@inproceedings{leidy1856notices38,
    author = "Leidy, J",
    title = "Notices of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. F.V. Hayden in the badlands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory",
    year = "1856",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Philadelphia, v. 8, p. 72- 73",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Leidy, J., 1856, Notices of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. F.V. Hayden in the badlands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory: Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Philadelphia, v. 8, p. 72- 73.}"
}

@misc{lambe1902new34,
    author = "Lambe, L. M",
    title = "New genera and species from the Belly River Series (mid- Cretaceous)",
    year = "1902",
    howpublished = "Geological Survey of Canada, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, v. 3, p. 23-81",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lambe, L. M., 1902, New genera and species from the Belly River Series (mid- Cretaceous): Geological Survey of Canada, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, v. 3, p. 23-81.}"
}

@misc{lambe1904on35,
    author = "Lambe, L. M",
    title = "On Dryptosaurus incrassatus (Cope), from the Edmonton series of the North West Territory",
    year = "1904",
    howpublished = "Geological Survey of Canada, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, v. 3, p. 1-27",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lambe, L. M., 1904, On Dryptosaurus incrassatus (Cope), from the Edmonton series of the North West Territory: Geological Survey of Canada, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, v. 3, p. 1-27.}"
}

@misc{lambe1914on36,
    author = "Lambe, L. M",
    title = "On the new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta",
    year = "1914",
    howpublished = "Ottawa Naturalist, v. 28, p. 13-20",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lambe, L. M., 1914, On the new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta: Ottawa Naturalist, v. 28, p. 13-20.}"
}

@misc{lambe1917the37,
    author = "Lambe, L. M",
    title = "The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus",
    year = "1917",
    howpublished = "Geological Survey of Canada, Memoirs, v. 100, p. 1-84",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lambe, L. M., 1917, The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus: Geological Survey of Canada, Memoirs, v. 100, p. 1-84.}"
}

@techreport{matthew1922the39,
    author = "Matthew, W. D. and Brown, B",
    title = "The family Deinodontidae with a notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta",
    year = "1922",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 46, p. 367-385",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Matthew, W. D., and Brown, B., 1922, The family Deinodontidae with a notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 46, p. 367-385.}"
}

@techreport{gilmore1924a30,
    author = "Gilmore, C. W",
    title = "A new coelurid dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta",
    year = "1924",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the Canadian Geological Survey Department of Mines, v. 38, p. 1-12",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gilmore, C. W., 1924, A new coelurid dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta: Bulletin of the Canadian Geological Survey Department of Mines, v. 38, p. 1-12.}"
}

@article{parks1926struthiomimus41,
    author = "Parks, W. A",
    title = "Struthiomimus brevitertius- a new species of dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta",
    year = "1926",
    journal = "Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 3, v. 20, p. 65-70",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parks, W. A., 1926, Struthiomimus brevitertius- a new species of dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta: Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 3, v. 20, p. 65-70.}"
}

@book{parks1928albertosaurus42,
    author = "Parks, W. A",
    title = "Albertosaurus arctunguis, a new species of theropodous dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta",
    year = "1928",
    publisher = "University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 25, p. 1-42",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parks, W. A., 1928, Albertosaurus arctunguis, a new species of theropodous dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta: University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 25, p. 1-42.}"
}

@book{parks1928struthiomimus43,
    author = "Parks, W. A",
    title = "Struthiomimus samueli, a new species of Ornithomimidae from the Belly River Formation of Alberta",
    year = "1928",
    publisher = "University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 26, p. 1-24",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parks, W. A., 1928, Struthiomimus samueli, a new species of Ornithomimidae from the Belly River Formation of Alberta: University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 26, p. 1-24.}"
}

@inproceedings{hutchinson1931restudy32,
    author = "Hutchinson, G. E",
    title = "Restudy of some Burgess Shale fossils",
    year = "1931",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the United States National Museum, v. 78, no. 11, p. 1-24",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hutchinson, G. E., 1931, Restudy of some Burgess Shale fossils: Proceedings of the United States National Museum, v. 78, no. 11, p. 1-24.}"
}

@misc{walcott1931addenda57,
    author = "Walcott, C. D",
    title = "Addenda to description of Burgess Shale fossils [with explanatory notes by C.E. Resser]",
    year = "1931",
    howpublished = "Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 85, p. 1-46",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walcott, C. D., 1931, Addenda to description of Burgess Shale fossils [with explanatory notes by C.E. Resser]: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 85, p. 1-46.}"
}

@misc{sternberg1932two52,
    author = "Sternberg, C. M",
    title = "Two new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Canada",
    year = "1932",
    howpublished = "Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 46, p. 99-105",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sternberg, C. M., 1932, Two new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Canada: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 46, p. 99-105.}"
}

@book{parks1933new44,
    author = "Parks, W. A",
    title = "New species of dinosaurs and turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Formations of Alberta",
    year = "1933",
    publisher = "University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 34, p. 1-19",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parks, W. A., 1933, New species of dinosaurs and turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Formations of Alberta: University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 34, p. 1-19.}"
}

@misc{sternberg1933a53,
    author = "Sternberg, C. M",
    title = "A new Ornithomimus with complete abdominal curiass",
    year = "1933",
    howpublished = "Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 47, p. 79-83",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sternberg, C. M., 1933, A new Ornithomimus with complete abdominal curiass: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 47, p. 79-83.}"
}

@article{sternberg1940a54,
    author = "Sternberg, C. M",
    title = "A toothless bird from the Cretaceous of Alberta",
    year = "1940",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 14, p. 81-85",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sternberg, C. M., 1940, A toothless bird from the Cretaceous of Alberta: Journal of Paleontology, v. 14, p. 81-85.}"
}

@article{openalexw2413383410,
    author = "Robison, Richard A.",
    title = "Late Middle Cambrian faunas from western Utah",
    year = "1964",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Fossils were collected from the Wheeler and Marjum Formations (1,400-1,800 ft limestone and shale), from six measured sections in the House Range and one in Drum Mountains and from other localities in western Utah. Trilobites (43 species), brachiopods (eight species), mollusks (four species), and sponges (two species) are described. Three genera (Trymataspis, Utagnostus, Utaspis) and 21 species of trilobites are new. Abundant silicified specimens provide new information on morphology and ontogeny of agnostid trilobites. Evolutionary trends within Agnostidae and other families are discussed. The trilobites belong to the Bolaspidella Assemblage Zone of the standard North American Cambrian; three local assemblage subzones are named Bathyuriscus fimbriatus, Bolaspidella contracta, and Lejopyge calva.",
    openalex = "W2413383410"
}

@article{doi10108011035896509448903,
    author = "Martinsson, Anders",
    title = "Aspects of a Middle Cambrian Thanatotope on Öland",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar",
    abstract = "Abstract The Paradoxissimus Siltstone, representing the Middle Cambrian zone with Tomagnostus fissus and Ptychagnostus atavus in the Öland area, was deposited in a bay under the influence of rhythmic or pendulating current action from NE. Longer periods of mud deposition and an abundant animal life alternated with short periods of silt influx causing a devastation of the mud-burrowing zoocoenoses over large areas. Occasionally the currents turned, transporting some silt in the opposite direction. Among the characteristic animals of the muddy bottoms was the large trilobite Paradoxides paradoxissimus which is found in abundance in the siltstone but only as fossil exuviae; in the shale, representing the environment in which it lived, shelly and trace fossils have been obliterated by diagenetic processes. The silt content in the Paradoxissimus Beds shows lateral variations within the Öland area, and the mainly shaly portions, mostly in the lower part of the sequence, contain better preserved dead trilobites and exuviae in situ. Primary sedimentary structures in connection with the current activity (ripples of different types, traction marks, and priels) are briefly discussed, and the trace fossils are dealt with in more detail. Practical problems in the treatment of trace fossils and ichnocoenoses are discussed as well as some ichnosystematic aspects of the Cambrian “genera” Halopoa and Scotolithus. The Paradoxissimus Siltstone contains hydrocarbons. There are some gas seepages, and surface samples of the siltstone have proved to contain about 0.3\% oil.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/11035896509448903",
    doi = "10.1080/11035896509448903",
    openalex = "W1988675880"
}

@article{russell1969a46,
    author = "Russell, D. A",
    title = "A new specimen of Stenonychosaurus from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 6, p. 595-612",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Russell, D. A., 1969, A new specimen of Stenonychosaurus from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 6, p. 595-612.}"
}

@book{russell1970tyrannosaurs47,
    author = "Russell, D. A",
    title = "Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada",
    year = "1970",
    publisher = "National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology, v. 1, p. 1-34",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Russell, D. A., 1970, Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada: National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology, v. 1, p. 1-34.}"
}

@misc{simonetta1970studies51,
    author = "Simonetta, A. M",
    title = "Studies of non-trilobite arthropods of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian)",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "Palaeontographica Italica, v. 66 (n.s. 36), p. 35-45",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Simonetta, A. M., 1970, Studies of non-trilobite arthropods of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian): Palaeontographica Italica, v. 66 (n.s. 36), p. 35-45.}"
}

@techreport{whittington1971redescription58,
    author = "Whittington, H. B",
    title = "Redescription of Marrella splendens(Trilobitoidea) from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, v. 209, p. 1-24",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., 1971, Redescription of Marrella splendens(Trilobitoidea) from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, v. 209, p. 1-24.}"
}

@article{russell1972ostrich48,
    author = "Russell, D. A",
    title = "Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 9, p. 375-402",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Russell, D. A., 1972, Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 9, p. 375-402.}"
}

@article{russell1973the49,
    author = "Russell, D. A",
    title = "The environments of Canadian dinosaurs",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Canadian Geographic Journal, v. 87, p. 4-11",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Russell, D. A., 1973, The environments of Canadian dinosaurs: Canadian Geographic Journal, v. 87, p. 4-11.}"
}

@article{durham1974systematic28,
    author = "Durham, J. W",
    title = "Systematic position of Eldonia ludwigi Walcott",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 48, p. 750-755",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Durham, J. W., 1974, Systematic position of Eldonia ludwigi Walcott: Journal of Paleontology, v. 48, p. 750-755.}"
}

@techreport{whittington1974yohoia59,
    author = "Whittington, H. B",
    title = "Yohoia Walcott and Plenocaris n. gen., arthropods from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, v. 231, p. 1-21",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., 1974, Yohoia Walcott and Plenocaris n. gen., arthropods from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, v. 231, p. 1-21.}"
}

@article{doi101098rstb19750033,
    author = "Whittington, H. B.",
    title = "The enigmatic animal Opabinia regalis, middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract Ten almost complete specimens have been studied in detail; nine coming from C. D. Walcott’s original collection, one from the recent re-investigation. The cuticle is preserved as a thin, dark layer; the external surface was apparently smooth, except for striations on the frontal process and adjacent to the mouth. Dorsally on the short cephalon were five eyes, thought to have been compound, the inner and outer pairs pedunculate, the median not stalked. From the anteroventral slope of the cephalon arose a long, flexible frontal process, divisible into a longer, cylindrical proximal portion, and a shorter, broad distal portion. The latter was divided longitudinally, each half bearing a group of long spines, directed inward and forward. The process probably contained a median, fluid-filled canal. The mouth was situated on the vertical, posteroventral wall of the cephalon, the alimentary canal U-shaped. The cylindrical axial region of the trunk tapered slightly backward, the alimentary canal situated ventrally and extending to the tip. The trunk was divided into a main portion of 15 segments, subequal in length, and a short posterior portion lacking segmentation. The junctions between segments gave a limited flexibility to the body. Each segment of the main portion of the trunk bore a pair of thin lateral lobes, directed downward and outward, overlapping, of maximum width medially, the lobes progressively more strongly prolonged backward. Dorsal to lobes 2-15, a paddle-shaped gill was attached near the base of the lobe. The ventral surface of the gill was flat, the outer, dorsal surface bearing imbricated, thin lamellae. The gills lay between adjacent, overlapping lateral lobes. Internally, in the main portion of the trunk what may have been diverticula of the gut are preserved, extending into the proximal portions of the lateral lobes. The posterior portion of the trunk bore three pairs of thin, lobate blades, directed upward and outward, overlapping in the opposite sense to the lateral lobes, the entire structure forming a tail fan. The dorsal margin of the tip of the axial region of the fan appears to have borne a pair of spines. The body is preserved with thin layers of rock between such parts as left and right eyes of a pair, adjacent lateral lobes, between gills and lobes, and between gill lamellae. The parts of the bodies are shown to have been entombed at varied angles to the horizontal bedding planes, and are greatly compressed. It is therefore considered that individuals were trapped in a cloud of sediment in suspension, moving along the sea bottom, and buried as it settled out. If so, the animal was benthonic in habit. Opabinia regalis may have ploughed shallowly in the bottom mud, propelled by movement of the lateral lobes. The eyes are presumed to have been capable of detecting movements in the surrounding waters, and the frontal process to have been used to explore the mud for food and bring it to the backward-facing mouth. The posterior region of the trunk may have aided in producing water currents over the dorsal surface of the body, or have aided in steering if the animal was capable of swimming. No structures that appear to have been antennae, and no other jointed appendages, have been observed, and the gills are not trilobite-like. O. regalis is not considered to have been a trilobitomorph arthiopod, nor is it regarded as an annelid. It may be descended from segmented animals from which arthropod phyla and/or annelids were derived.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1975.0033",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1975.0033",
    openalex = "W2128790411",
    references = "doi101098rstb19360008, doi101111j1469185x1958tb01258x, doi101111j150239311972tb00850x, doi1017161dtv0i05603, doi10182618200049639197506, doi10182618200049639197528, doi105281zenodo16286836, openalexw626977301"
}

@incollection{doi10182618200049639197506,
    author = "Whittington, H. B.",
    title = "Trilobites with appendages from the Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1975",
    booktitle = "Fossils and strata",
    abstract = "New and old material of Olenoides serratus is described. Hypostome was fused with rostral plate, presence of metastome uncertain. Uniramous, multijointed antenna and posterior cercus were each of length three-quarters that of exoskeleton. Individuals of different sizes show 14-16 pairs of biramous appendages. Coxa was large, strongly spinose on ventral and adaxial margins. Inner, leg branch of 6 segments and terminal spines, long spines on proximal podomeres on ventral side. Outer branch arose from dorso-posterior margin of coxa, bilobed, inner lobe bearing some 50 slim filaments which extended back over two following appendages. All speeimens show appendages displaced, reconstruction suggests only 3 biramous pairs on cephalon, 7 on thorax, and 4 to 6 on pygidium. Speeies considered a predator and scavenger, food grasped by spinose leg branches, squeezed by gnathobases and passed forward in midline. Outer branches considered a gill, probably also used in swimming. Gait, trackway, and manner of digging and raking are suggested. No new material of Kootenia burgessensis found, Walcott's single specimen shows no clear evidence of anterior rim of shaft of gill branch.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.18261/8200049639-1975-06",
    doi = "10.18261/8200049639-1975-06",
    openalex = "W4385617811",
    references = "doi101002gj3350070104, doi101016003101827190040x, doi101098rstb19640001, doi101111j109636421952tb01854x, doi101111j109636421954tb02211x, doi101111j109636421973tb00790x, doi101111j150239311969tb01259x, doi10182618200093301197301, openalexw2413383410, openalexw2604533467"
}

@misc{hughes1975redescription31,
    author = "Hughes, C. P",
    title = "Redescription of Burgessia bella from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "Fossils and Strata (Oslo), v. 4, p. 415-435",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hughes, C. P., 1975, Redescription of Burgessia bella from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia: Fossils and Strata (Oslo), v. 4, p. 415-435.}"
}

@article{jones1975canada,
    author = "Jones, Elise F. and Balakrishnan, T. R. and Kantner, J. F. and Allingham, J. D.",
    title = "Canada, O Canada",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Family Planning Perspectives",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2133665",
    doi = "10.2307/2133665",
    number = "6",
    pages = "287",
    volume = "7"
}

@article{whittington1975the60,
    author = "Whittington, H. B",
    title = "The enigmatic animal Opabinia regalis, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 271, p. 1-43",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., 1975, The enigmatic animal Opabinia regalis, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 271, p. 1-43.}"
}

@misc{whittington1975trilobites61,
    author = "Whittington, H. B",
    title = "Trilobites with appendages from the Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "Fossils and Strata (Oslo), v. 4, p. 97-136",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., 1975, Trilobites with appendages from the Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia: Fossils and Strata (Oslo), v. 4, p. 97-136.}"
}

@techreport{briggs1976the2,
    author = "Briggs, D. E. G",
    title = "The arthropod Branchiocaris n. gen., Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, v. 264, p. 1-29",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Briggs, D. E. G., 1976, The arthropod Branchiocaris n. gen., Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, v. 264, p. 1-29.}"
}

@misc{conwaymorris1976a14,
    author = "Conway Morris, S",
    title = "A new Cambrian lophophorate from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 19, p. 199-222",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., 1976, A new Cambrian lophophorate from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia: Palaeontology, v. 19, p. 199-222.}"
}

@misc{conwaymorris1976nectocaris13,
    author = "Conway Morris, S",
    title = "Nectocaris pteryx, a new organism from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Nueus Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palontologie, v. 12, p. 705-713",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., 1976, Nectocaris pteryx, a new organism from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia: Nueus Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palontologie, v. 12, p. 705-713.}"
}

@article{doi10108003115517608619064,
    author = "Runnegar, Bruce and Jell, Peter A.",
    title = "Australian Middle Cambrian molluscs and their bearing on early molluscan evolution",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Twenty-eight species of fifteen genera of Middle Cambrian molluscs are described from tiny phosphatic moulds or silica replicas of the shells. The molluscs were etched from limestones at two sites: one in the earliest Middle Cambrian Coonigan Formation of the Mootwingee area, 130 km northeast of Broken Hill, New South Wales; and another in the middle Middle Cambrian Currant Bush Limestone of the Thorntonia area, 150 km northwest of Mt Isa, Queensland. These unusually diverse collections show that many different kinds of molluscs lived in the tropical Australian seas of the Middle Cambrian and provide new information on the way the molluscan classes Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, Rostro- conchia, and Pelecypoda evolved. In other sections, we discuss the problems of classifying and naming Cambrian molluscs; define a number of terms that can be used to describe shell form (including a new adjective, gyrogastric); reclassify the Class Monoplacophora after incorporating the helcionellacean and bellerophontacean “gastropods”; and outline the early record and history of the Mollusca. New taxa are: the Families Scenellidae (nom. transl. ex Scenellinae Wenz 1938) and Yochelcionellidae; the genera Eotebenna (Yochelcionellidae), Mellopegma (Procarinariidae), and ProtoweneHa (Multifariidae); and the species Helcionella terraustralis, Latouchella accordionata, L. merino, L. penecyrano, Yochelcionella daleki, Y. ostentata, Eotebenna pontifex, E. papilio, Mellopegma georginensis, Stenotheca tepee, S. pojetai, Protowenella flemingi, Pelagiella deltoides, P. corinthiana, and Myonai? queenslandica.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03115517608619064",
    doi = "10.1080/03115517608619064",
    openalex = "W2124323345",
    references = "doi101130spe32, doi102475ajs2748833"
}

@misc{farlow1976a29,
    author = "Farlow, J. O",
    title = "A consideration of the trophic dynamics of a Late Cretaceous large-dinosaur community (Oldman Formation)",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Ecology, v. 57, p. 841-857",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Farlow, J. O., 1976, A consideration of the trophic dynamics of a Late Cretaceous large-dinosaur community (Oldman Formation): Ecology, v. 57, p. 841-857.}"
}

@techreport{mcandrews1976fossil40,
    author = "McAndrews, J. H",
    title = "Fossil history of man's impact on the Canadian flora",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "an example from southern Ontario: Canadian Botanical Association Bulletin, v. 9, p. 1-6",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McAndrews, J. H., 1976, Fossil history of man's impact on the Canadian flora: an example from southern Ontario: Canadian Botanical Association Bulletin, v. 9, p. 1-6.}"
}

