@article{andrews1871lower,
    author = "Andrews, E. B.",
    title = "Lower Carboniferous limestone in Ohio",
    year = "1871",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-1.2.91",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.s3-1.2.91",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2323170448",
    pages = "91-92",
    volume = "s3-1"
}

@article{doi101017s0016756800137045,
    author = "Carruthers, R. G.",
    title = "V.—A Revision of some Carboniferous Corals",
    year = "1908",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "More than sixty years have now elapsed since the publication of the classical monograph of MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, “Les Polypes Fossiles des Terrains Palæozoïques.” It can only be expected that many of the original descriptions of species in that work have for long been in need of amplification and revision. This applies with added force to the corals of the Carboniferous Limestone, in view of the impetus given to the palæontological study of that formation, by the vigorous revival of zonal work witnessed in the last few years. Those species in most urgent need of revision belong to the lower, or Tournaisian division of the Limestone, since their satisfactory determination affords a basis for evolutionary studies on the succeeding faunas, and an attempt is here made to deal with a few of these forms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800137045",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756800137045",
    openalex = "W2098786525"
}

@article{carruthers1910on,
    author = "Carruthers, Robert George",
    title = "On the Evolution of Zaphrentis delanouei in Lower Carboniferous Times",
    year = "1910",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London",
    abstract = "I. I ntroduction. A n attempt is made, in the following communication, to demonstrate the evolution of a small Zaphrentid coral, belonging to a gens of common occurrence in the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Scotland. The simple rugose corals seem to have been strangely neglected by workers on phylogenetic problems. Although suggestions as to the lines of evolution of certain species have been advanced from time to time, no direct proofs have, apparently, been forthcoming. Yet, in some respects, few of the Invertebrata are so well adapted for investigations of this nature. In most of these corals, all the growth-stages of the skeleton are retained intact, and can be studied by means of serial sections cut across the corallum. The one serious difficulty arises from the remarkably sporadic distribution of such fossils or, indeed, of the Rugosa in general —a fact only realized to the full after one has engaged in the systematic examination of a wide area, in search of some particular gens. As a matter of fact, the corals here dealt with are the only ones that range through most of the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Scotland. Even then, they are found on horizons often somewhat widely separated in time and unproductive for long distances. Fortunately, the stratigraphy of the Scottish rocks is so well known, that collections can be made all over the country, from horizons the position of which in the sequence is fixed more or less definitely. Although, therefore, section after section of some particular limestone may",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1910.066.01-04.28",
    doi = "10.1144/gsl.jgs.1910.066.01-04.28",
    number = "1-4",
    openalex = "W2170000458",
    pages = "523-538",
    volume = "66"
}

@article{carruthers1910on1,
    author = "Carruthers, R. G",
    title = "On the evolution of Zaphrentis delanouei in Lower Carboniferous times",
    year = "1910",
    journal = "Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 66, p. 523-538",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Carruthers, R. G., 1910, On the evolution of Zaphrentis delanouei in Lower Carboniferous times: Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 66, p. 523-538.}"
}

@article{tolmachoff1926lower,
    author = "Tolmachoff, I. P.",
    title = "Lower Carboniferous fauna, Siberia",
    year = "1926",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s5-11.65.411",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.s5-11.65.411",
    number = "65",
    openalex = "W2066013499",
    pages = "411-422",
    volume = "s5-11"
}

@article{hudson1940on,
    author = "HUDSON, R. G. S.",
    title = "ON THE CARBONIFEROUS CORALS: ZAPHRENTIS CARRUTHERSI SP. NOV. FROM THE MIRK FELL BEDS AND ITS RELATION TO THE Z. DELANOUEI SPECIES-GROUP",
    year = "1940",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.24.4.290",
    doi = "10.1144/pygs.24.4.290",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2079649272",
    pages = "290-311",
    volume = "24",
    references = "carruthers1910on, doi101017s0016756800088683, doi101017s0016756800137045, doi101038142340a0, doi101038142459a0, doi10108000222933708655242, doi101111j1469185x1933tb01151x, doi101144pygs202257, doi101144pygs23268, doi105962p351626"
}

@article{ingalls1940the,
    author = "Ingalls, Albert G.",
    title = "The Carboniferous Mystery",
    year = "1940",
    journal = "Scientific American",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0140-14",
    doi = "10.1038/scientificamerican0140-14",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2093968156",
    pages = "14-14",
    volume = "162"
}

