the differential distribution of cryptogams along the moraine topographic gradient. Convergence is mostly related to the expansion of communities from more favorable sites towards the harsher moraine crest, but it is not a process of gradual deterministic changes along the different successional pathways.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-43.4.555",
    doi = "10.1657/1938-4246-43.4.555",
    openalex = "W2004377268"
}

@book{openalexw2123743885,
    author = "Box, Elgene O.",
    title = "Macroclimate and Plant Forms: An Introduction to Predictive Modeling in Phytogeography",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Medical Entomology and Zoology",
    abstract = "1. Introduction.- 2. Modeling ecological structure and function.- A. World vegetation models in general.- B. The current model.- C. Model structure and technical considerations.- 3. Ecological classification of world vegetation.- A. Vegetation description and vegetation data.- B. Ecophysiognomic characters of terrestrial vegetation.- C. Life forms of world terrestrial vegetation.- 4. Modeling the effective environment.- A. Climate data.- B. Selection of ecoclimatic variables.- C. The ecoclimatic variables and their significance.- 5. The ecological model: life-form limitation, cover and dominance.- A. Ecological data.- B. The environmental-limitation model.- C. The cover model.- D. The dominance model.- E. Proximity to environmental limits.- F. Interpreting vegetation formations.- 6. Model results.- A. Model output and applicability.- B. Generating and mapping world results.- C. Overview of world ecoclimates.- D. Life-form prediction frequency.- E. Predicted plant-form distributions.- F. Predicting world vegetation types.- G. Physiognomic diversity of vegetation.- H. General observations and problems.- 7. Evaluation of model results.- A. Site comparison of predicted and actual vegetation.- B. Vegetation and climate at unusual sites.- C. Vegetation sensitivity to climatic variation.- 8. Conclusions and next steps.- Appendices.- Appendix A. Description of the plant types.- Appendix B. Predicted vegetation at selected representative and well-known sites.- Appendix C. Predicted vegetation at the validation sites.- Appendix D. Actual vegetation at the validation sites.- Appendix E. The macroclimatic data-base.- Appendix F. The processing and mapping programs.- References.",
    openalex = "W2123743885"
}

@article{openalexw2184001384,
    author = "Mazid, M.S. and Khan, Taqi Ahmed and Mohammad, Firoz",
    title = "Role of secondary metabolites in defense mechanisms of plants",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Biology and medicine",
    abstract = "In all natural habitats, plants are surrounded by an enormous number of potential enemies (biotic) and various kinds of abiotic environmental stress. Nearly all ecosystems contain a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, mites, insects, mammals and other herbivorous animals, greatly responsible for heavy reduction in crop productivity. By their nature, plants protect themselves by producing some compounds called as secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites, including terpenes, phenolics and nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) containing compounds, defend plants against a variety of herbivores and pathogenic microorganisms as well as various kinds of abiotic stresses. This review presents an overview about some of the mechanisms by which plants protect themselves against herbivory, pathogenic microbes and various abiotic stresses as well as specific plant responses to pathogen attack, the genetic control of host-pathogen interactions.",
    openalex = "W2184001384",
    references = "doi10108007352689991309405"
}

@article{doi101071bt12225,
    author = "Harguindeguy, Natalia Pérez and Dı́az, Sandra and Garnier, Éric and Lavorel, Sandra and Poorter, Hendrik and Jaureguiberry, Pedro and Bret‐Harte, M. Syndonia and Cornwell, William K. and Craine, Joseph M. and Gurvich, Diego E. and Urcelay, Carlos and Veneklaas, Erik J. and Reich, Peter B. and Poorter, Lourens and Wright, Ian J. and Ray, Peter M. and Enrico, Lucas and Pausas, Juli G. and de Vos, Arjen C. and Buchmann, Nina and Funes, Guillermo and Quétier, Fabien and Hodgson, John and Thompson, K. and Morgan, Huw D. and ter Steege, Hans and van der Heijden, Marcel G. A. and Sack, Lawren and Blonder, B. and Poschlod, Peter and Vaieretti, María V. and Conti, Georgina and Staver, A. Carla and Aquino, Sâmia and Cornelissen, J. H. C.",
    title = "New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Australian Journal of Botany",
    abstract = "Plant functional traits are the features (morphological, physiological, phenological) that represent ecological strategies and determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels and influence ecosystem properties. Variation in plant functional traits, and trait syndromes, has proven useful for tackling many important ecological questions at a range of scales, giving rise to a demand for standardised ways to measure ecologically meaningful plant traits. This line of research has been among the most fruitful avenues for understanding ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes. It also has the potential both to build a predictive set of local, regional and global relationships between plants and environment and to quantify a wide range of natural and human-driven processes, including changes in biodiversity, the impacts of species invasions, alterations in biogeochemical processes and vegetation–atmosphere interactions. The importance of these topics dictates the urgent need for more and better data, and increases the value of standardised protocols for quantifying trait variation of different species, in particular for traits with power to predict plant- and ecosystem-level processes, and for traits that can be measured relatively easily. Updated and expanded from the widely used previous version, this handbook retains the focus on clearly presented, widely applicable, step-by-step recipes, with a minimum of text on theory, and not only includes updated methods for the traits previously covered, but also introduces many new protocols for further traits. This new handbook has a better balance between whole-plant traits, leaf traits, root and stem traits and regenerative traits, and puts particular emphasis on traits important for predicting species’ effects on key ecosystem properties. We hope this new handbook becomes a standard companion in local and global efforts to learn about the responses and impacts of different plant species with respect to environmental changes in the present, past and future.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1071/bt12225",
    doi = "10.1071/bt12225",
    openalex = "W2101020813",
    references = "doi101006anbo20001261, doi101007s004420050100x, doi1010160031942281851345, doi101016b9780124735422x50007, doi101016jtree200602002, doi101023a1004327224729, doi10103835012241, doi101038nature02403, doi101038nature11148, doi101098rspb20081919, doi101104pp107101352, doi101111j00301299200715559x, doi101111j13652486201102451x, doi101111j14610248200801219x, doi101111j14610248200901285x, doi101111j14610248200901314x, doi101111j14610248200901410x, doi101146annurevecolsys33010802150452, doi101146annurevpp40060189002443, doi1023073241344, doi105860choice324498, openalexw1573494572, openalexw2058502945, openalexw2764433274, openalexw569951484"
}

@article{doi1011111365243512081,
    author = "Craine, Joseph M. and Dybzinski, Ray",
    title = "Mechanisms of plant competition for nutrients, water and light",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Functional Ecology",
    abstract = "Summary Competition for resources has long been considered a prevalent force in structuring plant communities and natural selection, yet our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie resource competition is still developing. The complexity of resource competition is derived not only from the variability of resource limitation in space and time and among species, but also from the complexity of the resources themselves. Nutrients, water and light each differ in their properties, which generates unique ways that plants compete for these resources. Here, we discuss the roles of supply pre‐emption and availability reduction in competition for the three resources when supplied evenly in space and time. Plants compete for nutrients by pre‐empting nutrient supplies from coming into contact with neighbours, which requires maximizing root length. Although water is also a soil resource, competition for water is generally considered to occur by availability reduction, favouring plants that can withstand the lowest water potential. Because light is supplied from above plants, individuals that situate their leaves above those of neighbours benefit directly from increased photosynthetic rates and indirectly by reducing the growth of those neighbours via shade. In communities where juveniles recruit in the shade of adults, traits of the most competitive species are biased towards those that confer greater survivorship and growth at the juvenile stage, even if those traits come at the expense of adult performance. Understanding the mechanisms of competition also reveals how competition has influenced the evolution of plant species. For example, nutrient competition has selected for plants to maintain higher root length and light competition plants that are taller, with deeper, flatter canopies than would be optimal in the absence of competition. In all, while more research is needed on competition for heterogeneous resource supplies as well as for water, understanding the mechanisms of competition increases the predictability of interspecific interactions and reveals how competition has altered the evolution of plants.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12081",
    doi = "10.1111/1365-2435.12081",
    openalex = "W1965066646",
    references = "doi101126science1169640"
}

@article{doi1011111365274512054,
    author = "van der Putten, Wim H. and Bardgett, Richard D. and Bever, James D. and Bezemer, Т. Martijn and Casper, Brenda B. and Fukami, Tadashi and Kardol, Paul and Klironomos, John N. and Kulmatiski, Andrew and Schweitzer, Jennifer A. and Suding, Katharine N. and van de Voorde, Tess F. J. and Wardle, David A.",
    title = "Plant–soil feedbacks: the past, the present and future challenges",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Journal of Ecology",
    abstract = "Summary Plant–soil feedbacks is becoming an important concept for explaining vegetation dynamics, the invasiveness of introduced exotic species in new habitats and how terrestrial ecosystems respond to global land use and climate change. Using a new conceptual model, we show how critical alterations in plant–soil feedback interactions can change the assemblage of plant communities. We highlight recent advances, define terms and identify future challenges in this area of research and discuss how variations in strengths and directions of plant–soil feedbacks can explain succession, invasion, response to climate warming and diversity‐productivity relationships. While there has been a rapid increase in understanding the biological, chemical and physical mechanisms and their interdependencies underlying plant–soil feedback interactions, further progress is to be expected from applying new experimental techniques and technologies, linking empirical studies to modelling and field‐based studies that can include plant–soil feedback interactions on longer time scales that also include long‐term processes such as litter decomposition and mineralization. Significant progress has also been made in analysing consequences of plant–soil feedbacks for biodiversity‐functioning relationships, plant fitness and selection. To further integrate plant–soil feedbacks into ecological theory, it will be important to determine where and how observed patterns may be generalized, and how they may influence evolution. Synthesis. Gaining a greater understanding of plant–soil feedbacks and underlying mechanisms is improving our ability to predict consequences of these interactions for plant community composition and productivity under a variety of conditions. Future research will enable better prediction and mitigation of the consequences of human‐induced global changes, improve efforts of restoration and conservation and promote sustainable provision of ecosystem services in a rapidly changing world.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12054",
    doi = "10.1111/1365-2745.12054",
    openalex = "W2076471462",
    references = "doi101038nrg1877, doi101111j13652745200501017x, doi1018900012965820030840559caegac20co2, doi1023072937039, doi1023072960528"
}