@misc{briggs1977bivalved3,
    author = "Briggs, D. E. G",
    title = "Bivalved arthropods from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 20, p. 595-621",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Briggs, D. E. G., 1977, Bivalved arthropods from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia: Palaeontology, v. 20, p. 595-621.}"
}

@misc{conwaymorris1977a15,
    author = "Conway Morris, S",
    title = "A new entoproct-like organism from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 20, p. 833-845",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., 1977, A new entoproct-like organism from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia: Palaeontology, v. 20, p. 833-845.}"
}

@misc{conwaymorris1977a16,
    author = "Conway Morris, S",
    title = "A redescription of the Middle Cambrian worm Amiskwia sagittiformis Walcott from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Palontologische Zeitschrift, v. 51, p. 271-287",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., 1977, A redescription of the Middle Cambrian worm Amiskwia sagittiformis Walcott from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia: Palontologische Zeitschrift, v. 51, p. 271-287.}"
}

@misc{conwaymorris1977a17,
    author = "Conway Morris, S",
    title = "A new metazoan from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 20, p. 623-640",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., 1977, A new metazoan from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia: Palaeontology, v. 20, p. 623-640.}"
}

@misc{conwaymorris1977fossil18,
    author = "Conway Morris, S",
    title = "Fossil priapulid worms, 20 of Special Papers in Palaeontology",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "London, Palaeontological Association",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., 1977, Fossil priapulid worms, 20 of Special Papers in Palaeontology: London, Palaeontological Association.}"
}

@article{doi101098rstb19770117,
    author = "Whittington, H. B.",
    title = "The Middle Cambrian trilobite Naraoia, Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract The type species of the genus, N.compacta, is described from new preparations and measurements of over 100 specimens from C. D. Walcott’s original collection, and 5 from the recent re-investigation. Photographs and explanatory drawings provide the basis for considerations of mode of preservation, and lead to a new reconstruction. The dorsal exoskeleton was divided by a single articulation into two shields, each moderately convex with a raised axial region, the subcircular anterior shield overlapping for a short distance the longer posterior shield; narrow reflexed doublure on both shields. Dorsal surfaces of shields smooth, without transverse furrows, eyes absent. Axial region of anterior shield widest posteriorly, extending forward to threequarters length of shield, labrum may have been present under anterior portion. Axial region of posterior shield tapered back, reaching close to posterior margin of shield. Alimentary canal may be preserved filled with sediment, and was probably U-shaped anteriorly, broadest beneath anterior portion of axial region, tapering back to tip of posterior shield. Two types of alimentary diverticula preserved as reflective bands on anterior shield; single trunk of lateral diverticula ran transversely at mid-length and ramified beneath lateral region of shield; three pairs of axial diverticula, one per segment, originated behind main trunk of lateral diverticula and ramified in posterior part of axial region. Axial diverticula, one per segment and not ramifying, appear to have been present beneath the axial region of the posterior shield. Paired areas of muscle attachment, preserved as reflective or pyritous areas, are segmentally arranged along the axial region, one pair close together at the anterior extremity. One pair of long, uniramous, multi-jointed antennae was attached beside anterior extremity of axial region, followed by a maximum of 19 pairs of similar biramous appendages, three pairs on the posterior part of the anterior shield, remainder beneath posterior shield. Large triangular coxa strongly spinose on adaxial margin; inner, leg branch of five podomeres and terminal, thorn-like spine; large, spinose endite on proximal podomere. Outer branch arose from abaxial, dorsal margin of coxa, and consisted of slim, tapering shaft with terminal lobe, dorsal margin of shaft bore many long, thin, upward and backwardly directed lamellae. Specimens range in length from 9 to 40 mm, some 40 \% of the sample being cast dorsal exoskeletons, the remainder whole animals. About one-fifth of the sample bore a posterolateral spine on the anterior shield, rather than having a rounded angle. This difference was recently used to erect two new species, Naraoia halia and N. pammon; here it is taken as the sole evidence of dimorphism in the single species N. compacta. A second species, N. spinfer, is recognized from two poorly-preserved specimens, characterized by seven pairs of lateral spines and a median posterior spine on the margins of the posterior shield; the axial region is poorly defined and appendages virtually unknown. N. compacta is considered to have been a benthonic predator and scavenger, walking, digging and raking in search of food much as did the trilobite Olenoides serratus, and to have had poor swimming powers. The lamellate outer branch of the appendage is regarded as a gill branch, aerated by currents produced when walking and swimming or drifting. There is no evidence of an abdomen or telson, so that N. compacta is a trilobite-like animal lacking the articulated thorax; it is regarded as representing a separate order of class Trilobita.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1977.0117",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1977.0117",
    openalex = "W2057064158"
}

@misc{russell1977a50,
    author = "Russell, D. A",
    title = "A Vanished World",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "The Dinosaurs of Western Canada: Ottawa, National Museums of Canada",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Russell, D. A., 1977, A Vanished World: The Dinosaurs of Western Canada: Ottawa, National Museums of Canada.}"
}

@article{sues1977dentaries55,
    author = "Sues, H.-D",
    title = "Dentaries of small theropods from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 587-592",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sues, H.-D., 1977, Dentaries of small theropods from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 587-592.}"
}

@article{whittington1977the62,
    author = "Whittington, H. B",
    title = "The Middle Cambrian trilobite Naraoia, Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 280, p. 409-443",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., 1977, The Middle Cambrian trilobite Naraoia, Burgess Shale, British Columbia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 280, p. 409-443.}"
}

@article{briggs1978the4,
    author = "Briggs, D. E. G",
    title = "The morphology, mode of life, and affinities of Canadaspis perfecta (Crustacea",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Phyllocarida), Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 281, p. 439-487",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Briggs, D. E. G., 1978, The morphology, mode of life, and affinities of Canadaspis perfecta (Crustacea: Phyllocarida), Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 281, p. 439-487.}"
}

@article{conwaymorris1978laggania19,
    author = "Conway Morris, S",
    title = "Laggania cambria Walcott",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "A composite fossil: Journal of Paleontology, v. 52, p. 126-131",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., 1978, Laggania cambria Walcott: A composite fossil: Journal of Paleontology, v. 52, p. 126-131.}"
}

@article{lyon1978review,
    author = "Lyon, Peyton V.",
    title = "Review: Canada: One Canada",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/002070207803300212",
    doi = "10.1177/002070207803300212",
    number = "2",
    pages = "462-464",
    volume = "33"
}

@article{sues1978a56,
    author = "Sues, H.-D",
    title = "A new small theropod dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta Canada",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 62, p. 381-400",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sues, H.-D., 1978, A new small theropod dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta Canada: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 62, p. 381-400.}"
}

@article{whittington1978the63,
    author = "Whittington, H. B",
    title = "The lobopod animal Aysheaia pendunculata Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 284, p. 165-197",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., 1978, The lobopod animal Aysheaia pendunculata Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 284, p. 165-197.}"
}

@misc{briggs1979anomalocaris5,
    author = "Briggs, D. E. G",
    title = "Anomalocaris, the largest known Cambrian arthropod",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 22, p. 631-634",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Briggs, D. E. G., 1979, Anomalocaris, the largest known Cambrian arthropod: Palaeontology, v. 22, p. 631-634.}"
}

@article{conwaymorris1979middle20,
    author = "Conway Morris, S",
    title = "Middle Cambrian polychaetes from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 285, p. 227-274",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., 1979, Middle Cambrian polychaetes from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 285, p. 227-274.}"
}

@article{doi101146annureves10110179001551,
    author = "Morris, Simon Conway",
    title = "The Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) Fauna",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics",
    abstract = "The preservation of soft parts in fossils is rare because fossilization usually occurs long after decay has destroyed soft tissues. A notable exception is the soft-bodied fauna from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale (about 530 million years old) located near Field in southern British Columbia, where both completely soft-bodied groups (e.g. polychaetes) and the soft parts of creatures with resistant skeletons (e.g. trilobites) are beautifully preserved. In addition, this fauna includes animals with fragile skeletons of thin cuticle that normally do not fossilize. The Burgess Shale fauna is of special impor­ tance because it permits a unique glimpse of the period shortly after the upper Precambrian-lowermost Cambrian radiation of the Metazoa (26). In 1909 Charles Doolittle Walcott (Secretary of the Smithsonian Institu­ tion), returning from a field season, stopped to split open a rock that blocked a trail on the western slopes between Wapta Mountain and Mount Field. The rock contained soft-bodied fossils. The following year Walcott and his two sons located the original stratum: the Burgess Shale. Quarrying contin­ ued for several seasons (1910--l3, 1917), and more than 40,000 specimens were shipped to the Smithsonian Institution (USNM). Subsequent expedi­ tions by Harvard University (MCZ) in 1930 (92, 94), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) in 1966 and 1967 (153), and the Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto) in 1975 collected more material. After Walcott's preliminary publications (l35-l37, l39-146, 148), a much needed reinvestigation was undertaken by the GSC, with H. B. Whittington directing the paleontologi­ cal work.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.10.110179.001551",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.es.10.110179.001551",
    openalex = "W2123112979",
    references = "doi101007bf02989565, doi101016b9780125886062500126, doi101016s0070457108711324, doi101017s0094837300005236, doi101098rstb19770117, doi101111j150239311975tb01311x, doi101130gsab49195, doi105479si009638017628061, openalexw2604533467, openalexw582491535"
}

@inproceedings{whittington1980the64,
    author = "Whittington, H. B",
    title = "The significance of the fauna of the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia",
    year = "1980",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Geologist's Association, v. 91, p. 127-148",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., 1980, The significance of the fauna of the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia: Proceedings of the Geologist's Association, v. 91, p. 127-148.}"
}

@misc{briggs1981relationships7,
    author = "Briggs, D. E. G",
    title = "Relationships of arthropods from the Burgess Shale and other Cambrian sequences",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Open File Report 81-743, United States Geological Survey, pp. 38-41",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Briggs, D. E. G., 1981, Relationships of arthropods from the Burgess Shale and other Cambrian sequences. Open File Report 81-743, United States Geological Survey, pp. 38-41.}"
}

@article{briggs1981the6,
    author = "Briggs, D. E. G",
    title = "The arthropod Odaraia alata Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 291, p. 541-585",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Briggs, D. E. G., 1981, The arthropod Odaraia alata Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 291, p. 541-585.}"
}

@article{bruton1981the9,
    author = "Bruton, D. L",
    title = "The arthropod Sidneyia inexpectans, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 295, p. 619-656",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bruton, D. L., 1981, The arthropod Sidneyia inexpectans, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 295, p. 619-656.}"
}

@article{doi101098rstb19810164,
    author = "Bruton, David L.",
    title = "The arthropod Sidneyia inexpectans, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract Old and new specimens of Sidneyia inexpectans have been studied and are accompanied by explanatory drawings and photographs. New reconstructions of the animal are given together with a three-dimensional model. The body consisted of a cephalon with a long backwardly directed doublure, a thorax of nine articulating somites, abdomen with cylindrical exoskeleton of two or three somites and a telson. A caudal fan was formed by a pair of uropods articulating at the posterior margin of the last abdominal somite. The cephalon had stalked eyes and preoral antennae but no walking or grasping appendages. The first four somites of the thorax had paired uniramous, prehensile walking legs attached to the body by broad coxae with spiny gnathobases. The coxae were smaller on the five posterior thoracic somites and the paired appendages were biramous, each bearing a gill supported on a flap attached at its proximal end to the first podomere of the leg. The coxa-body attachment resembles that of modern merostomes and is in advance of trilobites. Evidence suggests that Sidneyia was a bottom-living, carnivorous animal eating larger and harder food than trilobites. Gut contents include ostracodes, hyolithids, small trilobites and phosphatic debris. Sidneyia is the earliest known form which could be an ancestor to merostomes, but its body plan and absence of chelicera distinguishes Sidneyia from this group. The holotype of Amiella ornata Walcott, 1911 is reinterpreted and its synonomy with S. inexpectans is confirmed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1981.0164",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1981.0164",
    openalex = "W1995782650",
    references = "doi101007bf03006730, doi101098rstb19640001, doi101098rstb19750033, doi101111j109636421952tb01854x, doi101111j109636421954tb02211x, doi101111j109636421965tb00500x, doi10182618200049639197506, doi1023072412988, doi104095103458, doi105281zenodo16490103, doi105962bhltitle66889"
}

@inproceedings{whittington1981cambrian66,
    author = "Whittington, H. B",
    title = "Cambrian amimals",
    year = "1981",
    booktitle = "Their ancestors and descendants: Proceedings of the Linnean Society (New South Wales), v. 105, p. 79-87",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., 1981, Cambrian amimals: Their ancestors and descendants: Proceedings of the Linnean Society (New South Wales), v. 105, p. 79-87.}"
}

@article{whittington1981rare65,
    author = "Whittington, H. B",
    title = "Rare arthropods from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 292, p. 329-357",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., 1981, Rare arthropods from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 292, p. 329-357.}"
}

@article{conwaymorris1982the24,
    author = "Conway Morris, S. and Robinson, R. A",
    title = "The enigmatic medusoid Peytoia and a comparison of some Cambrian biotas",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 56, p. 116-122",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., and Robinson, R. A., 1982, The enigmatic medusoid Peytoia and a comparison of some Cambrian biotas: Journal of Paleontology, v. 56, p. 116-122.}"
}

@article{bengtson1983the1,
    author = "Bengtson, S. and Fletcher, T. P",
    title = "The oldest sequence of skeletal fossils in the Lower Cambrian of southwestern Newfoudland",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 525-536",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bengtson, S., and Fletcher, T. P., 1983, The oldest sequence of skeletal fossils in the Lower Cambrian of southwestern Newfoudland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 525-536.}"
}

@article{bruton1983emeraldella10,
    author = "Bruton, D. L. and Whittington, H. B",
    title = "Emeraldella and Leancholia, two arthropods from the Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 300, p. 553-585",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bruton, D. L., and Whittington, H. B., 1983, Emeraldella and Leancholia, two arthropods from the Burgess Shale, British Columbia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 300, p. 553-585.}"
}

@misc{collins1983new12,
    author = "Collins, D. H. and Briggs, D. E. G. and Conway Morris, S",
    title = "New Burgess Shale fossil sites reveal Middle Cambrian faunal complex",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 222, p. 163-167",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Collins, D. H., Briggs, D. E. G., and Conway Morris, S., 1983, New Burgess Shale fossil sites reveal Middle Cambrian faunal complex: Science, v. 222, p. 163-167.}"
}

@article{doi101126science2224620163,
    author = "Collins, Desmond and Briggs, Derek E. G. and Morris, Simon Conway",
    title = "New Burgess Shale Fossil Sites Reveal Middle Cambrian Faunal Complex",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Soft-bodied and lightly sclerotized Burgess shale fossils have been found at more than a dozen new localities in an area extending for 20 kilometers along the front of the Cathedral Escarpment in the Middle Cambrian Stephen Formation of the Canadian Rockies. Five different fossil assemblages from four stratigraphic levels have been recognized. These assemblages represent distinct penecontemporaneous marine communities that together make up a normal fore-reef faunal complex.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.222.4620.163",
    doi = "10.1126/science.222.4620.163",
    openalex = "W1994380053",
    references = "doi101017s0094837300006539, doi101038scientificamerican0779122, doi101098rstb19810033, doi101130gsab51731, doi105281zenodo15932730, doi105281zenodo16490103, openalexw2600671946, openalexw2608196808, openalexw614215761"
}

@article{doi101111j150239311984tb02022x,
    author = "Bengtson, Stefan and Morris, Simon Conway",
    title = "A comparative study of Lower Cambrian Halkieria and Middle Cambrian Wiwaxia",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "Two Cambrian lepidote metazoans known from different respective types of preservation have been compared in order to elucidate their biology and affinities. The widely distributed Lower Cambrian Halkieria is represented by isolated hollow sclerites, probably of originally calcareous composition. The Middle Cambrian Wiwaxia is known from the Burgess Shale as isolated sclerites (scales and spines) and as more or less complete individuals. Although Halkieria sclerites were mineralized and those of Wiwaxia were probably not, there are fundamental structural and morphological similarities between the two. Both bad an imbricating scaly and spiny armour consisting of hollow sclerites with a longitudinally fibrous structure. The sclerites did not grow, but were probably moulted during the course of ontogenetic growth. Halkieria and Wiwaxia are regarded as closely related. Both are referred to the Order Sachitida He 1980. The sclerite armour of Halkieria is reconstructed on the template provided by Wiwaxia. The interpretation of sachitid sclerites as protective armour is an alternative to the interpretation by Jell (1981, Alcheringa 5)that sachitid sclerites were respiratory organs in an animal of probable annelid affinities. Sachitids are interpreted as sluggish, benthic deposit feeders that do not belong to any recognized phylum.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1984.tb02022.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1502-3931.1984.tb02022.x",
    openalex = "W1967576163"
}

@misc{collins1985a11,
    author = "Collins, D. H",
    title = "A new Burgess Shale type fauna in the Middle Cambrian Stephan Formation on Mount Stephan, British Columbia",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "In Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America, p.550",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Collins, D. H., 1985, A new Burgess Shale type fauna in the Middle Cambrian Stephan Formation on Mount Stephan, British Columbia. In Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America, p.550.}"
}

@misc{conwaymorris1985fossils25,
    author = "Conway Morris, S. and Whittington, H. B",
    title = "Fossils of the Burgess Shale. A national treasure in Yoho National Park, British Columbia",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Geological Survey of Canada, Miscellaneous Reports, v. 43, p. 1-31",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., and Whittington, H. B., 1985, Fossils of the Burgess Shale. A national treasure in Yoho National Park, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada, Miscellaneous Reports, v. 43, p. 1-31.}"
}

@article{conwaymorris1985the21,
    author = "Conway Morris, S",
    title = "The Middle Cambrian metazoan Wiwaxia corrugata (Matthew) from the Burgess Shale and the Ogygopsis Shale, British Columbia, Canada",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 307, p. 507- 582",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., 1985, The Middle Cambrian metazoan Wiwaxia corrugata (Matthew) from the Burgess Shale and the Ogygopsis Shale, British Columbia, Canada: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 307, p. 507- 582.}"
}

@article{doi101098rstb19850005,
    author = "Morris, Simon Conway",
    title = "The Middle Cambrian metazoan Wiwaxia corrugata (Matthew) from the Burgess Shale and Ogygopsis Shale, British Columbia, Canada",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract A detailed redescription of the Middle Cambrian metazoan Wiwaxia corrugata (Matthew) is given with the aid of photographs, mostly taken under ultraviolet radiation, and explanatory camera lucida drawings. Wiwaxia is known only from the Stephen Formation with four localities within the Bathyuriscus-Elrathina Zone, the celebrated Burgess Shale (Phyllopod bed) and Ogygopsis Shale and two localities that appear to expose strata relatively high in the Formation, and a new locality in the underlying Glossopleura Zone. Specimens from the Ogygopsis Shale consist almost entirely of isolated sclerites, whereas in the Phyllopod bed the species is also known from entire specimens, semi-isolated assemblages and isolated soft-parts. T he description here is based almost entirely on Phyllopod bed m aterial. Wiwaxia was originally largely covered by sclerites. On the basis of shape and arrangement five distinct zones are recognizable: dorsal, upper lateral, lower lateral, anterior and ventro-lateral. In addition, there was a row of elongate dorso-lateral spinose sclerites running along either side of the body. Each sclerite was inserted separately via a root-like structure. Growth of the animal appears to have occurred by moulting of the sclerites; one unique juvenile specimen appears to be preserved in the act of moulting. The ventral surface was apparently an area of soft tissue devoid of sclerites. Little is known of the internal anatomy, although anteriorly there was a feeding apparatus consisting of two rows of posteriorly directed teeth. Most stages of growth are known varying from presumed juveniles, which at their smallest may have lacked spines, to adults over 50 mm long. Wiwaxia appears to have been an epifaunal deposit feeder that crawled across the sea-bed, although smaller juveniles may have been infaunal. The dorso-lateral spines may have provided protection against predators and the existence of broken spines suggests the successful deterrence of attack. The affinities of Wiwaxia do not appear to lie with the polychaetous annelids. While the possibilities of convergence cannot be eliminated, there appears to be a significant similarity between Wiwaxia and molluscs that suggests a related derivation from a turbellarian ancestor. Nevertheless, Wiwaxia has a distinctive bodyplan and as such cannot be accommodated in any known phylum. While Wiwaxia is unique to the Stephen Formation isolated sclerites from Lower Cambrian rocks appear to represent earlier wiwaxiids, although these sclerites show differences in their size and composition as com pared with Wiwaxia. Wiwaxia enhances knowledge of early metazoan evolution and ecology in the Cambrian. In particular, it gives fresh insights into the origin and relative success of certain metazoan bodyplans, the origin of trace fossils, and the importance of predation in Cambrian communities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1985.0005",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1985.0005",
    openalex = "W2165800154",
    references = "doi1010160301926879900226, doi101038285160a0, doi101098rstb19810007, doi101098rstb19810164, doi101111j1469185x1966tb01624x, doi101111j150239311969tb01258x, doi10182618200093301197301, doi102113gsecongeo644383, doi105281zenodo15942062, openalexw1575297980, openalexw3116078484"
}

