@misc{lambe1904on19,
    author = "Lambe, L. M",
    title = "On Dryptosaurus incrassatus (Cope), from the Edmonton series of the North West Territory",
    year = "1904",
    howpublished = "Geological Survey of Canada, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, v. 3, p. 1-27",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lambe, L. M., 1904, On Dryptosaurus incrassatus (Cope), from the Edmonton series of the North West Territory: Geological Survey of Canada, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, v. 3, p. 1-27.}"
}

@techreport{osborn1905tyrannosaurus26,
    author = "Osborn, H. F",
    title = "Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs",
    year = "1905",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 21, p. 259-265",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osborn, H. F., 1905, Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 21, p. 259-265.}"
}

@techreport{osborn1906tyrannosaurus27,
    author = "Osborn, H. F",
    title = "Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication)",
    year = "1906",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 22, p. 281-296",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osborn, H. F., 1906, Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication): Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 22, p. 281-296.}"
}

@misc{lambe1914on20,
    author = "Lambe, L. M",
    title = "On the new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta",
    year = "1914",
    howpublished = "Ottawa Naturalist, v. 28, p. 13-20",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lambe, L. M., 1914, On the new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta: Ottawa Naturalist, v. 28, p. 13-20.}"
}

@article{brown1915tyrannosaurus,
    author = "Brown, Barnum",
    title = "Tyrannosaurus, a Cretaceous Carnivorous Dinosaur",
    year = "1915",
    journal = "Scientific American",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican10091915-322",
    doi = "10.1038/scientificamerican10091915-322",
    number = "15",
    pages = "322-323",
    volume = "113"
}

@techreport{gilmore1920osteology8,
    author = "Gilmore, C. W",
    title = "Osteology of the carnivorous dinosauria in the United States National Museum",
    year = "1920",
    howpublished = "United States National Museum Bulletin, v. 110, p. 1-159",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gilmore, C. W., 1920, Osteology of the carnivorous dinosauria in the United States National Museum: United States National Museum Bulletin, v. 110, p. 1-159.}"
}

@misc{janensch1920uber13,
    author = "Janensch, W",
    title = "Uber Elaphrosaurus bambergi und die Megalasaurier aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas",
    year = "1920",
    howpublished = "Sitzber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde, p. 225-235",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Janensch, W., 1920, Uber Elaphrosaurus bambergi und die Megalasaurier aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas: Sitzber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde, p. 225-235.}"
}

@techreport{huene1923carnivorous11,
    author = "Huene, F. R. von",
    title = "Carnivorous Saurischia in Europe since the Triassic",
    year = "1923",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 34, p. 449-458",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huene, F. R. von, 1923, Carnivorous Saurischia in Europe since the Triassic: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 34, p. 449-458.}"
}

@misc{piveteau1923larrirecrane30,
    author = "Piveteau, J",
    title = "L'arrire-crane d'un dinosaurien carnivore de l'Oxfordien de Dives",
    year = "1923",
    howpublished = "Ann. Paleont., v. 12, p. 1-11",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Piveteau, J., 1923, L'arrire-crane d'un dinosaurien carnivore de l'Oxfordien de Dives: Ann. Paleont., v. 12, p. 1-11.}"
}

@misc{huene1926the12,
    author = "Huene, F. R. von",
    title = "The carnivorous saurischia in the Jura and Cretaceous formations principally in Europe",
    year = "1926",
    howpublished = "Rev. Museum La Plata, v. 29, p. 35-167",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huene, F. R. von, 1926, The carnivorous saurischia in the Jura and Cretaceous formations principally in Europe: Rev. Museum La Plata, v. 29, p. 35-167.}"
}

@book{parks1928albertosaurus28,
    author = "Parks, W. A",
    title = "Albertosaurus arctunguis, a new species of theropodous dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta",
    year = "1928",
    publisher = "University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 25, p. 1-42",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parks, W. A., 1928, Albertosaurus arctunguis, a new species of theropodous dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta: University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 25, p. 1-42.}"
}

@misc{gilmore1946a9,
    author = "Gilmore, C. W",
    title = "A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana",
    year = "1946",
    howpublished = "Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 106, p. 1-19",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gilmore, C. W., 1946, A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 106, p. 1-19.}"
}

@misc{maleev1955gigantic23,
    author = "Maleev, E. A",
    title = "Gigantic carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia",
    year = "1955",
    howpublished = "Doklady Akad. Nauk. SSSR, v. 104, p. 634-637; In Russian",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Maleev, E. A., 1955, Gigantic carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia: Doklady Akad. Nauk. SSSR, v. 104, p. 634-637; In Russian.}"
}

@misc{hu1964carnosaurian10,
    author = "Hu, S.-Y",
    title = "Carnosaurian remains from Alashan, Inner Mongolia",
    year = "1964",
    howpublished = "Vertebrate Palasiatica, v. 8, no. 1, p. 56-63",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hu, S.-Y., 1964, Carnosaurian remains from Alashan, Inner Mongolia: Vertebrate Palasiatica, v. 8, no. 1, p. 56-63.}"
}

@article{walker1964triassic,
    author = "Walker, A. D.",
    title = "Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs",
    year = "1964",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "The osteology of Ornithosuchus is described in some detail. This study is largely based on material discussed by previous workers, but also takes into account specimens hitherto undescribed. It is considered that the species O. taylori Broom 1913 is invalid, being based on larger individuals of the form previously named O. woodwardi by Newton (1894). Furthermore, evidence is presented to show that specimens previously described by Huxley (1877) and Walker (1961) as Dasygnathus longidens are also referable to Ornithosuchus. It is concluded that but one species is present in the material, the correct name for which is Ornithosuchus longidens (Huxley). At least eleven individuals are present with skulls ranging from about 50 to 450 mm in length. Observations on the smaller members of this series suggest that changes in the shape and proportions of the skull took place with growth in a similar manner to those seen in living crocodiles. In the light of new information concerning the osteology of Ornithosuchus it is considered that this reptile is a primitive carnosaur, occupying a position very close to the ancestry of the Jurassic and Cretaceous members of this group. An examination of descriptions and figures of Triassic reptiles referred by von Huene (1932) and later authors to the Carnosauria has led to the conclusion that the great bulk of this material is more properly allocated to the Prosauropoda, and that the only Triassic carnosaurs known at the present time, apart from Ornithosuchus, are Teratosaurus and Sinosaurus, these two names being here used in a restricted sense. It is suggested that Ornithosuchus is close to the common ancestry of both the Megalosauridae and the Tyrannosauridae, and the derivation of the skull patterns of these forms from that of Ornithosuchus is discussed. Additional fenestrations marginal to the preorbital fossa and in the surangular of advanced carnosaurs are held to be related to the development of the pterygoid musculature rather than to the need to lighten the skull. In the course of a brief review of the Carnosauria the view is put forward that Acrocanthosaurus is a Lower Cretaceous representative of the tyrannosaur group, using this term in a broad sense, and is perhaps related to the Cenomanian Spinosaurus and the Wealden Altispinax. As a result of examination of English megalosaurian material, the name Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis gen. et sp.nov. is proposed for the Oxford specimen previously known as ‘Streptospondylus’ cuvieri, and Metriacanthosaurus gen.nov. for Megalosaurus parkeri. The incomplete cranium from Dives figured by Piveteau (1923) is made the type of a new species, E. divesensis, to which certain other carnosaurian material from Normandy is provisionally allocated. Following Chakravarti (1935), the endoskeletal elements included by Matley (1923) in the type material of the Indian nodosaur Lametasaurus are held to belong to one or other of the two carnosaurs Indosuchus and Indosaurus, but the numerous scutes are not thought to be carnosaurian and the name Lametasaurus is here restricted to them. It is suggested that Indosuchus from the? Turonian is a tyrannosaund. On the other hand Ceratosaurus and Proceratosaurus are regarded as coelurosaurs. A modified classification of the Infra-order Carnosauria is given, in which two main groups are recognized; Superfamily Megalosauroidea to include the Megalosauridae, and Superfamily Tyrannosauroidea to include the Ornithosuchidae (restricted), Spinosauridae and Tyrannosauridae.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1964.0009",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1964.0009",
    number = "744",
    openalex = "W2102154522",
    pages = "53-134",
    volume = "248",
    references = "boulenger1904vion, doi101038041534b0, doi101093icb12217, doi101098rstb19610007, doi101144transgslb12390, doi1023071440026, doi105281zenodo1048846, doi105281zenodo814935, doi105479si03629236110i, openalexw1528089848, openalexw1557084235, owen2015monograph, woodward1910on"
}

@article{walker1964triassic32,
    author = "Walker, A. D",
    title = "Triassic reptiles from the Elgin",
    year = "1964",
    journal = "Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 248, p. 53-134",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, A. D., 1964, Triassic reptiles from the Elgin: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 248, p. 53-134.}"
}

@article{doi101139e72031,
    author = "Russell, Dale A.",
    title = "Ostrich Dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Western Canada",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "The family Ornithomimidae is defined on the basis of the skeletal morphology of the three genera Ornithomimus, Struthiomimus, and Dromiceiomimus known in continental strata in Alberta, which are temporally equivalent to the Upper Campanian substage. At least two genera occur in Canadian Lance (Upper Maestrichtian) equivalent strata, but cannot be identified at present. A group of more primitive ornithomimoid theropods is represented else-where by the late Jurassic Elaphrosaurus and early Cretaceous Archaeornithomimus.Ornithomimid attributes include a general body form which parallels that of the ratites; elongate forelimbs, a kinetic skull, enormous eyes, a relatively highly evolved brain, and possibly a secondary palate and supertemporal fenestrae which were nearly encircled by alae of the squamosal. A reconstruction of the myology of the thigh indicates that ornithomimids were extremely fleet, but lacked the agility characteristic of modern large ground birds. They probably subsisted on small, soft-bodied animals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e72-031",
    doi = "10.1139/e72-031",
    openalex = "W2140641637",
    references = "doi101002jmor1051140102, doi1010160031018271900447, doi105962bhltitle14474, openalexw1879660213, openalexw3208547338"
}

@article{maleev1974giant24,
    author = "Maleev, E. A",
    title = "Giant carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Joint Soviet- Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 1, p. 132-191; In Russian",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Maleev, E. A., 1974, Giant carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae: Joint Soviet- Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 1, p. 132-191; In Russian.}"
}

@misc{farlow1976a7,
    author = "Farlow, J. O",
    title = "A consideration of the trophic dynamics of a Late Cretaceous large- dinosaur community (Oldman Formation)",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Ecology, v. 57, p. 841-857",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Farlow, J. O., 1976, A consideration of the trophic dynamics of a Late Cretaceous large- dinosaur community (Oldman Formation): Ecology, v. 57, p. 841-857.}"
}

@misc{farlow1976speculations6,
    author = "Farlow, J. O",
    title = "Speculations about the diet and foraging behavior of large carnivorous dinosaurs",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "American Midland Naturalist, v. 95, p. 186-191",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Farlow, J. O., 1976, Speculations about the diet and foraging behavior of large carnivorous dinosaurs: American Midland Naturalist, v. 95, p. 186-191.}"
}

@article{kurzanov1976new14,
    author = "Kurzanov, S. M",
    title = "New carnosaur from the Late Cretaceous Nogon-Tsav, Mongolia",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 3, p. 93-104; In Russian",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kurzanov, S. M., 1976, New carnosaur from the Late Cretaceous Nogon-Tsav, Mongolia: Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 3, p. 93-104; In Russian.}"
}

@misc{madsen1976a22,
    author = "Madsen, J. H",
    title = "A second new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Utah",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Utah Geology, v. 3, p. 51-60",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Madsen, J. H., 1976, A second new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Utah: Utah Geology, v. 3, p. 51-60.}"
}

@techreport{madsen1976allosaurus21,
    author = "Madsen, J. H",
    title = "Allosaurus fragilis",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "A revised osteology: Bulletin of the Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, v. 109, p. 1-51",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Madsen, J. H., 1976, Allosaurus fragilis: A revised osteology: Bulletin of the Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, v. 109, p. 1-51.}"
}

@article{chatterjee1978indosuchus3,
    author = "Chatterjee, S",
    title = "Indosuchus and Indosaurus, Cretaceous carnosaurs from India",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 52, p. 570-580",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Chatterjee, S., 1978, Indosuchus and Indosaurus, Cretaceous carnosaurs from India: Journal of Paleontology, v. 52, p. 570-580.}"
}

@misc{dong1978note5,
    author = "Dong, Z. and Chang, L. and Li, X. and Zhou, S",
    title = "Note on a new carnosaur (Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis gen. et sp. nov.) from the Jurassic of Yangchuan district, Szechuan Province",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "Kexue Tongboa, v. 23, no. 5, p. 302- 304; In Chinese",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dong, Z., Chang, L., Li, X., and Zhou, S., 1978, Note on a new carnosaur (Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis gen. et sp. nov.) from the Jurassic of Yangchuan district, Szechuan Province: Kexue Tongboa, v. 23, no. 5, p. 302- 304; In Chinese.}"
}

@misc{coombs1980swimming4,
    author = "Coombs, W. P",
    title = "Swimming ability of carnivorous dinosaurs",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 207, p. 1198-1200",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Coombs, W. P., 1980, Swimming ability of carnivorous dinosaurs: Science, v. 207, p. 1198-1200.}"
}

@article{kurzanov1981avimimus15,
    author = "Kurzanov, S. M",
    title = "Avimimus and the problem of the origin of birds",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Joint Soviet- Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 24, p. 104-109; In Russian",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kurzanov, S. M., 1981, Avimimus and the problem of the origin of birds: Joint Soviet- Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 24, p. 104-109; In Russian.}"
}

@article{kurzanov1982structural16,
    author = "Kurzanov, S. M",
    title = "Structural chacteristics of the fore limbs of Avimimus",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Palaeontological Journal, v. 16, no. 3, p. 108-112",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kurzanov, S. M., 1982, Structural chacteristics of the fore limbs of Avimimus: Palaeontological Journal, v. 16, no. 3, p. 108-112.}"
}

@article{kurzanov1983new17,
    author = "Kurzanov, S. M",
    title = "New data on the pelvic structure of Avimimus",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Palaeontological Journal, v. 17, no. 4, p. 110-111",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kurzanov, S. M., 1983, New data on the pelvic structure of Avimimus: Palaeontological Journal, v. 17, no. 4, p. 110-111.}"
}

@misc{taquet1984a31,
    author = "Taquet, P",
    title = "A curious specialization of the skull of some Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "The long and narrow snout of spinosaurids: C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris II, v. 299, p. 217-222; In French",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Taquet, P., 1984, A curious specialization of the skull of some Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs: The long and narrow snout of spinosaurids: C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris II, v. 299, p. 217-222; In French.}"
}

@misc{bonaparte1985a1,
    author = "Bonaparte, J. F",
    title = "A horned Cretaceous carnosaur from Patagonia",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Natl. Geog. Res., p. 149-151",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bonaparte, J. F., 1985, A horned Cretaceous carnosaur from Patagonia: Natl. Geog. Res., p. 149-151.}"
}

@misc{bonaparte1985abelisaurus2,
    author = "Bonaparte, J. F. and Novas, F. E",
    title = "Abelisaurus comahuensis, n.g., n.sp., carnosauria del Cretacico Tardio de Patagonia",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Ameghiniana, v. 21, no. 2-4, p. 259-265",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bonaparte, J. F., and Novas, F. E., 1985, Abelisaurus comahuensis, n.g., n.sp., carnosauria del Cretacico Tardio de Patagonia: Ameghiniana, v. 21, no. 2-4, p. 259-265.}"
}