@article{doi103389fpls201300140,
    author = "Pedersen, Ole and Colmer, Timothy D. and Sand‐Jensen, Kaj",
    title = "Underwater Photosynthesis of Submerged Plants – Recent Advances and Methods",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Frontiers in Plant Science",
    abstract = "We describe the general background and the recent advances in research on underwater photosynthesis of leaf segments, whole communities, and plant dominated aquatic ecosystems and present contemporary methods tailor made to quantify photosynthesis and carbon fixation under water. The majority of studies of aquatic photosynthesis have been carried out with detached leaves or thalli and this selectiveness influences the perception of the regulation of aquatic photosynthesis. We thus recommend assessing the influence of inorganic carbon and temperature on natural aquatic communities of variable density in addition to studying detached leaves in the scenarios of rising CO2 and temperature. Moreover, a growing number of researchers are interested in tolerance of terrestrial plants during flooding as torrential rains sometimes result in overland floods that inundate terrestrial plants. We propose to undertake studies to elucidate the importance of leaf acclimation of terrestrial plants to facilitate gas exchange and light utilization under water as these acclimations influence underwater photosynthesis as well as internal aeration of plant tissues during submergence.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00140",
    doi = "10.3389/fpls.2013.00140",
    openalex = "W2167619298",
    references = "doi101046j13652427199700183x"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20133330,
    author = "Aronson, Myla F. J. and Sorte, Frank A. La and Nilon, Charles H. and Katti, Madhusudan and Goddard, Mark A. and Lepczyk, Christopher A. and Warren, Paige S. and Williams, Nicholas S. G. and Cilliers, Sarel S. and Clarkson, Bruce D. and Dobbs, Cynnamon and Dolan, Rebecca W. and Hedblom, Marcus and Klotz, Stefan and Kooijmans, Jip Louwe and Kühn, Ingolf and MacGregor‐Fors, Ian and McDonnell, Mark J. and Mörtberg, Ulla and Pyšek, Petr and Siebert, Stefan J. and Sushinsky, Jessica R. and Werner, P. and Winter, Marten",
    title = "A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Urbanization contributes to the loss of the world's biodiversity and the homogenization of its biota. However, comparative studies of urban biodiversity leading to robust generalities of the status and drivers of biodiversity in cities at the global scale are lacking. Here, we compiled the largest global dataset to date of two diverse taxa in cities: birds (54 cities) and plants (110 cities). We found that the majority of urban bird and plant species are native in the world's cities. Few plants and birds are cosmopolitan, the most common being Columba livia and Poa annua. The density of bird and plant species (the number of species per km(2)) has declined substantially: only 8\% of native bird and 25\% of native plant species are currently present compared with estimates of non-urban density of species. The current density of species in cities and the loss in density of species was best explained by anthropogenic features (landcover, city age) rather than by non-anthropogenic factors (geography, climate, topography). As urbanization continues to expand, efforts directed towards the conservation of intact vegetation within urban landscapes could support higher concentrations of both bird and plant species. Despite declines in the density of species, cities still retain endemic native species, thus providing opportunities for regional and global biodiversity conservation, restoration and education.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3330",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2013.3330",
    openalex = "W2122058323",
    references = "doi10103835012228, doi101073pnas0608361104, doi101111j1466822x200600212x"
}

@article{doi1011111365274512211,
    author = "Reich, Peter B.",
    title = "The world‐wide ‘fast–slow’ plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Ecology",
    abstract = "Summary The leaf economics spectrum (LES) provides a useful framework for examining species strategies as shaped by their evolutionary history. However, that spectrum, as originally described, involved only two key resources (carbon and nutrients) and one of three economically important plant organs. Herein, I evaluate whether the economics spectrum idea can be broadly extended to water – the third key resource –stems, roots and entire plants and to individual, community and ecosystem scales. My overarching hypothesis is that strong selection along trait trade‐off axes, in tandem with biophysical constraints, results in convergence for any taxon on a uniformly fast, medium or slow strategy (i.e. rates of resource acquisition and processing) for all organs and all resources. Evidence for economic trait spectra exists for stems and roots as well as leaves, and for traits related to water as well as carbon and nutrients. These apply generally within and across scales (within and across communities, climate zones, biomes and lineages). There are linkages across organs and coupling among resources, resulting in an integrated whole‐plant economics spectrum. Species capable of moving water rapidly have low tissue density, short tissue life span and high rates of resource acquisition and flux at organ and individual scales. The reverse is true for species with the slow strategy. Different traits may be important in different conditions, but as being fast in one respect generally requires being fast in others, being fast or slow is a general feature of species. Economic traits influence performance and fitness consistent with trait‐based theory about underlying adaptive mechanisms. Traits help explain differences in growth and survival across resource gradients and thus help explain the distribution of species and the assembly of communities across light, water and nutrient gradients. Traits scale up – fast traits are associated with faster rates of ecosystem processes such as decomposition or primary productivity, and slow traits with slow process rates. Synthesis. Traits matter. A single ‘fast–slow’ plant economics spectrum that integrates across leaves, stems and roots is a key feature of the plant universe and helps to explain individual ecological strategies, community assembly processes and the functioning of ecosystems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12211",
    doi = "10.1111/1365-2745.12211",
    openalex = "W2127928904",
    references = "doi101023a1004327224729, doi101038nature02403, doi101046j13652435200200664x, doi101046j13652745199800306x, doi101086283244, doi101098rspb20081919, doi101104pp107101352, doi101111j00301299200715559x, doi101111j109583121989tb00492x, doi101111j13652486201102451x, doi101111j14610248200801219x, doi101111j14610248200901285x, doi101111j14610248200901314x, doi101111j14610248200901410x, doi101146annureves11110180001313, doi1018900012965819970781958cafasa20co2, doi1023072259756, doi1023074549, doi1034172009143, openalexw1564371012, openalexw2097450069, openalexw2169917233"
}

@article{doi101111mpp12190,
    author = "Kamoun, Sophien and Furzer, Oliver J. and Jones, Jonathan D. G. and Judelson, Howard S. and Ali, Gul Shad and Dalio, Ronaldo J. D. and Roy, Sanjoy Guha and Schena, Leonardo and Zambounis, Antonios and Panabières, Franck and Cahill, David M. and Ruocco, Michelina and Figueiredo, Andreia and Chen, Xiao‐Ren and Hulvey, Jon and Stam, Remco and Lamour, Kurt and Gijzen, Mark and Tyler, Brett M. and Grünwald, Niklaus J. and Mukhtar, M. Shahid and Tomé, Daniel and Tör, Mahmut and den Ackerveken, Guido Van and McDowell, John M. and Daayf, Fouad and Fry, William E. and Lindqvist‐Kreuze, Hannele and Meijer, H.J.G. and Pêtre, Benjamin and Ristaino, Jean B. and Yoshida, Kentaro and Birch, Paul R. J. and Govers, Francine",
    title = "The Top 10 oomycete pathogens in molecular plant pathology",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Molecular Plant Pathology",
    abstract = "Oomycetes form a deep lineage of eukaryotic organisms that includes a large number of plant pathogens which threaten natural and managed ecosystems. We undertook a survey to query the community for their ranking of plant-pathogenic oomycete species based on scientific and economic importance. In total, we received 263 votes from 62 scientists in 15 countries for a total of 33 species. The Top 10 species and their ranking are: (1) Phytophthora infestans; (2, tied) Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis; (2, tied) Phytophthora ramorum; (4) Phytophthora sojae; (5) Phytophthora capsici; (6) Plasmopara viticola; (7) Phytophthora cinnamomi; (8, tied) Phytophthora parasitica; (8, tied) Pythium ultimum; and (10) Albugo candida. This article provides an introduction to these 10 taxa and a snapshot of current research. We hope that the list will serve as a benchmark for future trends in oomycete research.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12190",
    doi = "10.1111/mpp.12190",
    openalex = "W2131002525"
}

@article{doi101111nph12959,
    author = "Austin, Amy T. and Vivanco, Lucía and González‐Arzac, Adelia and Pérez, Luis I.",
    title = "There's no place like home? An exploration of the mechanisms behind plant litter–decomposer affinity in terrestrial ecosystems",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "New Phytologist",
    abstract = "Litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems is an important first step for carbon and nutrient cycling, as senescent plant material is degraded and consequently incorporated, along with microbial products, into soil organic matter. The identification of litter affinity effects, whereby decomposition is accelerated in its home environment (home-field advantage, HFA), highlights the importance of plant-soil interactions that have consequences for biogeochemical cycling. While not universal, these affinity effects have been identified in a range of ecosystems, particularly in forests without disturbance. The optimization of the local decomposer community to degrade a particular combination of litter traits is the most oft-cited explanation for HFA effects, but the ways in which this specialized community can develop are only beginning to be understood. We explore ways in which HFA, or more broadly litter affinity effects, could arise in terrestrial ecosystems. Plant-herbivore interactions, microbial symbiosis, legacies from phyllosphere communities and attractors of specific soil fauna could contribute to spatially defined affinity effects for litter decomposition. Pyrosequencing soil communities and functional linkages of soil fauna provide great promise in advancing our mechanistic understanding of these interactions, and could lead to a greater appreciation of the role of litter-decomposer affinity in the maintenance of soil functional diversity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12959",
    doi = "10.1111/nph.12959",
    openalex = "W2027623120",
    references = "doi101111j14698137200902927x"
}

@article{doi101111nph13203,
    author = "Laliberté, Étienne and Lambers, Hans and Burgess, Treena I. and Wright‬, S. Joseph",
    title = "Phosphorus limitation, soil‐borne pathogens and the coexistence of plant species in hyperdiverse forests and shrublands",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "New Phytologist",
    abstract = "Hyperdiverse forests occur in the lowland tropics, whereas the most species-rich shrublands are found in regions such as south-western Australia (kwongan) and South Africa (fynbos). Despite large differences, these ecosystems share an important characteristic: their soils are strongly weathered and phosphorus (P) is a key growth-limiting nutrient. Soil-borne pathogens are increasingly being recognized as drivers of plant diversity in lowland tropical rainforests, but have received little attention in species-rich shrublands. We suggest a trade-off in which the species most proficient at acquiring P have ephemeral roots that are particularly susceptible to soil-borne pathogens. This could equalize out the differences in competitive ability among co-occurring species in these ecosystems, thus contributing to coexistence. Moreover, effective protection against soil-borne pathogens by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi might explain the occurrence of monodominant stands of ECM trees and shrubs amongst otherwise species-rich communities. We identify gaps in our knowledge which need to be filled in order to evaluate a possible link between P limitation, fine root traits, soil-borne pathogens and local plant species diversity. Such a link may help to explain how numerous plant species can coexist in hyperdiverse rainforests and shrublands, and, conversely, how monodominant stands can develop in these ecosystems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13203",
    doi = "10.1111/nph.13203",
    openalex = "W2157559274",
    references = "doi101007bf00002772, doi1010160016706176900665, doi101016b9780123705266x50016, doi101071bt06019, doi101086282687, doi101086318629, doi101086417659, doi1011111365274512211, doi101111j14610248200701113x, doi101126science2304728895, doi101146annurevecolsys311343, doi105860choice260924"
}

@article{doi103389fpls201400501,
    author = "Gioria, Margherita and Osborne, Bruce",
    title = "Resource competition in plant invasions: emerging patterns and research needs",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Frontiers in Plant Science",
    abstract = "Invasions by alien plants provide a unique opportunity to examine competitive interactions among plants. While resource competition has long been regarded as a major mechanism responsible for successful invasions, given a well-known capacity for many invaders to become dominant and reduce plant diversity in the invaded communities, few studies have measured resource competition directly or have assessed its importance relative to that of other mechanisms, at different stages of an invasion process. Here, we review evidence comparing the competitive ability of invasive species vs. that of co-occurring native plants, along a range of environmental gradients, showing that many invasive species have a superior competitive ability over native species, although invasive congeners are not necessarily competitively superior over native congeners, nor are alien dominants are better competitors than native dominants. We discuss how the outcomes of competition depend on a number of factors, such as the heterogeneous distribution of resources, the stage of the invasion process, as well as phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation, which may result in increased or decreased competitive ability in both invasive and native species. Competitive advantages of invasive species over natives are often transient and only important at the early stages of an invasion process. It remains unclear how important resource competition is relative to other mechanisms (competition avoidance via phenological differences, niche differentiation in space associated with phylogenetic distance, recruitment and dispersal limitation, indirect competition, and allelopathy). Finally, we identify the conceptual and methodological issues characterizing competition studies in plant invasions, and we discuss future research needs, including examination of resource competition dynamics and the impact of global environmental change on competitive interactions between invasive and native species.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00501",
    doi = "10.3389/fpls.2014.00501",
    openalex = "W2001790803",
    references = "doi101007bf02857949, doi101023a1026208327014, doi101111j14698137200702207x, doi101126science1121407"
}

@article{doi101016jtplants201510014,
    author = "Tollenaere, Charlotte and Susi, Hanna and Laine, Anna‐Liisa",
    title = "Evolutionary and Epidemiological Implications of Multiple Infection in Plants",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Trends in Plant Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.014",
    doi = "10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.014",
    openalex = "W2185565115",
    references = "doi101111j14698137200902927x"
}