@article{whittington1985extraordinary70,
    author = "Whittington, H. B. and Conway Morris, S",
    title = "Extraordinary Fossil Biotas",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Their Ecological and Evolutionary Significance: London, Royal Society, 192 p.; Published originally in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 311:1-192",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., and Conway Morris, S., 1985, Extraordinary Fossil Biotas: Their Ecological and Evolutionary Significance: London, Royal Society, 192 p.; Published originally in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 311:1-192.}"
}

@article{whittington1985tegopelte67,
    author = "Whittington, H. B",
    title = "Tegopelte gigas, a second soft-bodied trilobite from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, p. 1251-1274",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., 1985, Tegopelte gigas, a second soft-bodied trilobite from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, p. 1251-1274.}"
}

@book{whittington1985the68,
    author = "Whittington, H. B",
    title = "The Burgess Shale",
    year = "1985",
    publisher = "New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., 1985, The Burgess Shale: New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.}"
}

@article{whittington1985the69,
    author = "Whittington, H. B. and Briggs, D. E. G",
    title = "The largest Cambrian animal, Anomalocaris, Burgess Shale, British Columbia",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 309, p. 569-609",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittington, H. B., and Briggs, D. E. G., 1985, The largest Cambrian animal, Anomalocaris, Burgess Shale, British Columbia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 309, p. 569-609.}"
}

@misc{conwaymorris1986the22,
    author = "Conway Morris, S",
    title = "The community structure of the Middle Cambrian phyllopod bed (Burgess Shale)",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 29, p. 423-467",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., 1986, The community structure of the Middle Cambrian phyllopod bed (Burgess Shale): Palaeontology, v. 29, p. 423-467.}"
}

@article{openalexw2754161204,
    author = "Morris, S Conway",
    title = "The community structure of the Middle Cambrian Phyllopod Bed (Burgess Shale)",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution)",
    openalex = "W2754161204"
}

@misc{rigby1986sponges45,
    author = "Rigby, J. K",
    title = "Sponges of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) British Columbia",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Palaeontographica Canada, v. 2",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Rigby, J. K., 1986, Sponges of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) British Columbia: Palaeontographica Canada, v. 2.}"
}

@misc{conwaymorris1987a23,
    author = "Conway Morris, S. and Peel, J. S. and Higgins, A. K. and Soper, N. J. and Davis, N. C",
    title = "A Burgess Shale-like fauna from the Lower Cambrian of north Greenland",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 326, p. 181-183",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conway Morris, S., Peel, J. S., Higgins, A. K., Soper, N. J., and Davis, N. C., 1987, A Burgess Shale-like fauna from the Lower Cambrian of north Greenland: Nature, v. 326, p. 181-183.}"
}

@misc{currie1987new27,
    author = "Currie, P. J",
    title = "New Approaches to Studying Dinosaurs in Dinosaur Provincial Park, in Czerkas, S. J., and Olson, E. C., eds., Dinosaurs Past and Present, II",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Los Angeles, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, p. 100-117",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Currie, P. J., 1987, New Approaches to Studying Dinosaurs in Dinosaur Provincial Park, in Czerkas, S. J., and Olson, E. C., eds., Dinosaurs Past and Present, II: Los Angeles, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, p. 100-117.}"
}

@inproceedings{currie1987theropods26,
    author = "Currie, P. J",
    title = "Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, in Currie, P. J., and Koster, E., eds., Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 52-59",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Currie, P. J., 1987, Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, in Currie, P. J., and Koster, E., eds., Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems: Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 52-59.}"
}

@article{doi101038326181a0,
    author = "Morris, Simon Conway and Peel, John S. and Higgins, A.K and Soper, Nathaniel J. and Davis, Neil",
    title = "A Burgess shale-like fauna from the Lower Cambrian of North Greenland",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/326181a0",
    doi = "10.1038/326181a0",
    openalex = "W2070517799",
    references = "doi1010160301926885900518, doi101017s009483730001246x, doi101098rstb19780005, doi101098rstb19830020, doi101098rstb19850138, doi101126science2224620163, doi101130gsab49195, doi101146annureves10110179001551, openalexw2603635224, openalexw2754161204, openalexw2944885317"
}

@incollection{jerzykiewicz1987semiarid33,
    author = "Jerzykiewicz, T. and Sweet, A. R",
    editor = "Currie, P. J. and Koster, E.",
    title = "Semiarid Floodplain as a Paleoenvironmental Setting of the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaurs: Sedimentological Evidence from Mongolia and Alberta",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems",
    publisher = "Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 120-124",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jerzykiewicz, T., and Sweet, A. R., 1987, Semiarid Floodplain as a Paleoenvironmental Setting of the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaurs: Sedimentological Evidence from Mongolia and Alberta, in Currie, P. J., and Koster, E., eds., Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems: Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 120-124.}"
}

@misc{briggs1988a8,
    author = "Briggs, D. E. G. and Collins, D",
    title = "A Middle Cambrian chelicerate from Mount Stephan, British Columbia",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 31, p. 779-798",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Briggs, D. E. G., and Collins, D., 1988, A Middle Cambrian chelicerate from Mount Stephan, British Columbia: Palaeontology, v. 31, p. 779-798.}"
}

@article{openalexw2138270429,
    author = "Morris, Simon Conway and Robison, Richard A.",
    title = "More soft-bodied animals and algae from the Middle Cambrian of Utah and British Columbia",
    year = "1988",
    openalex = "W2138270429"
}

@incollection{crossref1989canada,
    title = "Canada East or Lower Canada",
    year = "1989",
    booktitle = "Johan Schrøder’s Travels in Canada, 1863",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773562172-008",
    doi = "10.1515/9780773562172-008",
    pages = "71-79"
}

@article{doi101017s0263593300028716,
    author = "Morris, Simon Conway",
    title = "The persistence of Burgess Shale-type faunas: implications for the evolution of deeper-water faunas",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Discoveries, most of them recently, in more than thirty Lower and Middle Cambrian horizons with soft-bodied fossils have shown that forty-one of the genera occur also in the celebrated Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian). Significantly, they tend to have lengthy stratigraphic durations which together encompass an interval from the early Lower Cambrian (Tommotian) to near the end of the Middle Cambrian. At least some genera have also wide geographical ranges, with occurrences around much of the Laurentian (N America) craton, and also in N and S China, Australia, Siberia, Spain and Poland. Although a few genera, e.g. Isoxys, may have been pelagic, for the most part these distributions are explained in terms of a deeper-water biota with an evolutionarily conservative aspect. Both the origins and further recruitment to this biota may have been from shallower water, with more limited in situ diversification. It is speculated that this distinctive Cambrian biota was gradually driven to extinction with the arrival of Ordovician competitors, although some relics may have survived until at least the Devonian. This history has implications for our understanding of deeper-water faunas throughout the Phanerozoic, and supports the notion that archaic forms may take refuge in this environment.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300028716",
    doi = "10.1017/s0263593300028716",
    openalex = "W2315769200",
    references = "doi101017s009483730001246x, doi104095100784, openalexw2255057748"
}

@article{doi101126science2464928339,
    author = "Morris, Simon Conway",
    title = "Burgess Shale Faunas and the Cambrian Explosion",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = {Soft-bodied marine faunas from the Lower and Middle Cambrian, exemplified by the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, are a key component in understanding the major adaptive radiations at the beginning of the Phanerozoic ("Cambrian explosion"). These faunas have a widespread distribution, and many taxa have pronounced longevity. Among the components appear to be survivors of the preceding Ediacaran assemblages and a suite of bizarre forms that give unexpected insights into morphological diversification. Microevolutionary processes, however, seem adequate to account for this radiation, and the macroevolutionary patterns that set the seal on Phanerozoic life are contingent on random extinctions. They weeded out the morphological spectrum and permitted rediversification among surviving clades. Although the predictability of which clades will play in successive acts of the Phanerozoic theater is low, at least the outlines of the underlying ecological plot are already clear from the opening of the drama.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.246.4928.339",
    doi = "10.1126/science.246.4928.339",
    openalex = "W2162201296",
    references = "doi1010079781475707403, doi1010160009254187901653, doi1010160301926885900518, doi101017s0094837300006539, doi101038326181a0, doi101098rstb19750033, doi101098rstb19780005, doi101098rstb19850005, doi101098rstb19850138, doi101111j150239311989tb01332x, doi101126science2164542173, doi101126science2224620163, doi101126science22246281123, doi101126science3277277, doi1011300091761319880160149mibbbs23co2, doi101146annureves10110179001551, doi101826182003741571989, dzik1988the, gingerich1987evolution, morris1979the, morris1987a, openalexw2473761340"
}

@article{doi101017s0094837300009994,
    author = "Butterfield, Nicholas J.",
    title = "Organic preservation of non-mineralizing organisms and the taphonomy of the Burgess Shale",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Organic preservation of non-mineralizing animals constitutes an important part of the paleontological record, yet the processes involved have not been investigated in detail. Organic-walled fossils are generally explicable as a coincidence of original, relatively recalcitrant, extra-cellular materials and more or less anti-biotic depositional circumstances. One of the most pervasive natural inhibitors of biodegradation results from substrate and enzyme adsorption onto, and within, clay minerals; such interactions are likely responsible for many of the organic-walled fossils preserved in clastic sediments. Close examination of the fossil Lagerstätte of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian, British Columbia) reveals that most of its so-called soft-bodied fossils are composed of primary (although kerogenized) organic carbon. Their preservation can be attributed to pervasive clay-organic interactions as the organisms were transported in a moving sediment cloud and buried with all cavities and spaces permeated with fine grained clays. The organic-walled Burgess Shale fossils were studied both in petrographic thin section and isolated from the rock matrix, following careful acid maceration. Isotopic analysis of bulk organic and carbonate carbon yielded values consistent with a normal marine paleoenvironment. Anatomical and histological consideration of the enigmatic Burgess worm Amiskwia suggest that it may in fact be a chaetognath, while the putative chordate Pikaia appears not to be related to modern cephalochordates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300009994",
    doi = "10.1017/s0094837300009994",
    openalex = "W2484296155",
    references = "allison1988the, doi1010079783642859168, doi1010079783642878138, doi1010079783642964466, doi1010160016703778901990, doi1010160016703781902441, doi1010160020711x85900230, doi101016c20090018339, doi101017s0022336000029905, doi101017s009483730001188x, doi101017s0094837300012082, doi101029pa003i005p00621, doi101038scientificamerican0779122, doi10108003115517908565437, doi101098rstb19850096, doi101126science2464928339, doi101130001676061968791315tailif20co2, doi101146annurevmi41100187002341, doi1015159780691220239, doi1023071484559, doi104095103458, openalexw2240758963, openalexw2598873191, openalexw2944885317, openalexw3025073342, openalexw587905045"
}

@article{doi105860choice273873,
    title = "Wonderful life: the Burgess Shale and the nature of history",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "High in the Canadian Rockies is a small limestone quarry formed 530 million years ago called the Burgess Shale. It hold the remains of an ancient sea where dozens of strange creatures lived-a forgotten corner of evolution preserved in awesome detail. In this book Stephen Jay Gould explores what the Burgess Shale tells us about evolution and the nature of history.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.27-3873",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.27-3873",
    openalex = "W1675572849"
}

@article{tucker1991review,
    author = "Tucker, M.J.",
    title = "Review: Canada: Canada since",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/002070209104600116",
    doi = "10.1177/002070209104600116",
    number = "1",
    pages = "197-198",
    volume = "46"
}

@article{openalexw2886616075,
    author = "Morris, Simon Conway",
    title = "Ediacaran-like fossils in Cambrian Burgess Shale-type faunas of North America",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution)",
    openalex = "W2886616075"
}

@article{doi101098rstb19950029,
    author = "Morris, Simon Conway and Peel, John S.",
    title = "Articulated halkieriids from the Lower Cambrian of North Greenland and their role in early protostome evolution",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract Articulated halkieriids of Halkieria evangelista sp. nov. are described from the Sirius Passet fauna in the Lower Cambrian Buen Formation of Peary Land, North Greenland. Three zones of sclerites are recognizable: obliquely inclined rows of dorsal palmates, quincuncially inserted lateral cultrates and imbricated bundles of ventro-lateral siculates. In addition there is a prominent shell at both ends, each with radial ornamentation. Both sclerites and shells were probably calcareous, but increase in body size led to insertion of additional sclerites but marginal accretion of the shells. The ventral sole was soft and, in life, presumably muscular. Recognizable features of internal anatomy include a gut trace and possible musculature, inferred from imprints on the interior of the anterior shell. Halkieriids are closely related to the Middle Cambrian Wixaxia, best known from the Burgess Shale: this clade appears to have played an important role in early protostome evolution. From an animal fairly closely related to Wixaxia arose the polychaete annelids; the bundles of siculate sclerites prefigure the neurochaetae whereas the dorsal notochaetae derive from the palmates. Wixaxia appears to have a relic shell and a similar structure in the sternaspid polychaetes may be an evolutionary remnant. The primitive state in extant polychaetes is best expressed in groups such as chrysopetalids, aphroditaceans and amphinomids. The homology between polychaete chaetae and the mantle setae of brachiopods is one line of evidence to suggest that the latter phylum arose from a juvenile halkieriid in which the posterior shell was first in juxtaposition to the anterior and rotated beneath it to provide the bivalved condition of an ancestral brachiopod. H. evangelista sp. nov. has shells which resemble those of a brachiopod; in particular the posterior one. From predecessors of the halkieriids known as siphogonuchitids it is possible that both chitons (polyplacophorans) and conchiferan molluscs arose. The hypothesis of halkieriids and their relatives having a key role in annelid—brachiopod—mollusc evolution is in accord with some earlier proposals and recent evidence from molecular biology. It casts doubt, however, on a number of favoured concepts including the primitive annelid being oligochaetoid and a burrower, the brachiopods being deuterostomes and the coelom being an archaic feature of metazoans. Rather, the annelid coelom arose as a functional consequence of the transition from a creeping halkieriid to a polychaete with stepping parapodial locomotion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1995.0029",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1995.0029",
    openalex = "W2001586405",
    references = "doi101007978148992427812, doi1010160301926885900518, doi101017s0022336000037057, doi101038326181a0, doi101038345802a0, doi101038361219a0, doi101098rstb19790006, doi101098rstb19850005, doi101111j143904691975tb00509x, doi101111j146363951991tb00312x, doi101111j146364091991tb00303x, doi101111j150239311969tb01258x, doi101111j150239311993tb01502x, doi101126science2224620163, doi101126science2464928339, doi101126science3277277, doi101144gsjgs14940631, doi101146annureves10110179001551, doi105962bhltitle8596, morris1979the, morris1987a, openalexw2138270429, openalexw2302261279, openalexw2754161204, openalexw589153876"
}

@article{doi101111j150239311995tb01587x,
    author = "Butterfield, Nicholas J.",
    title = "Secular distribution of Burgess‐Shale‐type preservation",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "Burgess-Shale-type preservation is defined as a taphonomic pathway involving the exceptional organic preservation of non-mineralizing organisms in fully marine siliciclastic sediments. In the Phanerozoic it occurs widely in Lower and Middle Cambrian sequences but subsequently disappears as a significant taphonomic mode. The hypothesis that this distribution derives solely from a secular increase in the depth of bioturbation is falsified: low bioturbation indices do not prevent the rapid enzymatic degradation of organic structure, nor do they account for the conspicuous absence of comparable preservation during the Vendian. An earlier, Late Riphean (ca. 750–850 Ma), interval of enhanced organic-walled fossil preservation suggests a long-term recurrence in Burgess-Shale-type taphonomy that is independent of metazoan activity. A model based on the potentially powerful anti-enzymatic and/or stabilizing effects of clay minerals on organic molecules is proposed to account for Burgess-Shale-type preservation. Long-term changes in average clay mineralogies and the ocean chemistry that determines their interaction with organic molecules are likely to have induced the pronounced secular distribution of these fossil biotas, while regional variations in tectonism, weathering, etc., explain their non-uniform geographic distribution; the close correlation between exceptional, organic-walled fossil preservation and volcano-genic sedimentation in Tertiary lake deposits provides a compelling analogue. Recognition of a temporal control on Burgess-Shale-type preservation constrains the evolutionary scenarios that can be drawn from such biotas; significantly, neither the initial rate of appearance, nor the ultimate fate of Burgess-Shale-type taxa can be directly assessed. □Taphonomy, exceptional preservation, organic preservation, fossil Lagerstatten, Burgess Shale, clay mineralogy, clay-organic interactions, secular change, Cambrian, Proterozoic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01587.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01587.x",
    openalex = "W1993033956",
    references = "doi1010079783642748646, doi1010079783642859168, doi101016001174716890051x, doi1010160016703777900473, doi101017cbo9780511601064, doi101038308231a0, doi101038326181a0, doi101038335142a0, doi101038370549a0, doi10108003115517908565437, doi101098rstb19830020, doi101098rstb19850134, doi101111j146364091991tb00303x, doi101126science11539488, doi101126science2224620163, doi101130gsab49195, doi101144gslmem19900120105, doi1015159780691220239, doi10182618200374874199301, dzik1988the, morris1987a"
}

@article{doi1011300091761319950231079isbapo23co2,
    author = "Allison, Peter A. and Brett, Carlton E.",
    title = "In situ benthos and paleo-oxygenation in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1079:isbapo>2.3.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1079:isbapo>2.3.co;2",
    openalex = "W1979750760"
}

@article{crossref1997review,
    title = "Review: Canada: Understanding Canada",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/002070209705200417",
    doi = "10.1177/002070209705200417",
    number = "4",
    pages = "730-731",
    volume = "52"
}

@article{doi101017s0022336000036040,
    author = "Sundberg, Frederick A. and McCollum, Linda B.",
    title = "Oryctocephalids (Corynexochida: Trilobita) of the Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary interval from California and Nevada",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Seven species of oryctocephalids occur in the Lower to Middle Cambrian boundary strata of the southern Great Basin. These include Oryctocephalites palmeri n. sp. and an Oryctocephalinae species from the uppermost Lower Cambrian (upper Olenellus Biozone); Oryctocephalus indicus (Reed, 1910), Microryctocara nevadensis n. gen. and n. sp., and Oryctocephalites rasettii n. sp. near the base of the Middle Cambrian (lower Plagiura Biozone); and Oryctocephalus primus Walcott, 1886, and Oryctocephalus nyensis Palmer, 1979, from slightly higher strata (upper Plagiura Biozone). Oryctocephalus and Oryctocephalites are emended based on a cladistic analysis of Oryctocephalinae Beecher, 1897.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000036040",
    doi = "10.1017/s0022336000036040",
    openalex = "W2254706470",
    references = "doi103133pp483f, openalexw2604533467"
}