@article{kurzanov1985the18,
    author = "Kurzanov, S. M",
    title = "The skull structure of the dinosaur Avimimus",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Palaeontological Journal, v. 19, no. 4, p. 92-99",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kurzanov, S. M., 1985, The skull structure of the dinosaur Avimimus: Palaeontological Journal, v. 19, no. 4, p. 92-99.}"
}

@misc{martinez1986xenotarsosaurus25,
    author = "Martinez, R. and Gimenez, O. and Rodriguez, J. and Bochatey, G",
    title = "Xenotarsosaurus bonapartei nov. gen. et sp. (Carnosauria, Abelisauridae), un nuevo theropoda de la Formacion Bajo Barreal Chubut, Argentina",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Actas IV Congreso Argentinian Paleontologia et Biostratigraphie, v. 2, p. 23-31",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Martinez, R., Gimenez, O., Rodriguez, J., and Bochatey, G., 1986, Xenotarsosaurus bonapartei nov. gen. et sp. (Carnosauria, Abelisauridae), un nuevo theropoda de la Formacion Bajo Barreal Chubut, Argentina: Actas IV Congreso Argentinian Paleontologia et Biostratigraphie, v. 2, p. 23-31.}"
}

@inproceedings{paul1987predation29,
    author = "Paul, G. S",
    title = "Predation in the Meat Eating Dinosaurs, in Currie, P. J., and Koster, E., eds., Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 173-178",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Paul, G. S., 1987, Predation in the Meat Eating Dinosaurs, in Currie, P. J., and Koster, E., eds., Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems: Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 173-178.}"
}

@article{doi101017s0094837300013956,
    author = "Abler, William L.",
    title = "The Serrated Teeth of Tyrannosaurid Dinosaurs, and Biting Structures in Other Animals",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "The function of serrated teeth is analyzed by experimental comparison with the action of artificially made steel blades. Serrated blades cut compliant materials with a grip-and-rip mechanism, whereas smooth, sharp blades cut by concentrating a large downward force on a tiny area. Tyrannosaurid teeth from the Cretaceous Judith River Formation bear rows of serrations that have thick, rounded enamel caps, gripping slots between neighboring serrations, thick enamel bodies inside the teeth underneath the gripping slots, and a root beneath each serration. In contrast, the carnivorous dinosaur Troodon has teeth with exposed pointed serrations, thin enamel, and possibly serration roots. Serrations on the teeth of Troodon and the fossil shark Carcharodon, cut compliant materials in the same way as a serrated hacksaw blade. In contrast, the cutting action of tyrannosaurid teeth most closely resembles that of a dull smooth blade. The spaces between the serrations act as minute frictional vises that grip and hold meat fibers; chambers between neighboring serrations receive and retain small fragments of meat, and inevitably would have acted as havens where bacteria could be stored. These spaces may therefore have led to infections in wounds, analogous to those inflicted by the living Komodo dragon or ora. By analogy, the hunting and feeding behavior of tyrannosaurs may have resembled that of the ora. Serrations and slots are widely distributed among cutting devices in the natural world, and many of these deserve further study. For example, the carnassial teeth of mammalian carnivores cut by a combination of static force at the cutting edge, a crushing or scissoring action at the advancing junction between upper and lower teeth, and by lateral gripping and compression in a slot, like that seen on a much smaller scale in tyrannosaurid serrations. Mammalian teeth operate well only when deployed with sophisticated control over jaw movement, however, and the fine neural control necessary to operate them may have formed the basis for the later development of intelligence in mammals. Previously, being interested in mammals was largely a matter of being interested in teeth, whereas being interested in reptiles was largely a matter of being interested in everything but teeth. I suggest that the teeth of at least some reptiles are as rich in information as the teeth of any mammals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300013956",
    doi = "10.1017/s0094837300013956",
    openalex = "W2281208737",
    references = "diamond1986animal, doi101007bf00539785, doi1010160031018279901639, doi101126science832157413a, doi101130spe28p1, doi1023071444685, doi1023073223017, doi104095101672, doi1043249780203489369, doi105962bhltitle101537, doi105962bhltitle125523, openalexw2609000594"
}

@article{doi101139e93187,
    author = "Russell, Dale A. and Dong, Zhi-Ming",
    title = "A nearly complete skeleton of a new troodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "An articulated skeleton of a 1 m long theropod from Early Cretaceous strata in Inner Mongolia is clearly referrable to the Troodontidae, representing the most complete specimen known of this group of small carnivorous dinosaurs. The tail and neck of the animal were curled next to its body upon burial; the upper surface of the skeleton was badly damaged by erosion. Previously unknown details of troodont morphology include a quadratic contact with the braincase wall (forming part of a channel leading to the lateral depression), a presacral vertebral count possibly similar to that of most theropods, absence of ossified caudal tendons, presence of a rod-like clavicle, and absence of sternal ossifications. A new genus and species (Sinornithoides youngi n.gen., n.sp.) is established for the specimen on the basis of its short skull, laterally directed orbital rim of the frontal, and elongated hind limb. A reassessment of character distributions in other small theropods and primitive birds must be completed before troodontid affinities can be established with greater precision.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-187",
    doi = "10.1139/e93-187",
    openalex = "W2005056616"
}

@article{doi101126science2665183267,
    author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Larsson, Hans C. E. and Dutheil, Didier B. and Sues, Hans‐Dieter",
    title = "Early Cretaceous Dinosaurs from the Sahara",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "A major question in Mesozoic biogeography is how the land-based dinosaurian radiation responded to fragmentation of Pangaea. A rich fossil record has been uncovered on northern continents that spans the Cretaceous, when continental isolation reached its peak. In contrast, dinosaur remains on southern continents are scarce. The discovery of dinosaurian skeletons from Lower Cretaceous beds in the southern Sahara shows that several lineages of tetanuran theropods and broad-toothed sauropods had a cosmopolitan distribution across Pangaea before the onset of continental fragmentation. The distinct dinosaurian faunas of Africa, South America, and Asiamerica arose during the Cretaceous by differential survival of once widespread lineages on land masses that were becoming increasingly isolated from one another.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5183.267",
    doi = "10.1126/science.266.5183.267",
    openalex = "W2034114512",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101038361064a0, doi101086627723, doi101126science13334591105, doi101139e72031, doi101139e93179, doi1023071796560, doi105281zenodo1040385, doi105860choice331556, openalexw2603028126, openalexw2989049194"
}

@article{coria1995a,
    author = "Coria, Rodolfo A. and Salgado, Leonardo",
    title = "A new giant carnivorous dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Patagonia",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/377224a0",
    doi = "10.1038/377224a0",
    number = "6546",
    pages = "224-226",
    volume = "377"
}

@article{doi101098rstb19950125,
    author = "Upchurch, Paul",
    title = "The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract Most recent studies of dinosaur phylogeny have concentrated on theropods and ornithischians. As a result, the evolutionary relationships of sauropod dinosaurs are poorly understood. In this paper previous studies of sauropod phylogeny are reviewed and contrasted with the results of a recent cladistic analysis. This analysis forms the basis for a reconstruction of sauropod phylogeny. Sauropods diverged from other dinosaurs at some time in the Upper Triassic, but a large part of their early history is totally unknown. Vulcanodonis currently the most primitive sauropod. Many, but perhaps not all, of the Jurassic Chinese sauropods form a monophyletic radiation (the Euhelopodidae) which may reflect the geographic isolation of China during the Lower Jurassic. Members of the Euhelopodidae, such as Mamenchisaurus, are not considered to be closely related to the Diplodocidae. ‘Forked’ chevrons, which have played such an important role in previous studies of sauropod phylogeny, are here considered to have evolved twice within the Sauropoda. This convergence may reflect a correlation between chevron shape and the use of the tail as a weapon within these two sauropod families. The ‘Neosauropoda’ (sister group to the Euhelopodidae) contains the Brachiosauridae, Camarasauridae and the new superfamilies Titanosauroidea and Diplodocoidea. The Cetiosauridae (here defined in a rather restricted sense) is also provisionally included within the Neosauropoda, but may be removed in future studies. The enigmatic Upper Cretaceous sauropod, Opisthocoelicaudia, is thought to be the sister taxon to the Titanosauridae and not a camarasaurid as previously suggested. The Diplodocoidea contains two well established families, the Dicraeosauridae and Diplodocidae, and the new family Nemegtosauridae. Finally, an overview of sauropod phylogeny is compared with recently published palaeogeographic reconstructions. There are many difficulties associated with the analysis of sauropod biogeographic distribution. Nevertheless, some aspects of sauropod phylogeny may be linked to the break-up of Laurasia and Gondwanaland during the Jurassic and Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1995.0125",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1995.0125",
    openalex = "W2026763967",
    references = "doi10102992jb00648, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi101126science2665183267, doi101139e93176, doi1023071292217, doi103989egeol8743extra625, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105962bhlpart4439, doi105962bhltitle60562, doi105962p234849, openalexw3114518543"
}

@article{doi101126science2725264986,
    author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Dutheil, Didier B. and Iarochène, Mohamed and Larsson, Hans C. E. and Lyon, Gabrielle H. and Magwene, Paul M. and Sidor, Christian A. and Varricchio, David J. and Wilson, Jeffrey A.",
    title = "Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) fossils discovered in the Kem Kem region of Morocco include large predatory dinosaurs that inhabited Africa as it drifted into geographic isolation. One, represented by a skull approximately 1.6 meters in length, is an advanced allosauroid referable to the African genus Carcharodontosaurus. Another, represented by a partial skeleton with slender proportions, is a new basal coelurosaur closely resembling the Egyptian genus Bahariasaurus. Comparisons with Cretaceous theropods from other continents reveal a previously unrecognized global radiation of carcharodontosaurid predators. Substantial geographic differentiation of dinosaurian faunas in response to continental drift appears to have arisen abruptly at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5264.986",
    doi = "10.1126/science.272.5264.986",
    openalex = "W2013182835",
    references = "coria1995a, doi101007bf02987808, doi101016s0016699509900389, doi101038377224a0, doi101126science2665183267, doi102113gssgfbulliv2335, doi1023072421859, doi105281zenodo1040385, doi105962p226819, openalexw1426920053, openalexw2603028126"
}

@article{doi101126science28053661048,
    author = "Sampson, Scott D. and Witmer, Lawrence M. and Forster, Catherine A. and Krause, David W. and O’Connor, Patrick M. and Dodson, Peter and Ravoavy, Florent",
    title = "Predatory Dinosaur Remains from Madagascar: Implications for the Cretaceous Biogeography of Gondwana",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Recent discoveries of fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar include several specimens of a large theropod dinosaur. One specimen includes a nearly complete and exquisitely preserved skull with thickened pneumatic nasals, a median frontal horn, and a dorsal projection on the parietals. The new materials are assigned to the enigmatic theropod group Abelisauridae on the basis of a number of unique features. Fossil remains attributable to abelisaurids are restricted to three Gondwanan landmasses: South America, Madagascar, and the Indian subcontinent. This distribution is consistent with a revised paleogeographic reconstruction that posits prolonged links between these landmasses (via Antarctica), perhaps until late in the Late Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5366.1048",
    doi = "10.1126/science.280.5366.1048",
    openalex = "W2026696841",
    references = "doi101016003101829190145h, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi10103837343, doi101038377301a0, doi101126science2665183267, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science27953581915, doi101139e93176, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi105962p226819, openalexw648313615, sereno1997the"
}

@article{doi101126science28253921298,
    author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Beck, Allison L. and Dutheil, Didier B. and Gado, Boubacar and Larsson, Hans C. E. and Lyon, Gabrielle H. and Marcot, Jonathan D. and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Sadleir, Rudyard W. and Sidor, Christian A. and Varricchio, David D. and Wilson, Gregory P. and Wilson, Jeffrey A.",
    title = "A Long-Snouted Predatory Dinosaur from Africa and the Evolution of Spinosaurids",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Fossils discovered in Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) rocks in the Tenere Desert of central Niger provide new information about spinosaurids, a peculiar group of piscivorous theropod dinosaurs. The remains, which represent a new genus and species, reveal the extreme elongation and transverse compression of the spinosaurid snout. The postcranial bones include blade-shaped vertebral spines that form a low sail over the hips. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the enlarged thumb claw and robust forelimb evolved during the Jurassic, before the elongated snout and other fish-eating adaptations in the skull. The close phylogenetic relationship between the new African spinosaurid and Baryonyx from Europe provides evidence of dispersal across the Tethys seaway during the Early Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5392.1298",
    doi = "10.1126/science.282.5392.1298",
    openalex = "W2161814413",
    references = "doi101016s0195667105800199, doi101038324359a0, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101111j136531211989tb00328x, doi101126science2725264986, doi101127njgpa1991996151, doi101144gsjgs15310005, doi102113gssgfbulliv2335, doi105860choice331556, openalexw2989049194"
}