@article{doi101038nplants201550,
    author = "Zemunik, Graham and Turner, Benjamin L. and Lambers, Hans and Laliberté, Étienne",
    title = "Diversity of plant nutrient-acquisition strategies increases during long-term ecosystem development",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Nature Plants",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2015.50",
    doi = "10.1038/nplants.2015.50",
    openalex = "W2332866159",
    references = "doi101111nph13203"
}

@article{doi101080155837242014971124,
    author = "Ramamoorthy, Sunil Kumar and Skrifvars, Mikael and Persson, Anders",
    title = "A Review of Natural Fibers Used in Biocomposites: Plant, Animal and Regenerated Cellulose Fibers",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Polymer Reviews",
    abstract = "Natural fibers today are a popular choice for applications in composite manufacturing. Based on the sustainability benefits, biofibers such as plant fibers are replacing synthetic fibers in composites. These fibers are used to manufacture several biocomposites. The chemical composition and properties of each of the fibers changes, which demands the detailed comparison of these fibers. The reinforcement potential of natural fibers and their properties have been described in numerous papers. Today, high performance biocomposites are produced from several years of research. Plant fibers, particularly bast and leaf, find applications in automotive industries. While most of the other fibers are explored in lab scales they have not yet found large-scale commercial applications. It is necessary to also consider other fibers such as ones made from seed (coir) and animals (chicken feather) as they are secondary or made from waste products. Few plant fibers such as bast fibers are often reviewed briefly but other plant and animal fibers are not discussed in detail. This review paper discusses all the six types of plant fibers such as bast, leaf, seed, straw, grass, and wood, together with animal fibers and regenerated cellulose fibers. Additionally, the review considers developments dealing with natural fibers and their composites. The fiber source, extraction, availability, type, composition, and mechanical properties are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of using each biofiber are discussed. Three fabric architectures such as nonwoven, woven and knitted have been briefly discussed. Finally, the paper presents the overview of the results from the composites made from each fiber with suitable references for in-depth studies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2014.971124",
    doi = "10.1080/15583724.2014.971124",
    openalex = "W1998803072",
    references = "openalexw2777527484"
}

@article{doi101111ele12508,
    author = "Siefert, Andrew and Violle, Cyrille and Chalmandrier, Loïc and Albert, Cécile H. and Taudiere, Adrien and Fajardo, Alex and Aarssen, Lonnie W. and Baraloto, Christopher and Carlucci, Marcos B. and Cianciaruso, Marcus V. and de L. Dantas, Vinícius and de Bello, Francesco and Duarte, Leandro D. S. and Fonseca, Carlos R. and Freschet, Grégoire T. and Gaucherand, Stéphanie and Gross, Nicolas and Hikosaka, Kouki and Jackson, Benjamin and Jung, Vincent and Kamiyama, Chiho and Katabuchi, Masatoshi and Kembel, Steven W. and Kichenin, Emilie and Kraft, Nathan J. B. and Lagerström, Anna and Bagousse‐Pinguet, Yoann Le and Li, Yuanzhi and Mason, Norman and Messier, Julie and Nakashizuka, Tohru and Overton, Jacob McC. and Peltzer, Duane A. and Pérez‐Ramos, I. M. and Pillar, Valério D. and Prentice, Honor C. and Richardson, Sarah and Sasaki, Takehiro and Schamp, Brandon S. and Schöb, Christian and Shipley, Bill and Sundqvist, Maja and Sykes, Martin T. and Vandewalle, Marie and Wardle, David A.",
    title = "A global meta‐analysis of the relative extent of intraspecific trait variation in plant communities",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Ecology Letters",
    abstract = "Recent studies have shown that accounting for intraspecific trait variation (ITV) may better address major questions in community ecology. However, a general picture of the relative extent of ITV compared to interspecific trait variation in plant communities is still missing. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of the relative extent of ITV within and among plant communities worldwide, using a data set encompassing 629 communities (plots) and 36 functional traits. Overall, ITV accounted for 25\% of the total trait variation within communities and 32\% of the total trait variation among communities on average. The relative extent of ITV tended to be greater for whole-plant (e.g. plant height) vs. organ-level traits and for leaf chemical (e.g. leaf N and P concentration) vs. leaf morphological (e.g. leaf area and thickness) traits. The relative amount of ITV decreased with increasing species richness and spatial extent, but did not vary with plant growth form or climate. These results highlight global patterns in the relative importance of ITV in plant communities, providing practical guidelines for when researchers should include ITV in trait-based community and ecosystem studies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12508",
    doi = "10.1111/ele.12508",
    openalex = "W2124019912",
    references = "doi101038nrg1877, doi101071bt12225, doi1011111365274512211, doi101146annurevecolsys102209144628"
}

@article{doi101111nph13312,
    author = "Vandenkoornhuyse, Philippe and Quaiser, Achim and Duhamel, Marie and Van, Amandine Lê and Dufresne, Alexis",
    title = "The importance of the microbiome of the plant holobiont",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "New Phytologist",
    abstract = "Plants can no longer be considered as standalone entities and a more holistic perception is needed. Indeed, plants harbor a wide diversity of microorganisms both inside and outside their tissues, in the endosphere and ectosphere, respectively. These microorganisms, which mostly belong to Bacteria and Fungi, are involved in major functions such as plant nutrition and plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Hence, the microbiota impact plant growth and survival, two key components of fitness. Plant fitness is therefore a consequence of the plant per se and its microbiota, which collectively form a holobiont. Complementary to the reductionist perception of evolutionary pressures acting on plant or symbiotic compartments, the plant holobiont concept requires a novel perception of evolution. The interlinkages between the plant holobiont components are explored here in the light of current ecological and evolutionary theories. Microbiome complexity and the rules of microbiotic community assemblage are not yet fully understood. It is suggested that the plant can modulate its microbiota to dynamically adjust to its environment. To better understand the level of plant dependence on the microbiotic components, the core microbiota need to be determined at different hierarchical scales of ecology while pan-microbiome analyses would improve characterization of the functions displayed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13312",
    doi = "10.1111/nph.13312",
    openalex = "W2082376470",
    references = "doi101016b9780123705266x50016, doi101016jtplants201204001, doi101086383541, doi101146annurevarplant050312120106, doi101146annurevcellbio092910154055, doi1023072259756"
}

@article{doi101093bioscibiw146,
    author = "Burgess, Treena I. and Wingfield, Michael J.",
    title = "Pathogens on the Move: A 100-Year Global Experiment with Planted Eucalypts",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "BioScience",
    abstract = "Co-evolved plant pathogens play an important role in shaping natural ecosystems. However, plants used in agriculture and forestry have been distributed globally, and their associated pathogens have moved with them. Eucalypts constitute the largest component of global hardwood plantations, and they are increasingly plagued by numerous pathogens, all of which are inconsequential in the native forests. Eucalypts provide a particularly interesting model to study tree diseases because plantations have been established in countries where these trees are exotic but also in Australia adjacent to native eucalypt forests. These situations present opportunities for pathogen movement between the two systems. We present seven different scenarios considering pathogen movement, important disease epidemics, and biosecurity risks, illustrated with examples of well-known eucalypt pathogens and research largely from our laboratories. The overview shows that vigilant biosecurity is required to protect the biodiversity of native forests and the sustainability of eucalypt plantations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw146",
    doi = "10.1093/biosci/biw146",
    openalex = "W2559909861",
    references = "doi101111gcb13492"
}

@article{doi1011111365243512657,
    author = "van der Putten, Wim H. and Bradford, Mark A. and Brinkman, E. Pernilla and van de Voorde, Tess F. J. and Veen, G. F.",
    title = "Where, when and how plant–soil feedback matters in a changing world",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Functional Ecology",
    abstract = "Summary It is increasingly acknowledged that plant–soil feedbacks may play an important role in driving the composition of plant communities and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the mechanistic understanding of plant–soil feedbacks, as well as their roles in natural ecosystems in proportion to other possible drivers, is still in its infancy. Such knowledge will enhance our capacity to determine the contribution of plant–soil feedback to community and ecosystem responses under global environmental change. Here, we review how plant–soil feedbacks may develop under extreme drought and precipitation events, CO 2 and nitrogen enrichment, temperature increase, land use change and plant species loss vs. gain. We present a framework for opening the ‘black box of soil’ considering the responses of the various biotic components (enemies, symbionts and decomposers) of plant–soil feedback to the global environmental changes, and we discuss how to integrate these components to understand and predict the net effects of plant–soil feedbacks under the various scenarios of change. To gain an understanding of how plant–soil feedback plays out in realistic settings, we also use the framework to discuss its interaction with other drivers of plant community composition, including competition, facilitation, herbivory, and soil physical and chemical properties. We conclude that understanding the role that plant–soil feedback plays in shaping the responses of plant community composition and ecosystem processes to global environmental changes requires unravelling the individual contributions of enemies, symbionts and decomposers. These biotic factors may show different response rates and strengths, thereby resulting in different net magnitudes and directions of plant–soil feedbacks under various scenarios of global change. We also need tests of plant–soil feedback under more realistic conditions to determine its contribution to changes in patterns and processes in the field, both at ecologically and evolutionary relevant time‐scales.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12657",
    doi = "10.1111/1365-2435.12657",
    openalex = "W2315870915",
    references = "doi101111j13652745200901566x, doi101111nph13203, doi101890es15002171"
}

@article{doi1011111365274512562,
    author = "Kramer-Walter, K. and Bellingham, Peter J. and Millar, Timothy R. and Smissen, Rob D. and Richardson, Sarah J. and Laughlin, Daniel C.",
    title = "Root traits are multidimensional: specific root length is independent from root tissue density and the plant economic spectrum",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Journal of Ecology",
    abstract = "Summary Root, stem and leaf traits are thought to be functionally coordinated to maximize the efficiency of acquiring and using limited resources. However, evidence is mixed for consistent whole‐plant trait coordination among woody plants, and we lack a clear understanding of the adaptive value of root traits along soil resource gradients. If fine roots are the below‐ground analogue to leaves, then low specific root length (SRL) and high tissue density should be common on infertile soil. Here, we test the prediction that root, stem and leaf traits and relative growth rate respond in unison with soil fertility gradients. We measured fine root, stem and leaf traits and relative growth rate on individual seedlings of 66 tree species grown in controlled conditions. Our objectives were (i) to determine whether multiple root traits align with growth rate, leaf and stem traits and with each other and (ii) to quantify the relationships between community‐weighted mean root traits and two strong soil fertility gradients that differed in spatial extent and community composition. At the species level, fast growth rates were associated with low root and stem tissue density and high specific leaf area. SRL and root diameter were not clearly related to growth rate and loaded on a separate principal component from the plant economic spectrum. At the community level, growth rate was positively related to soil fertility, and root tissue density (RTD) and branching were negatively related to soil fertility. SRL was negatively related and root diameter was positively related to soil fertility on the large‐scale gradient that included ectomycorrhizal angiosperms. Synthesis. Root, stem and leaf tissue traits of tree seedlings are coordinated and influence fitness along soil fertility gradients. RTD responds in unison with above‐ground traits to soil fertility gradients; however, root traits are multidimensional because SRL is orthogonal to the plant economic spectrum. In contrast to leaves, trees are not constrained in the way they construct fine roots: plants can construct high or low SRL roots of any tissue density. High RTD is the most consistent below‐ground trait that reflects adaptation to infertile soil.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12562",
    doi = "10.1111/1365-2745.12562",
    openalex = "W2284861330",
    references = "doi101111j2041210x201100153x, doi101111nph13203"
}