@article{doi101126science28153801173,
    author = "Orr, Patrick J. and Briggs, Derek E. G. and Kearns, Stuart",
    title = "Cambrian Burgess Shale Animals Replicated in Clay Minerals",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Although the evolutionary importance of the Burgess Shale is universally acknowledged, there is disagreement on the mode of preservation of the fossils after burial. Elemental mapping demonstrates that the relative abundance of elements varies between different anatomical features of the specimens. These differences reflect the compositions of the minerals that replicated the decaying organism, which were controlled by contrasts in tissue chemistry. Delicate morphological details are replicated in the elemental maps, showing that authigenic mineralization was fundamental to preserving these fossils, even though some organic remains are also present.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5380.1173",
    doi = "10.1126/science.281.5380.1173",
    openalex = "W2120485330",
    references = "briggs1994decay, doi1010160009254187901653, doi101016s0065211308602667, doi101017s0094837300009994, doi101098rsta19840036, doi101098rstb19950029, doi101126science27052401319, doi101139e85204, doi105860choice300309, openalexw2754161204"
}

@article{doi101139e97120,
    author = "Fletcher, T. P. and Collins, Desmond",
    title = "The Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale and its relationship to the Stephen Formation in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = {The Burgess Shale has been an anomalous geologic unit ever since Walcott named it in 1911 as the geographic equivalent of the Ogygopsis Shale in the Middle Cambrian Stephen Formation of southeastern British Columbia, but it has never been recognized outside of its type locality, so its status relative to the Stephen Formation remained uncertain. The geologic setting of the Burgess Shale was determined by Aitken and Fritz in 1968, when they recognized the Cathedral Escarpment and divided the Stephen Formation into a "thin" platformal succession on top of the Escarpment, and a "thick" basinal succession, which included Walcott's Burgess Shale, in front. Fieldwork by Royal Ontario Museum parties between 1982 and 1997 has now demonstrated that the thin and thick Stephen successions lie within different facies belts and should be regarded as separate formations; the Stephen Shale Formation is part of the Middle Carbonate Belt succession, whereas the name Burgess Shale Formation is applied to the thick basinal succession within the Outer Detrital Belt Chancellor Group. Ten distinct members are recognized in the Burgess Shale: Kicking Horse Shale, Yoho River Limestone, Campsite Cliff Shale, Wash Limestone, Walcott Quarry Shale, Raymond Quarry Shale, Emerald Lake Oncolite, Odaray Shale, Paradox Limestone, and Marpole Limestone. In contrast to the Stephen Shale Formation with its nonsequences, the thicker Burgess Shale Formation seems to represent continuous deposition spanning the Glossopleura to Bathyuriscus-Elrathina zonal boundary, incorporating the Polypleuraspis insignis and Pagetia bootes subzones and the main part of the Pagetia walcotti subzone.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e97-120",
    doi = "10.1139/e97-120",
    openalex = "W2009804155",
    references = "openalexw2604533467"
}

@book{openalexw2134978213,
    author = "Conway, Morris",
    title = "The crucible of creation: the Burgess Shale and the rise of animals",
    year = "1998",
    booktitle = "Oxford University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "INTRODUCTION 1. SETTING THE SCENE 2. THE DISCOVERY OF THE BURGESS SHALE 3. JOURNEY TO THE BURGESS SHALE 4. THE SEARCH FOR NEW BURGESS SHALES 5. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BURGESS SHALE 6. THE ORIGIN OF PHYLA 7. OTHER WORLDS 8. THE LAST WORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APPENDIX 1: FURTHER READING APPENDIX 2: EXHIBITIONS APPENDIX 3: LOCALITIES GLOSSARY INDEX.",
    openalex = "W2134978213"
}

@misc{doi104095212976,
    author = "Kottachchi, N",
    title = "Fossils of the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada: distribution and biostratinomic change through time",
    year = "2001",
    abstract = "Over 30 years of commercial hydrocarbon drilling exploration on the Canadian Atlantic Margin has provided the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) with a priceless collection of micropaleontological samples and data from the thick Jurassic-Quaternary sedimentary wedge underlying our continental margin. This material has allowed a small cadre of GSC scientists and technicians to document and correlate, using standardized methods of preparation and study, the micropaleontological assemblages found in the offshore wells. There has also developed a better understanding of the evolutionary history of individual microfossil taxa and whole benthic assemblages, as well as regional correlations with other microfossil groups. Such studies have helped unravel the tectonic and sedimentary history of the economically important hydrocarbon basins in the region. The state of micropaleontological knowledge of Canadian Atlantic Margin wells, including lists of wells sampled and studied is described, and a comprehensive listing of GSC produced literature on the subject is provided.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4095/212976",
    doi = "10.4095/212976",
    openalex = "W2982045689"
}

@article{doi1016660094837320020280155lgatio20co2,
    author = "Butterfield, Nicholas J.",
    title = "Leanchoilia guts and the interpretation of three-dimensional structures in Burgess Shale-type fossils",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "The Burgess Shale arthropod Leanchoilia superlata Walcott 1912, commonly preserves a three-dimensional axial structure generally interpreted as gut contents. Thin-section examination shows this instead to be phosphatized biserially repeated midgut glands, including exceptional preservation of subcellular features. The preferential mineralization of these structures is related to their unusually high chemical reactivity and probably to an internal source of phosphate. Sub-millimetric lineations previously interpreted as annular musculature are in fact planar, sometimes radially arranged, subdivisions of these glands. Ventral rows of isolated phosphate patches appear to represent the same tissue. In extant arthropods, extensively developed midgut glands are related to a rich but infrequent diet with a primary function in storage. Their conspicuous occurrence in unambiguous fossil predators such as Sidneyia and Laggania (Anomalocaris) suggests they served a similar role in the Cambrian; by extension, their conspicuous occurrence in Leanchoilia suggests it was a predator or scavenger. Phosphatized midguts with a structure essentially indistinguishable from that of Leanchoilia are also found in Burgess Shale Odaraia, Canadaspis, Perspicaris, Sidneyia, Anomalocaris, and Opabinia. All are characterized by a distinctive sub-millimetric arrangement of planar elements that is not found in extant arthropods or trilobites, suggesting they diverged before the last common ancestor of extant forms; i.e., they represent stem-group arthropods. Three-dimensionally preserved guts are widely preserved in the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota but, unlike those in the Burgess Shale, appear to be filled with sediment. Although generally interpreted as evidence of deposit feeding, the form of these structures points to early permineralization of (sediment-free) midgut glands that were subsequently altered to clay minerals. There is no evidence of deposit feeding in the Chengjiang; indeed, there is a case to be made for deposit feeding not being generally exploited generally until after the Cambrian. Fossils with three-dimensionally preserved axes from the Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet biota have been interpreted as lobopodians; however, most of the putative lobopodian features find alternative interpretations as aspects of Leanchoilia -type midgut glands. Although Kerygmachela is reliably identified as a stem-group arthropod, its phylogenetic position remains unresolved owing to the non-preservation of critical external features and to the plesiomorphic nature of its Leanchoilia -type midgut.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0155:lgatio>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0155:lgatio>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2175470899",
    references = "doi1010079789401149044, doi101017s002233600002758x, doi10103708944105154544, doi101038001534a0, doi101038114085a0, doi10103835318, doi10103846965, doi101086284623, doi101086415511, doi101098rstb19750033, doi101098rstb19780005, doi101098rstb19810007, doi101098rstb19810164, doi101098rstb19830020, doi101098rstb19850096, doi101111j150239311995tb01587x, doi101126science28153801173, doi101826182003769311997, doi104095103458, doi105281zenodo15992748, müller1983crustacea, openalexw2242001249, openalexw3127114020, openalexw659399033, xianguang1999new"
}

@article{crossref2005canada,
    title = "Canada – Health Canada",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa.2005.06218cab.011",
    doi = "10.1108/ijhcqa.2005.06218cab.011",
    number = "3",
    volume = "18"
}

@article{doi101038nature04894,
    author = "Caron, Jean‐Bernard and Scheltema, Amélie H. and Schänder, Christoffer and Rudkin, David M.",
    title = "A soft-bodied mollusc with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04894",
    doi = "10.1038/nature04894",
    openalex = "W2001245937",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511735769004, doi101017s000632310000548x, doi101038345802a0, doi101073pnas0401670101, doi101073pnas0403984101, doi101093oso97801985498020010001, doi101098rstb19850005, doi101146annurevearth33092203122519, doi102110palo2003p05070r, doi1023073515363, openalexw1557570128, openalexw2606050730, openalexw659399033"
}

@article{doi101139e06012,
    author = "García‐Bellido, Diego C. and Collins, Desmond",
    title = "A new study of Marrella splendens (Arthropoda, Marrellomorpha) from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = {Study of over 1000 specimens of Marrella splendens Walcott, 1912, out of the more than 9000 collected by the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) since 1975, has produced new information on the anatomy, functional morphology, and behaviour of this most common arthropod in the Burgess Shale fauna. Among the new features recognized is the distinction between the alimentary canal and circulatory system; where the former is generally three-dimensional and slightly reflective, the latter never presents any relief and is very reflective. A larger range of size is now known, from 2.4 to 24.5 mm in length, with small individuals possessing 17 body segments to large specimens with more than 26 body segments, representing an almost complete ontogenetic series. The second pair of "antennae" is now interpreted as swimming appendages, since the five distal segments are dorsoventrally compressed, fringed with setae and with a considerable blood supply, providing a paddlelike appendage capable of producing a considerable propelling force. The ROM collections extend the geographical distribution of Marrella 13 km to the southeast and the stratigraphical range through the lowest five members of the Burgess Shale Formation.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e06-012",
    doi = "10.1139/e06-012",
    openalex = "W2040958897",
    references = "doi101038114085a0, doi101126science28153801173, doi10182618200374874199301, doi101826182003769311997, doi1023072412988, doi105860choice273873, openalexw1573076930, openalexw2134978213, openalexw2754161204, openalexw3127114020"
}

@article{doi102110palo2003p05070r,
    author = "Caron, Jean‐Bernard and Jackson, Donald A.",
    title = "TAPHONOMY OF THE GREATER PHYLLOPOD BED COMMUNITY, BURGESS SHALE",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Palaios",
    abstract = "Abstract The degree to which the original community composition of the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale was altered through transport and decay and how taphonomic conditions varied through time and across taxa is poorly understood. To address these issues, variation in fossil preservation was analyzed through a vertical succession of 26 bed assemblages, each representing a single obrution event, within the 7-m-thick Greater Phyllopod Bed of the Walcott Quarry. More than 50,000 specimens belonging to 158 genera—mostly benthic, monospecific and nonbiomineralized—were included in this analysis. The decay gradient of the polychaete Burgessochaeta setigera was used as a taphonomic threshold to estimate how far decay had proceeded in each bed assemblage. Qualitative comparisons of the degree of preservation of 15 species, representing an array of different body plans, demonstrate that all bed assemblages contain a mix of articulated and in situ dissociated or completely dissociated organisms interpreted respectively as census- and time-averaged assemblages. Furthermore: (1) most organisms studied were preserved within their habitat and only slightly disturbed during burial; (2) most decay processes took place prior to burial and resulted in disarticulation of organisms at the time of burial; (3) the degree of disarticulation was variable within individuals of the same population and between populations; and (4) early mineralization of tissues across all body plans occurred soon after burial. Canonical correspondence analysis summarizes the apparent variations in the amount of preburial decay, or time averaging, across species, individuals, and bed assemblages. The effect of time averaging, however, must have been limited because rarefaction curves reveal no link between decay and species richness. This suggests that decay is not an important community controlling factor. Overall, our data suggest that transport was trivial and the traditional distinction between a pre- and postslide environment is unnecessary. It is likely that all specimens present at the time of burial would have been preserved independent of their original tissue composition and degree of preburial decay. The presence of extensive sheets of Morania confluens, a putative benthic cyanobacterium, in most bed assemblages suggests that it: (1) provided a stable substrate and food source for a number of benthic metazoans, and (2) played a possible role in the preservation of nonbiomineralized animals, acting as a barrier in maintaining local anoxic pore-water conditions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2003.p05-070r",
    doi = "10.2110/palo.2003.p05-070r",
    openalex = "W2112215208",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200303001, doi101017cbo9780511623332, doi101038114085a0, doi101038scientificamerican0779122, doi101086282541, doi101098rstb19810164, doi1011300091761319950231079isbapo23co2, doi1023071934145, doi1023071938672, doi1023071940179, doi105860choice273873, openalexw1579996152, openalexw1587627133, openalexw2764433274"
}

@incollection{crossref20071,
    title = "1 “Canada! Canada! Canada!”",
    year = "2007",
    booktitle = "1812",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674039957-005",
    doi = "10.4159/9780674039957-005",
    pages = "13-34"
}

@article{doi101111j14754983200700649x,
    author = "García‐Bellido, Diego C. and Collins, Desmond",
    title = "REASSESSMENT OF THE GENUS LEANCHOILIA (ARTHROPODA, ARACHNOMORPHA) FROM THE MIDDLE CAMBRIAN BURGESS SHALE, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract: The collection, since 1975, of over 1500 specimens of Leanchoilia Walcott by the Royal Ontario Museum has prompted reassessment of the genus and its species from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. Among new characters in Leanchoilia superlata, the type species, are the presence of two pairs of eyes, a dorsal double carina bracketing the axis of the body segments, segmentation of the gill branch of the appendages, and serration along the body edges from the posterior third of the cephalic shield to the last body segment. Leanchoilia persephone Simonetta, previously synonymized with L. superlata, is also well represented in the Burgess Shale, and is re‐established as a valid species, owing to conspicuous differences from the type species. These are the absence of the diagnostic up‐curving snout of the cephalic shield, the absence of carina, the shorter ‘great appendages’, the smooth edges of the body, and its overall shape in dorsal aspect. Leanchoilia superlata and L. persephone may be sexual dimorphs of each other. The ROM collections extend considerably the geographical distribution and stratigraphic range of Leanchoilia in western Canada.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00649.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00649.x",
    openalex = "W2045780248",
    references = "doi1010079789401149044, doi101826182003769311997, doi1023072992562, doi1023073515467, doi105860choice273873, doi105860choice416546, openalexw1573076930, openalexw2134978213, openalexw2954279587, openalexw659399033"
}

@article{doi101111j14754983200700656x,
    author = "Butterfield, Nicholas J. and Balthasar, Uwe and WILSON, LUCY A.",
    title = "FOSSIL DIAGENESIS IN THE BURGESS SHALE",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract: Current models for the exceptional preservation of Burgess Shale fossils have focused on either the HF‐extractable carbonaceous compressions or the mineral films identified by elemental mapping. BSEM, EDX and microprobe analysis of two‐dimensionally preserved Marpolia, Wiwaxia and Burgessia identifies the presence of both carbonaceous and aluminosilicate films for most features, irrespective of original lability. In the light of the deep burial and greenschist facies metamorphism documented for the Burgess Shale, the aluminosilicate films are identified as products of late‐stage volatilization and coincident mineralization of pre‐existing compression fossils, whereas the three‐dimensionally preserved gut‐caecal system of Burgessia is interpreted as an aluminosilicate replacement of a pre‐existing carbonate phase. The case for late diagenetic emplacement of aluminosilicate minerals is supported by the extensive aluminosilicification of trilobite shell and (originally) calcareous veinlets in the Burgess Shale, as well as documentation of other secondarily aluminosilicified compression fossils. By distinguishing late diagenetic alteration from the early diagenetic processes responsible for exceptional preservation, it is possible to reconcile the range of preservational modes currently expressed in the Burgess Shale.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00656.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00656.x",
    openalex = "W2035625131",
    references = "briggs1994decay, doi1010079783642878138, doi101016jpalaeo200407034, doi101017s0094837300009994, doi101093icb431166, doi101111j150239311995tb01587x, doi101126science28153801173, doi101130g206401, doi1016660094837320020280155lgatio20co2, doi105281zenodo15992748, doi105860choice284524, openalexw3127114020"
}

@article{doi101130g23543a1,
    author = "Lehmann, Bernd and Nägler, Thomas F. and Holland, Heinrich and Wille, Martin and Mao, Jingwen and Pan, Jiayong and Ma, Dongsheng and Dulski, Peter",
    title = "Highly metalliferous carbonaceous shale and Early Cambrian seawater",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Geology",
    abstract = "Author: Lehmann, B. et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Finally published: 2007; Keywords: Cambrian, black shale, anoxic environments, molybdenum isotopes, China; Title: Highly metalliferous carbonaceous shale and Early Cambrian seawater",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/g23543a.1",
    doi = "10.1130/g23543a.1",
    openalex = "W2148077486",
    references = "doi101016s0031018201002085"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0001121,
    author = "Cartwright, Paulyn and Halgedahl, Susan L. and Hendricks, Jonathan R. and Jarrard, Richard D. and Marques, António Carlos and Collins, Allen G. and Lieberman, Bruce S.",
    title = "Exceptionally Preserved Jellyfishes from the Middle Cambrian",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Cnidarians represent an early diverging animal group and thus insight into their origin and diversification is key to understanding metazoan evolution. Further, cnidarian jellyfish comprise an important component of modern marine planktonic ecosystems. Here we report on exceptionally preserved cnidarian jellyfish fossils from the Middle Cambrian (approximately 505 million years old) Marjum Formation of Utah. These are the first described Cambrian jellyfish fossils to display exquisite preservation of soft part anatomy including detailed features of structures interpreted as trailing tentacles and subumbrellar and exumbrellar surfaces. If the interpretation of these preserved characters is correct, their presence is diagnostic of modern jellyfish taxa. These new discoveries may provide insight into the scope of cnidarian diversity shortly after the Cambrian radiation, and would reinforce the notion that important taxonomic components of the modern planktonic realm were in place by the Cambrian period.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001121",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0001121",
    openalex = "W2096583299",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200407034, doi101038nature03158, doi101111j150239311988tb02083x, doi101111j174474102004tb00139x, doi101126science1091946, doi101126science1139158, doi1011300091761319950231079isbapo23co2, doi101146annurevearth33092203122519, doi1023072992562, doi105281zenodo16238847, doi105860choice416546, hughes2000late, openalexw3127114020, openalexw587905045"
}

@article{doi101130g24961a1,
    author = "Gaines, Robert R. and Briggs, Derek E. G. and Yuanlong, Zhao",
    title = "Cambrian Burgess Shale–type deposits share a common mode of fossilization",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Geology",
    abstract = "Although Cambrian Burgess Shale–type (BST) biotas are fundamental to understanding the radiation of metazoans, the nature of their extraordinary preservation remains controversial. There remains disagreement about the importance of the role of early mineral replication of soft tissues versus the conservation of primary organic remains. Most prior work focused on soft-bodied fossils from the two most important BST biotas, those of the Burgess Shale (Canada) and Maotianshan Shale (Chengjiang, China). Fossils from these two deposits do not provide ideal candidates for specimen-level taphonomic study because they have been altered: the Burgess Shale by greenschist facies metamorphism and the Maotianshan Shale by intensive subsurface weathering. Elemental mapping of soft-bodied fossils from 11 other BST deposits worldwide demonstrates that BST preservation represents a single major taphonomic pathway that may share a common cause wherever it occurs. The conservation of organic tissues, and not early authigenic mineralization, is the primary mechanism responsible for the preservation of BST assemblages. Early authigenic mineral replacement preserves certain anatomical features of some specimens, but the preservation of non-biomineralized BST fossils requires suppression of the processes that normally lead to the degradation of organic remains in marine environments.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/g24961a.1",
    doi = "10.1130/g24961a.1",
    openalex = "W2162666312",
    references = "briggs2003the, doi101016jchemgeo200409003, doi101016jpalaeo200306001, doi101016jpalaeo200407034, doi101017s0094837300009994, doi101038114085a0, doi101093icb431166, doi101098rstb19810007, doi101111j14754983200700656x, doi101111j150239311995tb01587x, doi101126science28153801173, doi101130g206401, doi101139e06012, doi1016660094837320020280155lgatio20co2, doi102517prpsj771, openalexw2527820321, openalexw2912219260, openalexw3127114020"
}