@article{doi105860choice353642,
    title = "Encyclopedia of dinosaurs",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Thematic Table of Contents. Contributors. A Guide to Using the Encyclopedia. Michael Crichton, Foreword. Preface. Dedication. F.E. Novas, Abelisauridae. L.L. Jacobs, African Dinosaurs. G. Erickson, Age Determination. A. Chinsamy, Albany K. Padian and J.R. Hutchinson, Allosauroidea. P. Dodson, American Dinosaurs. L. Dingus, American Museum of Natural History. K. Carpenter, Ankylosauria. J.M. Parrish, Archosauria. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padain, Arctometatarsalia. R.E. Molnar, Australasian Dinosaurs. L.M. Chiappe, Aves. The Editors, Avetheropoda. K. Padian, Avialae. H. Osmolska, Barun Goyot Formation. J.L. Sanz, Bastus Nesting Site. The Editors, Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Historical Geology. P. Currie, Bayan Mandahu. H. Osmolska, Bayn Dzak. J.R. Horner, Behavior. A. Chinsamy, Bernard Price Institute for Paleontological Research. J. Le Loeuff, Biogeography. R.M. Alexander, Biomechanics. R. Chapman, Biometrics. C. Trueman, Biomineralization. S.G. Lucas, Biostratigraphy. K. Padian, Bipedality. K. Padian, Bird Origins. B. Breithaupt, Bone Cabin Quarry. P. Currie, Braincase Anatomy. K. Padain and J.R. Hutchinson, Bullatosauria. M. Lockley, Cabo Espichel. J.S. Moratalla and J.L. Sanz, Cameros Basin Megatracksite. C. Coy, Canadian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Canon City. M. Lockley, Carenque. J.S. McIntosh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Carnosauria. J. Kirkland, Cedar Mountain Formation. M. Norell, Central Asiatic Expeditions. The Editors, Cerapoda. P. Dodson, Ceratopsia. T. Rowe, R. Tykoski, and J.R. Hutchinson, Ceratosauria. H. Bocherens, Chemical Composition of Dinosaur Fossils. D. Zhiming, Chinese Dinosaurs. J.M. Parrish, Chinle Formation. J.B. Smith, Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. D. Maxwell, Cloverly Formation. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Coelurosauria. M.J. Ryan and A.P. Russell, Color. B. Breithaupt, Como Bluff. R.E. Chapman and D.B. Weishampel, Computers and Related Technology. J. Wright, Connecticut River Valley. D.B. Weishampel, Constructional Morphology. K. Chin, Coprolites. L.M. Witmer, Craniofacial Air Sinus Systems. E-B. Koppelhus, Cretaceous Period. J.M. Clark, Crocodylia. W.A.S. Sarjeant, Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. B. Britt and K.L. Stadtman, Dalton Wells Quarry. A. Sahni, Deccan Basalt. The Editors, Deinonychosauria. K. Carpenter, Denver Museum of Natural History. C. Coy, Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Egg Historic Site. M.J. Ryan and M.K. Vickaryous, Diet. K. Padian, Dinosauria: Definition. D. Chure, Dinosaur National Monument. A.B. Arcucci, Dinosauromorpha. C. Coy, Dinosaur Provincial Park. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Ridge. Don Lesson, Dinosaur Society. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Valley. M. Lockley, Dinoturbation. P. Dodson, Distribution and Diversity. T. Jerzykiewicz, Djadokhta Formation. P.A. Murry and R.A. Long, Dockum Group. P. Currie, Dromaeosaridae. B. Britt and B.I. Curtice, Dry Mesa Quarry. M.J. Ryan, Dryosauridae. D.A. Eberth, Edmonton Group. J.R. Horner, Egg Mountain. K.E. Mikhailov, Eggs, Eggshells, and Nests. P. Currie, Elmisauridae. The Editors, Enantiornithes. P. Currie, Erenhot Dinosaur The Editors, Euornithopoda. E. Buffetaut, European Dinosaurs. J.D. Archibald, Evolution. J.D. Archibald, Extinction, Cretaceous. M.J. Benton, Extinction, Triassic. P. Guangzhao, Fabrosauridae. M. Lockley, Fatima. P. Currie, Feathered Dinosaurs. M. Lockley, Footprints and Trackways. Per Christiansen, Forelimbs and Hands. J.I. Kirkland, Fruita Paleontological Area. M.J. Ryan, Fruitland Formation. X-C. Wu, Functional Morphology. L. Claessens, Gastralia. D.D. Gillette, Gastroliths. The Editors, Genasauria. J.M. Parrish, Genetics. C.C. Swisher, Geologic Time. C. Coy, Ghost Ranch. K. Padian, Glen Canyon Group. D.A. Winkler, Glen Rose, Texas. P. Currie, Graduate Studies. D.J. Varricchio, Growth and Embryology. K. Padian, Growth Lines. C.A. Forster, Hadrosauridae. K.R. Johnson, Hell Creek Flora. D.F. Lofgren, Hell Creek Formation. F.E. Novas, Herrerasauridae. J.A. Long and K.J. McNamara, Heterochrony. J.B. Smith, Heterodontosauridae. Per Christiansen, Hind Limbs and Feet. R.E.H. Reid, Histology of Bones and Teeth. W.A.S. Sarjeant, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Early Discoveries. B. Breithaupt, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: First Golden Period. E. Buffetaut, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Quiet Times. L. Psihoyos, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Research Today. B. Breithaupt, Howe Quarry. H-D. Sues, Hypsilophodontidae. C.A. Forster, Iguanodontidae. A. Sahni, Indian Dinosaurs. The Editors, Institute de Paleontologie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. D. Zhiming, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China. D.A. Russell, Intelligence. R.R. Rogers, Ischigualasto Formation. Y. Azuma and Y. Tamida, Japanese Dinosaurs. D.A. Eberth, Judith River Wedge. D. Lessem and M. Schweitzer, Jurassic Park. P. Dodson, Jurassic Period. H. Haubold, Keuper Formation. M. Lockley, Khodja-Pil-Ata. M.J. Ryan, Kirtland Formation. A. Sahni, Lameta Formation. B. Breithaupt, Lance Formation. S.G. Lucas, Land-Mammal Ages. B.P. Perez-Moreno and J.L. Sanz, Las Hoyas. V.L. Santucci, Legislation Protecting Dinosaur Fossils. D.B. Weishampel, Life History. M. Lockley, Lommiswil. E. Frey and J. Martin, Long Necks of Sauropods. D. Zhiming, Lufeng. K. Padian, Maniraptora. K. Padian, Maniraptoriformes. The Editors, Marginocephalia. K. Padian, Megalosaurus. M. Lockley, Megatracksites. K. Padian, Mesozoic Era. H-D. Sues, Mesozoic Faunas. J. Basinger, Mesozoic Floras. R. Hernandez-Rivera, Mexican Dinosaurs. J.A. Schiebout, Microvertebrate Sites. M.J. Ryan, Middle Asian Dinosaurs. G.S. Paul, Migration. R. Barsbold, Mongolian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Morrison Formation. J.M. Parrish, Musculature. J. Le Loeuff, Musee des Dinosaures, Esperaza, Aude, France. The Editors, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. D.K. Smith, Museum of Earth Science, Brigham Young University. M. Schweitzer, Museum of the Rockies. D. Chure, Museums and Displays. A. Chinsamy, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa. P. Davis, Natual History Museum, London. H. Osmolska, Nemegt Formation. P. Dodson, Neoceratopsia. The Editors, Neotetanurae. H-D. Sues, Newark Supergroup. K. Padian, Origin of Dinosaurs. L.B. Tatarinov, Orlov Museum of Paleontology. M.K. Vickaryous and M.J. Ryan, Ornamentation. K. Padian, Ornithischia. K. Padian, Ornithodira. H. Osmolska, Ornithomimosauria. The Editors, Ornithopoda. K. Padian, Ornithosuchia. R. Barsbold, Oviraptorosauria. J.B. Smith, Oxford Clay. H-D. Sues, Pachycephalosauria. H. Haubold, Paleoclimatology. P. Dodson, Paleoecology. J.F. Lerbekmo, Paleomagnetic Correlation. E.A. Buchholtz, Paleoneurology. P.J. Currie, Paleontogical Museum, Ulaan Baatar. P. Davis, Paleontology. D.H. Tanke and B.M. Rothschild, Paleopathology. K. Padian, Pectoral Girdle. D. Rasskin-Gutman, Pelvis, Comparative Anatomy. C. Trueman, Permineralization. J.M. Parrish, Petrified Forest. K. Padian, Phylogenetic System. K. Padian, Phylogeny of Dinosaurs. K. Padian, Physiology. B. Tiffney, Plants and Dinosaurs. E. Hoch, Plate Tectonics. T.H. Rich, R.A. Gangloff, and W.R. Hammer, Polar Dinosaurs. H. Osmolska, Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. D.F. Glut, Popular Culture, Literature. P. Makovicky, Postcranial Axial Skeleton. B. Britt, Postcranial Pneumaticity. R.E. Molnar, Problems with the Fossil Record. P. Upchurch, Prosauropoda. P. Davis, Pseudofossils. K. Padian, Pseudosuchia. P. Sereno, Psittacosauridae. K. Padian, Pterosauria. K. Padian, Pterosauromopha. M. Lockney, Purgatoire. K. Padian, Quadrupedality. D.A. Eberth, Radiometric Dating. P. Currie, Raptors. S.J. Czerkas, Reconstruction and Restoration. G.S. Paul, Reproductive Behavior and Rates. M.J. Benton, Reptiles. J. Wright, Rocky Hill Dinosaur Park. H-D. Sues, Royal Ontario B.G. Naylor, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. M. Lockley, Samcheonpo. K. Padian, Saurischia. J.S. McIntosh, Sauropoda. P. Upchurch, Sauropodomorpha. P. Currie, Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project. P. Currie, Sino-Soviet Expeditions. N.J. Mateer, Sino-Swedish Expeditions. E.H. Colbert, Size. R.M. Alexander, Size and Scaling. K. Padian, Skeletal Structures. S.A. Czerkas, Skin. The Editors, Skull, Comparative Anatomy. M.K. Brett-Surman, Smithsonian Institution. H. Haubold, Solnhofen Formation. A. Chinsamy, South African F.E. Novas, South American Dinosaurs. E. Buffetaut, Southeast Asian Dinosaurs. C. Coy, Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. J.D. Archibald, Speciation. J.D. Archibald, Species. A. Milner, Spinosauridae and Baryonychidae. The Editors, State Museum for Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany. K. Padian, Staurikosauridae. P. Galton, Stegosauria. X-C. Wu and A.P. Russell, Systematics. A.R. Fiorillo, Taphonomy. P.M. Sander, Teeth and Jaws. G. Maier, Tendaguru. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Tetanurae. K. Padian, Thecodontia. D.A. Russell, Therizinosauria. P.J. Currie, Theropoda. K. Carpenter, Thyreophora. A.R. Jacobsen, Tooth Marks. G.M. Erickson, Tooth Replacement Patterns. W.L. Abler, Tooth Serrations in Carnivorous Dinosaurs. A.R. Fiorillo and D.B. Weishampel, Tooth Wear. K. Padian, Trace Fossils. J.M. Parrish, Triassic Period. D.J. Varricchio, Troodontidae. J.O. Farlow, Trophic Groups. D.B. Weishampel, Trossingen. R.R. Rogers, Two Medicine Formation. K. Carpenter, Tyrannosauridae. M. Norell, Ukhaa Tolgod. The Editors, University of California Museum of Paleontology. S.D. Sampson and M.J. Ryan, Variation. M.J. Benton, Vertebrata. P. Davis, Vertebrate Paleontology. G.M. Erickson, Von Ebner Incremental Growth Lines. D. Norman, Wealden Group. J.R. Horner, Willow Creek Anticline. M.A. Turner, Yale Peabody D. Zhiming, Zigong Museum. Resources. Index.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    openalex = "W647458292"
}

@article{jacobsen1998feeding,
    author = "Jacobsen, Aase Roland",
    title = "Feeding behaviour of carnivorous dinosaurs as determined by tooth marks on dinosaur bones",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912969809386569",
    doi = "10.1080/08912969809386569",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2055060023",
    pages = "17-26",
    volume = "13",
    references = "doi101016003101829190062v, doi1010160305440382900371, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101038382706a0, doi10108002724634199610011297, doi101139e95077, doi102307279822, doi105860choice393984, openalexw1968568170, openalexw1974359478"
}

@article{doi101126science28654431342,
    author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Beck, Allison L. and Dutheil, Didier B. and Larsson, Hans C. E. and Lyon, Gabrielle H. and Moussa, Bourahima and Sadleir, Rudyard W. and Sidor, Christian A. and Varricchio, David J. and Wilson, Gregory P. and Wilson, Jeffrey A.",
    title = "Cretaceous Sauropods from the Sahara and the Uneven Rate of Skeletal Evolution Among Dinosaurs",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Lower Cretaceous fossils from central Niger document the succession of sauropod dinosaurs on Africa as it drifted into geographic isolation. A new broad-toothed genus of Neocomian age (approximately 135 million years ago) shows few of the specializations of other Cretaceous sauropods. A new small-bodied sauropod of Aptian-Albian age (approximately 110 million years ago), in contrast, reveals the highly modified cranial form of rebbachisaurid diplodocoids. Rates of skeletal change in sauropods and other major groups of dinosaurs are estimated quantitatively and shown to be highly variable.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5443.1342",
    doi = "10.1126/science.286.5443.1342",
    openalex = "W2126320337",
    references = "coria1995a, doi101126science28253921298"
}

@article{doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2,
    author = "Carrano, Matthew T. and Sampson, Scott D. and Forster, Catherine A.",
    title = "The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract We describe the osteology of the new small theropod dinosaur Masiakasaurus knopfleri, from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of northwestern Madagascar. Approximately 40\% of the skeleton is known, including parts of the jaws, axial column, forelimb, pelvic girdle, and hind limb. The jaws of Masiakasaurus are remarkably derived, bearing a heterodont, procumbent dentition that is unknown elsewhere among dinosaurs. The vertebrae are similar to those of abelisauroids in the reduction of the neural spine, lack of pleurocoelous fossae on the centrum, and extensively pneumatized neural arch. The limb skeleton is relatively gracile and bears numerous abelisauroid synapomorphies, including a rounded humeral head, peg-and-socket iliac-pubic articulation, prominent femoral medial epicondyle, expanded tibial cnemial crest, and double-grooved pedal unguals. The femora and tibiae show evidence of dimorphism. More specific features shared between Masiakasaurus, the Argentine Noasaurus, and the Indian Laevisuchus suggest that these taxa form a clade (Noasauridae) within Abelisauroidea. This is supported by a cladistic phylogenetic analysis of 158 characters and 23 theropod taxa. Additionally, Ceratosauria is rendered paraphyletic in favor of a sister-taxon relationship between Neoceratosauria and Tetanurae that is exclusive of Coelophysoidea. The unique dental and jaw specializations of Masiakasaurus suggest deviation from the typical theropod diet. Finally, the distribution of noasaurids further supports a shared biogeographic history between South America, Madagascar, and India into the Late Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0510:toomka]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0510:toomka]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2180522875",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jmor10018, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi10108002724634199510011574, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101086273307, doi101111j109636422001tb01313x, doi101126science28253921298, doi101126science28454232137, doi10113008137233291, doi101130gsat19991001science, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1023073514816, doi105281zenodo13648988, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105860choice263889, doi105860choice353642, openalexw2173200745, openalexw3217097258"
}

@article{doi1016660022336020030770822mbatho20co2,
    author = "Clarke, Julia",
    title = "Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The debate on avian ancestry: phylogeny, function, and fossils / Lawrence M. Witmer -- Cladistic approaches to the relationships of birds to other theropod dinosaurs / James M. Clark, Mark A. Norell and Peter J. Makovicky -- The enigmatic birdlike dinosaur Avimimus portentosus: comments and a pictorial atlas / Patricia Vickers-Rich, Luis M. Chiappe and Sergei Kurzanov -- The Cretaceous short-armed Alvarezsauridae: Mononykus and its kin / Luis M. Chiappe, Mark A. Norell and James M. Clark -- Alvarezsaurid relationships reconsidered / Fernando E. Novas and Diego Pol -- Archaeopterygidae (Upper Jurassic of Germany) / Andrzej Elzanowski -- The discovery and study of Mesozoic birds in China / Zhou Zhonghe and Hou Lianhai -- Sinornis santensis (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the early Cretaceous of northeastern China / Paul C. Sereno, Rao Chenggang and Li Jianjun -- The birds from the Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas (Province of Cuenca, Spain) / Jose L. Sanz... [et al.] -- Nogueromis gonzalezi (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the early Cretaceous of Spain / Luis M. Chiappe and Antonio Lacasa-Ruiz -- Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes) / Luis M. Chiappe and Cyril A. Walker -- Vorona berivotrensis, a primitive bird from the late Cretaceous of Madagascar / Catherine A. Forster... [et al.] -- Osteology of the flightless Patagopteryx deferrariisi from the late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) / Luis M. Chiappe -- Enaliornis, an early Cretaceous hesperornithiform bird from England, with comments on other Hesperornithiformes / Peter M. Galton and Larry D. Martin -- The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes / Sylvia Hope -- A review of avian Mesozoic fossil feathers / Alexander W.A. Kellner -- The track record of Mesozoic birds and pterosaurs: an ichnological and paleoecological perspective / Martin G. Lockley and Emma C. Rainforth -- Bone microstructure of early birds / Anusuya Chinsamy -- Locomotor evolution on the line to modern birds / Stephen M. Gatesy -- Basal bird phylogeny: problems and solutions / Luis M. Chiappe.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0822:mbatho>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0822:mbatho>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W4301871956",
    references = "doi101038292051a0"
}