@article{doi101111boj12385,
    author = "Group, The Angiosperm Phylogeny",
    title = "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "© 2016 The Linnean Society of London. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification of the orders and families of angiosperms is presented. Several new orders are recognized: Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusiales and Vahliales. This brings the total number of orders and families recognized in the APG system to 64 and 416, respectively. We propose two additional informal major clades, superrosids and superasterids, that each comprise the additional orders that are included in the larger clades dominated by the rosids and asterids. Families that made up potentially monofamilial orders, Dasypogonaceae and Sabiaceae, are instead referred to Arecales and Proteales, respectively. Two parasitic families formerly of uncertain positions are now placed: Cynomoriaceae in Saxifragales and Apodanthaceae in Cucurbitales. Although there is evidence that some families recognized in APG III are not monophyletic, we make no changes in Dioscoreales and Santalales relative to APG III and leave some genera in Lamiales unplaced (e.g. Peltanthera). These changes in familial circumscription and recognition have all resulted from new results published since APG III, except for some changes simply due to nomenclatural issues, which include substituting Asphodelaceae for Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asparagales) and Francoaceae for Melianthaceae (Geraniales); however, in Francoaceae we also include Bersamaceae, Ledocarpaceae, Rhynchothecaceae and Vivianiaceae. Other changes to family limits are not drastic or numerous and are mostly focused on some members of the lamiids, especially the former Icacinaceae that have long been problematic with several genera moved to the formerly monogeneric Metteniusaceae, but minor changes in circumscription include Aristolochiaceae (now including Lactoridaceae and Hydnoraceae; Aristolochiales), Maundiaceae (removed from Juncaginaceae; Alismatales), Restionaceae (now re-including Anarthriaceae and Centrolepidaceae; Poales), Buxaceae (now including Haptanthaceae; Buxales), Peraceae (split from Euphorbiaceae; Malpighiales), recognition of Petenaeaceae (Huerteales), Kewaceae, Limeaceae, Macarthuriaceae and Microteaceae (all Caryophyllales), Petiveriaceae split from Phytolaccaceae (Caryophyllales), changes to the generic composition of Ixonanthaceae and Irvingiaceae (with transfer of Allantospermum from the former to the latter; Malpighiales), transfer of Pakaraimaea (formerly Dipterocarpaceae) to Cistaceae (Malvales), transfer of Borthwickia, Forchhammeria, Stixis and Tirania (formerly all Capparaceae) to Resedaceae (Brassicales), Nyssaceae split from Cornaceae (Cornales), Pteleocarpa moved to Gelsemiaceae (Gentianales), changes to the generic composition of Gesneriaceae (Sanango moved from Loganiaceae) and Orobanchaceae (now including Lindenbergiaceae and Rehmanniaceae) and recognition of Mazaceae distinct from Phrymaceae (all Lamiales).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385",
    doi = "10.1111/boj.12385",
    openalex = "W2166152751",
    references = "doi1010079783642143977, doi101046j109583392003t01100158x, doi101073pnas1323926111, doi101111j10958339200900996x, doi101111j109600311996tb00196x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi1023071222465, doi1023072399846, doi10230725065646, doi103732ajb0800047, openalexw3148514506, openalexw70084438"
}

@article{doi101111brv12275,
    author = "Funk, Jennifer L. and Larson, Julie E. and Ames, Gregory M. and Butterfield, Bradley J. and Cavender‐Bares, Jeannine and Firn, Jennifer and Laughlin, Daniel C. and Sutton‐Grier, Ariana E. and Williams, Laura and Wright, Justin P.",
    title = "Revisiting the H oly G rail: using plant functional traits to understand ecological processes",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "One of ecology's grand challenges is developing general rules to explain and predict highly complex systems. Understanding and predicting ecological processes from species' traits has been considered a 'Holy Grail' in ecology. Plant functional traits are increasingly being used to develop mechanistic models that can predict how ecological communities will respond to abiotic and biotic perturbations and how species will affect ecosystem function and services in a rapidly changing world; however, significant challenges remain. In this review, we highlight recent work and outstanding questions in three areas: (i) selecting relevant traits; (ii) describing intraspecific trait variation and incorporating this variation into models; and (iii) scaling trait data to community- and ecosystem-level processes. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in the characterization of plant strategies based on traits and trait relationships, and the integration of traits into multivariate indices and models of community and ecosystem function. However, the utility of trait-based approaches in ecology will benefit from efforts that demonstrate how these traits and indices influence organismal, community, and ecosystem processes across vegetation types, which may be achieved through meta-analysis and enhancement of trait databases. Additionally, intraspecific trait variation and species interactions need to be incorporated into predictive models using tools such as Bayesian hierarchical modelling. Finally, existing models linking traits to community and ecosystem processes need to be empirically tested for their applicability to be realized.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12275",
    doi = "10.1111/brv.12275",
    openalex = "W2345536912",
    references = "doi1010781433831900083, doi101098rspb20081919, doi1011111365274512211"
}

@article{doi101111gcb13492,
    author = "Burgess, Treena I. and Scott, J. K. and McDougall, Keith L. and Stukely, M. and Crane, C. E. and Dunstan, W. and Brigg, Frances and Andjic, Vera and White, Diane and Rudman, T. and Arentz, F. and Ota, Noboru and Hardy, G.E.St.J.",
    title = "Current and projected global distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi, one of the world's worst plant pathogens",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Global Change Biology",
    abstract = "Globally, Phytophthora cinnamomi is listed as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species and active management is required to reduce impact and prevent spread in both horticulture and natural ecosystems. Conversely, there are regions thought to be suitable for the pathogen where no disease is observed. We developed a climex model for the global distribution of P. cinnamomi based on the pathogen's response to temperature and moisture and by incorporating extensive empirical evidence on the presence and absence of the pathogen. The climex model captured areas of climatic suitability where P. cinnamomi occurs that is congruent with all available records. The model was validated by the collection of soil samples from asymptomatic vegetation in areas projected to be suitable by the model for which there were few records. DNA was extracted, and the presence or absence of P. cinnamomi was determined by high-throughput sequencing (HTS). While not detected using traditional isolation methods, HTS detected P. cinnamomi at higher elevations in eastern Australia and central Tasmania as projected by the climex model. Further support for the climex model was obtained using the large data set from south-west Australia where the proportion of positive records in an area is related to the Ecoclimatic Index value for the same area. We provide for the first time a comprehensive global map of the current P. cinnamomi distribution, an improved climex model of the distribution, and a projection to 2080 of the distribution with predicted climate change. This information provides the basis for more detailed regional-scale modelling and supports risk assessment for governments to plan management of this important soil-borne plant pathogen.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13492",
    doi = "10.1111/gcb.13492",
    openalex = "W2514385591",
    references = "doi101016s0261219497832206, doi101017cbo9781107415386, doi101038nclimate1783, doi101051forest19960217, doi101051forest2006040, doi101071bt06019, doi101071bt07159, doi101073pnas0700609104, doi101111j13653059200801886x, doi101111j14724642201000652x, doi101111j2041210x201100134x"
}

@article{doi101111nph14247,
    author = "Laliberté, Étienne",
    title = "Below‐ground frontiers in trait‐based plant ecology",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "New Phytologist",
    abstract = "Contents 1597 I. 1597 II. 1597 III. 1598 IV. 1598 V. 1600 VI. 1601 VII. 1601 VIII. 1601 1602 References 1602 SUMMARY: Trait-based approaches have led to significant advances in plant ecology, but are currently biased toward above-ground traits. It is becoming clear that a stronger emphasis on below-ground traits is needed to better predict future changes in plant biodiversity and their consequences for ecosystem functioning. Here I propose six 'below-ground frontiers' in trait-based plant ecology, with an emphasis on traits governing soil nutrient acquisition: redefining fine roots; quantifying root trait dimensionality; integrating mycorrhizas; broadening the suite of root traits; determining linkages between root traits and abiotic and biotic factors; and understanding ecosystem-level consequences of root traits. Focusing research efforts along these frontiers should help to fulfil the promise of trait-based ecology: enhanced predictive capacity across ecological scales.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14247",
    doi = "10.1111/nph.14247",
    openalex = "W2531475305",
    references = "doi101111nph13203"
}

@article{doi101371journalpbio1002352,
    author = "Agler, Matthew T. and Ruhe, Jonas and Kroll, Samuel and Morhenn, Constanze and Kim, Sang‐Tae and Weigel, Detlef and Kemen, Eric",
    title = "Microbial Hub Taxa Link Host and Abiotic Factors to Plant Microbiome Variation",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "PLoS Biology",
    abstract = {Plant-associated microorganisms have been shown to critically affect host physiology and performance, suggesting that evolution and ecology of plants and animals can only be understood in a holobiont (host and its associated organisms) context. Host-associated microbial community structures are affected by abiotic and host factors, and increased attention is given to the role of the microbiome in interactions such as pathogen inhibition. However, little is known about how these factors act on the microbial community, and especially what role microbe-microbe interaction dynamics play. We have begun to address this knowledge gap for phyllosphere microbiomes of plants by simultaneously studying three major groups of Arabidopsis thaliana symbionts (bacteria, fungi and oomycetes) using a systems biology approach. We evaluated multiple potential factors of microbial community control: we sampled various wild A. thaliana populations at different times, performed field plantings with different host genotypes, and implemented successive host colonization experiments under lab conditions where abiotic factors, host genotype, and pathogen colonization was manipulated. Our results indicate that both abiotic factors and host genotype interact to affect plant colonization by all three groups of microbes. Considering microbe-microbe interactions, however, uncovered a network of interkingdom interactions with significant contributions to community structure. As in other scale-free networks, a small number of taxa, which we call microbial "hubs," are strongly interconnected and have a severe effect on communities. By documenting these microbe-microbe interactions, we uncover an important mechanism explaining how abiotic factors and host genotypic signatures control microbial communities. In short, they act directly on "hub" microbes, which, via microbe-microbe interactions, transmit the effects to the microbial community. We analyzed two "hub" microbes (the obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogen Albugo and the basidiomycete yeast fungus Dioszegia) more closely. Albugo had strong effects on epiphytic and endophytic bacterial colonization. Specifically, alpha diversity decreased and beta diversity stabilized in the presence of Albugo infection, whereas they otherwise varied between plants. Dioszegia, on the other hand, provided evidence for direct hub interaction with phyllosphere bacteria. The identification of microbial "hubs" and their importance in phyllosphere microbiome structuring has crucial implications for plant-pathogen and microbe-microbe research and opens new entry points for ecosystem management and future targeted biocontrol. The revelation that effects can cascade through communities via "hub" microbes is important to understand community structure perturbations in parallel fields including human microbiomes and bioprocesses. In particular, parallels to human microbiome "keystone" pathogens and microbes open new avenues of interdisciplinary research that promise to better our understanding of functions of host-associated microbiomes.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002352",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pbio.1002352",
    openalex = "W2281227836",
    references = "doi101016jcell201409053, doi101016jphysrep200510009, doi10103823932, doi101038ismej20128, doi101038nature05286, doi101038nature11237, doi101038nri3785, doi101073pnas1218525110, doi101073pnas1414592112, doi101146annurevarplant050312120106, doi101146annurevphyto082712102340"
}

@incollection{doi101016bsabr201612001,
    author = "Latif, Sajid and Chiapusio, Geneviève and Weston, Leslie A.",
    title = "Allelopathy and the Role of Allelochemicals in Plant Defence",
    year = "2017",
    booktitle = "Advances in botanical research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.abr.2016.12.001",
    doi = "10.1016/bs.abr.2016.12.001",
    openalex = "W2588024733",
    references = "doi101017s0890037x00032371, doi1016140043174520020500138ipcfnf20co2"
}

