@misc{andgregory1896catalogue,
    author = "Gregory, John Walter and Lang, William Dickson",
    title = "Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in the Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History). The Cretaceous Bryozoa",
    year = "1896",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.112427",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.112427",
    openalex = "W2261107561"
}

@article{crossref1900catalogue,
    title = "Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in the Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History) The Cretaceous Bryozoa",
    year = "1900",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/062125c0",
    doi = "10.1038/062125c0",
    number = "1597",
    openalex = "W4252051513",
    pages = "125-125",
    volume = "62"
}

@article{doi101017s0016756800121478,
    author = "Greǵory, J. W.",
    title = "III.—New Species of Cretaceous Bryozoa",
    year = "1909",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "The second volume of the Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum, of which the manuscript has been completed, contains the description of various new Cretaceous species. Such, a catalogue inevitably takes some months in passing through the press, during which it might happen that the species were anticipated by description elsewhere. To avoid the risk of reduplication of the names it is most convenient to publish the diagnoses. Fuller accounts of the species, with illustrations, will be given in the Catalogue.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800121478",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756800121478",
    openalex = "W2052511084"
}

@misc{and19211922,
    author = "Roeding, George Christian",
    title = "1922 catalogue /",
    year = "1921",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.87436",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.87436",
    openalex = "W4252084342"
}

@article{c1921catalogue,
    author = "C., G. A. J.",
    title = "Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa (Polyzoa) in the Department of Geology, British Museum [Natural History) The Cretaceous Bryozoa (Polyzoa)",
    year = "1921",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/108039a0",
    doi = "10.1038/108039a0",
    number = "2706",
    openalex = "W4242384841",
    pages = "39-39",
    volume = "108"
}

@misc{lang192119223,
    author = "Lang, W. D",
    title = "-1922, Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa (Polyzoa) - The Cretaceous Bryozoa (Polyzoa)",
    year = "1921",
    howpublished = "London, British Museum (Natural History), v. 3 \& 4",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lang, W. D., 1921-1922, Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa (Polyzoa) - The Cretaceous Bryozoa (Polyzoa): London, British Museum (Natural History), v. 3 \& 4.}"
}

@misc{and19221922,
    title = "1922 catalogue /",
    year = "1922",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.126182",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.126182",
    openalex = "W4229527448"
}

@misc{and1922catalogue,
    title = "Catalogue 1922 /",
    year = "1922",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.126356",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.126356",
    openalex = "W4232604791"
}

@article{elais1937stratigraphic2,
    author = "Elais, M. K",
    title = "Stratigraphic significance of some Late Paleozoic fenestrate bryozoans",
    year = "1937",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 11, p. 306-334",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Elais, M. K., 1937, Stratigraphic significance of some Late Paleozoic fenestrate bryozoans: Journal of Paleontology, v. 11, p. 306-334.}"
}

@book{cuffey1967bryozoan1,
    author = "Cuffey, R. J",
    title = "Bryozoan Tabulipora carbonaria in Wreford Megacyclothem (Lower Permian) of Kansas",
    year = "1967",
    publisher = "University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, p. 1-96",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cuffey, R. J., 1967, Bryozoan Tabulipora carbonaria in Wreford Megacyclothem (Lower Permian) of Kansas: University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, p. 1-96.}"
}