@misc{ingulls1940the2,
    author = "Ingulls, A. G",
    title = "The Carboniferous mystery",
    year = "1940",
    howpublished = "Scientific American, v. 162, p. 14",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ingulls, A. G., 1940, The Carboniferous mystery: Scientific American, v. 162, p. 14.}"
}

@article{doi101126science2224620159,
    author = "Gingerich, Philip D.",
    title = "Rates of Evolution: Effects of Time and Temporal Scaling",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Rates of morphological evolution documented in laboratory selection experiments, historical colonization events, and the fossil record are inversely related to the interval of time over which they are measured. This inverse relationship is an artifact of comparing a narrow range of morphological variation over a wide range of time intervals, and it is also a product of time averaging. Rates measured over different intervals of time must be scaled against interval length before they can be compared.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.222.4620.159",
    doi = "10.1126/science.222.4620.159",
    openalex = "W1993888207",
    references = "colbert1948evolution, doi10100703064746897, doi101017s0094837300005807, doi101038252298a0, doi101073pnas722646, doi101086628623, doi101098rspb19500031, doi101111j155856461949tb00004x, doi101111j155856461971tb01855x, doi1023072405671, openalexw2145250129"
}

@article{doi101016037783989090019i,
    author = "Braun, Andreas",
    title = "Evolutionary trends and biostratigraphic potential of selected radiolarian taxa from the Early Carboniferous of Germany",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Marine Micropaleontology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(90)90019-i",
    doi = "10.1016/0377-8398(90)90019-i",
    openalex = "W2079215887"
}

@article{doi101126science24949751382,
    author = "Berner, Robert A.",
    title = "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels Over Phanerozoic Time",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "A new model has been constructed for calculating the level of atmospheric CO(2) during the past 570 million years. A series of successive steady states for CO(2) is used in order to calculate CO(2) level from a feedback function for the weathering of silicate minerals. Processes considered are: sedimentary burial of organic matter and carbonates; continental weathering of silicates, carbonates, and organic matter; and volcanic and metamorphic degassing of CO(2). Sediment burial rates are calculated with the use of an isotope mass-balance model and carbon isotopic data on ancient seawater. Weathering rates are calculated from estimates of past changes in continental land area, mean elevation, and river runoff combined with estimates of the effects of the evolution of vascular land plants. Past degassing rates are estimated from changes in the rate of generation of sea floor and the shift of carbonate deposition from platforms to the deep sea. The model results indicate that CO(2) levels were high during the Mesozoic and early Paleozoic and low during the Permo-Carboniferous and late Cenozoic. These results correspond to independently deduced Phanerozoic paleoclimates and support the notion that the atmospheric CO(2) greenhouse mechanism is a major control on climate over very long time scales.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.249.4975.1382",
    doi = "10.1126/science.249.4975.1382",
    openalex = "W2025696977",
    references = "doi1010160031018280900474"
}

@article{braun1993biozonation,
    author = "Braun, Andreas and Schmidt-Effing, Reinhard",
    title = "Biozonation, diagenesis and evolution of radiolarians in the Lower Carboniferous of Germany",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Marine Micropaleontology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(93)90027-u",
    doi = "10.1016/0377-8398(93)90027-u",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2016045126",
    pages = "369-383",
    volume = "21",
    references = "doi101007bf02985772, doi101127njgpm19881988645, doi1011300091761319808281przfld20co2, doi1023071484751, doi1023071485310, openalexw3049264874, openalexw568148671"
}

@article{bruckschen1995isotopic,
    author = "Bruckschen, P. and Bruhn, F. and Veizer, J. and Buhl, D.",
    title = "isotopic evolution of Lower Carboniferous seawater: Dinantian of western Europe",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Sedimentary Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(95)00103-4",
    doi = "10.1016/0037-0738(95)00103-4",
    number = "1-4",
    openalex = "W2084060024",
    pages = "63-81",
    volume = "100",
    references = "doi1010160016703787903619, doi1010160168583x89900426, doi101126science2314741979, doi10113000917613198210516vosstp20co2, doi101146annurevea17050189001041, doi101306212f7bb72b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi102110scn8310, openalexw1487925322, openalexw3101916604"
}