@article{doi101016jtplants201701005,
    author = "Faucon, Michel‐Pierre and Houben, David and Lambers, Hans",
    title = "Plant Functional Traits: Soil and Ecosystem Services",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Trends in Plant Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.005",
    doi = "10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.005",
    openalex = "W2588568219",
    references = "doi101111nph13203"
}

@article{doi101111gcb13976,
    author = "Alexander, Jake M. and Chalmandrier, Loïc and Lenoir, Jonathan and Burgess, Treena I. and Essl, Franz and Haider, Sylvia and Kueffer, Christoph and McDougall, Keith L. and Milbau, Ann and Núñez, Martín A. and Pauchard, Aníbal and Rabitsch, Wolfgang and Rew, Lisa J. and Sanders, Nathan J. and Pellissier, Loïc",
    title = "Lags in the response of mountain plant communities to climate change",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Global Change Biology",
    abstract = {Rapid climatic changes and increasing human influence at high elevations around the world will have profound impacts on mountain biodiversity. However, forecasts from statistical models (e.g. species distribution models) rarely consider that plant community changes could substantially lag behind climatic changes, hindering our ability to make temporally realistic projections for the coming century. Indeed, the magnitudes of lags, and the relative importance of the different factors giving rise to them, remain poorly understood. We review evidence for three types of lag: "dispersal lags" affecting plant species' spread along elevational gradients, "establishment lags" following their arrival in recipient communities, and "extinction lags" of resident species. Variation in lags is explained by variation among species in physiological and demographic responses, by effects of altered biotic interactions, and by aspects of the physical environment. Of these, altered biotic interactions could contribute substantially to establishment and extinction lags, yet impacts of biotic interactions on range dynamics are poorly understood. We develop a mechanistic community model to illustrate how species turnover in future communities might lag behind simple expectations based on species' range shifts with unlimited dispersal. The model shows a combined contribution of altered biotic interactions and dispersal lags to plant community turnover along an elevational gradient following climate warming. Our review and simulation support the view that accounting for disequilibrium range dynamics will be essential for realistic forecasts of patterns of biodiversity under climate change, with implications for the conservation of mountain species and the ecosystem functions they provide.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13976",
    doi = "10.1111/gcb.13976",
    openalex = "W2767366136",
    references = "doi1010079783642189708, doi101038nature00812, doi101038nclimate2563, doi101071bt07159, doi101073pnas0409902102, doi101086283244, doi101111gcb13492, doi101111j1469185x201200235x, doi101126science1156831, doi101126science1206432, doi101146annurevecolsys311343, doi1018900617361, lenoir2017climatic"
}

@article{doi101111nph14488,
    author = "Hyatt‐Twynam, Samuel R. and Parnell, Stephen and Stutt, Richard O. J. H. and Gottwald, T. R. and Gilligan, Christopher A. and Cunniffe, Nik J.",
    title = "Risk‐based management of invading plant disease",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "New Phytologist",
    abstract = "Effective control of plant disease remains a key challenge. Eradication attempts often involve removal of host plants within a certain radius of detection, targeting asymptomatic infection. Here we develop and test potentially more effective, epidemiologically motivated, control strategies, using a mathematical model previously fitted to the spread of citrus canker in Florida. We test risk-based control, which preferentially removes hosts expected to cause a high number of infections in the remaining host population. Removals then depend on past patterns of pathogen spread and host removal, which might be nontransparent to affected stakeholders. This motivates a variable radius strategy, which approximates risk-based control via removal radii that vary by location, but which are fixed in advance of any epidemic. Risk-based control outperforms variable radius control, which in turn outperforms constant radius removal. This result is robust to changes in disease spread parameters and initial patterns of susceptible host plants. However, efficiency degrades if epidemiological parameters are incorrectly characterised. Risk-based control including additional epidemiology can be used to improve disease management, but it requires good prior knowledge for optimal performance. This focuses attention on gaining maximal information from past epidemics, on understanding model transferability between locations and on adaptive management strategies that change over time.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14488",
    doi = "10.1111/nph.14488",
    openalex = "W2599742035",
    references = "doi101073pnas1602153113"
}

@article{doi101126scienceaai8212,
    author = "Bennett, Jonathan and Maherali, Hafiz and Reinhart, Kurt O. and Lekberg, Ylva and Hart, Miranda M. and Klironomos, John N.",
    title = "Plant-soil feedbacks and mycorrhizal type influence temperate forest population dynamics",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Feedback with soil biota is an important determinant of terrestrial plant diversity. However, the factors regulating plant-soil feedback, which varies from positive to negative among plant species, remain uncertain. In a large-scale study involving 55 species and 550 populations of North American trees, the type of mycorrhizal association explained much of the variation in plant-soil feedbacks. In soil collected beneath conspecifics, arbuscular mycorrhizal trees experienced negative feedback, whereas ectomycorrhizal trees displayed positive feedback. Additionally, arbuscular mycorrhizal trees exhibited strong conspecific inhibition at multiple spatial scales, whereas ectomycorrhizal trees exhibited conspecific facilitation locally and less severe conspecific inhibition regionally. These results suggest that mycorrhizal type, through effects on plant-soil feedbacks, could be an important contributor to population regulation and community structure in temperate forests.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai8212",
    doi = "10.1126/science.aai8212",
    openalex = "W2577618845",
    references = "doi101038nature12872, doi101086284967, doi101111nph13203"
}

@article{doi101126scienceaai8291,
    author = "Teste, François P. and Kardol, Paul and Turner, Benjamin L. and Wardle, David A. and Zemunik, Graham and Renton, Michael and Laliberté, Étienne",
    title = "Plant-soil feedback and the maintenance of diversity in Mediterranean-climate shrublands",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Soil biota influence plant performance through plant-soil feedback, but it is unclear whether the strength of such feedback depends on plant traits and whether plant-soil feedback drives local plant diversity. We grew 16 co-occurring plant species with contrasting nutrient-acquisition strategies from hyperdiverse Australian shrublands and exposed them to soil biota from under their own or other plant species. Plant responses to soil biota varied according to their nutrient-acquisition strategy, including positive feedback for ectomycorrhizal plants and negative feedback for nitrogen-fixing and nonmycorrhizal plants. Simulations revealed that such strategy-dependent feedback is sufficient to maintain the high taxonomic and functional diversity characterizing these Mediterranean-climate shrublands. Our study identifies nutrient-acquisition strategy as a key trait explaining how different plant responses to soil biota promote local plant diversity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai8291",
    doi = "10.1126/science.aai8291",
    openalex = "W2578172153",
    references = "doi101086284967, doi101111nph13203"
}

@article{doi101146annurevphyto080516035334,
    author = "Parnell, Stephen and van den Bosch, Frank and Gottwald, T. R. and Gilligan, Christopher A.",
    title = "Surveillance to Inform Control of Emerging Plant Diseases: An Epidemiological Perspective",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Annual Review of Phytopathology",
    abstract = "The rise in emerging pathogens and strains has led to increased calls for more effective surveillance in plant health. We show how epidemiological insights about the dynamics of disease spread can improve the targeting of when and where to sample. We outline some relatively simple but powerful statistical approaches to inform surveillance and describe how they can be adapted to include epidemiological information. This enables us to address questions such as: Following the first report of an invading pathogen, what is the likely incidence of disease? If no cases of disease have been found, how certain can we be that the disease was not simply missed by chance? We illustrate the use of spatially explicit stochastic models to optimize targeting of surveillance and control resources. Finally, we discuss how modern detection and diagnostic technologies as well as information from passive surveillance networks (e.g., citizen science) can be integrated into surveillance strategies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035334",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035334",
    openalex = "W2584214915",
    references = "doi101073pnas1602153113"
}

@article{doi103159torreyd1600018,
    author = "Flinn, Kathryn M. and Kuhns, Hannah A. D. and Mikes, Jennifer L. and Lonsdorf, E. and Lake, J.",
    title = "Invasion and succession change the functional traits of serpentine plant communities1,3",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6292dbf1f873e51532369c0ae218cb2fcaa9b6b4",
    doi = "10.3159/TORREY-D-16-00018",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "2",
    pages = "109",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "8",
    semanticscholar_id = "6292dbf1f873e51532369c0ae218cb2fcaa9b6b4",
    volume = "144"
}

@article{doi101007s1065801815700,
    author = "Adams, Ian P. and Fox, Adrian and Boonham, Neil and Massart, Sébastien and Jonghe, Kris De",
    title = "The impact of high throughput sequencing on plant health diagnostics",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "European Journal of Plant Pathology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-1570-0",
    doi = "10.1007/s10658-018-1570-0",
    openalex = "W2890534901",
    references = "doi101073pnas1602153113"
}

@article{doi101111ele13093,
    author = "Lekberg, Ylva and Bever, James D. and Bunn, Rebecca A. and Callaway, Ragan M. and Hart, Miranda M. and Kivlin, Stephanie N. and Klironomos, John N. and Larkin, Beau and Maron, John L. and Reinhart, Kurt O. and Remke, Michael and van der Putten, Wim H.",
    title = "Relative importance of competition and plant–soil feedback, their synergy, context dependency and implications for coexistence",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Ecology Letters",
    abstract = "Plants interact simultaneously with each other and with soil biota, yet the relative importance of competition vs. plant-soil feedback (PSF) on plant performance is poorly understood. Using a meta-analysis of 38 published studies and 150 plant species, we show that effects of interspecific competition (either growing plants with a competitor or singly, or comparing inter- vs. intraspecific competition) and PSF (comparing home vs. away soil, live vs. sterile soil, or control vs. fungicide-treated soil) depended on treatments but were predominantly negative, broadly comparable in magnitude, and additive or synergistic. Stronger competitors experienced more negative PSF than weaker competitors when controlling for density (inter- to intraspecific competition), suggesting that PSF could prevent competitive dominance and promote coexistence. When competition was measured against plants growing singly, the strength of competition overwhelmed PSF, indicating that the relative importance of PSF may depend not only on neighbour identity but also density. We evaluate how competition and PSFs might interact across resource gradients; PSF will likely strengthen competitive interactions in high resource environments and enhance facilitative interactions in low-resource environments. Finally, we provide a framework for filling key knowledge gaps and advancing our understanding of how these biotic interactions influence community structure.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13093",
    doi = "10.1111/ele.13093",
    openalex = "W2807811452",
    references = "doi101111gcb13492, doi101111nph13203"
}

@article{doi101007s1110401904190y,
    author = "Scavo, Aurelio and Abbate, Cristina and Mauromicale, Giovanni",
    title = "Plant allelochemicals: agronomic, nutritional and ecological relevance in the soil system",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Plant and Soil",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04190-y",
    doi = "10.1007/s11104-019-04190-y",
    openalex = "W2955687994",
    references = "doi1023072424020"
}

@article{doi101146annurevmicro020518120022,
    author = "Wang, Yan and Tyler, Brett M. and Wang, Yuanchao",
    title = "Defense and Counterdefense During Plant-Pathogenic Oomycete Infection",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Annual Review of Microbiology",
    abstract = "Plant-pathogenic oomycetes include numerous species that are ongoing threats to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Understanding the molecular dialogs between oomycetes and plants is instrumental for sustaining effective disease control. Plants respond to oomycete infection by multiple defense actions including strengthening of physical barriers, production of antimicrobial molecules, and programmed cell death. These responses are tightly controlled and integrated via a three-layered immune system consisting of a multiplex recognition layer, a resilient signal-integration layer, and a diverse defense-action layer. Adapted oomycete pathogens utilize apoplastic and intracellular effector arsenals to counter plant immunity mechanisms within each layer, including by evasion or suppression of recognition, interference with numerous signaling components, and neutralization or suppression of defense actions. A coevolutionary arms race continually drives the emergence of new mechanisms of plant defense and oomycete counterdefense.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120022",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120022",
    openalex = "W2949788437",
    references = "doi101111mpp12568"
}