@article{doi101666061301,
    author = "Morris, Simon Conway",
    title = "A redescription of a rare chordate, Metaspriggina Walcotti Simonetta and Insom, from the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian), British Columbia, Canada",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "U ntil Recently, our understanding of the earliest history of the fish has been fragmentary in terms of the fossil record and conjectural with respect to many details of phylogeny. Fortunately, significant new information has become available in recent years, most notably from the discoveries of at least three taxa of agnathan fish from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte of Yunnan, China (Shu et al., 1999, 2003; Shu, 2003; see also Hou et al., 2002; Hou et al., 2004, p. 192-193; Zhang and Hou, 2004). Two of the taxa (Haikouichthys and Zhangjianichthys) are represented by numerous specimens, but it is noteworthy that amongst the forty-odd Burgess Shale-type occurrences apart from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte, chordates (or indeed cephalochordates and urochordates) are otherwise unknown. The one exception is the Burgess Shale itself, characterized by the rather enigmatic Pikaia gracilens (Conway Morris, 1982, 1998) and the much rarer chordate described herein. Apart from this exceptionally preserved material, the fossil record effectively only begins in the Ordovician (e.g., Sansom et al., 2001, 2005; Sansom and Smith, 2005), in as much putative fish scales from the latest Cambrian (Young et al., 1996) may be better interpreted as arthropodan (see Smith et al., 2001, p. 78). The difficulties of interpreting what is overall an extremely patchy record are further compounded by the fact that the relevance to this early history of the extant agnathan hagfish and lamprey has remained (and indeed to some extent remains) problematic, given the uncertainty as to which of the presumed archaic features have been overprinted by specializations for modes of life that might have had little counterpart in the ancestral forms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/06-130.1",
    doi = "10.1666/06-130.1",
    openalex = "W2120869152",
    references = "doi101017s0094837300009994, doi10103846965, doi101038nature01264, doi101093icb431166, doi101098rstb20061846, doi1016660094837320020280155lgatio20co2, doi102517prpsj743, doi105860choice416546, openalexw1573076930, openalexw2134978213"
}

@article{dolatakreutzkamp2008canada,
    author = "Dolata-Kreutzkamp, Petra and Kitchen, Veronica",
    title = "Canada, Germany, Canada-Germany",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/002070200806300302",
    doi = "10.1177/002070200806300302",
    number = "3",
    pages = "527-531",
    volume = "63"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo200902013,
    author = "Johnston, Paul and Johnston, Kimberley J. and Collom, Christopher J. and Powell, Wayne and Pollock, Robyn J.",
    title = "Palaeontology and depositional environments of ancient brine seeps in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale at The Monarch, British Columbia, Canada",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.02.013",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.02.013",
    openalex = "W2067406849",
    references = "doi1010160031920186900932, doi101016s0031018201002085, doi101093icb431166, doi101098rstb19850134, doi101126science2264677965, doi10113000167606198495155cotscf20co2, doi1023072992562, doi105860choice380926, openalexw1624806571, openalexw2912219260"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20090361,
    author = "Vannier, Jean and García‐Bellido, Diego C. and Hu, Shixue and Chen, A.-L.",
    title = "Arthropod visual predators in the early pelagic ecosystem: evidence from the Burgess Shale and Chengjiang biotas",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Exceptional fossil specimens with preserved soft parts from the Maotianshan Shale (ca 520 Myr ago) and the Burgess Shale (505 Myr ago) biotas indicate that the worldwide distributed bivalved arthropod Isoxys was probably a non-benthic visual predator. New lines of evidence come from the functional morphology of its powerful prehensile frontal appendages that, combined with large spherical eyes, are thought to have played a key role in the recognition and capture of swimming or epibenthic prey. The swimming and steering of this arthropod was achieved by the beating of multiple setose exopods and a flap-like telson. The appendage morphology of Isoxys indicates possible phylogenetical relationships with the megacheirans, a widespread group of assumed predator arthropods characterized by a pre-oral 'great appendage'. Evidence from functional morphology and taphonomy suggests that Isoxys was able to migrate through the water column and was possibly exploiting hyperbenthic niches for food. Although certainly not unique, the case of Isoxys supports the idea that off-bottom animal interactions such as predation, associated with complex feeding strategies and behaviours (e.g. vertical migration and hunting) were established by the Early Cambrian. It also suggests that a prototype of a pelagic food chain had already started to build-up at least in the lower levels of the water column.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0361",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2009.0361",
    openalex = "W2140809040",
    references = "briggs1994decay, doi101016b9780444594259000196, doi101038417271a, doi10103846965, doi101038nature01264, doi101111j14754983200700649x, doi101111j14754983200900914x, doi10182618200374874199301, doi101826182003769311997, doi104202app20090024, doi105860choice416546, openalexw3127114020, openalexw3217097258"
}

@article{doi101111j14754983200900914x,
    author = "García‐Bellido, Diego C. and Paterson, John R. and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Jago, J. B. and Gehlîng, James G. and Lee, Michael S. Y.",
    title = "The bivalved arthropods Isoxys and Tuzoia with soft‐part preservation from the Lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale Lagerstätte (Kangaroo Island, Australia)",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract: Abundant material from a new quarry excavated in the lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale (Kangaroo Island, South Australia) and, particularly, the preservation of soft‐bodied features previously unknown from this Burgess Shale‐type locality, permit the revision of two bivalved arthropod taxa described in the late 1970s, Isoxys communis and Tuzoia australis. The collections have also produced fossils belonging to two new species: Isoxys glaessneri and Tuzoia sp. Among the soft parts preserved in these taxa are stalked eyes, digestive structures and cephalic and trunk appendages, rivalling in quality and quantity those described from better‐known Lagerstätten, notably the lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna of China and the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of Canada.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00914.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00914.x",
    openalex = "W2008588765",
    references = "doi10100797894017363743, doi101016003101829390065q, doi101016jpalwor200610014, doi101080002411600750053862, doi10108003115517908565437, doi101111j14754983200700649x, doi1016660022336020030770674ansftp20co2, doi1016660094837320020280155lgatio20co2, doi101666pleo050701, doi101826182003769311997, doi104202app20080110, doi104202app20090024, doi105860choice416546, doi105962bhltitle14915, openalexw1573076930, openalexw3127114020"
}

@article{doi101126science1169514,
    author = "Daley, Allison C. and Budd, Graham E. and Caron, Jean‐Bernard and Edgecombe, Gregory D. and Collins, Desmond",
    title = "The Burgess Shale Anomalocaridid Hurdia and Its Significance for Early Euarthropod Evolution",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "As the largest predators of the Cambrian seas, the anomalocaridids had an important impact in structuring the first complex marine animal communities, but many aspects of anomalocaridid morphology, diversity, ecology, and affinity remain unclear owing to a paucity of specimens. Here we describe the anomalocaridid Hurdia, based on several hundred specimens from the Burgess Shale in Canada. Hurdia possesses a general body architecture similar to those of Anomalocaris and Laggania, including the presence of exceptionally well-preserved gills, but differs from those anomalocaridids by possessing a prominent anterior carapace structure. These features amplify and clarify the diversity of known anomalocaridid morphology and provide insight into the origins of important arthropod features, such as the head shield and respiratory exites.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169514",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1169514",
    openalex = "W2058839077",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200705023, doi101017s0022336000023362, doi101017s1464793103006274, doi101038417271a, doi10108000241160410004764, doi10108011035899509546213, doi101098rstb19850096, doi101111j150239311996tb01831x, doi1016660022336020030770674ansftp20co2, doi101666060861, doi105281zenodo16273729, doi105281zenodo16490103"
}

@article{doi104202app20090024,
    author = "García‐Bellido, Diego C. and Vannier, Jean and Collins, Desmond",
    title = "Soft-Part Preservation in two Species of the Arthropod Isoxys from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = {More than forty specimens from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale reveal the detailed anatomy of Isoxys, a worldwide distributed bivalved arthropod represented here by two species, namely Isoxys acutangulus and Isoxys longissimus. I. acutangulus had a non-mineralized headshield with lateral pleural folds (= "valves" of previous authors) that covered the animal's body almost entirely, large frontal spherical eyes and a pair of uniramous prehensile appendages bearing stout spiny outgrowths along their anterior margins. The 13 following appendages had a uniform biramous design-i.e., a short endopod and a paddle-like exopod fringed with marginal setae with a probable natatory function. The trunk ended with a flap-like telson that protruded beyond the posterior margin of the headshield. The gut of I. acutangulus was tube-like, running from mouth to telson, and was flanked with numerous 3D-preserved bulbous, paired features interpreted as digestive glands. The appendage design of I. acutangulus indicates that the animal was a swimmer and a visual predator living off-bottom. The general anatomy of Isoxys longissimus was similar to that of I. acutangulus although less information is available on the exact shape of its appendages and visual organs. I. longissimus is characterized by extremely long anterior and posterior spines. There are now seven Isoxys species known with soft-part preservation, I. acutangulus, I. longissimus from the Burgess Shale, I. auritus and I. curvirostratus from the Maotianshan Shale of China, I. communis and I. glaessneri from the Emu Bay Shale of Australia and I. volucris from Sirius Passet in Greenland. The frontal appendages of Isoxys strongly resemble those of other Cambrian arthropods, characterized by a single pair of "great appendages" with a shared prehensile function yet some variability in length and shape.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2009.0024",
    doi = "10.4202/app.2009.0024",
    openalex = "W2151689260",
    references = "briggs1994decay, doi1010160016703782903015, doi101038114085a0, doi10108000241160410004764, doi101111j14754983200900914x, doi1016660094837320020280155lgatio20co2, doi101826182003769311997, doi105860choice416546, openalexw2754161204, openalexw3127114020"
}

@incollection{crossref2010canada,
    title = "“Canada! Canada! Canada!”",
    year = "2010",
    booktitle = "1812",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv21hrh56.6",
    doi = "10.2307/j.ctv21hrh56.6",
    pages = "13-34"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo201003048,
    author = "Lin, Jih‐Pai and Zhao, Yuanlong and Rahman, Imran A. and Xiao, Shuhai and Wang, Yue",
    title = "Bioturbation in Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten — Case study of trace fossil–body fossil association from the Kaili Biota (Cambrian Series 3), Guizhou, China",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.048",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.048",
    openalex = "W1976109332",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200902013, doi101016jpalwor200610016, doi101098rstb19850134, doi101144gsjgs15010141, doi101306212f89c22b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi101357002224020834162167, doi1023072992562, doi105860choice284524, doi105860choice416546, openalexw117471466, openalexw2134978213"
}

@article{doi101080147720192011566634,
    author = "Stein, Martin and Selden, Paul A.",
    title = "A restudy of the Burgess Shale (Cambrian) arthropod Emeraldella brocki and reassessment of its affinities",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "A restudy of the Burgess Shale arthropod Emeraldella brocki suggests novel interpretations of its morphology. We show that the morphology is more plesiomorphic than previously assumed, particularly regarding tagmosis. The cephalon probably only incorporates three limb-bearing postantennular segments. The trunk is not differentiated and consists of 12 tergite-bearing segments and a styliform telson. Limb structure is generally similar to that of other artiopods except for a tripartite exopod and a high degree of differentiation of podomere proportions along the body. A phylogenetic analysis of 20 fossil arthropod taxa based on 36 characters renders E. brocki as a basal taxon within a monophyletic group that comprises all artiopods included. Autapomorphies of this taxon are a filiform antennula and a bilobate exopod that carries lamellae proximally. Trilobites are nested within a group of artiopods sharing a pygidium. Agnostus pisiformis is retrieved as the sister taxon to the stem-lineage crustacean Oelandocaris oelandica, and both constitute the sister taxon of Artiopoda. ‘Great appendage’ arthropods, traditionally included in the Arachnomorpha, are retrieved as sister to the Crustacea sensu lato + Artiopoda clade, which contradicts the arachnomorph concept.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2011.566634",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2011.566634",
    openalex = "W2149698609",
    references = "doi10108003115510508619300, doi10108011035890809452772, doi101098rstb19810033, doi101111j10963642200900562x, doi101666060821, doi104095103458, openalexw2240758963"
}

@article{doi101130g319691,
    author = "Anderson, Evan P. and Schiffbauer, James D. and Xiao, Shuhai",
    title = "Taphonomic study of Ediacaran organic-walled fossils confirms the importance of clay minerals and pyrite in Burgess Shale−type preservation",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Geology",
    abstract = "Abstract Burgess Shale−type (BST) macrofossils and organic-walled microfossils are preserved as carbonaceous compressions and may share similar taphonomic processes. Previous taphonomic investigations of carbonaceous compressions have primarily focused on the microchemistry of Cambrian BST fossils, but comparative data from organic-walled microfossils were not available. To address these issues, we analyzed two organic-walled taxa from the Yangtze Gorges area of the South China block, Chuaria (an acritarch) and Vendotaenia (a ribbon-shaped fossil). Their abundance offers the opportunity for destructive microanalysis, including petrography, electron microscopy, and elemental mapping on both bedding planes and in cross sections. Our data suggest that Chuaria preservation is remarkably similar to BST fossils in that its vesicle walls are closely associated with clay minerals. In addition, like many BST macrofossils, Chuaria and Vendotaenia are also closely associated with pyrite; Chuaria vesicles are often filled with framboidal pyrite, and Vendotaenia fossils are associated with sulfate, partly derived from pyrite oxidation. The comparative taphonomy of Chuaria and Vendotaenia and BST macrofossils indicates that the preservation of organic-walled acritarchs may be aided by clay and pyrite mineralization, and that these abundant microfossils may serve as proxies for uncovering in more detail the taphonomic histories of BST preservation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/g31969.1",
    doi = "10.1130/g31969.1",
    openalex = "W2322444863",
    references = "briggs2003the, doi101016jpalaeo200407034, doi101017s0094837300009994, doi101038nature09038, doi101111j150239311994tb01558x, doi101111j150239311995tb01587x, doi101126science28153801173, doi1011300091761319930210527efrdos23co2, doi1011300091761319950231079isbapo23co2, doi101130g206401, doi10182618200376494199401, doi1023073515360"
}

@article{doi101139e11018,
    author = "Ineson, Jon R. and Peel, John S.",
    title = "Geological and depositional setting of the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte (Early Cambrian), North Greenland",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "The Early Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte of North Greenland occurs in marine mudstones (Buen Formation) deposited in a slope environment along the eroded scarp of a pre-existing carbonate platform. The shallow-water platform is represented by dolostones of the Portfjeld Formation (Neoproterozoic – earliest Cambrian), which record a belt of tide-swept subtidal ooid shoals and microbial patch reefs at the outer edge of the platform. Solution features and meteoric cements attest to exposure of the platform, accompanied by fracturing, mass wastage and erosional retreat of the escarpment producing slope talus, and extensive debris sheets and olistoliths in basinal deposits. The marine mud-dominated siliciclastics of the Buen Formation, deposited in slope and shelf environments, record the transgression and onlap of the degraded platform in the Early Cambrian. The Sirius Passet Lagerstätte has yielded an arthropod-dominated fossil assemblage of over 40 species, many showing exceptional preservation of soft tissues; the finely laminated mudstones hosting this fauna accumulated from suspension in a poorly oxygenated slope sub-environment, such as an erosional embayment or abandoned slope gully. Although taphonomic features suggest that the fauna is mainly parautochthonous, some components (e.g., sponges, worms, the halkieriids and certain sightless arthropods) may be truly autochthonous. Comparison of the Sirius Passet locality with the renowned Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of western Canada reveals similarities in overall depositional and tectonic setting: both accumulated in deep water adjacent to the steep, eroded margins of carbonate platforms — settings that subsequently sheltered the faunas from tectonic and metamorphic obliteration.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e11-018",
    doi = "10.1139/e11-018",
    openalex = "W1974265952",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200902013, doi101016jpalwor200610016, doi101038324055a0, doi101046j13653091200100360x, doi10108003115519508619270, doi101086626965, doi101098rstb19950029, doi102110pec79270075, doi103140bullgeosci1207, doi107312zhur10612, openalexw2134978213, openalexw2754161204"
}

@article{doi103140bullgeosci1211,
    author = "Sundberg, Frederick A. and Zhao, Y.L. and Yuan, Jinliang and Lin, Jih‐Pai",
    title = "Detailed trilobite biostratigraphy across the proposed GSSP for Stage 5 (“Middle Cambrian” boundary) at the Wuliu-Zengjiayan section, Guizhou, China",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Bulletin of Geosciences",
    abstract = "Quarrying across a potential GSSP of the base of Cambrian Stage 5/Series 3 at the Wuliu-Zengjianyan section in south China indicates a significant change in trilobite and brachiopod faunas.The Wuliu Quarry spans approximately 4.5 m across the potential boundary, which is the FAD of Oryctocephalus indicus (Reed, 1910) in the Wuliu-Zengjiayan section of the Kaili Formation.Trilobite taxa found consist of one Pagetia, one Redlichia, one Burlingia, two Olenoides, eleven oryctocephalid, and seven ptychopariid species.Non-trilobite taxa found in the Wuliu Quarry, but not described in this publication, include tubular shells, inarticulate and articulate brachiopods, molluscs, echinoderm plates, sponges, algae, acritarchs, and trace fossils.Collected specimens display both flattening, secondary calcite preservation, and tectonic distortion.Many of the species have previously been based on length to width ratios.Given the range of morphologies demonstrated in these collections, several previously named species have been synonymized.Detailed collections from the Wuliu Quarry show that the faunas of the Ovatoryctocara cf.granulata-Bathyonotus holopygus and the O. indicus zones changed in a 20 cm, relatively barren interval.This faunal turnover does not coincide with a lithologic change and suggests that the section would be a good location for the GSSP of the base of Cambrian Stage 5/Series 3.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1211",
    doi = "10.3140/bull.geosci.1211",
    openalex = "W2323630009",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201003048"
}

@article{doi104202app20100080,
    author = "Edgecombe, Gregory D. and García‐Bellido, Diego C. and Paterson, John R.",
    title = "A New Leanchoiliid Megacheiran Arthropod from the Lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale, South Australia",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = {The Leanchoiliidae is well-known from abundant material of Leanchoilia, from the Burgess Shale and Chengjiang Konservat-Lagersttten. The first Australian member of the group is Oestokerkus megacholix gen. et sp. nov., described from the Emu Bay Shale (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4), at Buck Quarry, Kangaroo Island, South Australia, and is intermediate in age between the well known leanchoiliid species from the Burgess Shale and Chengjiang. Phylogenetic analysis of "short great appendage" arthropods (Megacheira) in the context of the chelicerate stem group resolves the Australian species as sister to Burgess Shale, Utah, and Chengjiang Leanchoilia species, but most readily distinguished from Leanchoilia and Alalcomenaeus by a different telson shape, interpreted as being forked, widening distally, and with a few dorsally curved spines at the posterior angle. Leanchoiliid interrelationships are stable to alternative character weights, and Megacheira corresponds to a clade in most analyses.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2010.0080",
    doi = "10.4202/app.2010.0080",
    openalex = "W2009687848",
    references = "doi101016jpalwor200610014, doi101017s1464793103006274, doi101038417271a, doi10108000241160410004764, doi10108003115519508619270, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j109600311996tb00196x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200700284x, doi101111j14754983200700649x, doi101111j14754983200900914x, doi101826182003769311997"
}