@misc{besly1998carboniferous,
    author = "Besly, B. M.",
    title = "Carboniferous",
    year = "1998",
    booktitle = "Petroleum Geology of the North Sea",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444313413.ch4",
    doi = "10.1002/9781444313413.ch4",
    pages = "104-136"
}

@article{doi101103physreve66011904,
    author = "Hall, Matt and Christensen, Kim and di Collobiano, Simone A. and Jensen, Henrik Jeldtoft",
    title = "Time-dependent extinction rate and species abundance in a tangled-nature model of biological evolution",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics",
    abstract = "We present a model of evolutionary ecology consisting of a web of interacting individuals, a tangle-nature model. The reproduction rate of individuals characterized by their genome depends on the composition of the population in genotype space. Ecological features such as the taxonomy and the macroevolutionary mode of the dynamics are emergent properties. The macrodynamics exhibit intermittent two-mode switching with a gradually decreasing extinction rate. The generated ecologies become gradually better adapted as well as more complex in a collective sense. The form of the species abundance curve compares well with observed functional forms. The model's error threshold can be understood in terms of the characteristics of the two dynamical modes of the system.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.66.011904",
    doi = "10.1103/physreve.66.011904",
    openalex = "W1968938483",
    references = "doi101111j155856461971tb01868x"
}

@article{doi102475ajs3045397,
    author = "Bergman, Noam",
    title = "COPSE: A new model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    abstract = "We present a new model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time. This work couples a feedback-based model of atmospheric O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ and ocean nutrients (Lenton and Watson, 2000a, 2000b) with a geochemical carbon cycle model (Berner, 1991, 1994), a simple sulfur cycle, and additional components. The resulting COPSE model (Carbon-Oxygen-Phosphorus-Sulfur-Evolution) represents the co-evolution of biotic and abiotic components of the Earth system, in that it couples interactive and evolving terrestrial and marine biota to geochemical and tectonic processes. The model is forced with geological and evolutionary forcings and time-dependent solar insolation. The baseline model succeeds in giving simultaneous predictions of atmospheric O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde , CO\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde , global temperature, ocean composition, δ^13^C and δ^34^S that are in reasonable agreement with available data and suggested constraints. The behavior of the coupled model is qualitatively different to single cycle models. While atmospheric *p*CO\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ (CO\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ partial pressure) predictions are mostly determined by the model forcings and the response of silicate weathering rate to *p*CO\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ and temperature, multiple negative feedback processes and coupling of the C, O, P and S cycles are necessary for regulating *p*O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ while allowing δ^13^C changes of sufficient amplitude to match the record. The results support a *p*O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ dependency of oxidative weathering of reduced carbon and sulfur, which raises early Paleozoic *p*O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ above the estimated requirement of Cambrian fauna and prevents unrealistically large δ^34^S variation. They do not support a strong anoxia dependency of the C:P burial ratio of marine organic matter (Van Cappellen and Ingall, 1994, 1996) because this dependency raises early Paleozoic δ^13^C and organic carbon burial rates too high. The dependency of terrestrial primary productivity on *p*O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ also contributes to oxygen regulation. An intermediate strength oxygen fire feedback on terrestrial biomass, which gives a *p*O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ upper limit of ∼1.6PAL (present atmospheric level) or 30 volume percent, provides the best combined *p*O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ and δ^13^C predictions. Sulfur cycle coupling contributes critically to lowering the Permo-Carboniferous *p*CO\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ and temperature minimum. The results support an inverse dependency of pyrite sulfur burial on *p*O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ (for example, Berner and Canfield, 1989), which contributes to the shuttling of oxygen back and forth between carbonate carbon and gypsum sulfur. A *p*O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ dependency of photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation (Berner and others, 2000; Beerling and others, 2002) is important for producing sufficient magnitude of δ^13^C variation. However, our results do not support an oxygen dependency of sulfur isotope fractionation in pyrite formation (Berner and others, 2000) because it generates unrealistically small variations in δ^34^S. In the Early Paleozoic, COPSE predicts *p*O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde =0.2--0.6PAL and *p*CO\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde \>10PAL, with high oceanic \[PO\textasciitilde 4\textasciitilde ^3-^\] and low \[SO\textasciitilde 4\textasciitilde ^=^\]. Land plant evolution caused a 'phase change' in the Earth system by increasing weathering rates and shifting some organic burial to land. This change resulted in a major drop in *p*CO\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ to 3 to 4PAL and a rise in *p*O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ to ∼1.5PAL in the Permo-Carboniferous, with temperatures below present, ocean variables nearer present concentrations, and PO\textasciitilde 4\textasciitilde :NO\textasciitilde 3\textasciitilde\ regulated closer to Redfield ratio. A second O\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ peak of similar or slightly greater magnitude appears in the mid-Cretaceous, before a descent towards PAL. Mesozoic CO\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ is in the range 3 to 7PAL, descending toward PAL in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.304.5.397",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.304.5.397",
    openalex = "W2140479142",
    references = "doi101038305019a0, doi101086319243, doi101146annurevphysiol621135"
}