@article{doi105281zenodo13315375,
    author = "Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu and Lu, Jing",
    title = "A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)",
    abstract = "Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu, Lü, Jun-Chang (2003): A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 235-259, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13315376",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13315375",
    doi = "10.5281/zenodo.13315375",
    openalex = "W101106770",
    references = "carr1999craniofacial, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101038282296a0, doi101038415780a, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101126science28454232137, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi102475ajss32313381, openalexw3190253505, openalexw3215057009, openalexw3217097258, openalexw607142922, smith1990osteology"
}

@article{doi105860choice405235,
    title = "Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Preface Part I: The Archosaurian Heritage of Birds 1. The Debate on Avian Ancestry: Phylogeny, Function, and Fossils LAWRENCE M. WITMER 2. Cladistic Approaches to the Relationships of Birds to Other Theropod Dinosaurs JAMES M. CLARK, MARK A. NORELL, AND PETER J. MAKOVICKY Part II: Taxa of Controversial Status 3. The Enigmatic Birdlike Dinosaur Avimimus portentosus: Comments and a Pictorial Atlas PATRICIA VICKERS-RICH, LUIS M. CHIAPPE, AND SERGEI KURZANOV 4. The Cretaceous, Short-Armed Alvarezsauridae: Mononykus and Its Kin LUIS M. CHIAPPE, MARK A. NORELL, AND JAMES M. CLARK 5. Alvarezsaurid Relationships Reconsidered FERNANDO E. NOVAS AND DIEGO POL Part III: The Mesozoic Aviary: Anatomy and Systematics 6. Archaeopterygidae (Upper Jurassic of Germany) ANDRZEJ ELZANOWSKI 7. The Discovery and Study of Mesozoic Birds in China ZHOU ZHONGHE AND HOU LIANHAI 8. Sinornis santensis (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Early Cretaceous of Northeastern China PAUL C. SERENO, RAO CHENGGANG, AND LI JIANJUN 9. The Birds from the Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas (Province of Cuenca, Spain) JOSE L. SANZ, BERNARDINO P. PEREZ-MORENO, LUIS M. CHIAPPE, AND ANGELA D. BUSCALIONI 10. Noguerornis gonzalezi (Aves) from the Early Cretaceous of Spain LUIS M. CHIAPPE AND ANTONIO LACASA-RUIZ 11. Skeletal Morphology and Systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes) LUIS M. CHIAPPE AND CYRIL A. WALKER 12. Vorona berivotrensis, a Primitive Bird from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar CATHERINE A. FORSTER, LUIS M. CHIAPPE, DAVID W. KRAUSE, AND SCOTT D. SAMPSON 13. Osteology of the Flightless Patagopteryx deferrariisi from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) LUIS M. CHIAPPE 14. Enaliornis, an Early Cretaceous Hesperornithiform Bird from England, with Comments on other Hesperornithiformes PETER M. GALTON AND LARRY D. MARTIN 15. The Mesozoic Radiation of Neornithes SYLVIA HOPE 16. A Review of Avian Mesozoic Fossil Feathers ALEXANDER W. A. KELLNER 17. The Track Record of Mesozoic Birds and Pterosaurs: An Ichnological and Paleoecological Perspective MARTIN G. LOCKLEY AND EMMA C. RAINFORTH Part IV: Functional Morphology and Evolution 18. Bone Microstructure of Early Birds ANUSUYA CHINSAMY 19. Locomotor Evolution on the Line to Modern Birds STEPHEN M. GATESY 20. Basal Bird Phylogeny: Problems and Solutions LUIS M. CHIAPPE Contributors Index",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.40-5235",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.40-5235",
    openalex = "W586262331",
    references = "doi101038nature01342, doi101093auk11941187"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20042692,
    author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Conrad, Jack L.",
    title = "New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid–Cretaceous",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Abelisauroid predators have been recorded almost exclusively from South America, India and Madagascar, a distribution thought to document persistent land connections exclusive of Africa. Here, we report fossils from three stratigraphic levels in the Cretaceous of Niger that provide definitive evidence that abelisauroid dinosaurs and their immediate antecedents were also present on Africa. The fossils include an immediate abelisauroid antecedent of Early Cretaceous age (ca. 130-110 Myr ago), early members of the two abelisauroid subgroups (Noasauridae, Abelisauridae) of Mid-Cretaceous age (ca. 110 Myr ago) and a hornless abelisaurid skull of early Late Cretaceous age (ca. 95 Myr ago). Together, these fossils fill in the early history of the abelisauroid radiation and provide key evidence for continued faunal exchange among Gondwanan landmasses until the end of the Early Cretaceous (ca. 100 Myr ago).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2692",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2004.2692",
    openalex = "W2165747516",
    references = "doi1010160025322777900457, doi10103835016061, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science28053661048, doi101126science28253921298, doi1016710272463420020220460ancroc20co2, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi105860choice331556, doi105962p226819, openalexw3114518543, openalexw3214948090"
}

@article{doi10167191,
    author = "Martínez, Rubén D. and Giménez, Olga and Rodríguez, Jorge and Luna, Marcelo and Lamanna, Matthew C.",
    title = "An articulated specimen of the basal titanosaurian (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) Epachthosaurus sciuttoi from the early Late Cretaceous Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT We describe an articulated specimen of the titanosaurian sauropod Epachthosaurus sciuttoi from the early Late Cretaceous Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, central Patagonia, Argentina. The skeleton was found in tuffaceous sandstone, with its hindlimbs flexed and its forelimbs widely extended. It is slightly deformed on its left side. The skull, neck, four or five cranial dorsal vertebrae, and several distal caudals are missing. Epachthosaurus is diagnosed by the following autapomorphies: middle and caudal dorsal vertebrae with accessory articular processes extending ventrolaterally from the hyposphene, a strongly developed intraprezygapophyseal lamina, and aliform processes projecting laterally from the dorsal portion of the spinodiapophyseal lamina; hyposphene-hypantrum articulations in caudals 1–14; and a pedal phalangeal formula of 2-2-3-2-0. The genus shares the following apomorphies with various titanosaurians: caudal dorsal vertebrae with ventrally expanded posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae; six sacral vertebrae; an ossified ligament or tendon dorsal to the sacral neural spines; procoelous proximal, middle, and distal caudal centra with well-developed distal articular condyles; semilunar sternal plates with cranioventral ridges; humeri with squared proximolateral margins and proximolateral processes; unossified carpals; strongly reduced manual phalanges; craniolaterally expanded, nearly horizontal iliac preacetabular processes; pubes proximodistally longer than ischia; and transversely expanded ischia. Epachthosaurus is considered the most basal titanosaurian known with procoelous caudal vertebrae.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/9.1",
    doi = "10.1671/9.1",
    openalex = "W2125251322",
    references = "doi101111j1474919x1955tb01923x"
}

@article{doi1022179revmacn7344,
    author = "Novas, Fernando E. and Ribeiro, Luis Borges and de Souza Carvalho, Ismar",
    title = "Maniraptoran theropod ungual from the Marília Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Brazil",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales",
    abstract = "A new theropod record from the Marília Formation (Late Cretaceous, Minas Gerais, Brazil) is here described. It consists of an isolated manual ungual which exhibits derived maniraptoran features (e.g., presence of proximodorsal lip). The ungual distinguishes by a set of unique features (e.g., dorsoventrally low and proximodistally elongate profile in side view; block-like flexor tuberosity; proximal articular surface more dorsally oriented than in other theropods; cutting «keel» located distally on ventral surface) suggesting that the animal that produced it was a member of an unknown group of derived maniraptoran theropods, other than alvarezsaurids, deinonychosaurians and oviraptorosaurians already recorded in South America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.22179/revmacn.7.344",
    doi = "10.22179/revmacn.7.344",
    openalex = "W2416328483",
    references = "doi101006cres20000207, doi101038387390a0, doi101038nature03285, doi101139e93187, doi101144gsjgs15310005, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220460ancroc20co2, doi102307jctvqc6gzx, doi105281zenodo16246150, ostrom2019osteology"
}

@article{doi1022179revmacn8325,
    author = "Martínez, Rubén D. and Novas, Fernando E.",
    title = "Aniksosaurus darwini gen. et sp. nov., a new coelurosaurian theropod from the Early Late Cretaceous of Central Patagonia, Argentina",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales",
    abstract = "The theropod dinosaur Aniksosaurus darwini gen. et sp. nov. has been recovered from the Upper Cretaceous, Bajo Barreal Formation, of Central Patagonia. Aniksosaurus darwini gen. et sp. nov. was a small tetanurine, approximately 2 meters long. Aniksosaurus exhibits several unique traits (e.g., cranial cervical vertebrae with dorsoventrally deep neural arches, provided with a pair of cavities at their cranial surfaces; neural canal wide; cranial caudals with ventral sagittal keel, and transverse processes triangular-shaped in dorsal view; manual ungual phalanges robust; ilium with extremely expanded brevis shelf; femur with deep notch for M. Iliotrochantericus; metatarsal and digit IV of pes transversely narrow). Available postcranial bones of Aniksosaurus exhibit derived features of Coelurosauria (e.g., ilium with well developed cuppedicus fossa; femur with anterior trochanter proximally projected, almost reaching the level of the articular head; greater trochanter craniocaudally expanded; femoral head rectangular-shaped in cranial aspect; and fibular shaft craniocaudally narrow), as well as characteristics suggesting that the new Patagonian taxon is more derived than some basal coelurosaurians such as compsognathids, Ornitholestes, and coelurids. Comparisons with maniraptoriforms (a clade including Ornithomimosauria, Tyrannosauridae, Oviraptorosauria, Alvarezsauridae and Paraves) support that Aniksosaurus is less derived than these theropods. In sum, Aniksosaurus is here considered as a Late Cretaceous survivor of a basal coelurosaurian radiation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.22179/revmacn.8.325",
    doi = "10.22179/revmacn.8.325",
    openalex = "W2553798596",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101038nature03996, doi101111j109636422001tb01314x, doi101139e93179, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105962p226819, openalexw2788234611, openalexw617951419"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0001230,
    author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Witmer, Lawrence M. and Whitlock, John A. and Maga, Abdoulaye and Idé, Oumarou and Rowe, Timothy A.",
    title = "Structural Extremes in a Cretaceous Dinosaur",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Fossils of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur, Nigersaurus taqueti, document for the first time the cranial anatomy of a rebbachisaurid sauropod. Its extreme adaptations for herbivory at ground-level challenge current hypotheses regarding feeding function and feeding strategy among diplodocoids, the larger clade of sauropods that includes Nigersaurus. We used high resolution computed tomography, stereolithography, and standard molding and casting techniques to reassemble the extremely fragile skull. Computed tomography also allowed us to render the first endocast for a sauropod preserving portions of the olfactory bulbs, cerebrum and inner ear, the latter permitting us to establish habitual head posture. To elucidate evidence of tooth wear and tooth replacement rate, we used photographic-casting techniques and crown thin sections, respectively. To reconstruct its 9-meter postcranial skeleton, we combined and size-adjusted multiple partial skeletons. Finally, we used maximum parsimony algorithms on character data to obtain the best estimate of phylogenetic relationships among diplodocoid sauropods. Nigersaurus taqueti shows extreme adaptations for a dinosaurian herbivore including a skull of extremely light construction, tooth batteries located at the distal end of the jaws, tooth replacement as fast as one per month, an expanded muzzle that faces directly toward the ground, and hollow presacral vertebral centra with more air sac space than bone by volume. A cranial endocast provides the first reasonably complete view of a sauropod brain including its small olfactory bulbs and cerebrum. Skeletal and dental evidence suggests that Nigersaurus was a ground-level herbivore that gathered and sliced relatively soft vegetation, the culmination of a low-browsing feeding strategy first established among diplodocoids during the Jurassic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001230",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0001230",
    openalex = "W2111030938",
    references = "doi10100797844317693306, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101038274661a0, doi101038nature02048, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas932514623, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101126science1118806, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi105860choice260307, doi105962bhltitle102117, doi105962bhltitle60562, doi105962p234818, larsson2000forebrain, openalexw2983381470, openalexw2989049194"
}

@article{doi10166600223360200781201cibidb20co2,
    author = "Roberts, Eric M. and Rogers, Raymond R. and Foreman, Brady Z.",
    title = "CONTINENTAL INSECT BORINGS IN DINOSAUR BONE: EXAMPLES FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF MADAGASCAR AND UTAH",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Two new insect-related ichnogenera are reported in fossil dinosaur bones from Upper Cretaceous continental strata in Madagascar and Utah. Cubiculum ornatus n. igen. and isp. is described from numerous fossil bones in the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of northwestern Madagascar, and consists of hollow, ovoid chambers with concave flanks excavated into both spongy and compact bone. Traces similar in morphology to Cubiculum ornatus have been reported elsewhere in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa in bones ranging in age from Jurassic to Pleistocene, and have been interpreted as pupal chambers constructed by carrion beetle larvae. Osteocallis mandibulus n. igen. and isp. is described in dinosaur bones from continental deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of Madagascar and the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah. O. mandibulus consists of shallow, meandering surface trails, composed of numerous arcuate grooves, bored into compact (cortical) bone surfaces, and is tentatively interpreted as a feeding trace. Based on similar patterns of bioglyph preserved in both Cubiculum ornatus and Osteocallis mandibulus, the tracemaker is interpreted to be the same or similar for both borings. Given the recurrent association with animal remains, the tracemaker is furthermore presumed to be a necrophagous or osteophagous insect that used bone as a substrate for both reproduction (C. ornatus) and feeding (O. mandibulus).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[201:cibidb]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[201:cibidb]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2174590801",
    references = "doi101016jcretres200501002, jacobsen1998feeding"
}