@book{doi1010179781108561167,
    author = "Prach, Karel and Walker, Lawrence R.",
    title = "Comparative Plant Succession among Terrestrial Biomes of the World",
    year = "2020",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Despite a century of study by ecologists, recovery following disturbances (succession) is not fully understood. This book provides the first global synthesis that compares plant succession in all major terrestrial biomes and after all major terrestrial disturbances. It asks critical questions such as: Does succession follow general patterns across biomes and disturbance types? Do factors that control succession differ from biome to biome? If common drivers exist, what are they? Are they abiotic or biotic, or both? The authors provide insights on broad, generalizable patterns that go beyond site-specific studies, and present discussions on factors such as varying temporal dynamics, latitudinal differences, human-caused vs. natural disturbances, and the role of invasive alien species. This book is a must-read for researchers and students in ecology, plant ecology, restoration ecology and conservation biology. It also provides a valuable framework to aid land managers attempting to manipulate successional recovery following increasingly intense and widespread human-made disturbances.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108561167",
    doi = "10.1017/9781108561167",
    openalex = "W3014221657",
    references = "doi101007bf00039928, doi101016jgeomorph200607031"
}

@article{doi1011111365266413656,
    author = "Weidlich, Emanuela W. A. and Florido, Flávia Garcia and Sorrini, Taísi B. and Brancalion, Pedro H. S.",
    title = "Controlling invasive plant species in ecological restoration: A global review",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Applied Ecology",
    abstract = "Abstract Invasive plant species can hinder the establishment and growth of native plants and impact several ecosystem properties, such as soil cover, nutrient cycling, fire regimes and hydrology. Controlling invasive plants is then a necessary, yet usually expensive, step towards the restoration of an ecosystem. A synthesis of literature is needed to understand variation in invasive plants' impacts and their practical control in restoration contexts, and to identify associated knowledge gaps. We reviewed 372 articles published from 2000 to 2019 covering the control of undesirable plants (both exotic invasive and overabundant native plant species) in ecological restoration to gather information on the main plants being controlled and methods used, and considering the distribution of studies among biomes and countries grouped according to the Human Development Index (HDI). Grasses and forbs were the most‐studied invasive plant species in restoration sites, but invasive trees were well studied in the tropics. Poaceae and Asteraceae were the most studied families of invasive plants. Non‐chemical interventions (mostly mowing and prescribed fire) were used in more than half of the reviewed studies globally, but chemical methods (mainly glyphosate spraying, used in 40\% of projects using herbicides) are also common. The reviewed studies were mostly performed in countries with very high HDI. Countries with low and medium HDI used only non‐chemical methods. Synthesis and applications. Decisions about which control method to use depend heavily on the invasive plant species' growth forms, the local economic situation where the restoration sites are located and resources available for control. More developed countries tend to use more chemical control, whereas less developed ones use mainly non‐chemical methods. Since most of the reviewed studies were performed in countries with very high HDI, we lack information from developing countries, which concentrates global hotspots for biodiversity conservation and global commitments of forest and landscape restoration.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13656",
    doi = "10.1111/1365-2664.13656",
    openalex = "W3021992282",
    references = "doi101023a1026208327014"
}

@article{doi101111nph16458,
    author = "de Vries, Sophie and Stukenbrock, Eva H. and Rose, Laura",
    title = "Rapid evolution in plant–microbe interactions – an evolutionary genomics perspective",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "New Phytologist",
    abstract = "Access to greater genomic resolution through new sequencing technologies is transforming the field of plant pathology. As scientists embrace these new methods, some overarching patterns and observations come into focus. Evolutionary genomic studies are used to determine not only the origins of pathogen lineages and geographic patterns of genetic diversity, but also to discern how natural selection structures genetic variation across the genome. With greater and greater resolution, we can now pinpoint the targets of selection on a large scale. At multiple levels, crypsis and convergent evolution are evident. Host jumps and shifts may be more pervasive than once believed, and hybridization and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) likely play important roles in the emergence of genetic novelty.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16458",
    doi = "10.1111/nph.16458",
    openalex = "W3004135024",
    references = "doi101111nph16092"
}

@article{doi101126sciadvaba3756,
    author = "Bergmann, Joana and Weigelt, Alexandra and van der Plas, Fons and Laughlin, Daniel C. and Kuyper, Thomas W. and Guerrero‐Ramírez, Nathaly R. and Valverde‐Barrantes, Oscar J. and Bruelheide, Helge and Freschet, Grégoire T. and Iversen, Colleen M. and Kattge, Jens and McCormack, Michael and Meier, Ina C. and Rillig, Matthias C. and Roumet, Catherine and Semchenko, Marina and Sweeney, Christopher J. and van Ruijven, Jasper and York, Larry M. and Mommer, Liesje",
    title = "The fungal collaboration gradient dominates the root economics space in plants",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Science Advances",
    abstract = {Plant economics run on carbon and nutrients instead of money. Leaf strategies aboveground span an economic spectrum from "live fast and die young" to "slow and steady," but the economy defined by root strategies belowground remains unclear. Here, we take a holistic view of the belowground economy and show that root-mycorrhizal collaboration can short circuit a one-dimensional economic spectrum, providing an entire space of economic possibilities. Root trait data from 1810 species across the globe confirm a classical fast-slow "conservation" gradient but show that most variation is explained by an orthogonal "collaboration" gradient, ranging from "do-it-yourself" resource uptake to "outsourcing" of resource uptake to mycorrhizal fungi. This broadened "root economics space" provides a solid foundation for predictive understanding of belowground responses to changing environmental conditions.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba3756",
    doi = "10.1126/sciadv.aba3756",
    openalex = "W3038582858",
    references = "doi101038nature12872, doi1011111365274512211, doi101111j2041210x201100169x"
}

@article{doi101126scienceaba1223,
    author = "Tedersoo, Leho and Bahram, Mohammad and Zobel, Martin",
    title = "How mycorrhizal associations drive plant population and community biology",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Mycorrhizal fungi provide plants with a range of benefits, including mineral nutrients and protection from stress and pathogens. Here we synthesize current information about how the presence and type of mycorrhizal association affect plant communities. We argue that mycorrhizal fungi regulate seedling establishment and species coexistence through stabilizing and equalizing mechanisms such as soil nutrient partitioning, feedback to soil antagonists, differential mycorrhizal benefits, and nutrient trade. Mycorrhizal fungi have strong effects on plant population and community biology, with mycorrhizal type-specific effects on seed dispersal, seedling establishment, and soil niche differentiation, as well as interspecific and intraspecific competition and hence plant diversity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba1223",
    doi = "10.1126/science.aba1223",
    openalex = "W3008013786",
    references = "doi1011111365274513035, doi101111nph13203"
}

@article{doi101134s1995425520010114,
    author = "Тимошок, Е. Е. and Timoshok, Eugeny N. and Gureyeva, I. I. and Skorokhodov, Sergey N.",
    title = "Primary Successions of Vegetation on the Young Moraines in the Severo-Chuiskiy Center of Glaciation (Central Altai)",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Contemporary Problems of Ecology",
    abstract = "The primary successions of vegetation have been investigated in the continental conditions of the Severo-Chuiskiy center of present-day glaciation (Central Altai) from the colonization of deglaciated terrains by the first plants to the formation of simple plant groups to the primary plant communities. The observations were carried out for 15 years on the young moraines of the valley glaciers of Malyi Aktru (2200–2250 m a.s.l.) and Bolshoi–Levyi Aktru (2370–2500 m a.s.l.) in chrono-sequences from the ends of glaciers to the moraines of the mid-19th century. Three stages and four sub-stages of the primary succession of vegetation are identified. The species composition of vascular plants, mosses, and ground lichens is identified; the dominant species and the peculiarities of primary vegetation are characterized. Ideas about the course of successions and their peculiarities at different altitudes in the upper part of the forest and subchalet altitudinal zones are obtained. It has been found that, in the 150 year period, a young forest community has been formed on new moraines in the upper part of the forest altitudinal zone, and a combination of microcenoses similar to tundra communities have been formed in the alpine altitudinal zone. The primary succession of vegetation on both glacier forelands has some similarities, especially in early stages of ecosystem development (pioneer species composition and three-stage structure of successions). Strong differences appear during the late stages of succession. The primary succession of vegetation on the foreland of the Malyi Aktru glacier involves 146 species of vascular plants, 44 species of mosses, and 6 species of lichens. On the foreland of Bolshoi Levyi Aktru, 128 species of vascular plants, 26 species of mosses, and 8 ground lichens have been recorded.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425520010114",
    doi = "10.1134/s1995425520010114",
    openalex = "W3010910840",
    references = "doi101007s1125800528431, doi101007s1328001101660, doi1010160033589480900071, doi101016jflora200910001, doi101023a1023042929441, doi10108011263500112331350930, doi10108817551315481012008, doi1011910309133306pp478ra, doi1023071551403, doi1023071930735, doi1023071934737"
}

@article{doi101146annurevphyto010820012823,
    author = "Morin, L.",
    title = "Progress in Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Annual Review of Phytopathology",
    abstract = "Plant pathogens have played an important role in weed biological control since the 1970s. So far, 36 fungal pathogens have been authorized for introduction across 18 countries for the classical biological control of weeds. Their safety record has been excellent, but questions continue to be asked about the risk that they could transfer to other plants. Quantitative data documenting their impact on the weed populations are still limited. Of the 15 bioherbicides based on living microorganisms that have ever been registered, only two were commercially available at the time of this review. The development and commercialization of bioherbicides in affluent countries are still plagued by technological hurdles and limited market potential. Not-for-profit small-scale production and distribution systems for bioherbicides in low-income countries may have potential as an inexpensive approach to controlling pervasive weeds. The types of research underpinning biological control approaches and challenges encountered are highlighted using specific examples.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012823",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012823",
    openalex = "W3023087833",
    references = "doi101111nph16092"
}

@article{doi103389fpls2020591733,
    author = "Newman, Toby E. and Derbyshire, Mark C.",
    title = "The Evolutionary and Molecular Features of Broad Host-Range Necrotrophy in Plant Pathogenic Fungi",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Frontiers in Plant Science",
    abstract = "Necrotrophic fungal pathogens cause considerable disease on numerous economically important crops. Some of these pathogens are specialized to one or a few closely related plant species, whereas others are pathogenic on many unrelated hosts. The evolutionary and molecular bases of broad host-range necrotrophy in plant pathogens are not very well-defined and form an on-going area of research. In this review, we discuss what is known about broad host-range necrotrophic pathogens and compare them with their narrow host-range counterparts. We discuss the evolutionary processes associated with host generalism, and highlight common molecular features of the broad host-range necrotrophic lifestyle, such as fine-tuning of host pH, modulation of host reactive oxygen species and metabolic degradation of diverse host antimicrobials. We conclude that broad host-range necrotrophic plant pathogens have evolved a range of diverse and sometimes convergent responses to a similar selective regime governed by interactions with a highly heterogeneous host landscape.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.591733",
    doi = "10.3389/fpls.2020.591733",
    openalex = "W3099533184",
    references = "doi101111nph16092"
}