@article{doi101016jpalwor201105001,
    author = "Wang, Yujing and Yang, Qun",
    title = "Biostratigraphy, phylogeny and paleobiogeography of Carboniferous–Permian radiolarians in South China",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Palaeoworld",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2011.05.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palwor.2011.05.001",
    openalex = "W2082018315",
    references = "braun1993biozonation, doi10100797836427859311, doi101016003101829190131a, doi101016003101829290066e, doi101016074395479390011d, doi1011300091761319808281przfld20co2, doi101130spe255, doi1012019781482283181, doi1015080agcjchikyukagaku525391, doi1047894mpal56102, openalexw2337300986"
}

@article{doi101111j14698137201103794x,
    author = "Clarke, John T. and Warnock, Rachel C. M. and Donoghue, Philip C. J.",
    title = "Establishing a time‐scale for plant evolution",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "New Phytologist",
    abstract = "• Plants have utterly transformed the planet, but testing hypotheses of causality requires a reliable time-scale for plant evolution. While clock methods have been extensively developed, less attention has been paid to the correct interpretation and appropriate implementation of fossil data. • We constructed 17 calibrations, consisting of minimum constraints and soft maximum constraints, for divergences between model representatives of the major land plant lineages. Using a data set of seven plastid genes, we performed a cross-validation analysis to determine the consistency of the calibrations. Six molecular clock analyses were then conducted, one with the original calibrations, and others exploring the impact on divergence estimates of changing maxima at basal nodes, and prior probability densities within calibrations. • Cross-validation highlighted Tracheophyta and Euphyllophyta calibrations as inconsistent, either because their soft maxima were overly conservative or because of undetected rate variation. Molecular clock analyses yielded estimates ranging from 568-815 million yr before present (Ma) for crown embryophytes and from 175-240 Ma for crown angiosperms. • We reject both a post-Jurassic origin of angiosperms and a post-Cambrian origin of land plants. Our analyses also suggest that the establishment of the major embryophyte lineages occurred at a much slower tempo than suggested in most previous studies. These conclusions are entirely compatible with current palaeobotanical data, although not necessarily with their interpretation by palaeobotanists.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03794.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03794.x",
    openalex = "W2161280431",
    references = "doi101007978443168416915, doi101016003466679190024w, doi101016b9780444594259000202, doi101016b9780444594259000214, doi101016b9780444594259000238, doi101016b9781483227344500176, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jearscirev200911002, doi101016jrevpalbo200709002, doi101016jtig200403007, doi101016s0037073898000268, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101017cbo9780511536045020, doi101017s0016756809990434, doi101017s0094837300026907, doi10108010635150490264699, doi101093molbevmsm088, doi101098rspb20011782, doi101098rstb20061846, doi101371journalpbio0040088, doi10166600948373200026103tap20co2, doi1023071485834, doi1023072399846, doi103732ajb0800047, doi105860choice465038, openalexw2989049194"
}