@article{doi1016710272463420072732caomct20co2,
    author = "Sampson, Scott D. and Witmer, Lawrence M.",
    title = "CRANIOFACIAL ANATOMY OF MAJUNGASAURUS CRENATISSIMUS (THEROPODA: ABELISAURIDAE) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF MADAGASCAR",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract Recent fieldwork in the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Maevarano Formation, northwest Madagascar, has yielded important new skull material of the abelisaurid theropod, Majungasaurus crenatissimus. One of these specimens in particular—a virtually complete, disarticulated, and well preserved skull—greatly elucidates the craniofacial osteology of abelisaurids. Herein we describe the skull and lower jaws of this mid-sized theropod dinosaur. A number of features of the facial skeleton and cranium (as well as the postcranium) appear to result from increased levels of mineralization and ossification, which, at least in some instances, can be related directly to specific soft-tissue structures; examples include lacrimal-postorbital contact dorsal to the orbit, suborbital processes of the lacrimal and postorbital, presence of a mineralized interorbital septum, fused interdental plates, and mineralization of the overlying integument. Autapomorphic features include a highly derived nasal—greatly thickened and fused to its counterpart, with a large interior pneumatic chamber—and a median, ‘dome’-like thickening of the frontals, which appear to have been variably pneumatized by a paranasal air sac. Majungasaurus also possesses a derived suite of skull morphologies, including: a rostrocaudally abbreviated, dorsoventrally deep, and transversely broad skull; an expanded occiput, likely associated with expanded cervical musculature; short-crowned dentition; and an enlarged external mandibular fenestra consistent with a moderate degree of intramandibular movement or accommodation. A number of characters, present on both the skull and postcranial skeleton, suggest a divergent mode of predation relative to other, non-abelisaurid theropods. MALAGASY ABSTRACT (FAMINTINANA)—Ireo asa fikarohana natao tao amin'ny Fiforonanana Maevarano tamin'ny vanim-potoana Cretaceous Ambony (Maastrichtian) tany amin'ny faritra avaratr'andrefan'i Madagasikara dia nahitana taolan-karan-doha vaovao tena sarobidy tokoa izay an'ny abelisaurid theropod, Majungasaurus crenatissimus. Iray tamin'ireo taolana ireo dia nisongadina satria saika feno tanteraka na tsy nitambatra tsara intsony aza dia tena voatahiry tsara io taolan-doha io, ka nahahana nampiseho mazava tsara ny fiforonan'ny taolan'ny loha sy ny tavan'ny abelisaurids. Koa eto izahay dia manazava ny taolan-doha sy ny valan-dranon'ny theropod dia ireo theropod dinozaoro izay manana vatana tsy lehibe nefa tsy kely koa. Maro amin'ireo toetran'ny taolan'ny endrika sy ny loha (sy ny aorinan'ny loha) dia ohatry ny vokatry ny fitombon'ny fivontoan'ny mineraly sy ny taolana, izay, farafahakeliny ho an'reo karazany sasany, dia azo heverina ho misy fifandraisany amin'ny firafitr'ireo rakotra malefaka miavaka; ohatra ny fifandraisan'ny lacrimal-postorbital aoriana amin'ny lavaky ny maso, ny vohitry ny suborbital-n'ny lacrimal sy ny postorbital, ny fisian'ny fvontosan'ny mineraly interorbital septum, fitambaran'ny taolam-pisaka manelana ny nify, ary fivontosan'ny mineraly tegument anatiny mipetraka ambony. Ireo toetra autapomorphic dia ahitana ireo taolan'orona nisy fivoarana be, izay manome endrika matevina sy mitambatra amin'ny lafiny mifanila aminy, ka ny endrika anatiny dia malalaka afaka hitoeran'ny rivotra, sy mitondra vohitra afovoany toa mampitombo ny fahatevenan'ny taolan'andrina, izay toa milaza fa toa afaka nitoeran'ny rivotra noho ny paranasal izay kitapon-drivotra. Majungasaurus koa dia manana endriky ny fivoaran'ny karan-doha, ka anisan'izany ny fihenan'ny rostro aoriana, lalina ny faritra afovoany-aoriana, sy mivelatra ny sisin'ny karan-doha, mivelatra ny occiput, izay mampiseho ny toetra mafonja ny hozatry ny loha; boribory-fohy ny nify; ary mivelatra ny mandibular fenestra ivelany mifanaraka amin'ny fahafahan'ny fihetsehana na fandraisana ihany koa ny intramandibular. Maro amin'ireo toetra hita amin'ny karan-doha sy ny taolan'ny vatana dia afahana mamantatra ireo karazana fomba fihazana raha ampitahaina amin'ieo hafa dia ireo tsy abelisaurid theropods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[32:caomct]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[32:caomct]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2014255071",
    references = "carr1999craniofacial, doi10100797814684392981, doi101007978148995740520, doi101017s0094837300011891, doi101017s0094837300012331, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038063003a0, doi101038142004a0, doi101038172240b0, doi10103835059070, doi101038nature02048, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634199910011161, doi10108002724634200310010947, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rstb19610007, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101098rstb19910056, doi101111j109636421997tb00340x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139e93179, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220460ancroc20co2, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi10167102724634200727127tpasom20co2, doi1023071292217, doi1023072407154, doi1023073889334, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo3725717, doi105281zenodo4664674, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice421568, doi105860choice434677, doi105962bhltitle82144, doi105962p226819, madsen1976a, openalexw2527820321, openalexw2603028126, openalexw3114518543, openalexw575222456"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20080715,
    author = "Lloyd, Graeme T. and Davis, Katie E. and Pisani, Davide and Tarver, James E. and Ruta, Marcello and Sakamoto, Manabu and Hone, David W. E. and Jennings, Rachel and Benton, Michael J.",
    title = "Dinosaurs and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "The observed diversity of dinosaurs reached its highest peak during the mid- and Late Cretaceous, the 50 Myr that preceded their extinction, and yet this explosion of dinosaur diversity may be explained largely by sampling bias. It has long been debated whether dinosaurs were part of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR), from 125-80 Myr ago, when flowering plants, herbivorous and social insects, squamates, birds and mammals all underwent a rapid expansion. Although an apparent explosion of dinosaur diversity occurred in the mid-Cretaceous, coinciding with the emergence of new groups (e.g. neoceratopsians, ankylosaurid ankylosaurs, hadrosaurids and pachycephalosaurs), results from the first quantitative study of diversification applied to a new supertree of dinosaurs show that this apparent burst in dinosaurian diversity in the last 18 Myr of the Cretaceous is a sampling artefact. Indeed, major diversification shifts occurred largely in the first one-third of the group's history. Despite the appearance of new clades of medium to large herbivores and carnivores later in dinosaur history, these new originations do not correspond to significant diversification shifts. Instead, the overall geometry of the Cretaceous part of the dinosaur tree does not depart from the null hypothesis of an equal rates model of lineage branching. Furthermore, we conclude that dinosaurs did not experience a progressive decline at the end of the Cretaceous, nor was their evolution driven directly by the KTR.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0715",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2008.0715",
    openalex = "W2131872692",
    references = "doi101007978140206754912413, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101038274661a0, doi101038nature05634, doi101046j14610248200100230x, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi101073pnas111144698, doi101093bioinformatics124357, doi101111j109600311999tb00277x, doi101126science1118806, doi101126science1144066, doi101159000452856, doi1015159780691224244, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202462320010001, openalexw2989049194, openalexw3217097258, sloan1986gradual, smith2007marine"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20090229,
    author = "Sues, Hans‐Dieter and Averianov, Alexander O.",
    title = "A new basal hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and the early radiation of duck-billed dinosaurs",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Levnesovia transoxiana gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous (Middle-Late Turonian) of Uzbekistan, is the oldest well-documented taxon referable to Hadrosauroidea sensu Godefroit et al. It differs from a somewhat younger and closely related Bactrosaurus from Inner Mongolia (China) by a tall sagittal crest on the parietals and the absence of club-shaped dorsal neural spines in adult specimens. Levnesovia, Bactrosaurus and possibly Gilmoreosaurus represent the earliest radiation of Hadrosauroidea, which took place during the Cenomanian-Turonian and possibly in North America. The second, Santonian-age radiation of Hadrosauroidea included Aralosaurus, Hadrosauridae and lineages leading to Tanius (Campanian) and Telmatosaurus (Maastrichtian). Hadrosauridae appears to be monophyletic, but Hadrosaurinae and Lambeosaurinae originated in North America and Asia, respectively.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0229",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2009.0229",
    openalex = "W2101267491",
    references = "currie1993palaeontology, doi101038277560a0, doi10108002724634199510011230, doi10108002724634199810011101, doi101086284406, doi101098rspl18870117, doi1023071005355, doi102475ajss32313381, doi105860choice331556, openalexw51761775, openalexw589779960, sereno1997the, vanitterbeeck2005stratigraphy"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x200900094x,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Novas, Fernando E.",
    title = "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = {The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    openalex = "W2121596487",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi1010160031018281900924, doi1010160031018295000178, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103820167, doi10106313060577, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gsjgs14720321, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20080415, doi10432497802030907329, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice465038, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw114509570, openalexw1496509561, openalexw1535663436, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3208547338, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic"
}

@article{doi1012066481,
    author = "Norell, Mark A. and Makovicky, Peter J. and Bever, Gabe S. and Balanoff, Amy M. and Clark, James M. and Барсболд, Ринчен and Rowe, Timothy",
    title = "A Review of the Mongolian Cretaceous Dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae: Theropoda)",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "American Museum Novitates",
    abstract = "We review the morphology, taxonomy, and phylogenetic relationships of the upper Cretaceous Mongolian troodontid Saurornithoides. Saurornithoides mongoliensis is known only by the holotype from Bayan Zag, Djadokhta Formation. This specimen includes a nearly complete, but weathered, skull and mandibles, a series of dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, and a partial pelvic girdle and hind limb. Saurornithoides junior, here referred to Zanabazar, also is known only by the holotype from Bugiin Tsav, Nemegt Formation. This specimen consists of a skull and partial mandible, a series of sacral and caudal vertebrae, a partial pelvic girdle, and the distal part of the right hind limb. Saurornithoides Zanabazar is one of the few Mongolian taxa known from both the Djadokhta and Nemegt formations. The monophyly of Saurornithoides Zanabazar has not been seriously questioned historically, yet empirical support for this clade is currently tenuous. A privileged phylogenetic relationship between Saurornithoides, Zanabazar, and the North American troodontid Troodon formosus is supported by numerous characters including the presence of a subotic recess, lateroventrally projecting and hollow basipterygoid processes, a lacrimal whose anterior process is significantly longer than its posterior process, a highly pneumatized parasphenoid rostrum, a constricted neck of the occipital condyle, a symphyseal region of the dentary that is slightly recurved medially, and an obturator process located near the middle of the ischiadic shaft. CT data for the skulls of both species facilitated a description of the endocranial anatomy of Saurornithoides mongoliensis and Zanabazar junior, including a reconstruction of the endocranial space of Zanabazar junior. Despite being the largest of the known troodontid species, the endocranial volume of Zanabazar junior is considerably smaller than that estimated for Troodon formosus, suggesting that the extremely high encephalization quotient of Troodon formosus may be autapomorphic among troodontids.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1206/648.1",
    doi = "10.1206/648.1",
    openalex = "W1995173965",
    references = "doi1010160195667191900155, doi101038415780a, doi101038nature02706, doi101038nature02898, doi101038nature03285, doi101038nature03996, doi101086273307, doi101126science1144066, doi101126science27953581915, doi10120600030082200635451andtfu20co2, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw2607033038, openalexw834136096, russell1969a"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0006190,
    author = "Hocknull, Scott and White, Matt A. and Tischler, Travis R. and Cook, Alex G. and Calleja, Naomi D. and Sloan, Trish and Elliott, David A.",
    title = "New Mid-Cretaceous (Latest Albian) Dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "The occurrence of Australovenator from the Aptian to latest Albian confirms the presence in Australia of allosauroids basal to the Carcharodontosauridae. These new taxa, along with the fragmentary remains of other taxa, indicate a diverse Early Cretaceous sauropod and theropod fauna in Australia, including plesiomorphic forms (e.g. Wintonotitan and Australovenator) and more derived forms (e.g. Diamantinasaurus).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006190",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0006190",
    openalex = "W1982284443",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101002ara20206, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi10108014772011003594870, doi101139e93179, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016710272463420030230344teovpi20co2, doi1023073889325, openalexw3082982099, openalexw581267017"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0012292,
    author = "Sampson, Scott D. and Loewen, Mark A. and Farke, Andrew A. and Roberts, Eric M. and Forster, Catherine A. and Smith, Joshua A. and Titus, Alan L.",
    title = "New Horned Dinosaurs from Utah Provide Evidence for Intracontinental Dinosaur Endemism",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = {BACKGROUND: During much of the Late Cretaceous, a shallow, epeiric sea divided North America into eastern and western landmasses. The western landmass, known as Laramidia, although diminutive in size, witnessed a major evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs. Other than hadrosaurs (duck-billed dinosaurs), the most common dinosaurs were ceratopsids (large-bodied horned dinosaurs), currently known only from Laramidia and Asia. Remarkably, previous studies have postulated the occurrence of latitudinally arrayed dinosaur "provinces," or "biomes," on Laramidia. Yet this hypothesis has been challenged on multiple fronts and has remained poorly tested. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we describe two new, co-occurring ceratopsids from the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of Utah that provide the strongest support to date for the dinosaur provincialism hypothesis. Both pertain to the clade of ceratopsids known as Chasmosaurinae, dramatically increasing representation of this group from the southern portion of the Western Interior Basin of North America. Utahceratops gettyi gen. et sp. nov.-characterized by short, rounded, laterally projecting supraorbital horncores and an elongate frill with a deep median embayment-is recovered as the sister taxon to Pentaceratops sternbergii from the late Campanian of New Mexico. Kosmoceratops richardsoni gen. et sp. nov.-characterized by elongate, laterally projecting supraorbital horncores and a short, broad frill adorned with ten well developed hooks-has the most ornate skull of any known dinosaur and is closely allied to Chasmosaurus irvinensis from the late Campanian of Alberta. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Considered in unison, the phylogenetic, stratigraphic, and biogeographic evidence documents distinct, co-occurring chasmosaurine taxa north and south on the diminutive landmass of Laramidia. The famous Triceratops and all other, more nested chasmosaurines are postulated as descendants of forms previously restricted to the southern portion of Laramidia. Results further suggest the presence of latitudinally arrayed evolutionary centers of endemism within chasmosaurine ceratopsids during the late Campanian, the first documented occurrence of intracontinental endemism within dinosaurs.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012292",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0012292",
    openalex = "W2027103072",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101007978140206754912413, doi101016jcretres200501002, doi101016jsedgeo200610001, doi101038358059a0, doi101086285558, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science13234331023, doi101126science24348951145, doi101139e93016, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice435902, lehman1987late, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3206657856, openalexw3215057009"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0037122,
    author = "Benson, Roger and Rich, Thomas H. and Vickers-Rich, Patricia and Hall, Mike",
    title = "Theropod Fauna from Southern Australia Indicates High Polar Diversity and Climate-Driven Dinosaur Provinciality",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "The Early Cretaceous fauna of Victoria, Australia, provides unique data on the composition of high latitude southern hemisphere dinosaurs. We describe and review theropod dinosaur postcranial remains from the Aptian-Albian Otway and Strzelecki groups, based on at least 37 isolated bones, and more than 90 teeth from the Flat Rocks locality. Several specimens of medium- and large-bodied individuals (estimated up to \textasciitilde 8.5 metres long) represent allosauroids. Tyrannosauroids are represented by elements indicating medium body sizes (\textasciitilde 3 metres long), likely including the holotype femur of Timimus hermani, and a single cervical vertebra represents a juvenile spinosaurid. Single specimens representing medium- and small-bodied theropods may be referrable to Ceratosauria, Ornithomimosauria, a basal coelurosaur, and at least three taxa within Maniraptora. Thus, nine theropod taxa may have been present. Alternatively, four distinct dorsal vertebrae indicate a minimum of four taxa. However, because most taxa are known from single bones, it is likely that small-bodied theropod diversity remains underestimated. The high abundance of allosauroids and basal coelurosaurs (including tyrannosauroids and possibly ornithomimosaurs), and the relative rarity of ceratosaurs, is strikingly dissimilar to penecontemporaneous dinosaur faunas of Africa and South America, which represent an arid, lower-latitude biome. Similarities between dinosaur faunas of Victoria and the northern continents concern the proportional representatation of higher clades, and may result from the prevailing temperate-polar climate of Australia, especially at high latitudes in Victoria, which is similar to the predominant warm-temperate climate of Laurasia, but distinct from the arid climate zone that covered extensive areas of Gondwana. Most dinosaur groups probably attained a near-cosmopolitan distribution in the Jurassic, prior to fragmentation of the Pangaean supercontinent, and some aspects of the hallmark 'Gondwanan' fauna of South America and Africa may therefore reflect climate-driven provinciality, not vicariant evolution driven by continental fragmentation. However, vicariance may still be detected at lower phylogenetic levels.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037122",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0037122",
    openalex = "W2083980191",
    references = "carpenter2005the, crossref1976allosaurus, doi1010160012821x89900186, doi101016jtoxlet200611011, doi10103831635, doi101038416816a, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101080147720192010488045, doi101126science13334591105, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139e05044, doi101590s000137652011000100008, doi105281zenodo13315375, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice331556, doi105860choice393984"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres201304001,
    author = "Novas, Fernando E. and Agnolín, Federico L. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Porfiri, Juan D. and Canale, Juan I.",
    title = "Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: The evidence from Patagonia",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2013.04.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2013.04.001",
    openalex = "W2009733453",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, deklerk2000a, doi101007s001140090614x, doi101016jjafrearsci201205005, doi101016jpgeola201205008, doi101016s1631068303000022, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101029jb095ib11p17475, doi101038277560a0, doi10103835047056, doi101038362623a0, doi101038385247a0, doi101038nature07447, doi101038nature08322, doi101073pnas813801, doi101080027246342010520779, doi10108014772011003594870, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101111j10963642200900569x, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101111j136531211990tb00103x, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science28454232137, doi101371journalpone0003303, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi101371journalpone0037122, doi101590s000137652011000100008, doi10167102724634200727127tpasom20co2, doi1023073889334, doi103897zookeys28325, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105281zenodo4664674, doi105860choice434677, doi107312kiel11918, leanza2004cretaceous, openalexw1025856234, openalexw1539913220, openalexw2603335639, openalexw3214948090"
}