@article{doi103390d12050191,
    author = "Fickert, Thomas",
    title = "Common Patterns and Diverging Trajectories in Primary Succession of Plants in Eastern Alpine Glacier Forelands",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Diversity",
    abstract = "This paper deals with the vegetation development in four glacier forelands, aligned along a distance of 250 km from West to East in the siliceous Eastern Central Alps. The study employs a chronosequence approach, which assumes a temporal sequence in vegetation development by spatially different sites regarding time since deglaciation. The chronosequences cover the area between Little Ice Age (LIA) maximum glacier extent around 1850, and the current glacier terminus. Despite some shortcomings, chronosequences allow the identification of general patterns of primary succession of plants as a function of site age and local environmental conditions, e.g., changes in species richness, ground cover, plant functional traits, and community structure. While there is no shortage of chronosequence studies in glacier forelands of the Alps, a straightforward comparison aimed at the deduction of general successional trajectories is tricky, due to different procedures of vegetation sampling and data analyses. The comparative examination by a standardized sampling and analyzing protocol of four glacier forelands in the Eastern Central Alps presented here proves the existence of several common patterns in primary succession, but also diverging successional trajectories from West to East. While the pioneer stage in all glacier forelands is similar both floristically and structurally, from the early successional stage onwards, differences increase, leading to different phases in the late successional stage, which is shrub dominated throughout in the westernmost study site, herb–grass–dwarfshrub dominated throughout in the easternmost study site, and divided into an earlier herb–grass–dwarfshrub phase and a later shrub phase in the two study sites in between.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/d12050191",
    doi = "10.3390/d12050191",
    openalex = "W3024770865",
    references = "doi101134s1995425520010114"
}

@article{doi101007s13225021004848,
    author = "Jayawardena, Ruvishika S. and Hyde, Kevin D. and de Farias, Antônio Roberto Gomes and Bhunjun, Chitrabhanu S. and Ferdinandez, Himashi S. and Manamgoda, Dimuthu S. and Udayanga, Dhanushka and Herath, Indunil S. and Thambugala, Kasun M. and Manawasinghe, Ishara S. and Gajanayake, Achala J. and Samarakoon, Binu C. and Bundhun, Digvijayini and Gomdola, Deecksha and Huanraluek, Naruemon and Sun, Ya-Ru and Tang, Xia and Promputtha, Itthayakorn and Thines, Marco",
    title = "What is a species in fungal plant pathogens?",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Fungal Diversity",
    abstract = "Scientific names are crucial for communicating knowledge concerning fungi and fungus-like organisms. In plant pathology, they link information regarding biology, host range, distribution and potential risk to agriculture and food security. In the past, delimitation among pathogenic taxa was primarily based on morphological characteristics. Due to distinct species sharing overlapping characteristics, the morphological identification of species is often neither straightforward nor reliable. Hence, the phylogenetic species concept based on molecular phylogenetic reconstructions gained importance. The present opinion discusses what a fungal species is and how identification of species in plant pathology has changed over the past decades. In this context, host-specialization and species complexes are discussed. Furthermore, species concepts in plant pathology are examined using case studies from Bipolaris, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Diaporthe, Diplodia, Meliola, Plasmopara, rust fungi and Trichoderma. Each entry contains a brief introduction to the genus, concepts used in species identification so far and the problems in describing a species followed by recommendations. The importance of correctly naming and identifying a species is addressed in the context of recent introductions, and we also discuss whether the introduction of new species in pathogenic genera has been overestimated. We also provide guidelines to be considered when introducing a new species in a plant pathogenic genus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00484-8",
    doi = "10.1007/s13225-021-00484-8",
    openalex = "W3193104585",
    references = "doi101111nph16092"
}

@article{doi103389fmicb2021631318,
    author = "Mohammadi, Mohammad Aqa and Cheng, Yan and Aslam, Mohammad and Jakada, Bello Hassan and Wai, Myat Hnin and Ye, Kangzhuo and He, Xiaoxue and Luo, Tiantian and Li, Ye and Dong, Chunxing and Hu, Bin and Priyadarshani, S. V. G. N. and Wang‐Pruski, Gefu and Qin, Yuan",
    title = "ROS and Oxidative Response Systems in Plants Under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses: Revisiting the Crucial Role of Phosphite Triggered Plants Defense Response",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Frontiers in Microbiology",
    abstract = "species. Phi can also control disease symptoms and the spread of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. Phi plays critical roles as a fungicide, pesticide, fertilizer, or biostimulator. Overall, Phi can alleviate the severity of the disease caused by oomycete, fungi, pathogenic bacteria, and nematodes (leave, stem, fruit, tuber, and root) in various plants (vegetables, fruits, crops, root/tuber crops, ornamental plants, and forests). Advance research in molecular, physiological, and biochemical approaches has approved the key role of Phi in enhancing crop growth, quantity, and quality of several plant species. Phi is chemically similar to orthophosphate, and inside the cells, it is likely to get involved in different features of phosphate metabolism in both plants and pathogens. In plants, a range of physiobiochemical alterations are induced by plant pathogen stress, which causes lowered photosynthesis activities, enzymatic activities, increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and modification in a large group of genes. To date, several attempts have been made to study plant-pathogen interactions with the intent to minimize the loss of crop productivity. Phi's emerging function as a biostimulant in plants has boost plant yield and tolerance against various stress factors. This review discusses Phi-mediated biostimulant effects against biotic and abiotic stresses.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.631318",
    doi = "10.3389/fmicb.2021.631318",
    openalex = "W3183678052",
    references = "doi101111mpp12568"
}

@article{gorichev2021botanicalgeographical,
    author = "Gorichev, Yuriy Petrovich",
    title = "Botanical-geographical differentiation and succession systems on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Samara Journal of Science",
    abstract = "On the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan the main regularities of landscape differentiation are manifested latitudinal zoning, altitudinal zoning and the barrier effect, which determine the territorial differentiation of the vegetation cover. The existing schemes of botanical-geographical and geobotanical zoning reflect these patterns. The largest zoning units are zonal structures (forest, forest-steppe and steppe regions), within which, on the basis of geological and geomorphological features, smaller taxonomic units are distinguished provinces, areas, districts. The zoning method proposed by S.M. Razumovsky which is based on the concept of a succession system is of interest. According to this concept, the vegetation cover of the Earth is divided between succession systems. The boundaries of successional systems are outlined by the boundaries of the geographical areas of key species edificators of indigenous forest phytocenoses. S.M. Razumovsky presented a scheme of botanical-geographical zoning, made on a small scale. The boundaries of succession systems, with the exception of some areas, are not delineated. The author set a goal: to determine a list of succession systems common on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, to outline their boundaries and give their brief characteristics. As a result of literary sources study and analysis, the author has come to the conclusion that 4 succession systems are widespread on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan: 1) broad-leaved-dark coniferous forests with climax species of Siberian spruce, Siberian fir, pedunculate oak, heart-leaved linden and Norway maple; 2) dark coniferous forests, with climax species of Siberian spruce and Siberian fir; 3) broad-leaved forests with climax species of pedunculate oak, heart-leaved linden and Norway maple; 4) light coniferous forests with sub-climax species of Scots pine and Sukachev larch.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.17816/snv2021104103",
    doi = "10.17816/snv2021104103",
    number = "4",
    pages = "24-28",
    volume = "10"
}

@article{doi101016jpld202212003,
    author = "Khan, M. and Mahato, Sumana and Spicer, R. and Spicer, T. and Ali, Ashif and Hazra, Taposhi and Bera, S.",
    title = "Siwalik plant megafossil diversity in the Eastern Himalayas: A review",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Plant Diversity",
    abstract = "The Eastern Himalayas are renowned for their high plant diversity. To understand how this modern botanical richness formed, it is critical to investigate past plant biodiversity preserved as fossils throughout the eastern Himalayan Siwalik succession (middle Miocene−early Pleistocene). Here, we present a summary of plant diversity records that document Neogene floristic and climate changes. We do this by compiling published records of megafossil plant remains, because these offer better spatial and temporal resolution than do palynological records. Analyses of the Siwalik floral assemblages based on the distribution of the nearest living relative taxa suggest that a tropical wet evergreen forest was growing in a warm humid monsoonal climate at the deposition time. This qualitative interpretation is also corroborated by published CLAMP (Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program) analyses. Here, we also reconstruct the climate by applying a new common proxy WorldClim2 calibration. This allows the detection of subtle climate differences between floral assemblages free of artefacts introduced by using different methodologies and climate calibrations. An analysis of the Siwalik floras indicates that there was a gradual change in floral composition. The lower Siwalik assemblages provide evidence of a predominance of evergreen elements. An increase in deciduous elements in the floral composition is noticed towards the close of the middle Siwalik and the beginning of the upper Siwalik formation. This change reflects a climatic difference between Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene times. This review helps us to understand under what paleoenvironmental conditions plant diversity occurred and evolved in the eastern Himalayas throughout the Cenozoic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2022.12.003",
    doi = "10.1016/j.pld.2022.12.003",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "3",
    pages = "243-264",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "17",
    semanticscholar_id = "6a81e9a49c37271801833c899e981d7642d612bc",
    volume = "45"
}

@article{svistova2022ecological,
    author = "Svistova, I. D. and Nazarenko, N. N.",
    title = "Ecological trend of succession in mycobiome of the old botanical garden chernozem",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Theoretical and Applied Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-142-148",
    doi = "10.25750/1995-4301-2022-3-142-148",
    number = "3",
    pages = "142-148"
}

@article{doi103390microorganisms11092144,
    author = "Wang, Zhaochun and Liu, Jian and Xu, Hai-Kun and Liu, Jiating and Zhao, Zhiwei and Gong, X.",
    title = "Core Microbiome and Microbial Community Structure in Coralloid Roots of Cycas in Ex Situ Collection of Kunming Botanical Garden in China",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Microorganisms",
    abstract = "Endophytes are essential in plant succession and evolution, and essential for stress resistance. Coralloid root is a unique root structure found in cycads that has played a role in resisting adverse environments, yet the core taxa and microbial community of different Cycas species have not been thoroughly investigated. Using amplicon sequencing, we successfully elucidated the microbiomes present in coralloid roots of 10 Cycas species, representing all four sections of Cycas in China. We found that the endophytic bacteria in coralloid roots, i.e., Cyanobacteria, were mainly composed of Desmonostoc\_PCC-7422, Nostoc\_PCC-73102 and unclassified\_f\_\_Nostocaceae. Additionally, the Ascomycota fungi of Exophiala, Paraboeremia, Leptobacillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, and Diaporthe were identified as the core fungi taxa. The Ascomycota fungi of Nectriaceae, Herpotrichiellaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Helotiaceae, Diaporthaceae, Didymellaceae, Clavicipitaceae and Pleosporaceae were identified as the core family taxa in coralloid roots of four sections. High abundance but low diversity of bacterial community was detected in the coralloid roots, but no significant difference among species. The fungal community exhibited much higher complexity compared to bacteria, and diversity was noted among different species or sections. These core taxa, which were a subset of the microbiome that frequently occurred in all, or most, individuals of Cycas species, represent targets for the development of Cycas conservation.",
    url = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/9/2144/pdf?version=1692931075",
    doi = "10.3390/microorganisms11092144",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "9",
    pages = "2144",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "8",
    semanticscholar_id = "02dd503e0adfc5c0b594d982c18d80c4f012be39",
    volume = "11"
}

@article{gorichev2023the,
    author = "Gorichev, Yuriy Petrovich",
    title = "The succession system of the Samara botanical and geographical region (district boundaries and territorial structure)",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Samara Journal of Science",
    abstract = "Samara district is one of the districts allocated by S.M. Razumovsky in the scheme of botanical and geographical zoning. This area geographically delineates the area of the successional system of broad-leaved forests with key species Tilia cordata, Quercus robur, Acer platanoides, Ulmus glabra. S.M. Razumovsky outlined the boundaries of the district on a small-scale scheme and provided a list of guiding species. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief description of the area, outline its boundaries and identify the features of the territorial structure of vegetation cover. The material was scientific publications on the structure of the vegetation cover of the territory under consideration. The Samara Region covers the eastern part of the East European Plain to the east of the Volga River, including the Volga region and the Urals, as well as the western slope of the Southern Urals. The territorial structure of the succession system can be represented in the form of two structural parts the core and the periphery. The core of the system is shifted to the northeast, occupies the space of the forest zone and the northern part of the forest-steppe. The periphery covers the space of the forest-steppe zone and the northern part of the steppe zone. In the core of the succession system, zonal vegetation is formed by associations of shade broad-leaved forests with linden as an edifier, on the periphery there are associations of light broad-leaved (oak) forests.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.55355/snv2023121107",
    doi = "10.55355/snv2023121107",
    number = "1",
    pages = "43-47",
    volume = "12"
}