@article{doi101144sp37611,
    author = "Wang, Xiangdong and Qie, Wenkun and Sheng, Qingyi and Qi, Yuping and Wang, Yue and Zhuoting, Liao and Shen, Shu‐zhong and Ueno, Katsumi",
    title = "Carboniferous and Lower Permian sedimentological cycles and biotic events of South China",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract The sedimentary successions and four fossil groups, including rugose corals, brachiopods, fusulinaceans and conodonts, from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian of South China have been studied in order to reveal the sedimentary characteristics and evolutionary pattern of main biological groups in the East Tethyan region during the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age. The Lower Carboniferous lithology of South China is diverse, ranging from basinal and shelf carbonate rocks to coal measures and continental clastics, while the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian are composed mostly of shallow-marine carbonates. From uppermost Devonian to Lower Carboniferous, five major regression events are recognized at the topmost Devonian, middle and upper Tournaisian boundary, Tournasian–Viséan boundary, uppermost Viséan and the Mid-Carboniferous boundary in South China, separately. The Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian shallow-water carbonate rocks consist of remarkable, high-frequency cyclothems. Moreover, another major sea-level fall is recognized and characterized by an extensive sedimentary hiatus at the Sakmarian–Artinskian boundary throughout South China. All of the sedimentary basins of South China were formed in extensional tectonic settings during this time; thus, multiple regressive events that occurred throughout South China should be primarily induced by glacio-eustatic drawdown. In addition, two biotic events characterized by a remarkable decline in the diversity of benthic biota and a turnover in the composition of fossil assemblages occurred, respectively, at the Mid-Carboniferous and Sakmarian–Artinskian boundaries, consistent with two major regressions, and were probably caused by the glaciations in Gondwana.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp376.11",
    doi = "10.1144/sp376.11",
    openalex = "W2053645460"
}

@incollection{crossref2014lower,
    title = "Lower Tertiary",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6\_122512",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6\_122512",
    pages = "824-824"
}

@incollection{crossref2014upper,
    title = "Upper Lower Carboniferous",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6\_210848",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6\_210848",
    openalex = "W4206659523",
    pages = "1466-1466"
}

@article{doi101144sp5122021107,
    author = "Ueno, Katsumi",
    title = "Carboniferous fusuline Foraminifera: taxonomy, regional biostratigraphy, and palaeobiogeographic faunal development",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract This paper proposes a synthesis of the taxonomy, phylogeny, palaeogeographic distribution, regional biostratigraphy, and palaeobiogeographic faunal development of Carboniferous fusuline foraminifers. They appeared in the latest Tournaisian and comprised a small-sized, morphologically conservative taxonomic group during the Mississippian. Fusulines became larger and prevailed in Pennsylvanian foraminiferal assemblages. Carboniferous fusulines consist of Ozawainellidae, Staffellidae, Schubertellidae, Fusulinidae, and Schwagerinidae, in which 95 genera are considered as valid taxonomically. Upsizing their shells throughout the Pennsylvanian is likely related to symbiosis with photosynthetic microorganisms, which was accelerated by the acquisition of a keriothecal wall in Late Pennsylvanian schwagerinids. Regional fusuline succession data from 40 provinces provide a refined biostratigraphy, enabling zonation and correlation with substage- or higher-resolution precision in the Pennsylvanian. Their spatio-temporal faunal characteristics show that fusulines had a cosmopolitan palaeobiogeographic signature in Mississippian time, suggesting unrestricted faunal exchange through the palaeoequatorial Rheic Ocean. After the formation of Pangaea, Pennsylvanian fusulines started to show provincialism, and their distributions defined the Ural–Arctic Region in the Boreal Realm, Palaeotethys, Panthalassa, and North American Craton regions in the Palaeoequatorial Realm, and Western Gondwana and Eastern Peri-Gondwana regions in the Gondwana Realm. The Western Palaeotethys and East European Platform Subregions maintained higher generic diversity throughout the Pennsylvanian.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp512-2021-107",
    doi = "10.1144/sp512-2021-107",
    openalex = "W3203694833",
    references = "crossref1981distribution, davydov2011taxonomy, doi1010022016tc004249, doi101002gj2519, doi1010079781489957603, doi101007bf02537473, doi101007bf02667713, doi101016b9780128243602000231, doi101016bssats201610005, doi101016jannpal201208002, doi101016jgr201201012, doi101016jgr201209007, doi101016jgsf201401002, doi101016jjseaes201212020, doi101016jpalaeo201311023, doi1010292002tc001484, doi101038288329a0, doi101144gslsp19991560122, doi101144sp512202042, doi101146annurevearth060614105254, doi101666061211, doi102113gsjfr21167, doi1023073514707, doi102475ajs2406403, doi103133pp613e, doi1037570bgsd20014803, doi105962bhltitle50608, openalexw2598883775"
}