@article{doi101080027246342013776562,
    author = "Ibiricu, Lucio M. and Casal, Gabriel A. and Martínez, Rubén D. and Lamanna, Matthew C. and Luna, Marcelo and Salgado, Leonardo",
    title = "Katepensaurus goicoecheai, gen. et sp. nov., a Late Cretaceous rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from central Patagonia, Argentina",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT We describe Katepensaurus goicoecheai, gen. et sp. nov., a diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur from the Bajo Barreal Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Cenomanian–Turonian) of south-central Chubut Province, central Patagonia, Argentina. The holotypic specimen is a closely associated partial axial skeleton that includes cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae. The dorsal vertebrae of Katepensaurus exhibit the following distinctive characters that we interpret as autapomorphies: (1) internal lamina divides lateral pneumatic fossa of centrum; (2) vertical ridges or crests present on lateral surface of vertebra, overlying neurocentral junction; (3) pair of laminae in parapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; (4) transverse processes perforated by elliptical fenestrae; and (5) well-defined, rounded fossae on lateral aspect of postzygapophyses. Based on the results of previous phylogenetic analyses, we regard the new taxon as a member of Rebbachisauridae; more specifically, it may pertain to Limaysaurinae, a rebbachisaurid subclade that, to date, is definitively known only from southern South America. As currently understood, the rebbachisaurid fossil record suggests that the clade achieved its greatest taxonomic diversity within a few million years of its extinction during the early Late Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.776562",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2013.776562",
    openalex = "W2148976207",
    references = "doi101038063003a0, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi1022179revmacn8325, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi103998mpub9690664"
}

@article{doi101111zoj12029,
    author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Barnes, Rosie N. and Mateus, Octávio",
    title = "Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Titanosauriforms represent a diverse and globally distributed clade of neosauropod dinosaurs, but their inter-relationships remain poorly understood. Here we redescribe Lusotitan atalaiensis from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of Portugal, a taxon previously referred to Brachiosaurus. The lectotype includes cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, and elements from the forelimb, hindlimb, and pelvic girdle. Lusotitan is a valid taxon and can be diagnosed by six autapomorphies, including the presence of elongate postzygapophyses that project well beyond the posterior margin of the neural arch in anterior-to-middle caudal vertebrae. A new phylogenetic analysis, focused on elucidating the evolutionary relationships of basal titanosauriforms, is presented, comprising 63 taxa scored for 279 characters. Many of these characters are heavily revised or novel to our study, and a number of ingroup taxa have never previously been incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis. We treated quantitative characters as discrete and continuous data in two parallel analyses, and explored the effect of implied weighting. Although we recovered monophyletic brachiosaurid and somphospondylan sister clades within Titanosauriformes, their compositions were affected by alternative treatments of quantitative data and, especially, by the weighting of such data. This suggests that the treatment of quantitative data is important and the wrong decisions might lead to incorrect tree topologies. In particular, the diversity of Titanosauria was greatly increased by the use of implied weights. Our results support the generic separation of the contemporaneous taxa Brachiosaurus, Giraffatitan, and Lusotitan, with the latter recovered as either a brachiosaurid or the sister taxon to Titanosauriformes. Although Janenschia was recovered as a basal macronarian, outside Titanosauria, the sympatric Australodocus provides body fossil evidence for the pre-Cretaceous origin of titanosaurs. We recovered evidence for a sauropod with close affinities to the Chinese taxon Mamenchisaurus in the Late Jurassic Tendaguru beds of Africa, and present new information demonstrating the wider distribution of caudal pneumaticity within Titanosauria. The earliest known titanosauriform body fossils are from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic), although trackway evidence indicates a Middle Jurassic origin. Diversity increased throughout the Late Jurassic, and titanosauriforms did not undergo a severe extinction across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, in contrast to diplodocids and non-neosauropods. Titanosauriform diversity increased in the Barremian and Aptian–Albian as a result of radiations of derived somphospondylans and lithostrotians, respectively, but there was a severe drop (up to 40\%) in species numbers at, or near, the Albian/Cenomanian boundary, representing a faunal turnover whereby basal titanosauriforms were replaced by derived titanosaurs, although this transition occurred in a spatiotemporally staggered fashion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12029",
    doi = "10.1111/zoj.12029",
    openalex = "W1572867283",
    references = "doi101002jez513, doi101016jgr201212009, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas1011369108, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600312003tb00376x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101139e93176, doi101144001676492006032, doi10129879781933789439, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi10167102724634200727931dtftco20co2, doi1023071292217, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104202app20080049, doi104202app20110051, doi105281zenodo16171435, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2294506137, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3114518543, openalexw603337959, openalexw70084438, ostrom2020stratigraphy"
}

@article{doi101139cjes20120185,
    author = "Eberth, David A. and Evans, David C. and Brinkman, Donald B. and Therrien, François and Tanke, Darren H. and Russell, Loris S.",
    title = "Dinosaur biostratigraphy of the Edmonton Group (Upper Cretaceous), Alberta, Canada: evidence for climate influence",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "A high-resolution biostratigraphic analysis of 287 dinosaurian macrofossils and 138 bonebeds in the Edmonton Group (Upper Cretaceous) of southern Alberta provides evidence for at least three dinosaurian assemblage zones in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (HCFm). From bottom to top the zones comprise unique assemblages of ornithischians and are named as follows: (1) Edmontosaurus regalis – Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis (lower zone); (2) Hypacrosaurus altispinus – Saurolophus osborni (middle zone); and (3) Eotriceratops xerinsularis (upper zone). Whereas the lower and middle zones are well defined and based on abundant specimens, the validity of the uppermost zone (E. xerinsularis) is tentative because it is based on a single specimen and the absence of dinosaur taxa from lower in section. The transition from the lower to the middle zone coincides with the replacement of a warm-and-wet saturated deltaic setting by a cooler, coastal-plain landscape, characterized by seasonal rainfall and better-drained substrates. Whereas changes in rainfall and substrate drainage appear to have influenced the faunal change, changes in mean annual temperature and proximity to shoreline appear to have had little influence on faunal change. We speculate that the faunal change between the middle and upper zones also resulted from a change in climate, with ornithischian dinosaurs responding to the re-establishment of wetter-and-warmer climates and poorly-drained substrates. Compared with the shorter-duration and climatically-consistent dinosaurian assemblage zones in the older Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta, HCFm assemblage zones record long-term morphological stasis in dinosaurs. Furthermore, the coincidence of faunal and paleoenvironmental changes in the HCFm suggest climate-change-driven dinosaur migrations into and out of the region.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0185",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2012-0185",
    openalex = "W2157353435",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101017cbo9780511536045020, doi101098rspb20090352, doi101126science1177265, doi1011270078042120120020, doi101139e10005, doi101139e11017, doi101139e72031, doi101139e93016, doi10130683d923ed16c711d78645000102c1865d, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0025186, doi104202app20110033, doi105281zenodo3725717, horner2011dinosaur, openalexw2989049194, sternberg1926notes"
}

@article{doi101016jgr201403014,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Upchurch, Paul and Mannion, Philip D. and Hocknull, Scott and Kear, Benjamin P. and Sloan, Trish and Sinapius, George H. K. and Elliott, David A.",
    title = "Revision of the sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae Hocknull et al. 2009 from the mid-Cretaceous of Australia: Implications for Gondwanan titanosauriform dispersal",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Gondwana Research",
    abstract = "The osteology of Diamantinasaurus matildae, the most complete Cretaceous sauropod described from Australia to date, is comprehensively reassessed. The preparation of additional material from the type locality, pertaining to the same individual as the holotype, sheds light on the morphology of the axial skeleton and provides additional information on the appendicular skeleton. The new material comprises two dorsal vertebrae, an incomplete sacrum (including four partial coalesced vertebrae), the right coracoid, the right radius, an additional manual phalanx, and a previously missing portion of the right fibula. In this study we identify thirteen autapomorphic characters of Diamantinasaurus, and an additional five characters that are locally autapomorphic within Titanosauriformes. This work provided an opportunity to revisit the phylogenetic placement of Diamantinasaurus. In two independent data matrices, Diamantinasaurus was recovered within Lithostrotia. One analysis resolved Diamantinasaurus as the sister taxon to the approximately coeval Tapuiasaurus from Brazil, whereas the second analysis recovered Diamantinasaurus as the sister taxon to Opisthocoelicaudia from the latest Cretaceous of Mongolia. The characters supporting the recovered relationships are analysed, and the palaeobiogeographical implications of the lithostrotian status of Diamantinasaurus are explored. A brief review of the body fossil record of Australian Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrates suggests close ties to South America in particular, and to Gondwana more generally.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.03.014",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gr.2014.03.014",
    openalex = "W2077845776",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101071bt00023, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi1023071292217, doi102475ajss319111253, doi107312kiel11918, openalexw3215057009"
}

@article{doi101080027246342013819808,
    author = "Sertich, Joseph J. W. and O’Connor, Patrick M.",
    title = "A new crocodyliform from the middle Cretaceous Galula Formation, southwestern Tanzania",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACTA new taxon of peirosaurid crocodyliform, Rukwasuchus yajabalijekundu, gen. et sp. nov., is described on the basis of a well-preserved partial skull from the middle Cretaceous Galula Formation exposed in southwestern Tanzania. The skull is distinguished from those of other crocodyliforms by the presence of a mediolaterally narrow, elongate, and septate internal narial fenestra (choana) located anteriorly on the pterygoid; a markedly depressed posterior border of the parietal, excluding the supraoccipital from the dorsal cranial table; and a ventrally directed descending process of the postorbital with a well-developed posteroventral process. The lateral surface of the braincase is exquisitely preserved and includes a well-developed laterosphenoid bridge dividing the foramina for the three primary branches of the trigeminal nerve. In overall morphology, the holotype skull and isolated teeth compare closely with Hamadasuchus rebouli from the middle Cretaceous Kem Kem Beds of Morocco. Reevaluation of the problematic putative African peirosaurid taxa Stolokrosuchus lapparenti and Trematochampsa taqueti reveal a number of derived cranial characters shared with Peirosauridae and Araripesuchus. A close relationship between Rukwasuchus and other African members of Peirosauridae is supported by a parsimony analysis of Crocodyliformes. As the only known sub-Saharan peirosaurid from Africa, Rukwasuchus represents the only link between middle Cretaceous southern vertebrate faunas and much more abundant, taxonomically diverse, and potentially penecontemporaneous faunas from northern Africa.SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at http://www.tandfonline.com/UJVP. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank D. Kamamba, F. Ndunguru, J. Temba (Tanzania Antiquities Unit), P. Msemwa (Tanzania Museum and House of Culture), I. Marobhe, and N. Boniface (University of Dar es Salaam), and the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology for logistical support. Thanks are also due to N. Stevens, E. Roberts, Z. Jinnah, and S. Ngasala for various forms of support on this project. We are immensely grateful to J. Groenke, S. Egberts, and W. Holloway for their skillful mechanical and digital preparation of the holotype and referred specimens, and to J. Sands, C. Pugh, and B. Keener (Holzer Clinic, Athens, Ohio) for assistance with computed tomography scanning. For assistance in the field, we thank S. Burch, J. P. Cavigelli, M. Getty, E. Lund, E. Simons, V. Simons, T. Hieronymus, G. Masai, and A. Mussa. Thanks also to D. Krause, P. Sereno, K. Seymour, D. Evans, I. Carvalho, A. Campos, S. Tavares, L. Ribeiro, and R. Allain for access to specimens. A. Turner, D. Krause, and N. Kley provided feedback on an earlier version of the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (DEB-1011302, EAR-0617561, EAR-0854218), the National Geographic Society (CRE), and Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine and Office of Research and Sponsored Programs.Handling editor: Emily Rayfield",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.819808",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2013.819808",
    openalex = "W2128307439",
    references = "doi101016jcretres200908002"
}