@article{doi101017s0094837300000324,
    author = "Lidgard, Scott and McKinney, Frank K. and Taylor, Paul D.",
    title = "Competition, clade replacement, and a history of cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoan diversity",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "One of the striking yet scarcely documented episodes of clade replacement in the post-Paleozoic fossil record is the decline of cyclostome Bryozoa and the corresponding, rapid diversification of cheilostome Bryozoa. These clades are closely associated morphologically and phylogenetically, and their ecological similarities have previously led to the inference that competition was a primary cause of the overt pattern of replacement. Alternatively, previous compilations of bryozoan families and genera have implied that extinctions at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary differentially affected cyclostomes, and thus were also an important factor in the transition. We first evaluated the ecological context for competition between the two clades, then updated and reexamined the history of absolute family diversity for bryozoans in consecutive geologic stages from Jurassic to Recent. The resulting trends echo the patterns shown in earlier family level compilations, but indicate a slight shift in the frequency of cheilostome family originations from Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene. The relative fall in cyclostome family diversity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary is significantly less than shown in earlier genus level compilations. We then assessed these various compilations of absolute diversity by analyzing species counts and percentages in 728 fossil assemblages, primarily from North America and Europe, over the same time interval. Cyclostome species overwhelmingly dominate assemblages from Jurassic through Cenomanian, then decline significantly in average percentage dominance through the Campanian. Cheilostomes are predominant in Campanian and later assemblages. Cyclostome species percentages do decrease overall through the Tertiary, but this decrease is small and non-uniform, varying around 30\%, with a sharp drop in the Late Neogene. Our within-assemblage results indicate that as cheilostomes radiate, their mean species diversity, maximum diversity, and variance all increase, thereby accounting for much of the decline in average percentage of cyclostomes within assemblages. While this result does not exclude a role for competition, an hypothesis of relative decline in cyclostome species richness based on competitive extinction alone seems unlikely. Further, despite decreases in absolute species counts following end-Cretaceous extinctions, within-assemblage percentages of cheilostome or cyclostome species show only slight change relative to one another. Comparison of these and earlier diversity compilations indicates that the dynamics of bryozoan clade replacement may be perceived differently at different ecologic scales or taxonomic ranks.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300000324",
    doi = "10.1017/s0094837300000324",
    openalex = "W1947220682",
    references = "doi101016s0016699572800123, doi101016s0016699575800076, doi101016s0016699579800029"
}

@article{doi10108003115519608619474,
    author = "Taylor, Paul D.",
    title = "Cretaceous bryozoans from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Two bryozoan species have been found in the Kahuitara Tuff (Piripauan-Haumurian Stages; equivalent to Campanian-Maastrichtian) of Pitt Island, in the Chatham Islands, about 900 km east of the South Island of New Zealand. Cretaceous bryozoans are rare in Australasia, and the two species in this paper are the first to be formally described from New Zealand. Both species have thick dendroid colonies but whereas Ceriocava maculata sp. nov. is an unequivocal cerioporine cyclostome, the other species — Chiplonkarina campbelli sp. nov. — is more problematical and is interpreted as an aberrant ‘malacostegan’ cheilostome. Like previously described species of Chiplonkarina, C. campbelli has interzooidal walls with a central crenulated layer, indicating the former presence of an intercalary cuticle of the type found in many cheilostomes but unknown in cyclostomes. The anomalous global biogeographical distribution of bryozoans during the Cretaceous is briefly discussed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03115519608619474",
    doi = "10.1080/03115519608619474",
    openalex = "W2011188027",
    references = "doi101016s0016699509900080"
}

@article{doi1016660022336020060800049mdoaat20co2,
    author = "Cheetham, Alan H. and SANNER, JOANN and Taylor, Paul D. and Ostrovsky, Andrew N.",
    title = "MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF AVICULARIA AND THE PROLIFERATION OF SPECIES IN MID-CRETACEOUS WILBERTOPORA CHEETHAM, 1954 (BRYOZOA: CHEILOSTOMATA)",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Discovery of avicularium-like polymorphs in Wilbertopora mutabilis Cheetham, 1954 has provided not only a new opportunity for revising the genus Wilbertopora Cheetham, 1954, but also a more detailed basis for documenting the series of morphological changes by which avicularia differentiated from ordinary feeding zooids in what appears to be the first occurrence of these characteristic cheilostome bryozoan structures in the fossil record.Eighteen of a total 60 quantitative characters measured on avicularia and ordinary and ovicell-bearing autozooids were sufficient to distinguish eight species of Wilbertopora by discriminant function analysis of zooid data from 93 colonies from the mid-Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian) Washita Group in northeastern Texas and southeastern Oklahoma. Eighteen of a total of 20 of the quantitative characters that could be statistically coded for cladistic analysis proved to be informative with respect to parsimony, providing two maximally parsimonious trees for the eight species. Two-thirds of the diagnostic characters involve avicularia. An additional 55 colonies too poorly preserved for morphometric analysis could then be assigned to species qualitatively, with 170 more colonies lacking species-diagnostic characters.The cladistic trees strongly suggest that most or all of the species diverged before the end of the Albian, but stratigraphic resolution is insufficient to test this hypothesis. Nevertheless, the series of morphological changes differentiating avicularia from ordinary autozooids in these species, based on the cladistic relationships, is highly significant statistically, and may be a pattern later repeated in other cheilostomes.Wilbertopora and W. mutabilis are emended, and seven new species are described: W. listokinae, W. tappanae, W. spatulifera, W. attenuata, W. improcera, W. acuminata, and W. hoadleyae.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2006)080[0049:mdoaat]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0022-3360(2006)080[0049:mdoaat]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2173961793",
    references = "anddenny1845list, doi101017s0094837300012902, doi101017s0094837300013658, doi10108000222930308678818, doi10108008912968809386466, doi101093bioinformatics124357, doi101126science2484955579, doi1011606issn25264877bsffclzoologia1937113912, doi1011606issn25264877bsffclzoologia1938113913, doi105962bhltitle34596"
}