@article{doi101073pnas1111784109,
    author = "Gaines, Robert R. and Hammarlund, Emma U. and Hou, Xianguang and Qi, Changshi and Gabbott, Sarah E. and Zhao, Yuanlong and Peng, Jin and Canfield, Donald E.",
    title = "Mechanism for Burgess Shale-type preservation",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = {Exceptionally preserved fossil biotas of the Burgess Shale and a handful of other similar Cambrian deposits provide rare but critical insights into the early diversification of animals. The extraordinary preservation of labile tissues in these geographically widespread but temporally restricted soft-bodied fossil assemblages has remained enigmatic since Walcott's initial discovery in 1909. Here, we demonstrate the mechanism of Burgess Shale-type preservation using sedimentologic and geochemical data from the Chengjiang, Burgess Shale, and five other principal Burgess Shale-type deposits. Sulfur isotope evidence from sedimentary pyrites reveals that the exquisite fossilization of organic remains as carbonaceous compressions resulted from early inhibition of microbial activity in the sediments by means of oxidant deprivation. Low sulfate concentrations in the global ocean and low-oxygen bottom water conditions at the sites of deposition resulted in reduced oxidant availability. Subsequently, rapid entombment of fossils in fine-grained sediments and early sealing of sediments by pervasive carbonate cements at bed tops restricted oxidant flux into the sediments. A permeability barrier, provided by bed-capping cements that were emplaced at the seafloor, is a feature that is shared among Burgess Shale-type deposits, and resulted from the unusually high alkalinity of Cambrian oceans. Thus, Burgess Shale-type preservation of soft-bodied fossil assemblages worldwide was promoted by unique aspects of early Paleozoic seawater chemistry that strongly impacted sediment diagenesis, providing a fundamentally unique record of the immediate aftermath of the "Cambrian explosion."},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111784109",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1111784109",
    openalex = "W2122986069",
    references = "briggs1994decay, doi1010160009254194900612, doi1010160016703779900954, doi101016jpalaeo200407034, doi101016s0016703700005846, doi101038296643a0, doi101038nature09700, doi101038nature10969, doi101073pnas0902037106, doi101073pnas1011287107, doi101098rstb19810033, doi101111j150239311995tb01587x, doi101126science1135013, doi101126science1154499, doi1011300091761319950231079isbapo23co2, doi101130g206401, doi101130g24961a1, doi1016660094837320020280155lgatio20co2, doi102475ajs2929659"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x201200220x,
    author = "Morris, Simon Conway and Caron, Jean‐Bernard",
    title = "Pikaia gracilens Walcott, a stem‐group chordate from the Middle Cambrian of British Columbia",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "The Middle Cambrian Pikaia gracilens (Walcott) has an iconic position as a Cambrian chordate, but until now no detailed description has been available. Here on the basis of the 114 available specimens we review its anatomy, confirm its place in the chordates and explore with varying degrees of confidence its relationships to both extant and extinct chordates and other deuterostomes. The body of Pikaia is fusiform, laterally compressed and possesses about 100 myomeres. The head is small, bilobed and bears two narrow tentacles. There is no evidence for eyes. Apart from a thin dorsal fin (without finrays) and a series of at least nine bilaterally arranged appendages with possible pharyngeal pores at the anterior end, there are no other external features. In addition to the musculature the internal anatomy includes an alimentary canal, the anterior of which forms a prominent lenticular unit that is almost invariably preserved in positive relief. The cavity is interpreted as pharyngeal, implying that the mouth itself was almost terminal. The posterior extension of the gut is unclear although the anus appears to have been terminal. The most prominent internal structure is a reflectively preserved unit, possibly hollow, termed here the dorsal organ. Although formerly interpreted as a notochord its position and size make this less likely. Its original function remains uncertain, but it could have formed a storage organ. Ventral to the dorsal organ a narrower strand of tissue is interpreted as representing the nerve chord and notochord. In addition to these structures, there is also evidence for a vascular system, including a ventral blood vessel. The position of Pikaia in the chordates is largely based on the presence of sigmoidal myomeres, and the more tentative identification of a notochord. In many other respects, Pikaia differs from the expected nature of primitive chordates, especially as revealed in amphioxus and the Cambrian record (including Cathaymyrus, Haikouichthys, Metaspriggina, Myllokunmingia, and Zhongxiniscus). Whilst the possibility that Pikaia is simply convergent on the chordates cannot be dismissed, we prefer to build a scenario that regards Pikaia as the most stem-ward of the chordates with links to the phylogenetically controversial yunnanozoans. This hypothesis has implications for the evolution of the myomeres, notochord and gills. Finally, the wealth of material of Pikaia indicates that, although by definition there must be some sort of taphonomic imprint, the consistency of preservational details allows a reliable reconstruction of the anatomy and does not significantly erode phylogenetically relevant characters.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00220.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00220.x",
    openalex = "W1973056168",
    references = "barrington1937vi, doi1010160012825272900724, doi101017s0006323199005472, doi10103846965, doi101038nature01264, doi101038nature02709, doi101038nature04336, doi101038nature06967, doi101093icb431166, doi101111j14697998200800497x, doi101126science1194167, doi101666061301, openalexw2134978213"
}

@article{doi101130g325551,
    author = "Gaines, Robert R. and Droser, Mary L. and Orr, Patrick J. and Garson, Daniel E. and Hammarlund, Emma U. and Qi, Changshi and Canfield, Donald E.",
    title = "Burgess shale−type biotas were not entirely burrowed away",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Geology",
    abstract = "Burgess Shale-type biotas occur globally in the Cambrian record and offer unparalleled insight into the Cambrian explosion, the initial Phanerozoic radiation of the Metazoa. Deposits bearing exceptionally preserved soft-bodied fossils are unusually common in Cambrian strata; more than 40 are now known. The well-documented decline of soft-bodied preservation following the Middle Cambrian represents the closure of a taphonomic window that was only intermittently open in marine environments thereafter. The prevailing hypothesis for this secular shift in taphonomic conditions of outer shelf environments is that soft-bodied biotas were literally burrowed away from the fossil record by increasing infaunal activity in muddy substrate environments; this would have affected geochemical gradients and increased the efficiency of organic matter recycling in sediments. New and recently published data, however, suggest a more complex scenario. Ichnologic and microstratigraphic data from Burgess Shale- type deposits indicate that (1) bioturbation exerts a limiting effect on soft-bodied preservation; (2) the observed increase in the depth and extent of bioturbation following the Middle Cambrian would have restricted preservation of Burgess Shale-type biotas in a number of settings; but (3) increasing depth and extent of bioturbation would not have affected preservation in many other settings, including the most richly fossiliferous portions of the Chengjiang (China) deposit and the Greater Phyllopod Bed of the Burgess Shale (Canada). Therefore, increasing bioturbation cannot account for the apparent loss of this pathway from the fossil record, and requires that other circumstances, including, but not limited to, widespread benthic anoxia, facilitated widespread exceptional preservation in the Cambrian.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/g32555.1",
    doi = "10.1130/g32555.1",
    openalex = "W2044506467",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201003048"
}

@article{doi1011861471214812162,
    author = "Haug, Joachim T. and Briggs, Derek E. G. and Haug, Carolin",
    title = "Morphology and function in the Cambrian Burgess Shale megacheiran arthropod Leanchoilia superlata and the application of a descriptive matrix",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "BMC Evolutionary Biology",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Leanchoilia superlata is one of the best known arthropods from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Here we re-describe the morphology of L. superlata and discuss its possible autecology. The re-description follows a standardized scheme, the descriptive matrix approach, designed to provide a template for descriptions of other megacheiran species. RESULTS: Our findings differ in several respects from previous interpretations. Examples include a more slender body; a possible hypostome; a small specialised second appendage, bringing the number of pairs of head appendages to four; a further sub-division of the great appendage, making it more similar to that of other megacheirans; and a complex joint of the exopod reflecting the arthropod's swimming capabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Different aspects of the morphology, for example, the morphology of the great appendage and the presence of a basipod with strong median armature on the biramous appendages indicate that L. superlata was an active and agile necto-benthic predator (not a scavenger or deposit feeder as previously interpreted).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-162",
    doi = "10.1186/1471-2148-12-162",
    openalex = "W2039358654",
    references = "doi101016jasd200501005, doi101017s009483730001263x, doi101046j14390469200100164x, doi10108000241160410004764, doi10108011035899509546213, doi101111j10960031200900278x, doi101111j14754983200700649x, doi101126science1169514, doi1016660094837320020280155lgatio20co2, doi101826182000751171987, doi101826182003769311997, doi1023071219595, doi104202app20100080"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0029233,
    author = "O’Brien, Lorna J. and Caron, Jean‐Bernard",
    title = "A New Stalked Filter-Feeder from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Burgess Shale-type deposits provide invaluable insights into the early evolution of body plans and the ecological structure of Cambrian communities, but a number of species, continue to defy phylogenetic interpretations. Here we extend this list to include a new soft-bodied animal, Siphusauctum gregarium n. gen. and n. sp., from the Tulip Beds (Campsite Cliff Shale Member, Burgess Shale Formation) of Mount Stephen (Yoho National Park, British Columbia). With 1,133 specimens collected, S. gregarium is clearly the most abundant animal from this locality.This stalked animal (reaching at least 20 cm in length), has a large ovoid calyx connected to a narrow bilayered stem and a small flattened or bulb-like holdfast. The calyx is enclosed by a flexible sheath with six small openings at the base, and a central terminal anus near the top encircled by indistinct openings. A prominent organ, represented by six radially symmetrical segments with comb-like elements, surrounds an internal body cavity with a large stomach, conical median gut and straight intestine. Siphusauctum gregarium was probably an active filter-feeder, with water passing through the calyx openings, capturing food particles with its comb-like elements. It often occurs in large assemblages on single bedding planes suggesting a gregarious lifestyle, with the animal living in high tier clusters. These were probably buried en masse more or less in-situ by rapid mud flow events.Siphusauctum gregarium resembles Dinomischus, another Cambrian enigmatic stalked animal. Principal points of comparison include a long stem with a calyx containing a visceral mass and bract-like elements, and a similar lifestyle albeit occupying different tiering levels. The presence in both animals of a digestive tract with a potential stomach and anus suggest a grade of organization within bilaterians, but relationships with extant phyla are not straightforward. Thus, the broader affinities of S. gregarium remain largely unconstrained.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029233",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0029233",
    openalex = "W2091763056",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200705023, doi101017s000632310000548x, doi101093icb431166, doi101111j14754983200700656x, doi101126science1169514, doi101371journalpone0009586, doi1016660094837320020280155lgatio20co2, doi1023072992562, doi105860choice273873, openalexw2754161204, openalexw3127114020"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0052200,
    author = "Vannier, Jean",
    title = "Gut Contents as Direct Indicators for Trophic Relationships in the Cambrian Marine Ecosystem",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Present-day ecosystems host a huge variety of organisms that interact and transfer mass and energy via a cascade of trophic levels. When and how this complex machinery was established remains largely unknown. Although exceptionally preserved biotas clearly show that Early Cambrian animals had already acquired functionalities that enabled them to exploit a wide range of food resources, there is scant direct evidence concerning their diet and exact trophic relationships. Here I describe the gut contents of Ottoia prolifica, an abundant priapulid worm from the middle Cambrian (Stage 5) Burgess Shale biota. I identify the undigested exoskeletal remains of a wide range of small invertebrates that lived at or near the water sediment interface such as hyolithids, brachiopods, different types of arthropods, polychaetes and wiwaxiids. This set of direct fossil evidence allows the first detailed reconstruction of the diet of a 505-million-year-old animal. Ottoia was a dietary generalist and had no strict feeding regime. It fed on both living individuals and decaying organic matter present in its habitat. The feeding behavior of Ottoia was remarkably simple, reduced to the transit of food through an eversible pharynx and a tubular gut with limited physical breakdown and no storage. The recognition of generalist feeding strategies, exemplified by Ottoia, reveals key-aspects of modern-style trophic complexity in the immediate aftermath of the Cambrian explosion. It also shows that the middle Cambrian ecosystem was already too complex to be understood in terms of simple linear dynamics and unique pathways.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052200",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0052200",
    openalex = "W2088717921",
    references = "doi1010079781461501619, doi101016jpalaeo200705023, doi101073pnas0903474106, doi10108000241160410004764, doi101098rspb20090361, doi101098rstb19810164, doi101098rstb20140313, doi101111j14610248200400606x, doi101111j14754983200700656x, doi101146annurevearth33092203122519, doi101371journalpbio0060102, doi101371journalpone0029233, doi101666060821, doi102110palo2003p05070r, doi102110palo2009p09004r, openalexw1573076930, openalexw2604533467, openalexw2754161204, openalexw2912219260, openalexw659399033"
}

@article{doi101080147720192012732723,
    author = "Daley, Allison C. and Budd, Graham E. and Caron, Jean‐Bernard",
    title = "Morphology and systematics of the anomalocaridid arthropod Hurdia from the Middle Cambrian of British Columbia and Utah",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "In Cambrian fossil Lagerstätten like the Burgess Shale, exceptionally preserved arthropods constitute a large part of the taxonomic diversity, providing opportunities to study the early evolution of this phylum in detail. The anomalocaridids, large presumed pelagic predators, are particularly relevant owing to their unique combination of morphological characters and basal position in the arthropod stem lineage. Although isolated elements and fragmented specimens were first discovered over 100 years ago, subsequent findings of more complete bodies of Anomalocaris and Peytoia, especially in the 1980s, allowed for a better understanding of these enigmatic forms. Their evolutionary significance as stem group arthropods was further clarified by the recent discovery of a third anomalocaridid taxon, Hurdia. Here, examination of hundreds of Hurdia specimens from different stratigraphical layers within the Burgess Shale and Stephen Formation, combined with statistical analyses, provides a detailed description of the taphonomy, morphology and diversity of the genus and further elucidates anomalocaridid systematics. Hurdia is distinguished from other anomalocaridids in having mouthparts with extra rows of teeth, a large frontal carapace complex and diminutive swimming flaps with prominent setal structures. The two original species, H. victoria Walcott, 1912 and H. triangulata Walcott, 1912, are confirmed based on morphometric outline analyses of the frontal carapace components combined with stratigraphical evidence; a third species, Hurdia dentata Simonetta \& Delle Cave, 1975, is synonymized with H. victoria. Morphology, preservation and stratigraphical distribution suggest that H. victoria and H. triangulata share the same type of frontal appendage; a second type of appendage, previously assigned to Hurdia (Morph A), belongs to Peytoia nathorsti. These and other morphological differences between the anomalocaridids may reflect different feeding strategies. Appendages and mouthparts of Hurdia indet. sp. are also identified from the Spence Shale Member of Utah, making Hurdia and Anomalocaris the most common and globally distributed anomalocaridid taxa.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2012.732723",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2012.732723",
    openalex = "W2095162853",
    references = "doi10100797894009919727, doi1010160146664x8290034x, doi101016jpalaeo200902013, doi101038114085a0, doi10108003115519608619475, doi101093sysbio34159, doi101242jcss2935309, doi101371journalpone0029233, doi101666pleo050701, doi101826182003769311997, doi1023072413345, doi1023072992562, doi104202app20090058, doi105281zenodo16273729"
}

@article{doi10166612056,
    author = "Zhao, Fangchen and Caron, Jean‐Bernard and Bottjer, David J. and Hu, Shixue and Yin, Zongjun and Zhu, Maoyan",
    title = "Diversity and species abundance patterns of the Early Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3) Chengjiang Biota from China",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Lagerstätten from the Precambrian–Cambrian transition have traditionally been a relatively untapped resource for understanding the paleoecology of the “Cambrian explosion.” This quantitative paleoecological study is based on 10,238 fossil specimens belonging to 100 animal species, 11 phyla, and 15 ecological categories from the lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3) Chengjiang biota (Mafang locality near Haikou, Yunnan Province, China). Fossils were systematically collected within a 2.5-meter-thick sequence divided into ten stratigraphic intervals. Each interval represents an induced time-averaged assemblage of various event (obrution) beds of unknown duration. Overall, the different fossil assemblages are taxonomically and ecologically similar, suggesting the presence of a single community type recurring throughout the Mafang section. The Mafang community is dominated by epibenthic vagile hunters or scavengers, sessile suspension feeders, and infaunal vagile hunters or scavengers represented primarily by arthropods, brachiopods, and priapulids, respectively. Most species have low abundance and low occurrence frequencies, whereas a few species are numerically abundant and occur frequently. Overall, in structure and ecology the Mafang community is comparable to the Middle Cambrian (Series 3, Stage 5) Burgess Shale biota (Walcott Quarry, Yoho National Park, British Columbia, Canada). This suggests that, despite variations in species identity within taxonomic and ecological groups, the structure and ecology of Cambrian Burgess Shale-type communities remained relatively stable until at least the Middle Cambrian (Series 3, Stage 5) in subtidal to relatively deep-water offshore settings in siliciclastic soft-substrate environments.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/12056",
    doi = "10.1666/12056",
    openalex = "W2165047391",
    references = "doi10103846965, doi101038nature01264, doi101086321317, doi101111j1469185x201200220x, doi101111pala12042, doi101126science1189910, doi101126science1206375, doi101666061301, doi1018901119521, doi102110palo2009p09004r, doi1023071934145, doi105860choice416546, doi105860choice421547, openalexw2183707334"
}

@article{doi101017s1089332600002837,
    author = "Gaines, Robert R.",
    title = "Burgess Shale-type Preservation and its Distribution in Space and Time",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "The Paleontological Society Papers",
    abstract = "Burgess Shale-type fossil assemblages provide a unique record of animal life in the immediate aftermath of the so-called “Cambrian explosion.” While most soft-bodied faunas in the rock record were conserved by mineral replication of soft tissues, Burgess Shale-type preservation involved the conservation of whole assemblages of soft-bodied animals as primary carbonaceous remains, often preserved in extraordinary anatomical detail. Burgess Shale-type preservation resulted from a combination of influences operating at both local and global scales that acted to drastically slow microbial degradation in the early burial environment, resulting in incomplete decomposition and the conservation of soft-bodied animals, many of which are otherwise unknown from the fossil record. While Burgess Shale-type fossil assemblages are primarily restricted to early and middle Cambrian strata (Series 2–3), their anomalous preservation is a pervasive phenomenon that occurs widely in mudstone successions deposited on multiple paleocontinents. Herein, circumstances that led to the preservation of Burgess Shale-type fossils in Cambrian strata worldwide are reviewed. A three-tiered rank classification of the more than 50 Burgess Shale-type deposits now known is proposed and is used to consider the hierarchy of controls that regulated the operation of Burgess Shale-type preservation in space and time, ultimately determining the total number of preserved taxa and the fidelity of preservation in each deposit. While Burgess Shale-type preservation is a unique taphonomic mode that ultimately was regulated by the influence of global seawater chemistry upon the early diagenetic environment, physical depositional (biostratinomic) controls are shown to have been critical in determining the total number of taxa preserved in fossil assemblages, and hence, in regulating many of the important differences among Burgess Shale-type deposits.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002837",
    doi = "10.1017/s1089332600002837",
    openalex = "W3021781741",
    references = "briggs2003the, doi1010160016703784900899, doi101016jchemgeo200409003, doi101016jchemgeo200602012, doi101016jgca200511032, doi101016jpalaeo200306001, doi101016jpalaeo200407034, doi101016jpalaeo200705023, doi101016jpalaeo201003048, doi101016jpalaeo201202009, doi101017s1089332600002795, doi101038296643a0, doi101038nature08745, doi101038nature09038, doi101038nature10689, doi101038ncomms4210, doi101038ncomms4560, doi101073pnas1111784109, doi10108001490458709385971, doi101111j14754983200700656x, doi101126science1206375, doi101126science2224620163, doi1011300091761319950231079isbapo23co2, doi101130g206401, doi101130g24961a1, doi101139e06012, doi101146annurevearth33031504103001, doi102110palo2003p05070r, doi102110palo2009p09004r, doi102475ajs2929659"
}