@article{doi101130b309151,
    author = "Clyde, William C. and Wilf, Peter and Iglesias, Ari and Slingerland, Rudy and Barnum, Timothy and Bijl, Peter K. and Bralower, Timothy J. and Brinkhuis, Henk and Comer, Emily Elizabeth and Huber, Brian T. and Ibáñez-Mejía, Mauricio and Jicha, Brian R. and Krause, J. Marcelo and Schueth, Jonathan D. and Singer, Brad S. and Raigemborn, M. Sol and Schmitz, Mark D. and Sluijs, Appy and del Carmen Zamaloa, María",
    title = "New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Rio Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = {The Salamanca Formation of the San Jorge Basin (Patagonia, Argentina) preserves critical records of Southern Hemisphere Paleo cene biotas, but its age remains poorly resolved, with estimates ranging from Late Cretaceous to middle Paleocene. We report a multi-disciplinary geochronologic study of the Salamanca Formation and overlying Ro Chico Group in the western part of the basin. New constraints include (1) an 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age determination of 67.31 0.55 Ma from a basalt fl ow underlying the Salamanca Formation, (2) micropaleontological results indicating an early Danian age for the base of the Salamanca Formation, (3) laser ablation HR-MC-ICP-MS (high resolutionmulti collector-inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry) U-Pb ages and a high-resolution TIMS (thermal ionization mass spectrometry) age of 61.984 0.041(0.074) [0.100] Ma for zircons from volcanic ash beds in the Peas Coloradas Formation (Ro Chico Group), and (4) paleomagnetic results indicating that the Salamanca Formation in this area is entirely of normal polarity, with reversals occurring in the Ro Chico Group. Placing these new age constraints in the context of a sequence stratigraphic model for the basin, we correlate the Salamanca Formation in the study area to Chrons C29n and C28n, with the Banco Negro Inferior (BNI), a mature widespread fossiliferous paleosol unit at the top of the Salamanca Formation, corresponding to the top of Chron C28n. The diverse paleo botanical assemblages from this area are here assigned to C28n (64.67-63.49 Ma), \textasciitilde 2-3 million years older than previously thought, adding to growing evidence for rapid Southern Hemisphere fl oral recovery after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction. Important Peligran and "Carodnia" zone vertebrate fossil assemblages from coastal BNI and Peas Coloradas exposures are likely older than previously thought and correlate to the early Torrejonian and early Tiffanian North American Land Mammal Ages, respectively.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b30915.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b30915.1",
    openalex = "W2139693275",
    references = "casal2009dientes, doi1010079781489957603, doi1010160012821x77900607, doi101029gl017i002p00159, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101111j1365246x1980tb02601x, doi101126science1059412, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1177265, doi101130b306601, doi101146annurevearth050212124217, doi101371journalpone0052455, openalexw2797914455, openalexw62718268"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0097128,
    author = "Gallina, Pablo A. and Apesteguı́a, Sebastián and Haluza, Alejandro and Canale, Juan I.",
    title = "A Diplodocid Sauropod Survivor from the Early Cretaceous of South America",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Diplodocids are by far the most emblematic sauropod dinosaurs. They are part of Diplodocoidea, a vast clade whose other members are well-known from Jurassic and Cretaceous strata in Africa, Europe, North and South America. However, Diplodocids were never certainly recognized from the Cretaceous or in any other southern land mass besides Africa. Here we report a new sauropod, Leikupal laticauda gen. et sp. nov., from the early Lower Cretaceous (Bajada Colorada Formation) of Neuquén Province, Patagonia, Argentina. This taxon differs from any other sauropod by the presence of anterior caudal transverse process extremely developed with lateroventral expansions reinforced by robust dorsal and ventral bars, very robust centroprezygapophyseal lamina in anterior caudal vertebra and paired pneumatic fossae on the postzygapophyses in anterior-most caudal vertebra. The phylogenetic analyses support its position not only within Diplodocidae but also as a member of Diplodocinae, clustering together with the African form Tornieria, pushing the origin of Diplodocoidea to the Middle Jurassic or even earlier. The new discovery represents the first record of a diplodocid for South America and the stratigraphically youngest record of this clade anywhere.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097128",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0097128",
    openalex = "W2096075440",
    references = "doi101144001676492006032, doi101146annurevearth050212124217, doi101371journalpone0006924"
}

@article{doi107717peerj1475,
    author = "Leahey, Lucy G. and Molnar, Ralph E. and Carpenter, Kenneth and Witmer, Lawrence M. and Salisbury, Steven W.",
    title = "Cranial osteology of the ankylosaurian dinosaur formerly known as Minmi sp. (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Lower Cretaceous Allaru Mudstone of Richmond, Queensland, Australia",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Minmi is the only known genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur from Australia. Seven specimens are known, all from the Lower Cretaceous of Queensland. Only two of these have been described in any detail: the holotype specimen Minmi paravertebra from the Bungil Formation near Roma, and a near complete skeleton from the Allaru Mudstone on Marathon Station near Richmond, preliminarily referred to a possible new species of Minmi. The Marathon specimen represents one of the world's most complete ankylosaurian skeletons and the best-preserved dinosaurian fossil from eastern Gondwana. Moreover, among ankylosaurians, its skull is one of only a few in which the majority of sutures have not been obliterated by dermal ossifications or surface remodelling. Recent preparation of the Marathon specimen has revealed new details of the palate and narial regions, permitting a comprehensive description and thus providing new insights cranial osteology of a basal ankylosaurian. The skull has also undergone computed tomography, digital segmentation and 3D computer visualisation enabling the reconstruction of its nasal cavity and endocranium. The airways of the Marathon specimen are more complicated than non-ankylosaurian dinosaurs but less so than derived ankylosaurians. The cranial (brain) endocast is superficially similar to those of other ankylosaurians but is strongly divergent in many important respects. The inner ear is extremely large and unlike that of any dinosaur yet known. Based on a high number of diagnostic differences between the skull of the Marathon specimen and other ankylosaurians, we consider it prudent to assign this specimen to a new genus and species of ankylosaurian. Kunbarrasaurus ieversi gen. et sp. nov. represents the second genus of ankylosaurian from Australia and is characterised by an unusual melange of both primitive and derived characters, shedding new light on the evolution of the ankylosaurian skull.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1475",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.1475",
    openalex = "W2195920462",
    references = "doi101002ar20984, doi101016jgr201403014, doi1010801477201920151059985"
}

@article{doi101038srep34467,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Hocknull, Scott and Kear, Benjamin P. and Kundrát, Martin and Tischler, Travis R. and Sloan, Trish and Sinapius, George H. K. and Elliott, Judy A. and Elliott, David A.",
    title = "New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Australian dinosaurs have played a rare but controversial role in the debate surrounding the effect of Gondwanan break-up on Cretaceous dinosaur distribution. Major spatiotemporal gaps in the Gondwanan Cretaceous fossil record, coupled with taxon incompleteness, have hindered research on this effect, especially in Australia. Here we report on two new sauropod specimens from the early Late Cretaceous of Queensland, Australia, that have important implications for Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography. Savannasaurus elliottorum gen. et sp. nov. comprises one of the most complete Cretaceous sauropod skeletons ever found in Australia, whereas a new specimen of Diamantinasaurus matildae includes the first ever cranial remains of an Australian sauropod. The results of a new phylogenetic analysis, in which both Savannasaurus and Diamantinasaurus are recovered within Titanosauria, were used as the basis for a quantitative palaeobiogeographical analysis of macronarian sauropods. Titanosaurs achieved a worldwide distribution by at least 125 million years ago, suggesting that mid-Cretaceous Australian sauropods represent remnants of clades which were widespread during the Early Cretaceous. These lineages would have entered Australasia via dispersal from South America, presumably across Antarctica. High latitude sauropod dispersal might have been facilitated by Albian-Turonian warming that lifted a palaeoclimatic dispersal barrier between Antarctica and South America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34467",
    doi = "10.1038/srep34467",
    openalex = "W2535200874",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgr201212009, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101038srep19165, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108014772011003594870, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111zoj12029, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science2725264986, doi1011300016760619951071164mlccot23co2, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0037122, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1015259780520941434, doi1021425f55419694, doi1021425f5fbg19694, doi105194cp813232012, doi107717peerj1523, openalexw2173200745"
}

@article{doi1010800272463420161269539,
    author = "Salisbury, Steven W. and Romilio, Anthony and Herne, Matthew and Tucker, Ryan T. and Nair, Jay P.",
    title = "The Dinosaurian Ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany Area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Extensive and well-preserved tracksites in the coastally exposed Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Dampier Peninsula provide almost the entire fossil record of dinosaurs from the western half of the Australian continent. Tracks near the town of Broome were described in the late 1960s as Megalosauropus broomensis and attributed to a medium-sized theropod trackmaker. Brief reports in the early 1990s suggested the occurrence of at least another nine types of tracks, referable to theropod, sauropod, ornithopod, and thyreophoran trackmakers, at scattered tracksites spread over more than 80 km of coastline north of Broome, potentially representing one of the world's most diverse dinosaurian ichnofaunas. More recently, it has been proposed that this number could be as high as 16 and that the sites are spread over more than 200 km. However, the only substantial research that has been published on these more recent discoveries is a preliminary study of the sauropod tracks and an account of the ways in which the heavy passage of sauropod trackmakers may have shaped the Dampier Peninsula's Early Cretaceous landscape. With the other types of dinosaurian tracks in the Broome Sandstone remaining undescribed, and the full extent and nature of the Dampier Peninsula's dinosaurian tracksites yet to be adequately addressed, the overall scientific significance of the ichnofauna has remained enigmatic. At the request of the area's Goolarabooloo Traditional Custodians, 400+ hours of ichnological survey work was undertaken from 2011 to 2016 on the 25 km stretch of coastline in the Yanijarri–Lurujarri section of the Dampier Peninsula, inclusive of the coastline at Walmadany (James Price Point). Forty-eight discrete dinosaurian tracksites were identified in this area, and thousands of tracks were examined and measured in situ and using three-dimensional photogrammetry. Tracksites were concentrated in three main areas along the coast: Yanijarri in the north, Walmadany in the middle, and Kardilakan–Jajal Buru in the south. Lithofacies analysis revealed 16 repeated facies types that occurred in three distinctive lithofacies associations, indicative of an environmental transgression between the distal fluvial to deltaic portions of a large braid plain, with migrating sand bodies and periodic sheet floods. The main dinosaurian track-bearing horizons seem to have been generated between periodic sheet floods that blanketed the preexisting sand bodies within the braid plain portion of a tidally influenced delta, with much of the original, gently undulating topography now preserved over large expanses of the present day intertidal reef system. Of the tracks examined, 150 could be identified and are assignable to a least eleven and possibly as many as 21 different track types: five different types of theropod tracks, at least six types of sauropod tracks, four types of ornithopod tracks, and six types of thyreophoran tracks. Eleven of these track types can formally be assigned or compared to existing or new ichnotaxa, whereas the remaining ten represent morphotypes that, although distinct, are currently too poorly represented to confidently assign to existing or new ichnotaxa. Among the ichnotaxa that we have recognized, only two (Megalosauropus broomensis and Wintonopus latomorum) belong to existing ichnotaxa, and two compare to existing ichnotaxa but display a suite of morphological features suggesting that they may be distinct in their own right and are therefore placed in open nomenclature. Six of the ichnotaxa that we have identified are new: one theropod ichnotaxon, Yangtzepus clarkei, ichnosp. nov.; one sauropod ichnotaxon, Oobardjidama foulkesi, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.; two ornithopod ichnotaxa, Wintonopus middletonae, ichnosp. nov., and Walmadanyichnus hunteri, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.; and two thyreophoran ichnotaxa, Garbina roeorum, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., and Luluichnus mueckei, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. The level of diversity of the main track types is comparable across areas where tracksites are concentrated: Kardilakan–Jajal Buru (12), Walmadany (11), and Yanijarri (10). The overall diversity of the dinosaurian ichnofauna of the Broome Sandstone in the Yanijarri–Lurujarri section of the Dampier Peninsula is unparalleled in Australia, and even globally. In addition to being the primary record of non-avian dinosaurs in the western half of Australia, this ichnofauna provides our only detailed glimpse of Australia's dinosaurian fauna during the first half of the Early Cretaceous. It indicates that the general composition of Australia's mid-Cretaceous dinosaurian fauna was already in place by the Valanginian–Barremian. Both sauropods and ornithopods were diverse and abundant, and thyreophorans were the only type of quadrupedal ornithischians. Important aspects of the fauna that are not seen in the Australian mid-Cretaceous body fossil record are the presence of stegosaurians, an overall higher diversity of thyreophorans and theropods, and the presence of large-bodied hadrosauroid-like ornithopods and very large-bodied sauropods. In many respects, these differences suggest a holdover from the Late Jurassic, when the majority of dinosaurian clades had a more cosmopolitan distribution prior to the fragmentation of Pangea. Although the record for the Lower Cretaceous of Gondwana is sparse, a similar mix of taxa occurs in the Barremian–lower Aptian La Amarga Formation of Argentina and the Berriasian–Hauterivian Kirkwood Formation of South Africa. The persistence of this fauna across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in South America, Africa, and Australia might be characteristic of Gondwanan dinosaurian faunas more broadly. It suggests that the extinction event that affected Laurasian dinosaurian faunas across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary may not have been as extreme in Gondwana, and this difference may have foreshadowed the onset of Laurasian-Eurogondwanan provincialism. The disappearance of stegosaurians and the apparent drop in diversity of theropods by the mid-Cretaceous suggests that, similar to South America, Australia passed through a period of faunal turnover between the Valanginian and Aptian. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP Citation for this article: Salisbury, S. W., A. Romilio, M. C. Herne, R. T. Tucker, and J. P. Nair. 2017. The dinosaurian ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 16. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(6, Supplement). DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539",
    openalex = "W2602833024",
    references = "apesteguía2011tunasniyoj, deklerk2000a, doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101007bf02988144, doi1010160012825277900551, doi1010160012825279900011, doi1010160012825285900017, doi101016002532279290061l, doi101016jcretres200908003, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jcretres201307009, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjafrearsci201205005, doi101016jsedgeo200610001, doi101016s001678780180047x, doi101017cbo9780511626487, doi101038srep06196, doi101038srep19165, doi101038srep34467, doi101046j14401738200300386x, doi10108000288306197010418211, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108008912960903503345, doi10108010420940109380189, doi10108010420940490428625, doi10108010420940601006859, doi10108011035890902924877, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101111j10963642201000620x, doi101111j10963642201000642x, doi101130g23452a1, doi101139e91009, doi101144pygs543185, doi101306212f83b92b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi101371journalpone0013120, doi101371journalpone0072579, doi101371journalpone0137709, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1026879529, doi104095105049, doi104202app20080049, foster1995tridactyl, mateus2010a, nouri2011tetradactyl, openalexw1564145569, openalexw1592791648, openalexw2173200745, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2619609965, openalexw616953834"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0157973,
    author = "Coria, Rodolfo A. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "A New Megaraptoran Dinosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Megaraptoridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "A skeleton discovered in the Upper Cretaceous Sierra Barrosa Formation (Turonian-Coniacian) of Neuquén Province, Argentina represents a new species of theropod dinosaur related to the long snouted, highly pneumatized Megaraptoridae. The holotype specimen of Murusraptor barrosaensis n.gen et n.sp. (MCF-PVPH-411) includes much of the skull, axial skeleton, pelvis and tibia. Murusraptor is unique in having several diagnostic features that include anterodorsal process of lacrimal longer than height of preorbital process, and a thick, shelf-like thickening on the lateral surface of surangular ventral to the groove between the anterior surangular foramen and the insert for the uppermost intramandibular process of the dentary. Other characteristic features of Murusraptor barrosaensis n.gen. et n. sp.include a large mandibular fenestra, distal ends of caudal neural spines laterally thickened into lateral knob-like processes, short ischia distally flattened and slightly expanded dorsoventrally. Murusraptor belongs to a Patagonian radiation of megaraptorids together with Aerosteon, Megaraptor and Orkoraptor. In spite being immature, it is a larger but more gracile animal than existing specimens of Megaraptor, and is comparable in size with Aerosteon and Orkoraptor. The controversial phylogeny of the Megaraptoridae as members of the Allosauroidea or a clade of Coelurosauria is considered analyzing two alternative data sets.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157973",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0157973",
    openalex = "W2489898299",
    references = "doi101038ncomms3827, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi1022179revmacn12239"
}