@article{openalexw1534468306,
    author = "Taylor, Paul D. and McKinney, Frank K.",
    title = "Cretaceous Bryozoa from the Campanian and Maastrichtian of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, United States",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "The Digital Academic Repository of Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Naturalis Biodiversity Center)",
    abstract = "The Late Cretaceous bryozoan fauna of North America has been severely neglected in the past. In this preliminary study based on museum material and a limited amount of fieldwork, we describe a total of 128 Campanian-Maastrichtian bryozoan species from Delaware, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas. Eighty-two of these species are new, as are five (Basslerinella, Pseudoallantopora, Kristerina, Turnerella and Peedeesella) of the 77 genera. One new family, Peedeesellidae, is proposed. Cheilostomes, with 94 species (73 per cent of the total), outnumber cyclostomes, with 34 species (27 percent), a pattern matching that seen elsewhere in the world in coeval deposits. There appear to be very few species (4) in common with the better known bryozoan faunas of the same age from Europe. Although both local and regional diversities are moderately high, most of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain bryozoans are encrusters; erect species are uncommon and are never present in suffi cient density to form bryozoan limestones, in contrast to some Maastrichtian deposits from other regions.",
    openalex = "W1534468306"
}

@article{doi101666070331,
    author = "Taylor, Paul D.",
    title = "Late Cretaceous Cheilostome Bryozoans from California and Baja California",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Cretaceous bryozoans from western North America are very poorly known. This paper describes twelve species of cheilostomes from the Upper Cretaceous of southern California and Baja California. The only previously described bryozoan, Ceriocava eastoni Woollacott, 1966, from the Holz Member (?Turonian–Campanian), Ladd Formation of the Santa Ana Mountains, is transferred from Cyclostomata to Cheilostomata, made the type species of the new genus Zimmerella and placed in the family Chiplonarinidae. The following new Campanian– Maastrichtian species are described from the Rosario, Point Loma, and Cabrillo formations of San Diego County, California and Le Misión, Baja California: Wilbertopora sannerae sp. nov., Onychocella schopforum sp. nov., Trichinopolia californica sp. nov., and T. lata sp. nov.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/07-033.1",
    doi = "10.1666/07-033.1",
    openalex = "W2095681392",
    references = "doi1010160195667181900331, doi102113333179"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres201302004,
    author = "Martino, Emanuela Di and Taylor, Paul D.",
    title = "First bryozoan fauna from a tropical Cretaceous carbonate: Simsima Formation, United Arab Emirates–Oman border region",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2013.02.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2013.02.004",
    openalex = "W2050999898",
    references = "andgregory1896catalogue, c1921catalogue, doi101016003101829190145h, doi1010160191814191901105, doi10108002693445185912027922, doi101126science1130880, doi1011300091761319980260459bcttas23co2, doi101144gslsp19920490132, doi101242jcss112136b, doi101306m56578c15, openalexw1534468306, openalexw640867867"
}