@article{doi101038nature13414,
    author = "Morris, Simon Conway and Caron, Jean-Bernard",
    title = "A primitive fish from the Cambrian of North America.",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Nature",
    abstract = "Knowledge of the early evolution of fish largely depends on soft-bodied material from the Lower (Series 2) Cambrian period of South China. Owing to the rarity of some of these forms and a general lack of comparative material from other deposits, interpretations of various features remain controversial, as do their wider relationships amongst post-Cambrian early un-skeletonized jawless vertebrates. Here we redescribe Metaspriggina on the basis of new material from the Burgess Shale and exceptionally preserved material collected near Marble Canyon, British Columbia, and three other Cambrian Burgess Shale-type deposits from Laurentia. This primitive fish displays unambiguous vertebrate features: a notochord, a pair of prominent camera-type eyes, paired nasal sacs, possible cranium and arcualia, W-shaped myomeres, and a post-anal tail. A striking feature is the branchial area with an array of bipartite bars. Apart from the anterior-most bar, which appears to be slightly thicker, each is associated with externally located gills, possibly housed in pouches. Phylogenetic analysis places Metaspriggina as a basal vertebrate, apparently close to the Chengjiang taxa Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia, demonstrating also that this primitive group of fish was cosmopolitan during Lower-Middle Cambrian times (Series 2-3). However, the arrangement of the branchial region in Metaspriggina has wider implications for reconstructing the morphology of the primitive vertebrate. Each bipartite bar is identified as being respectively equivalent to an epibranchial and ceratobranchial. This configuration suggests that a bipartite arrangement is primitive and reinforces the view that the branchial basket of lampreys is probably derived. Other features of Metaspriggina, including the external position of the gills and possible absence of a gill opposite the more robust anterior-most bar, are characteristic of gnathostomes and so may be primitive within vertebrates.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24919146/",
    doi = "10.1038/nature13414",
    openalex = "W2085054285",
    pmid = "24919146",
    references = "doi101016jydbio201208026, doi10103846965, doi101038nature01264, doi101038nature05150, doi101038nature10276, doi101038ncomms4210, doi101098rspb20022104, doi101111j14209101200400741x, doi101111j1469185x201200220x, doi101666061301, openalexw2886616075"
}

@article{doi101038srep06704,
    author = "Topper, Timothy P. and Holmer, Lars E. and Caron, Jean‐Bernard",
    title = "Brachiopods hitching a ride: an early case of commensalism in the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = {Ecological interactions, including symbiotic associations such as mutualism, parasitism and commensalism are crucial factors in generating evolutionary novelties and strategies. Direct examples of species interactions in the fossil record generally involve organisms attached to sessile organisms in an epibiont or macroboring relationship. Here we provide support for an intimate ecological association between a calcareous brachiopod (Nisusia) and the stem group mollusc Wiwaxia from the Burgess Shale. Brachiopod specimens are fixed to Wiwaxia scleritomes, the latter showing no signs of decay and disarticulation, suggesting a live association. We interpret this association as the oldest unambiguous example of a facultative ectosymbiosis between a sessile organism and a mobile benthic animal in the fossil record. The potential evolutionary advantage of this association is discussed, brachiopods benefiting from ease of attachment, increased food supply, avoidance of turbid benthic conditions, biofoul and possible protection from predators, suggesting commensalism (benefiting the symbiont with no impact for the host). While Cambrian brachiopods are relatively common epibionts, in particular on sponges, the association of Nisusia with the motile Wiwaxia is rare for a brachiopod species, fossil or living, and suggests that symbiotic associations were already well established and diversified by the "middle" (Series 3, Stage 5) Cambrian.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06704",
    doi = "10.1038/srep06704",
    openalex = "W1996849241",
    references = "doi105281zenodo15942062"
}

@article{doi10166613067,
    author = "Daley, Allison C. and Edgecombe, Gregory D.",
    title = "Morphology of Anomalocaris canadensis from the Burgess Shale",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Recent description of the oral cone of Anomalocaris canadensis from the Burgess Shale (Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5) highlighted significant differences from published accounts of this iconic species, and prompts a new evaluation of its morphology as a whole. All known specimens of A. canadensis, including previously unpublished material, were examined with the aim of providing a cohesive morphological description of this stem lineage arthropod. In contrast to previous descriptions, the dorsal surface of the head is shown to be covered by a small, oval carapace in close association with paired stalked eyes, and the ventral surface bears only the triradial oral cone, with no evidence of a hypostome or an anterior sclerite. The frontal appendages reveal new details of the arthrodial membranes and a narrower cross-section in dorsal view than previously reconstructed. The posterior body region reveals a complex suite of digestive, respiratory, and locomotory characters that include a differentiated foregut and hindgut, a midgut with paired glands, gill-like setal blades, and evidence of muscle bundles and struts that presumably supported the swimming movement of the body flaps. The tail fan includes a central blade in addition to the previously described three pairs of lateral blades. Some of these structures have not been identified in other anomalocaridids, making Anomalocaris critical for understanding the functional morphology of the group as a whole and corroborating its arthropod affinities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/13-067",
    doi = "10.1666/13-067",
    openalex = "W2112125066",
    references = "doi10108011035899509546213, doi101080147720192012732723, doi101098rspb20121958, doi101111j10963642200900562x, doi101111j14754983201101124x, doi101371journalpone0029233, doi101666121121, doi105281zenodo16490103"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev201510015,
    author = "Topper, Timothy P. and Strotz, Luke C. and Holmer, Lars E. and Caron, Jean‐Bernard",
    title = "Survival on a soft seafloor: life strategies of brachiopods from the Cambrian Burgess Shale",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.015",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.015",
    openalex = "W2203283574",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200902013, doi101016s0012825202001319, doi101017s0094837300003778, doi101046j14610248200300530x, doi101086283553, doi101111j14636395200500211x, doi101126science1103960, doi101126science13134091292, doi1012019781315140919, doi101214aoms1177704472, doi101371journalpone0029233, doi1018637jssv064i04, doi105479si009638011395227, doi105860choice284524"
}

@article{doi101017jpa201526,
    author = "Morris, Simon Conway and Selden, Paul A. and Gunther, Glade and Jamison, Paul G. and Robison, Richard A.",
    title = "New records of Burgess Shale-type taxa from the middle Cambrian of Utah",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract Cambrian strata of the Laurentian craton contain numerous examples of Burgess Shale–type faunas. Although displaying a more or less concentric distribution around the cratonal margin, most faunal occurrences are in present-day western North America, extending from the Northwest Territories to California. Nevertheless, the soft-bodied and lightly skeletalized fossils in most of these Lagerstätten are highly sporadic. Here, we extend knowledge of such Middle Cambrian occurrences in Utah with reports of four taxa. An arthropod from the Marjum Formation, Dytikosicula desmatae gen. et sp. nov., is a putative megacheiran. It is most similar to Dicranocaris guntherorum, best known from the younger Wheeler Formation, but differs primarily in the arrangement of pleurae and overall size. Along with a specimen of? Yohoia sp, a new species of Yohoia, Y. utahana sp. nov., is described. It differs from the type and only known species, Y. tenuis, principally in its larger size and shorter exopods; it is the first description of this genus from outside the Burgess Shale. A new species of a stem-group lophotrochozoan from the Spence Shale, Wiwaxia herka sp. nov., possesses a palisade of dorso-lateral spines that are more robust and numerous than the type species of Wiwaxia, W. corrugata. Another notable taxon is Eldonia ludwigi from the Marjum Formation, which is interpreted as a primitive ambulacrarian (assigned to the cambroernids) and a new specimen of the?cnidarian Cambrorhytium from the Wheeler Shale is illustrated.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2015.26",
    doi = "10.1017/jpa.2015.26",
    openalex = "W1921113587",
    references = "doi101139e11018, doi103140bullgeosci1269, doi103140bullgeosci1280"
}

@article{doi101111pala12168,
    author = "Smith, Martin R. and Harvey, Thomas H. P. and Butterfield, Nicholas J.",
    title = "The macro‐ and microfossil record of the Cambrian priapulid Ottoia",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract The stem‐group priapulid Ottoia Walcott, 1911, is the most abundant worm in the mid‐Cambrian Burgess Shale, but has not been unambiguously demonstrated elsewhere. High‐resolution electron and optical microscopy of macroscopic Burgess Shale specimens reveals the detailed anatomy of its robust hooks, spines and pharyngeal teeth, establishing the presence of two species: Ottoia prolifica Walcott, 1911, and Ottoia tricuspida sp. nov. Direct comparison of these sclerotized elements with a suite of shale‐hosted mid‐to‐late Cambrian microfossils extends the range of ottoiid priapulids throughout the middle to upper Cambrian strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Ottoiid priapulids represented an important component of Cambrian ecosystems: they occur in a range of lithologies and thrived in shallow water as well as in the deep‐water setting of the Burgess Shale. A wider survey of Burgess Shale macrofossils reveals specific characters that diagnose priapulid sclerites more generally, establishing the affinity of a wide range of Small Carbonaceous Fossils and demonstrating the prominent role of priapulids in Cambrian seas.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12168",
    doi = "10.1111/pala.12168",
    openalex = "W2128901068",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200705023, doi101017s000632310000548x, doi101111j1469185x1999tb00046x, doi101111j14754983200700656x, doi101126science2464928339, doi101126science28153801173, doi101130g308291, doi101130g325801, doi103140bullgeosci1280, doi105860choice416546, openalexw1573076930"
}

@article{doi101144jgs2015083,
    author = "Paterson, John R. and García‐Bellido, Diego C. and Jago, J. B. and Gehlîng, James G. and Lee, Michael S. Y. and Edgecombe, Gregory D.",
    title = "The Emu Bay Shale Konservat-Lagerstätte: a view of Cambrian life from East Gondwana",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Journal of the Geological Society",
    abstract = "Recent fossil discoveries from the lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale (EBS) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, have provided critical insights into the tempo of the Cambrian explosion of animals, such as the origin and seemingly rapid evolution of arthropod compound eyes, as well as extending the geographical ranges of several groups to the East Gondwanan margin, supporting close faunal affinities with South China. The EBS also holds great potential for broadening knowledge on taphonomic pathways involved in the exceptional preservation of fossils in Cambrian Konservat-Lagerstätten. EBS fossils display a range of taphonomic modes for a variety of soft tissues, especially phosphatization and pyritization, in some cases recording a level of anatomical detail that is absent from most Cambrian Konservat-Lagerstätten.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2015-083",
    doi = "10.1144/jgs2015-083",
    openalex = "W2174796179",
    references = "doi101007978148992427812, doi101016b9780444594259000196, doi101016jearscirev201303008, doi101016jgr200708001, doi101016jpalaeo200705023, doi101016jpalwor200610014, doi101017s1089332600002837, doi101038ncomms3485, doi101038ncomms4210, doi101073pnas1111784109, doi101073pnas1400547111, doi10108003115517908565437, doi101111j14754983200900914x, doi101130g206401, doi101130g24961a1, doi101144m382, doi10120197802031805703, doi101371journalpone0009586, doi101666050701, doi10166612056, doi101666pleo050701, doi102110palo2003p05070r, doi102110palo2009p09004r, doi104202app20100080"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0124979,
    author = "Aria, Cédric and Caron, Jean‐Bernard",
    title = "Cephalic and Limb Anatomy of a New Isoxyid from the Burgess Shale and the Role of “Stem Bivalved Arthropods” in the Disparity of the Frontalmost Appendage",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = {We herein describe Surusicaris elegans gen. et sp. nov. (in Isoxyidae, amended), a middle (Series 3, Stage 5) Cambrian bivalved arthropod from the new Burgess Shale deposit of Marble Canyon (Kootenay National Park, British Columbia). Surusicaris exhibits 12 simple, partly undivided biramous trunk limbs with long tripartite caeca, which may illustrate a plesiomorphic "fused" condition of exopod and endopod. We construe also that the head is made of five somites (= four segments), including two eyes, one pair of anomalocaridid-like frontalmost appendages, and three pairs of poorly sclerotized uniramous limbs. This fossil may therefore be a candidate for illustrating the origin of the plesiomorphic head condition in euarthropods, and questions the significance of the "two-segmented head" in, e.g., fuxianhuiids. The frontalmost appendage in isoxyids is intriguingly disparate, bearing similarities with both dinocaridids and euarthropods. In order to evaluate the relative importance of bivalved arthropods, such as Surusicaris, in the hypothetical structuro-functional transition between the dinocaridid frontal appendage and the pre-oral-arguably deutocerebral-appendage of euarthropods, we chose a phenetic approach and computed morphospace occupancy for the frontalmost appendages of 36 stem and crown taxa. Results show different levels of evolutionary decoupling between frontalmost appendage disparity and body plans. Variance is greatest in dinocaridids and "stem bivalved" arthropods, but these groups do not occupy the morphospace homogeneously. Rather, the diversity of frontalmost appendages in "stem bivalved" arthropods, distinct in its absence of clear clustering, is found to link the morphologies of "short great appendages," chelicerae and antennules. This find fits the hypothesis of an increase in disparity of the deutocerebral appendage prior to its diversification in euarthropods, and possibly corresponds to its original time of development. The analysis of this pattern, however, is sensitive to the-still unclear-extent of polyphyly of the "stem bivalved" taxa.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124979",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0124979",
    openalex = "W637097716",
    references = "doi1010160016703793904512, doi10108003610917408548446, doi10108003610927408827101, doi101098rstb20140313, doi1011111475498300229, doi101146annurevecolsys281129, doi101666121121, doi1023072346830, doi1023072528823, doi1023073498751, doi104202app20090024, openalexw2242001249, openalexw2764433274, openalexw659399033"
}

@article{doi101016jasd201509003,
    author = "Zacaï, Axelle and Vannier, Jean and Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy",
    title = "Reconstructing the diet of a 505-million-year-old arthropod: Sidneyia inexpectans from the Burgess Shale fauna.",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Arthropod structure \& development",
    abstract = "The feeding ecology of the 505-million-year-old arthropod Sidneyia inexpectans from the middle Cambrian (Series 3, Stage 5) Burgess Shale fauna (British Columbia, Canada) is revealed by three lines of evidence: the structure of its digestive system, the fossilized contents of its gut and the functional anatomy of its appendages. The digestive tract of Sidneyia is straight, tubular and relatively narrow in the trunk region. It is enlarged into a pear-shaped area in the cephalic region and stretches notably to form a large pocket in the abdomen. The mouth is ventral, posteriorly directed and leads to the midgut via a short tubular structure interpreted as the oesophagus. Anteriorly, three pairs of glands with internal, branching tubular structures open into the digestive tract. These glands have equivalents in various Cambrian arthropod taxa (e.g. naraoiids) and modern arthropods. Their primary function was most likely to digest and assimilate food. The abdominal pocket of Sidneyia concentrates undigested skeletal elements and various residues. It is interpreted here as the functional analogue of the stercoral pocket of some extant terrestrial arachnids (e.g. Araneae, Solifugae), whose primary function is to store food residuals and excretory material until defecation. Analysis of the gut contents indicates that Sidneyia fed largely on small ptychopariid trilobites, brachiopods, possibly agnostids, worms and other undetermined animals. Sidneyia was primarily a durophagous carnivore with predatory and/or scavenging habits, feeding on small invertebrates that lived at the water-sediment interface. There is no evidence for selective feeding. Its food items (e.g. living prey or dead material) were grasped and manipulated ventrally by its anterior appendages, then macerated into ingestible fragments and conveyed to the mouth via the converging action of strong molar-like gnathobases. Digestion probably took place within the anterior midgut via enzymes secreted in the glands. Residues were transported through the digestive tract into the abdominal pocket. The storage of faeces suggests infrequent feeding. The early diagenetic three-dimensional preservation of the digestive glands and abdominal pocket may be due to the capacity of Sidneyia to store Phosphorus and Calcium (e.g. spherites) in its digestive tissues during life as do, for example, modern horseshoe crabs.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26410799/",
    doi = "10.1016/j.asd.2015.09.003",
    pmid = "26410799"
}

@article{doi101186s1291501602714,
    author = "Nanglu, Karma and Caron, Jean‐Bernard and Morris, Simon Conway and Cameron, Christopher B.",
    title = "Cambrian suspension-feeding tubicolous hemichordates",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "BMC Biology",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: The combination of a meager fossil record of vermiform enteropneusts and their disparity with the tubicolous pterobranchs renders early hemichordate evolution conjectural. The middle Cambrian Oesia disjuncta from the Burgess Shale has been compared to annelids, tunicates and chaetognaths, but on the basis of abundant new material is now identified as a primitive hemichordate. RESULTS: Notable features include a facultative tubicolous habit, a posterior grasping structure and an extensive pharynx. These characters, along with the spirally arranged openings in the associated organic tube (previously assigned to the green alga Margaretia), confirm Oesia as a tiered suspension feeder. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing predation pressure was probably one of the main causes of a transition to the infauna. In crown group enteropneusts this was accompanied by a loss of the tube and reduction in gill bars, with a corresponding shift to deposit feeding. The posterior grasping structure may represent an ancestral precursor to the pterobranch stolon, so facilitating their colonial lifestyle. The focus on suspension feeding as a primary mode of life amongst the basal hemichordates adds further evidence to the hypothesis that suspension feeding is the ancestral state for the major clade Deuterostomia.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-016-0271-4",
    doi = "10.1186/s12915-016-0271-4",
    openalex = "W2474117387",
    references = "doi101016jcub201410016, doi101016jpalaeo200401022, doi101016jpalaeo200705023, doi101016jpalaeo200902013, doi101017s002531540300804xh, doi101038nature16150, doi101038ncomms4210, doi101111j15023931201200319x, doi101111j1525142x200800260x, doi101130gsab49195, gonzalez2009the, openalexw2138270429, openalexw3127114020, riisgard1999filter"
}

@article{doi101111let12229,
    author = "Topper, Timothy P. and Zhang, Zhifei and Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C. and Harper, David A. T.",
    title = "The dawn of a dynasty: life strategies of Cambrian and Ordovician brachiopods",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "Brachiopods are among the first animal phyla to emerge from the Cambrian Explosion, rapidly diversifying to all major palaeocontinental blocks within 20 million years. The group underwent another steep rise in diversity during the Ordovician, and their relative abundance and diversity made them one of the most successful invertebrate groups during the entire Palaeozoic. During this time, brachiopods lived in a range of environments and represented a significant component of marine ecosystems, yet information regarding their modes of life and ecology is somewhat limited. Recent studies, primarily from the Chengjiang and Burgess Shale Lagerstätten, have revealed that by the Middle Cambrian (Series 3, Stage 5) brachiopods from across the phylum had already developed a range of ecological strategies and life modes. Cambrian brachiopods occupied distinct trophic niches on soft and hard substrates and exhibited at least five types of lifestyles: pedicle attachment, pedicle anchoring, cemented, free-lying and semi-infaunal. Comparisons with Ordovician benthic assemblages show that despite the explosion of brachiopod taxa witnessed in the Ordovician, with the exception of the appearance of burrowing brachiopods, life strategies of brachiopods remained largely the same. Indicating that the majority of life modes observed in brachiopods had rapidly evolved and was already in place prior to the Great Ordovician Biodiversity Event.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/let.12229",
    doi = "10.1111/let.12229",
    openalex = "W2731221284",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev201510015"
}

@article{doi101098rsos172206,
    author = "Vannier, Jean and Aria, Cédric and Taylor, Rod S. and Caron, Jean‐Bernard",
    title = "Waptia fieldensis Walcott, a mandibulate arthropod from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "was an active swimming predator of soft prey items, using its anterior appendages for food capture and manipulation, and also potentially for clinging to epibenthic substrates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172206",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.172206",
    openalex = "W2809290942",
    references = "doi1010079780387771014, doi101016jcub201511020, doi101038417271a, doi101038nature08742, doi101046j1525142x200202034x, doi101080106351501753462876, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101098rspb20100590, doi1011111475498300229, doi10118617429994729, doi101186s1286201710887, doi101371journalpone0124979, doi1023073515467"
}