@article{doi103390horticulturae10060632,
    author = "Cammerino, A. and Piacquadio, Lorenzo and Ingaramo, Michela and Gioiosa, Maurizio and Monteleone, Massimo",
    title = "Wild Edible Plant Species in the ‘King’s Lagoon’ Coastal Wetland: Survey, Collection, Mapping and Ecological Characterization",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Horticulturae",
    abstract = "Wild edible plants, botanically defined as phytoalimurgical species, have historically been a useful source of food to cope with recurrent famines and poor farming conditions. If properly identified, harvested, transformed and promoted, alimurgical plants could further enhance the wellbeing of rural and urban communities and the multifunctional productivity of agriculture. The research aimed to survey alimurgical species in a wetland, map their location, detect their spatial richness, and develop a monitoring plan for ongoing vegetation succession. The study area is the King’s Lagoon, a wetland that has recently undergone a radical restoration of its natural layout. A satellite image was used to create a land cover map and interpret the relationship between plant species and land cover. The survey provided a snapshot of the wetland’s current ecosystem status and used botanical analysis and ecological indices to investigate biodiversity levels. The alpha, beta and gamma levels of biodiversity were explored and interpreted through the statistical processing of a comprehensive dataset of species occurrence and abundance, together with the calculation of Shannon’s, Simpson’s and Jaccard’s indices. It was observed that biodiversity in the wetland is developing gradually following restoration and is expected to increase over time as successional stages take hold. Biodiversity is more pronounced along the banks of the canals and watercourses connecting the basins and open ponds, while it is less pronounced in areas where the soil has been disturbed by previous excavations. Salicornia spp., Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima and Suaeda vera were identified as the most common and interesting species found in the study area. The potential for cultivation of some of the halophyte species that were monitored was also highlighted, with particular reference to the selection of the most commercially interesting species, the best species associations and intercropping practices in a wetland context, which must always prioritize the conservation of wild biodiversity. The spring surveys should be repeated in the coming years in order to accurately trace the dynamics of the ecological succession of this particular ecosystem, once it has returned to its natural development.",
    url = "https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/6/632/pdf?version=1718204340",
    doi = "10.3390/horticulturae10060632",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "6",
    pages = "632",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "3",
    semanticscholar_id = "99e84a789e4b0f8d521a786791d865efa9d57157",
    volume = "10"
}

@article{doi101002ece371848,
    author = "Halda, Josef P. and Košnar, Jan and Lukešová, Alena",
    title = "Succession of Lichens in Front of Retreating Glaciers in Sweden and Norway",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Ecology and Evolution",
    abstract = ", thrived under stabilized and nutrient-enriched conditions. CCA showed that successional age explained 12.9\% of the variability in species composition, whereas geographic differences contributed 7.9\%. Species turnover was influenced by substrate characteristics (fine-particle sediment vs. coarse rocky substrate), competition, and erosion, which was still shaped by environmental stability. Lichen succession follows the expected pattern, primarily shaped by terrain microtopography, climate, and substrate type. To refine the successional dynamics of lichen communities and other groups of organisms involved in the colonization of newly deglaciated habitats, more long-term studies from different regions will be needed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71848",
    doi = "10.1002/ece3.71848",
    openalex = "W4412648488",
    references = "doi101134s1995425520010114"
}

@article{doi101134s1995425525700398,
    author = "Тимошок, Е. Е. and Timoshok, Eugeny N.",
    title = "Primary Vegetation Successions at a Foreland of the South Chuya Glacation Center (Altai Mountains)",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Contemporary Problems of Ecology",
    abstract = "In the cryoaridic conditions of the South Chuya glaciation center (Altai Mountains) on the foreland of the Sophiysky glacier (2410–2500 m above sea level), primary vegetation successions have been studied from the settlement of the first vascular plants, leafy mosses, and ground lichens and the formation of simple groupings to primary plant communities in a deglaciated area between the modern glacier tongue to the terminal moraine rim of the mid-19th century. Three stages of primary vegetation succession are identified; the species composition of vascular plants, leafy mosses and ground lichens, the primary participants in succession, and dominant species are determined; and the features of primary vegetation are characterized. Conclusions about the course of primary succession in cryoaridic conditions occurring in the upper part of the mountain–steppe belt of the South Chuya Range are made. It has been revealed that, over 150 years, a complex of phytocoenoses similar to high-mountain tundras was formed in these cold and dry conditions. A total of 126 species of vascular plants, 22 species of leafy mosses, and 6 species of ground lichens participate in the primary succession on the foreland of the Sophiysky glacier.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995425525700398",
    doi = "10.1134/s1995425525700398",
    openalex = "W4414473134",
    references = "doi101007s1328001101660, doi1010160033589480900071, doi101016016953479390150n, doi101023a1023042929441, doi101038132300a0, doi1010800028825x198010426921, doi101134s1995425520010114, doi1011910309133306pp478ra, doi10165719384246434555, doi1023071934737, doi1023071942416, doi1023072937039"
}

@article{doi1022146jtbb12520,
    author = "Hapsari, Lia and Rizki, M. and Maulidi, Andri and Witono, J. and Astuti, I. P. and Safarinanugraha, D. and Wihermanto and Shinta, Erna and Gunawan, Yohanes Edy and Segah, Hendrik and Gumiri, S. and Binti, Furzani and Pa’ee and Nopitasari, Sri",
    title = "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Analysis to Develop a University Botanical Garden: A Case Study in the University of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology",
    abstract = "Information on existing site characteristics both biotic and abiotic factors is mandatory to provide an initial picture for a baseline to develop a botanical garden. This study aimed to analyse the biodiversity and ecosystem services in the candidate botanical garden area as an existing site, a case study in the University of Palangka Raya (UPR) to prepare the university botanical garden development. The fieldwork was conducted in 5 transects consisting of 100 plots with a plot size of 20x20 m2. The results showed that the site is categorized as a Sundaland peat swamp forest ecoregion. The peatlands thickness varies from shallow to medium and deep, with the remaining area reaching 75 \% of the total campus. The floristic condition is categorized as an early stage of succession after fires, consisting of 26 plant species belonging to 25 genera and 18 families, with various potential uses. Wildlife comprised 42 species including amphibians, reptiles, birds, fishes and prawns, also insects. Three high conservation value plants and two wildlife were documented. The stand carbon storage reached 14.33 tons/ha. A botanical garden consists of both natural and artificial ecosystems, thus it is important to strategically plan in setting the plant collections layout and species enrichment efforts. The UPR botanical garden will provide the conservation of native and endemic plants of Kalimantan, with high conservation value, potentials, and local wisdom value; and provide ecosystem services for storing carbon, improving hydrological services, habitat and protection for various existing and incoming wildlife.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.12520",
    doi = "10.22146/jtbb.12520",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    pages = "jtbb12520",
    semanticscholar_id = "9685d6e671fdd02e9183b8bbd7f233b875441c70",
    volume = "10"
}

@article{doi101007s00248026027341,
    author = "Muhammad, Waseem and Zhou, Xinyu and Yu, Xiaocheng and Yang, Kechen and Bai, Rong and Feng, Leiyun and Luo, Qiang and Zhou, Zhiqing and Wang, Cong and Li, Jingchao and Ji, Kui and Lu, Hua-Zheng",
    title = "Forest Succession Shapes Soil microbial Communities through Region-specific Edaphic Filters in Tropical and Subtropical Forests.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Microbial ecology",
    abstract = "UNLABELLED: Understanding how soil microbial communities respond to forest succession is essential for predicting ecosystem functions and biogeochemical stability. We investigated bacterial and fungal communities across three successional stages (early, mid, late) and three soil depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–50 cm) in forests of Pakistan and China using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of 108 soil samples. This cross-regional, depth-resolved study aimed to determine whether microbial successional trajectories and soil–microbe relationships are general or region-specific. Preliminary results showed that the forest succession was accompanied higher soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and declined soil pH in Pakistan. It indicates consistent acidification and potential phosphorus limitation in mature stands. Whereas SOC and total potassium (TK) exhibited mid-successional peaks in China, that indicates different resource/nutrient dynamics. Mid-forest successional stages showed maximum bacterial diversity, whereas late succession revealed the highest fungal diversity (kingdom-specific responses). Community composition shifted from copiotrophic taxa in early stages to oligotrophic taxa in mature forests. Soil pH was the most influential factor shaping microbial composition in Pakistan, whereas potassium availability was the most influential factor in China. These cross-regional, depth-resolved results reveal both successional patterns and region-specific environmental controls, offering new insights into microbial community composition during forest development and providing guidance for forest restoration and soil-carbon management across biogeographically diverse regions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00248-026-02734-1.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13053364/",
    doi = "10.1007/s00248-026-02734-1",
    pmcid = "PMC13053364",
    pmid = "41870584"
}

@article{doi101016jjenvman2026129504,
    author = "Xia, Manli and Li, Wei and Zhi, Yongwei and Cao, Yu",
    title = "Optimizing submerged plant restoration in eutrophic lakes: Insights from plant community structure and water depth.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Journal of environmental management",
    abstract = "Subtropical shallow lakes often experience monospecific succession of submerged macrophytes, resulting in two typical community structures: canopy-forming (associated with eutrophic stages) and rosette-forming (associated with post-restoration conditions). However, current understanding of how these two community structures influence subsequent plant colonization remains limited. This study employed a mesocosm experiment with different plant community structures (PCSs): canopy-forming communities (CAs), rosette-forming communities (ROs), and no-plant controls (CK), combined with two water depths, to examine the effects of PCSs on the growth of eight submerged macrophyte species. Based on the key functional trait-plant height, these eight typical species were classified into two growth forms: long species and short species, with a focus on elucidating consistent patterns of plant responses under the combined effects of PCSs and water depth. The results showed that: (i) The effects of PCSs on plant growth varied and were modulated by water depth: CAs inhibited subsequent plant colonization through intense competition for light resources, with this inhibitory effect intensifying with increasing water depth; ROs homogenized underwater environmental heterogeneity, effectively alleviating deep-water stress, reducing plant biomass differences induced by water depth treatment, and weakening competitive imbalance between long and short species. (ii) Functional classification based on plant height effectively predicted species responses: long species exhibited between performance in shallow water, or under the background of CAs, and CK, but these advantages were context-dependent, significantly diminishing or disappearing in deep water and under the background of ROs. Notably, Potamogeton maackianus, despite morphological similarity to long species, displayed response patterns characteristic of short species, highlighting the importance of ecological functional classification. This study demonstrated that PCSs regulated subsequent species colonization through microenvironmental filtering and that plant height could serve as a key functional indicator for predicting coexistence patterns among submerged macrophytes. Our findings provide experimental evidence for community assembly of submerged macrophytes, and this knowledge can be used in natural lake restoration to improve the plant diversity.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41905139/",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129504",
    openalex = "W7142464057",
    pmid = "41905139",
    references = "doi101016jisci201902020, doi101016jwatres201809007, doi101016s0043135403004056, doi101023a1004327224729, doi101038nature02403, doi101046j13652427199700183x, doi1011111365274512211, doi101111j13652427200902353x, doi101126science1169640, doi101146annurevecolsys33010802150452"
}