@article{doi101111zoj12025,
    author = "Hartikainen, Hanna and Waeschenbach, Andrea and Wöss, Emmy and Wood, Timothy S. and Okamura, Beth",
    title = "Divergence and species discrimination in freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata)",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "We explored the suitability of nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal markers [small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene, large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene, and a region spanning partial small mitochondrial ribosomal RNA subunit, four transfer RNA genes, and partial large mitochondrial ribosomal RNA subunit (referred to as rrnS-rrnL)] for resolving patterns of diversification of 27 freshwater bryozoan species (class: Phylactolaemata) and evaluated the utility of statoblast ultrastructural features and molecular phylogenies for species discrimination in the Fredericellidae and Plumatellidae. Molecular data identified Plumatella fruticosa as distinct from the rest of the plumatellids, rendering the latter polyphyletic. rrnS-rrnL was the most suitable marker for species discrimination and identified two undescribed species of Plumatella and at least two undescribed species of Fredericella. Lack of wide dispersal by fredericellid statoblasts may underlie the observed propensity for cryptic speciation and phylogeographical structure in Fredericella. Conversely, the strong dispersal potential of plumatellid statoblasts may mediate efficient gene flow between distant populations and explain the relatively low intraspecific divergence and lack of evidence for cryptic speciation. We show that species identification based on external features of statoblasts can be problematic in both genera, including for a putatively highly invasive, biofouling species, Plumatella vaihiriae, thereby highlighting the utility of rrnS-rrnL sequences for species barcoding.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12025",
    doi = "10.1111/zoj.12025",
    openalex = "W2099775060"
}

@incollection{bowles2018bryozoans,
    author = "Bowles, David E. and Swaby, James A. and Harlan, Harold J.",
    title = "Bryozoans (Phylum Bryozoa)",
    year = "2018",
    booktitle = "Guide to Venomous and Medically Important Invertebrates",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1071/978148630885909.30.9",
    doi = "10.1071/978148630885909.30.9"
}

@incollection{crossref2018bryozoans,
    title = "Bryozoans (Phylum Bryozoa)",
    year = "2018",
    booktitle = "Guide to Venomous and Medically Important Invertebrates",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1071/9781486308859.bk07810\_ch06",
    doi = "10.1071/9781486308859.bk07810\_ch06",
    openalex = "W4415514484",
    pages = "30-30"
}

@article{šatkauskienė2018freshwater,
    author = "Šatkauskienė, Ingrida and Wood, Timothy and Rutkauskaitė-Sucilienė, Jurgita and Mildažienė, Vida and Tučkutė, Simona",
    title = "Freshwater bryozoans of Lithuania (Bryozoa)",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "ZooKeys",
    abstract = "Nine species of freshwater bryozoans were recorded in Lithuania in a survey of 18 various types of freshwater bodies. Eight species were assigned to the Class Phylactolaemata and families Plumatellidae and Cristatellidae (Plumatellarepens, Plumatellafungosa, Plumatellafruticosa, Plumatellacasmiana, Plumatellaemarginata, Plumatellageimermassardi, Hyalinellapunctata and Cristatellamucedo). The ninth species, Paludicellaarticulata, represented the Class Gymnolaemata. Plumatellageimermassardi and P.casmiana were recorded for the first time in Lithuania. For the plumatellids, species identification was achieved partly by analysing statoblasts’ morphological ultrastructures by scanning electron microscopy.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.774.21769",
    doi = "10.3897/zookeys.774.21769",
    openalex = "W2853832395",
    pages = "53-75",
    volume = "774",
    references = "doi101007s1075000790073, doi101016jijpara201404005, doi101023a1003917200848, doi101139z94048, doi1023071468194, doi1023073225156, doi102478s117560110118y, doi103354dao01894, openalexw567735658, openalexw96421429"
}

@incollection{crossref2019bryozoans,
    title = "Bryozoans",
    year = "2019",
    booktitle = "Introducing Palaeontology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.12949062.20",
    doi = "10.2307/jj.12949062.20",
    pages = "76-79"
}