@article{doi101016jpalwor202312002,
    author = "Wang, Hui and Yao, Le and Lin, Wei and Huang, Xing and Liao, Weihua",
    title = "Mid-Carboniferous rugose corals from Xinjiang, Northwest China: Evolutionary and palaeogeographical implications",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Palaeoworld",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2023.12.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palwor.2023.12.002",
    openalex = "W4389819987",
    references = "carruthers1910on, doi101007s1143001792537, doi101016jearscirev201802004, doi101016jgsf201404002, doi101016jpalaeo201601002, doi101016jpalaeo2023111683, doi101016jpalwor202212009, doi101016s0016699599800047, doi101017s0016756806002457, doi101038ngeo2931, doi10108003745485909494606, doi101098rstb19500002, doi101144sp37611, doi101144sp512202179, doi101146annurevearth031208100118, doi105194bg1112732014, doi105252g2011n4a3, doi105962bhltitle11559, hudson1940on, openalexw3157516218"
}

@article{doi101007s1143002311500,
    author = "Hu, Keyi and Wang, Xiangdong and Wang, Wenqi and Song, Ying-Fan and Ye, Xunyan and Li, Lu and Shi, Yukun and Yang, Sunrong and Li, Ying",
    title = "Carboniferous integrative stratigraphy, biotas, and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Science China Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1150-0",
    doi = "10.1007/s11430-023-1150-0",
    openalex = "W4390840389",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev2021103699, doi101144sp5122021107, doi107186bgsm57201107"
}

@article{doi101021acsomega5c12336,
    author = "Shangguan, Jinfei and Su, Kaiming and Huang, Junping and Sun, Yanze and Xu, Yaohui and Li, Jingyi",
    title = "Oil-Source Correlation in the Ordovician and Carboniferous Strata from the Southwestern Ordos Basin (China): Implications for a Multivariate Statistical Approach.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "ACS omega",
    abstract = "Recently, oil and gas shows have been identified in both the Carboniferous Yanghugou Formation and the Ordovician Wulalike Formation in the southwestern Ordos Basin. However, oil-source correlation in this area is challenging because conventional biomarker parameters are inherently limited, and the two source rock systems exhibit pronounced maturity differences. As a result, traditional biomarker-based approaches often suffer from ambiguity and low reliability. To address these limitations, this study introduces multivariate statistical methods, including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Q- and R-mode factor analysis (FA). A total of 31 biomarker parameters from 47 source rocks and crude oil samples collected from Wells YT1, YT2, and YT3 were systematically integrated. On this basis, four composite indices were established: the Maturity Index (MI), Organic Matter Origin Index (OMOI), Water Salinity Index (WSI), and Organic Matter Source Index (OMSI). These indices were applied to construct oil-source correlation diagrams, thereby reducing the influence of single-parameter limitations and maturity differences on oil-source identification. The results indicate that the Yanghugou Formation source rocks are characterized by high organic matter abundance (average total organic carbon (TOC) of 4.29\%), low maturity, and Type II2 kerogen deposited in a paralic facies, whereas the Wulalike Formation exhibits lower TOC values (average 0.31\%) and represents highly mature Type I marine source rocks. Multivariate statistical analysis shows that the biomarker characteristics of the Yanghugou oil sands are intermediate between those of the two source rock systems. The MI-OMOI diagram further demonstrates that the Yanghugou oil sands have a mixed origin, with contributions from both the Yanghugou and Wulalike Formations, while the Wulalike oils are predominantly self-sourced and self-reservoired. Overall, the composite indices method established in this study effectively improves oil-source identification accuracy under conditions of strong maturity contrast and provides new insights for hydrocarbon exploration in structurally complex areas.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13063168/",
    doi = "10.1021/acsomega.5c12336",
    pmcid = "PMC13063168",
    pmid = "41970932"
}

@article{doi101038s4155902603043z,
    author = "Mann, Arjan and Xiong, Zifang and Calthorpe, Ami S and Sues, Hans-Dieter and Maddin, Hillary C",
    title = "Author Correction: Carboniferous recumbirostran elucidates the origins of terrestrial herbivory.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Nature ecology \& evolution",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41807738/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41559-026-03043-z",
    pmid = "41807738"
}