@article{doi101130g399411,
    author = "Anderson, Ross P. and Tosca, Nicholas J. and Gaines, Robert R. and Koch, Nicolás Mongiardino and Briggs, Derek E. G.",
    title = "A mineralogical signature for Burgess Shale–type fossilization",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Geology",
    abstract = "Burgess Shale-type (BST) fossilization of carbonaceous remains that are ordinarily lost to decay is critical to our understanding of the early evolution of complex life. Sediment composition, particularly the abundance of certain clay minerals, has been invoked as a significant factor in BST fossilization. X-ray diffraction data for 213 Cambrian shales from 19 sedimentary successions on four continents provide the first comprehensive test of the association of clay mineral assemblages with BST fossils. Samples containing BST fossils yield mineralogical compositions that form a subset within the range represented by samples containing only fossil mineralized skeletons. Logistic regression and classification tree methods reveal that BST fossils are more likely to be found in sediments rich in berthierine/chamosite and poor in celadonite and illite. This characteristic clay mineralogy probably reflects a high kaolinite/smectite ratio in the original sediment and enhanced iron availability during early diagenesis. Models derived from both methods can predict the occurrence of BST fossils in fossiliferous samples based on clay mineralogy with \textasciitilde 80\% accuracy, providing a mineralogical signature that may be useful in refining the search for BST fossils on Earth and beyond.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/g39941.1",
    doi = "10.1130/g39941.1",
    openalex = "W2790336912",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200804014, doi101017s1089332600002837"
}

@article{doi101038s4158601915254,
    author = "Aria, Cédric and Caron, Jean-Bernard",
    title = "A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills.",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Nature",
    abstract = "The chelicerates are a ubiquitous and speciose group of animals that has a considerable ecological effect on modern terrestrial ecosystems-notably as predators of insects and also, for instance, as decomposers1. The fossil record shows that chelicerates diversified early in the marine ecosystems of the Palaeozoic era, by at least the Ordovician period2. However, the timing of chelicerate origins and the type of body plan that characterized the earliest members of this group have remained controversial. Although megacheirans3-5 have previously been interpreted as chelicerate-like, and habeliidans6 (including Sanctacaris7,8) have been suggested to belong to their immediate stem lineage, evidence for the specialized feeding appendages (chelicerae) that are diagnostic of the chelicerates has been lacking. Here we use exceptionally well-preserved and abundant fossil material from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale (Marble Canyon, British Columbia, Canada) to show that Mollisonia plenovenatrix sp. nov. possessed robust but short chelicerae that were placed very anteriorly, between the eyes. This suggests that chelicerae evolved a specialized feeding function early on, possibly as a modification of short antennules. The head also encompasses a pair of large compound eyes, followed by three pairs of long, uniramous walking legs and three pairs of stout, gnathobasic masticatory appendages; this configuration links habeliidans with euchelicerates ('true' chelicerates, excluding the sea spiders). The trunk ends in a four-segmented pygidium and bears eleven pairs of identical limbs, each of which is composed of three broad lamellate exopod flaps, and endopods are either reduced or absent. These overlapping exopod flaps resemble euchelicerate book gills, although they lack the diagnostic operculum9. In addition, the eyes of M. plenovenatrix were innervated by three optic neuropils, which strengthens the view that a complex malacostracan-like visual system10,11 might have been plesiomorphic for all crown euarthropods. These fossils thus show that chelicerates arose alongside mandibulates12 as benthic micropredators, at the heart of the Cambrian explosion.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31511691/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41586-019-1525-4",
    openalex = "W2972754927",
    pmid = "31511691",
    references = "doi101016jasd201507005, doi101038nature09038, doi101038nature11495, doi101038nature20804, doi101038ncomms4210, doi101073pnas1819366116, doi101080106351501753462876, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101098rsos172206, doi101111j14754983201101124x, doi101130g24961a1, doi101186s1286201710887, openalexw645459046"
}

@article{doi1010801477201920191605411,
    author = "Holmes, James D. and Paterson, John R. and García‐Bellido, Diego C.",
    title = "The trilobite Redlichia from the lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale Konservat-Lagerstätte of South Australia: systematics, ontogeny and soft-part anatomy",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "The trilobite Redlichia Cossmann, 1902 Cossmann, M. 1902. Rectification de la nomenclature. Revista Critica Paleozoologie, 16, 52. [Google Scholar] is an abundant element of the lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 4) Emu Bay Shale (EBS) Konservat-Lagerstätte on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Well-preserved, fully articulated specimens from this deposit are known to reach lengths of up to 25 cm, representing one of the largest known Cambrian trilobites. Until now, all Redlichia specimens from the EBS have been referred to Redlichia takooensis Lu, 1950 Lu, Y.-H. 1950. On the genus Redlichia with description of its new species. Geological Review, 15, 157–170. [In Chinese.] [Google Scholar], a species originally described from South China. Previous work recognized considerable differences in exoskeletal morphology among specimens of varying sizes, which was attributed to ontogeny. However, close examination of a large collection of recently acquired specimens shows that this variation actually represents two distinct morphs, interpreted here as separate species: R. takooensis, and a large, new species, Redlichia rex sp. nov. An analysis of morphological variation in holaspides (‘adults’) of the more common R. takooensis reveals considerable ontogenetic change occurred even during this later phase of growth. Some specimens of both Redlichia species from the EBS also exhibit exceptionally preserved soft-part anatomy, particularly the antennae and biramous appendages. Here, appendages (antenniform and biramous) and digestive structures are described, and biramous appendage reconstructions of R. rex sp. nov. are presented, which show a striking resemblance to some early Cambrian trilobites from South China. In particular, R. rex has a tripartite exopodite, as well as a dorsoventrally deep protopodite with gnathobasic spines used to shred or crush food items. Based on recent phylogenetic analyses, it is possible that an exopodite with tripartite subdivisions represents the plesiomorphic condition for Artiopoda (trilobites and kin). The digestive system of R. takooensis exhibits a series of paired digestive glands in the cephalon and anterior thorax, similar to those described for a number of other Cambrian and Ordovician trilobites.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:507BEAFC-4AFA-43F4-A5C4-49E4B58C658E",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2019.1605411",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2019.1605411",
    openalex = "W2951355339",
    references = "doi101016jasd201712001, doi10108003115510508619300, doi101080147720192013852903, doi101144jgs2015083, doi104202app20090024"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20191079,
    author = "Moysiuk, J. and Caron, Jean‐Bernard",
    title = "A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Radiodonts, a clade of Cambro-Devonian stem group euarthropods, have classically been regarded as nektonic apex predators. However, many aspects of radiodont morphology and ecology have remained unclear because of the typically fragmentary nature of fossil material. Here, we describe a new hurdiid radiodont based on abundant and exceptionally well-preserved fossils from the Burgess Shale (Marble Canyon area, British Columbia, Canada). Cambroraster falcatus gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by an extra-large horseshoe-shaped head carapace, bearing conspicuous posterolateral spinous processes, and partially covering a short trunk with eight pairs of lateral flaps. Each of the pair of frontal appendages possess five mesially curving rake-like endites equipped with a series of anteriorly directed hooked spines, altogether surrounding the oral cone. This feeding apparatus suggests a micro to macrophagous sediment-sifting feeding ecology. Cambroraster illuminates the evolution of Hurdiidae and evinces the exploitation of the diversifying infauna by these large and specialized nektobenthic carnivores in the aftermath of the Cambrian explosion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1079",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2019.1079",
    openalex = "W2965739174",
    references = "doi101038nature13486, doi101038nature14256, doi101038s415590160022, doi101080106351501753462876, doi101080147720192012732723, doi101093molbevmsu300, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi1011111475498300080, doi101111j10960031200700161x, doi101126science1169514, doi101371journalpone0124979, doi105860choice420301, openalexw2611511275"
}

@article{doi101126scienceaau8800,
    author = "Fu, Dongjing and Tong, Guanghui and Dai, Tao and Liu, Wei and Yang, Yuning and Zhang, Yuan and Cui, Linhao and Li, Luoyang and Yun, Hao and Wu, Yu and Sun, Ao and Liu, Cong and Pei, Wenrui and Gaines, Robert R. and Zhang, Xingliang",
    title = "The Qingjiang biota—A Burgess Shale–type fossil Lagerstätte from the early Cambrian of South China",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Burgess Shale-type fossil Lagerstätten provide the best evidence for deciphering the biotic patterns and magnitude of the Cambrian explosion. Here, we report a Lagerstätte from South China, the Qingjiang biota (\textasciitilde 518 million years old), which is dominated by soft-bodied taxa from a distal shelf setting. The Qingjiang biota is distinguished by pristine carbonaceous preservation of labile organic features, a very high proportion of new taxa (\textasciitilde 53\%), and preliminary taxonomic diversity that suggests it could rival the Chengjiang and Burgess Shale biotas. Defining aspects of the Qingjiang biota include a high abundance of cnidarians, including both medusoid and polypoid forms; new taxa resembling extant kinorhynchs; and abundant larval or juvenile forms. This distinctive composition holds promise for providing insights into the evolution of Cambrian ecosystems across environmental gradients.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8800",
    doi = "10.1126/science.aau8800",
    openalex = "W2923733494",
    references = "doi1010029781118896372, doi101007s114340140419y, doi1010160016703795000382, doi101016b9780444594259000196, doi101016jearscirev201707017, doi101016jpalwor201510001, doi101017s108933260000276x, doi101038nature11874, doi101038ncomms4210, doi101073pnas1111784109, doi101073pnas1719962115, doi101111j14754983200700656x, doi101130g24961a1, doi101144jgs1582211, doi101144jgs2015083, doi10166612056, doi102110palo2009p09004r"
}

@article{doi101144jgs2018195,
    author = "Kimmig, Julien and Strotz, Luke C. and Kimmig, Sara R. and Egenhoff, Sven and Lieberman, Bruce S.",
    title = "The Spence Shale Lagerstätte: an important window into Cambrian biodiversity",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of the Geological Society",
    abstract = "The Spence Shale Member of the Langston Formation is a Cambrian (Miaolingian: Wuliuan) Lagerstätte in northeastern Utah and southeastern Idaho. It is older than the more well-known Wheeler and Marjum Lagerstätten from western Utah, and the Burgess Shale from Canada. The Spence Shale shares several species with these younger deposits, yet it also contains a remarkable number of unique species. Because of its relatively broad geographical distribution, and the variety of palaeoenvironments and taphonomy, the fossil composition and likelihood of recovering weakly skeletonized (or soft-bodied) taxa varies across localities. The Spence Shale is widely acknowledged not only for its soft-bodied taxa, but also for its abundant trilobites and hyoliths. Recent discoveries from the Spence Shale include problematic taxa and provide insights about the nature of palaeoenvironmental and taphonomic variation between different localities. Supplementary material: A generic presence–absence matrix of the Spence Shale fauna and a list of the Spence Shale localities are available at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4423145",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-195",
    doi = "10.1144/jgs2018-195",
    openalex = "W2921775241",
    references = "doi101111pala12200"
}

@article{doi101017pab201942,
    author = "Nanglu, Karma and Caron, Jean‐Bernard and Gaines, Robert R.",
    title = "The Burgess Shale paleocommunity with new insights from Marble Canyon, British Columbia",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Abstract The middle (Wuliuan Stage) Cambrian Burgess Shale is famous for its exceptional preservation of diverse and abundant soft-bodied animals through the “thick” Stephen Formation. However, with the exception of the Walcott Quarry (Fossil Ridge) and the stratigraphically older Tulip Beds (Mount Stephen), which are both in Yoho National Park (British Columbia), quantitative assessments of the Burgess Shale have remained limited. Here we first provide a detailed quantitative overview of the diversity and structure of the Marble Canyon Burgess Shale locality based on 16,438 specimens. Located 40 km southeast of the Walcott Quarry in Kootenay National Park (British Columbia), Marble Canyon represents the youngest site of the “thick” Stephen Formation. We then combine paleoecological data sets from Marble Canyon, Walcott Quarry, Tulip Beds, and Raymond Quarry, which lies approximately 20 m directly above the Walcott Quarry, to yield a combined species abundance data set of 77,179 specimens encompassing 234 species-level taxa. Marble Canyon shows significant temporal changes in both taxonomic and ecological groups, suggesting periods of stasis followed by rapid turnover patterns at local and short temporal scales. At wider geographic and temporal scales, the different Burgess Shale sites occupy distinct areas in multivariate space. Overall, this suggests that the Burgess Shale paleocommunity is far patchier than previously thought and varies at both local and regional scales through the “thick” Stephen Formation. This underscores that our understanding of Cambrian diversity and ecological networks, particularly in early animal ecosystems, remains limited and highly dependent on new discoveries.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2019.42",
    doi = "10.1017/pab.2019.42",
    openalex = "W3008824536",
    references = "doi101016jpalwor200610005, doi101017cbo9780511623332, doi101017s1089332600002837, doi101038nature13414, doi101038ncomms4210, doi101038s4158601915254, doi101111j14429993200501502x, doi101111j14610248200500871x, doi101126science13134091292, doi101146annureves15110184002033, doi101186s1291501602714, doi101371journalpone0029233, doi101371journalpone0052200, doi101371journalpone0124979, doi10166612056, doi1018900012965820020831771tuntob20co2, doi102110palo2003p05070r, doi1023071931600, doi1023071933500, doi1023073071998, doi105860choice421547"
}

@article{doi101130g480671,
    author = "Anderson, Ross P. and Tosca, Nicholas J. and Saupe, Erin E. and Wade, Jon and Briggs, Derek E. G.",
    title = "Early formation and taphonomic significance of kaolinite associated with Burgess Shale fossils",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Geology",
    abstract = "Abstract The role of minerals in Burgess Shale–type fossilization is controversial, particularly that of the clay mineral kaolinite. Kaolinite may have formed on carcasses or attached to them as they decayed, stabilizing organic matter. Alternatively, kaolinite may have formed during metamorphism, playing no role in the preservation of soft tissues. Evaluating the formation and taphonomic role of kaolinite is difficult, because the mineralogy of Burgess Shale–type fossils is incompletely known. We used in situ selected-area X-ray diffraction to constrain the mineralogy of fossils from the classic Burgess Shale Formation in British Columbia, Canada. Fossils can be distinguished from the matrix that surrounds them by the presence of dolomite, kaolinite, and pyrite. Chlorite may be more abundant in the matrix. The preferential survival of kaolinite in association with fossils provides evidence of early diagenetic clay-organic interactions that protected the clay from metamorphic transformation. Kaolinite likely played a crucial role in fossilization, inhibiting the growth of heterotrophic bacteria and aiding polymerization of soft tissue biomolecules. This may result in biases in soft-tissue preservation to areas and times where kaolinite was prevalent.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/g48067.1",
    doi = "10.1130/g48067.1",
    openalex = "W3139465945",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200804014, doi101017s1089332600002837"
}

@article{doi10268791106,
    author = "Whitaker, Anna F. and Kimmig, Julien",
    title = "Anthropologically introduced biases in natural history collections, with a case study on the invertebrate paleontology collections from the middle Cambrian Spence Shale Lagerstätte",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Palaeontologia Electronica",
    abstract = "Natural history collections are critical for modern scientific investigations, which are greatly expanding on the potential data applications of historic specimens. However, using these specimens outside their original intent introduces biases and potential misinterpretations. Anthropogenic biases can be introduced at any point during the life of museum specimens, from collection, preparation, and accession, to digitization. These biases can cause significant effects when the user is unaware of the collection context, as specific collection biases are often known anecdotally, but not ubiquitously. In this case study, the University of Kansas collection of Spence Shale Lagersttte material was examined for anthropogenic biases using a collections inventory, interviews with stakeholders, and a literature review. Biases were found related to collector interest, locality preference, and researcher interest and specialization. These biases create a distorted view on the diversity and ecology of the Spence Shale, and need to be considered in future research.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26879/1106",
    doi = "10.26879/1106",
    openalex = "W3112564621",
    references = "doi101111pala12200"
}

@article{doi101038s41467022280549,
    author = "Ortega‐Hernández, Javier and Lerosey‐Aubril, Rudy and Losso, Sarah R. and Weaver, James C.",
    title = "Neuroanatomy in a middle Cambrian mollisoniid and the ancestral nervous system organization of chelicerates",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "Recent years have witnessed a steady increase in reports of fossilized nervous tissues among Cambrian total-group euarthropods, which allow reconstructing the early evolutionary history of these animals. Here, we describe the central nervous system of the stem-group chelicerate Mollisonia symmetrica from the mid-Cambrian Burgess Shale. The fossilized neurological anatomy of M. symmetrica includes optic nerves connected to a pair of lateral eyes, a putative condensed cephalic synganglion, and a metameric ventral nerve cord. Each trunk tergite is associated with a condensed ganglion bearing lateral segmental nerves, and linked by longitudinal connectives. The nervous system is preserved as reflective carbonaceous films underneath the phosphatized digestive tract. Our results suggest that M. symmetrica illustrates the ancestral organization of stem-group Chelicerata before the evolution of the derived neuroanatomical characters observed in Cambrian megacheirans and extant representatives. Our findings reveal a conflict between the phylogenetic signals provided by neuroanatomical and appendicular data, which we interpret as evidence of mosaic evolution in the chelicerate stem-lineage.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28054-9",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-022-28054-9",
    openalex = "W4226208478",
    references = "doi101016jcub202005085"
}

@article{doi101144sp5432022337,
    author = "Anderson, T. B. and James, Matthew J. and McNeil, Paul",
    title = "The Burgess Shale lagerstätte at the Walcott Quarry, Yoho National Park, Canada",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract The Walcott Quarry was discovered in 1909 by the Smithsonian Institute's Charles Doolittle Walcott (1850–1927). The Cambrian Burgess Shale (505 Ma, Miaolingian) crops out in the quarry and the lagerstätte is the nexus of ongoing vigorous debate about fossil preservation (including taphonomy and diagenesis), taxonomy, classification, phylogeny, and the origin of phyla and baupläne. Smithsonian Institute's field crews collected from 1909–24, and the quarry was subsequently expanded by Harvard University (1930), the Canadian Geological Survey (1966–67), and the Royal Ontario Museum (1992–2000). Approximately 250 000 fossils, including soft-bodied forms, have been collected, making the Walcott Quarry with exposures of the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, a significant geoheritage site and an important representation of the Cambrian Explosion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp543-2022-337",
    doi = "10.1144/sp543-2022-337",
    openalex = "W4388569029",
    references = "doi101007s1053901695569, doi104095212976, openalexw3047003507"
}

@article{doi101038s43247024014290,
    author = "McCormick, Cole A. and Corlett, Hilary and Roberts, Nick M.W. and Johnston, Paul and Collom, Christopher J. and Stacey, Jack and Koeshidayatullah, Ardiansyah and Hollis, Cathy",
    title = "U-Pb geochronology reveals that hydrothermal dolomitization was coeval to the deposition of the Burgess Shale lagerstätte",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Communications Earth \& Environment",
    abstract = "Abstract Fault-controlled, hydrothermal dolomitization often occurs at margins between shallow-water carbonate platforms and deep-water sedimentary basins. In western Canada, for example, the platform margin between the Cathedral Formation and the Burgess Shale Formation has been dolomitized at temperatures up to \textasciitilde 200 °C, with local magnesite, talc, and clinochlore mineralization. At the same time, the Burgess Shale Formation includes exceptional fossils that provide key evidence of the radiation of the animal phyla during the Cambrian Period (541 to 485.4 Ma). This lagerstätte and Mg-rich minerals within the adjacent and underlying strata, however, have been critically understudied. Here we show, using carbonate U-Pb geochronology, that western Canada was tectonically active and subject to hydrothermal dolomitization during the Middle Cambrian (Miaolingian Epoch) to Middle Ordovician (488.1 ± 18.8 Ma). These results extend the latest stages of rifting along the western margin of Laurentia into the Paleozoic, while also suggesting that the dolomitization of the Cathedral Formation occurred at the same time as the deposition of the Burgess Shale lagerstätte.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01429-0",
    doi = "10.1038/s43247-024-01429-0",
    openalex = "W4399651515",
    references = "doi101038s41598021011184"
}

@incollection{greer2024introduction,
    author = "Greer, Allan",
    title = "Introduction Canada before Canada",
    year = "2024",
    booktitle = "Before Canada",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1515/9780228019558-004",
    doi = "10.1515/9780228019558-004",
    pages = "3-24"
}