@article{doi101017jpa201879,
    author = "Martha, Silviu O. and Taylor, Paul D. and Rader, William L.",
    title = "Early Cretaceous cyclostome bryozoans from the early to middle Albian of the Glen Rose and Walnut formations of Texas, USA",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract The Glen Rose and Walnut formations of southcentral and northcentral Texas comprise shallow-water carbonates deposited during the late Aptian to middle Albian on a carbonate platform. The formations are famous for their rich fossil faunas. Although bryozoans are absent in late Aptian sediments, they are frequently found encrusting bivalve shells from the early to middle Albian parts of these formations. Here, we describe the cyclostome bryozoan fauna, which includes six species; Stomatopora sp., Oncousoecia khirar n. sp., Reptomultisparsa mclemoreae n. sp., Hyporosopora keera n. sp., Mesonopora bernardwalteri n. sp., and? Unicavea sp. Most cyclostomes are found encrusting rudist shells from Unit 2 of the Lower Member of the Glen Rose Formation and units 3 and 6 of the Upper Member of the Glen Rose Formation. UUID: http://zoobank.org/4380dcb5-63b2-4aa9-959c-09eb6b03831f",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2018.79",
    doi = "10.1017/jpa.2018.79",
    openalex = "W2913724521",
    references = "anddenny1845list, andnagle1968glen, doi1010160195667181900124, doi101016jcretres201302004, doi10108008912968809386466, doi101242jcss22080481, doi1016660022336020060800049mdoaat20co2, doi105962bhltitle12712, doi105962bhltitle45605, openalexw1483032662, openalexw1534468306, openalexw640867867"
}

@incollection{crossref2021bryozoans,
    title = "BRYOZOANS",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "The Marine World",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1jk0jtt.21",
    doi = "10.2307/j.ctv1jk0jtt.21",
    pages = "284-287"
}

@article{doi101134s0031030122010099,
    author = "Koromyslova, A. V. and Baraboshkin, E. Yu.",
    title = "Encrusting Bryozoans from the Upper Cretaceous of the Middle Volga Region and Crimea",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Paleontological Journal",
    abstract = "Bryozoans encrusting belemnite rostra from the Upper Cretaceous of the Middle Volga region (environs of Volsk and Shikhany) and Central Crimea (Mount Ak-Kaya) are studied. Since the colonies are poorly preserved, they lack many diagnostic features; therefore, most of the species are listed in open nomenclature. The bryozoans studied are from the Middle Volga region, mainly originate from the Santonian–Maastrichtian, and are represented by the species Cyclostomata gen. et sp. indet. (class Stenolaemata), Herpetopora cf. anglica Lang, Hillmeropora sp.,?Marginaria sp., Pyriporella sp., Tyloporella sp., Rhagasostoma gibbosulum Brydone, and Aechmellina cf. anglica (Brydone) (class Gymnolaemata, order Cheilostomata). Bryozoans from Ak-Kaya come from the Campanian to Maastrichtian and include the species Plagioecia sp. (order Cyclostomata),?Electra sp.,?Conopeum sp., and Anornithopora sp. (order Cheilostomata). Data on cheilostome bryozoans from Ak-Kaya and on the Santonian–Campanian bryozoan assemblage from the Middle Volga region are presented for the first time. The studied species from both regions belong to genera that are widespread in the Upper Cretaceous of Eurasia and the United States.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s0031030122010099",
    doi = "10.1134/s0031030122010099",
    openalex = "W4223560295",
    references = "doi101016jannpal201804001, doi101016jcretres201302004, doi101016jcretres2021104845, doi101017jpa201879"
}

@incollection{crossref2025bryozoans,
    title = "Bryozoans",
    year = "2025",
    booktitle = "Fossils on the Seashore",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.20945013.13",
    doi = "10.2307/jj.20945013.13",
    pages = "57-62"
}

@article{doi101038s41598026402230,
    author = "Bibermair, Julian and Saadi, Ahmed J and Schwaha, Thomas",
    title = "Morphological character evolution and ancestral state reconstruction in phylactolaemate bryozoans.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Scientific reports",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41872303/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-026-40223-0",
    pmid = "41872303"
}

@incollection{cortésNonebryozoans,
    author = "Cortés, Jorge and Nielsen, Vanessa and Herrera-Cubilla, Amalia",
    title = "Bryozoans",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8278-8\_37",
    doi = "10.1007/978-1-4020-8278-8\_37",
    pages = "413-416"
}