@article{doi101016jcub201706071,
    author = "Brown, Caleb M. and Henderson, Donald M. and Vinther, Jakob and Fletcher, Ian and Sistiaga, Ainara and Bethencourt, Jorsua Herrera and Summons, Roger E.",
    title = "An Exceptionally Preserved Three-Dimensional Armored Dinosaur Reveals Insights into Coloration and Cretaceous Predator-Prey Dynamics",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Current Biology",
    abstract = "Predator-prey dynamics are an important evolutionary driver of escalating predation mode and efficiency, and commensurate responses of prey [1-3]. Among these strategies, camouflage is important for visual concealment, with countershading the most universally observed [4-6]. Extant terrestrial herbivores free of significant predation pressure, due to large size or isolation, do not exhibit countershading. Modern predator-prey dynamics may not be directly applicable to those of the Mesozoic due to the dominance of very large, visually oriented theropod dinosaurs [7]. Despite thyreophoran dinosaurs' possessing extensive dermal armor, some of the most extreme examples of anti-predator structures [8, 9], little direct evidence of predation on these and other dinosaur megaherbivores has been documented. Here we describe a new, exquisitely three-dimensionally preserved nodosaurid ankylosaur, Borealopelta markmitchelli gen. et sp. nov., from the Early Cretaceous of Alberta, which preserves integumentary structures as organic layers, including continuous fields of epidermal scales and intact horn sheaths capping the body armor. We identify melanin in the organic residues through mass spectroscopic analyses and observe lighter pigmentation of the large parascapular spines, consistent with display, and a pattern of countershading across the body. With an estimated body mass exceeding 1,300 kg, B. markmitchelli was much larger than modern terrestrial mammals that either are countershaded or experience significant predation pressure as adults. Presence of countershading suggests predation pressure strong enough to select for concealment in this megaherbivore despite possession of massive dorsal and lateral armor, illustrating a significant dichotomy between Mesozoic predator-prey dynamics and those of modern terrestrial systems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.071",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.071",
    openalex = "W2741141745",
    references = "doi101007s003590050286, doi101016jcub201606065, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101016s0065345408601059, doi101017s0094837300005352, doi101017s0952836905007508, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101086668011, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j1469185x1993tb00738x, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi101371journalpone0051925, doi105860choice273305, druckenmiller2010a, openalexw1528487914, openalexw3215057009, stevens2006binocular"
}

@article{doi101093zoolinneanzlx103,
    author = "Riga, Bernardo J. González and Mannion, Philip D. and Poropat, Stephen F. and David, Leonardo D. Ortiz and Coria, Juan Pedro",
    title = "Osteology of the Late Cretaceous Argentinean sauropod dinosaur Mendozasaurus neguyelap: implications for basal titanosaur relationships",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "The titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Mendozasaurus neguyelap is represented by several partial skeletons from a single locality within the Coniacian (lower Upper Cretaceous) Sierra Barrosa Formation in the south of Mendoza Province, northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina. A detailed revision of Mendozasaurus, including previously undocumented remains from the holotype site, allows us to more firmly establish its position within Titanosauria, as well as enabling an emended diagnosis of this taxon. Autapomorphies include: (1) middle and posterior cervical vertebrae with tall and transversely expanded neural spines that are wider than the centra, formed laterally by spinodiapophyseal laminae that are not connected with the pre- or postzygapophyses; (2) anterior caudal vertebrae (excluding anteriormost) with ventrolateral ridge-like expansion of prezygapophyses; and (3) humerus with divided lateral distal condyle on anterior surface. New remains demonstrate that the presacral vertebrae of Mendozasaurus were not unusually short anteroposteriorly, with this compression instead resulting from taphonomic crushing. Comparative studies of articulated pedes of other taxa allow us to interpret that the pedal formula of Mendozasaurus was 2-2-2-2-0, based on disarticulated bones that form a right hind foot. Mendozasaurus was incorporated into an expanded version of a titanosauriform-focussed phylogenetic data matrix, along with several other contemporaneous South American titanosaurs. The resultant data matrix comprises 84 taxa scored for 423 characters, and our phylogenetic analysis recovers Mendozasaurus as the most basal member of a diverse Lognkosauria, including Futalognkosaurus and the gigantic titanosaurs Argentinosaurus, Notocolossus, Patagotitan and Puertasaurus. Lognkosauria forms a clade with Rinconsauria (Muyelensaurus + Rinconsaurus), with Epachthosaurus and Pitekunsaurus recovered at the base of this grouping. A basal lithostrotian position for this South American clade is well supported, contrasting with some analyses that have placed these taxa outside of Lithostrotia or closer to Saltasauridae. The sister clade to this South American group is composed of an array of near-global taxa and supports the hypothesis that most titanosaurian clades were widespread by the Early-middle Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx103",
    doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx103",
    openalex = "W2774005011",
    references = "doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjsames201411008, doi101038srep06196, doi101038srep19165, doi101038srep34467, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi1022179revmacn12239, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105710amegh261210131889, doi107717peerj857"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20171219,
    author = "Carballido, José Luis and Pol, Diego and Otero, Alejandro and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Salgado, Leonardo and Garrido, Alberto C. and Ramezani, Jahandar and Cúneo, N. Rubén and Krause, J. Marcelo",
    title = "A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Titanosauria was the most diverse and successful lineage of sauropod dinosaurs. This clade had its major radiation during the middle Early Cretaceous and survived up to the end of that period. Among sauropods, this lineage has the most disparate values of body mass, including the smallest and largest sauropods known. Although recent findings have improved our knowledge on giant titanosaur anatomy, there are still many unknown aspects about their evolution, especially for the most gigantic forms and the evolution of body mass in this clade. Here we describe a new giant titanosaur, which represents the largest species described so far and one of the most complete titanosaurs. Its inclusion in an extended phylogenetic analysis and the optimization of body mass reveals the presence of an endemic clade of giant titanosaurs inhabited Patagonia between the Albian and the Santonian. This clade includes most of the giant species of titanosaurs and represents the major increase in body mass in the history of Titanosauria.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1219",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2017.1219",
    openalex = "W2742460947",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101038srep06196, doi101038srep19165, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101111j10960031200600122x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111zoj12029, doi1011300091761320020300123dsproe20co2, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0093105, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi10560219780801881206"
}

@article{doi101111brv12255,
    author = "Tennant, Jonathan P and Mannion, Philip D and Upchurch, Paul and Sutton, Mark D and Price, Gregory D",
    title = "Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover.",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous interval represents a time of environmental upheaval and cataclysmic events, combined with disruptions to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Historically, the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary was classified as one of eight mass extinctions. However, more recent research has largely overturned this view, revealing a much more complex pattern of biotic and abiotic dynamics than has previously been appreciated. Here, we present a synthesis of our current knowledge of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous events, focusing particularly on events closest to the J/K boundary. We find evidence for a combination of short-term catastrophic events, large-scale tectonic processes and environmental perturbations, and major clade interactions that led to a seemingly dramatic faunal and ecological turnover in both the marine and terrestrial realms. This is coupled with a great reduction in global biodiversity which might in part be explained by poor sampling. Very few groups appear to have been entirely resilient to this J/K boundary 'event', which hints at a 'cascade model' of ecosystem changes driving faunal dynamics. Within terrestrial ecosystems, larger, more-specialised organisms, such as saurischian dinosaurs, appear to have suffered the most. Medium-sized tetanuran theropods declined, and were replaced by larger-bodied groups, and basal eusauropods were replaced by neosauropod faunas. The ascent of paravian theropods is emphasised by escalated competition with contemporary pterosaur groups, culminating in the explosive radiation of birds, although the timing of this is obfuscated by biases in sampling. Smaller, more ecologically diverse terrestrial non-archosaurs, such as lissamphibians and mammaliaforms, were comparatively resilient to extinctions, instead documenting the origination of many extant groups around the J/K boundary. In the marine realm, extinctions were focused on low-latitude, shallow marine shelf-dwelling faunas, corresponding to a significant eustatic sea-level fall in the latest Jurassic. More mobile and ecologically plastic marine groups, such as ichthyosaurs, survived the boundary relatively unscathed. High rates of extinction and turnover in other macropredaceous marine groups, including plesiosaurs, are accompanied by the origin of most major lineages of extant sharks. Groups which occupied both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including crocodylomorphs, document a selective extinction in shallow marine forms, whereas turtles appear to have diversified. These patterns suggest that different extinction selectivity and ecological processes were operating between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which were ultimately important in determining the fates of many key groups, as well as the origins of many major extant lineages. We identify a series of potential abiotic candidates for driving these patterns, including multiple bolide impacts, several episodes of flood basalt eruptions, dramatic climate change, and major disruptions to oceanic systems. The J/K transition therefore, although not a mass extinction, represents an important transitional period in the co-evolutionary history of life on Earth.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6849608/",
    doi = "10.1111/brv.12255",
    openalex = "W2283352195",
    pmcid = "PMC6849608",
    pmid = "26888552",
    references = "doi101007s1143001040949, doi1010160031018274900194, doi101016b9780444594259000263, doi101016jcretres201112005, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jcub201408034, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgloplacha201105009, doi101016s0009254199000819, doi101017s0016756812000994, doi1010291998rg000054, doi10102993rg02508, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038ncomms7987, doi101038ncomms9438, doi101080027246342012694385, doi10108014772011003603556, doi101080147720192011630927, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101086319243, doi101111brv12038, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111zoj12029, doi101126science1095964, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science17540271199, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science23547931156, doi101126scienceaaa3716, doi101144gslsp20032170111, doi101144sp35813, doi101371journalpone0029234, doi101371journalpone0103152, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1016660022336020040780989dapftc20co2, doi1016660094837320000260056cefisg20co2, doi1026879529, doi103090610262296200073181198, doi104202app20110144"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres201803014,
    author = "Porfiri, Juan D. and Valieri, Rubén D. Juárez and Santos, Domenica D. Dos and Lamanna, Matthew C.",
    title = "A new megaraptoran theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Bajo de la Carpa Formation of northwestern Patagonia",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.03.014",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2018.03.014",
    openalex = "W2792576851",
    references = "casal2016ordenamiento, doi101371journalpone0137709"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres201806015,
    author = "Díaz, Verónica Díez and Garcia, Géraldine and Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda and Jentgen-Ceschino, Benjamin and Stein, Koen and Godefroit, Pascal and Valentin, Xavier",
    title = "The titanosaurian dinosaur Atsinganosaurus velauciensis (Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France: New material, phylogenetic affinities, and palaeobiogeographical implications",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.015",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.015",
    openalex = "W2810279245",
    references = "doi101371journalpone0151661"
}

@article{doi101093zoolinneanzly068,
    author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Schwarz, Daniela and Wings, Oliver",
    title = "Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "The Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania, southeastern Africa, records a diverse and abundant sauropod fauna, including the flagellicaudatan diplodocoids Dicraeosaurus and Tornieria, and the brachiosaurid titanosauriform Giraffatitan. However, the taxonomic affinities of other sympatric sauropod taxa and remains are poorly understood. Here, we critically reassess and redescribe these problematic taxa, and present the largest phylogenetic analysis for sauropods (117 taxa scored for 542 characters) to explore their placement within Eusauropoda. A full re-description of the holotype of Janenschia, and all referable remains, supports its validity and placement as a nonneosauropod eusauropod. New information on the internal pneumatic tissue structure of the anterior dorsal vertebrae of the enigmatic Tendaguria tanzaniensis, coupled with a full re-description, results in its novel placement as a turiasaur. A previously referred caudal sequence cannot be assigned to Janenschia and displays several features that indicate a close relationship with Middle–Late Jurassic East Asian mamenchisaurids. It can be diagnosed by six autapomorphies, and we erect the new taxon Wamweracaudia keranjei n. gen. n. sp. The Tendaguru Formation shares representatives of nearly all sauropod lineages with Middle Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous global faunas, but displays a greater range of diversity than any of those faunas considered individually.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly068",
    doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zly068",
    openalex = "W2911482806",
    references = "doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101002mmng19994860020109, doi101002mmng200900004, doi101016jcretres201603008, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101017s0016756804000330, doi101038ncomms3929, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038srep19165, doi101038srep34467, doi101080027246342011557116, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101080027246342013776562, doi101093sysbiosyu056, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101098rspb20120660, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642201000620x, doi101111pala12142, doi101111zoj12029, doi101111zoj12425, doi101144001676492006032, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101371journalpone0037122, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1018814epiiugs2013v36i3002, doi1021425f55419694, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1023073802723, doi1026879529, doi10274700206814489791, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105710amegh261210131889, doi105860choice331556, doi107717peerj857, heinrich1998late, openalexw1545181283"
}

@article{doi104202app005242018,
    author = "Canudo, José Ignacio and Carballido, José Luis and Salgado, Leonardo and Garrido, Alberto C.",
    title = "A new rebbachisaurid sauropod from the Aptian–Albian, Lower Cretaceous Rayoso Formation, Neuquén, Argentina",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = "Rebbachisaurids are a group of basal diplodocimorph sauropods that diversified in Gondwana at the end of the Early Cretaceous and the beginning of the Late Cretaceous. It is a group of great palaeobiogeographical interest, for it clearly illustrates various processes of dispersal throughout Gondwana and to Laurasia prior to the breakup of Africa and South America. However, the relationships within the group are still under discussion owing to the scarcity of cranial material that would help clarify them. In the present paper we describe the new rebbachisaurid Lavocatisaurus agrioensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Aptian-Albian (Lower Cretaceous) of Neuqun (Argentina). Remains have been recovered belonging to an adult specimen (holotype) and two immature specimens (paratypes). Taken together, almost all the bones of the taxon are represented, including most of the cranium. Lavocatisaurus agrioensis gen. et sp. nov. is the first rebbachisaurid from Argentina with an almost complete cranium, making it possible to recognize differences with respect to other rebbachisaurids, such as the highly derived Nigersaurus. Among its most notable characters are the presences of a large preantorbital fenestra and maxillary teeth that are significantly larger than those of the dentary. Our phylogenetic study places Lavocatisaurus amongst basal rebbachisaurids, as the sister lineage to Khebbashia (the clade formed by Limaysaurinae + Rebbachisaurinae). This position, which is somewhat more derived than that previously suggested for Comahuesaurus and Zapalasaurus (the Argentinean rebbachisaurids closest in geographical and geological terms), reaffirms the presence of different basal rebbachisaurid lineages in the Early Cretaceous of Patagonia.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00524.2018",
    doi = "10.4202/app.00524.2018",
    openalex = "W2899371210",
    references = "doi101080027246342013776562"
}

@article{doi101016jgr201910005,
    author = "Krause, J. Marcelo and Ramezani, Jahandar and Umazano, Aldo M. and Pol, Diego and Carballido, José Luis and Sterli, Juliana and Puerta, Pablo and Cúneo, N. Rubén and Bellosi, Eduardo S.",
    title = "High-resolution chronostratigraphy of the Cerro Barcino Formation (Patagonia): Paleobiologic implications for the mid-cretaceous dinosaur-rich fauna of South America",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Gondwana Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.10.005",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gr.2019.10.005",
    openalex = "W2986924002",
    references = "casal2009dientes, casal2016ordenamiento"
}

@article{doi1010800272463420191666273,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and White, Matt A. and Vickers-Rich, Patricia and Rich, Thomas H.",
    title = "New megaraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) remains from the Lower Cretaceous Eumeralla Formation of Cape Otway, Victoria, Australia",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Megaraptorid theropods thrived in South America and Australia during the mid-Cretaceous. Their Australian record is currently limited to the upper Barremian–lower Aptian upper Strzelecki Group and the upper Aptian–lower Albian Eumeralla Formation of Victoria, the Cenomanian Griman Creek Formation of New South Wales, and the Cenomanian–lowermost Turonian Winton Formation of Queensland. The latter has produced Australovenator wintonensis, the stratigraphically youngest and most complete Australian megaraptorid. The Eric the Red West (ETRW) site on Cape Otway, Victoria (Eumeralla Formation; lower Albian), has yielded two teeth, two manual unguals, and a right astragalus that are almost identical to the corresponding elements in Australovenator. Herein, we classify these as Megaraptoridae cf. Australovenator wintonensis. We also reappraise the ‘spinosaurid’ cervical vertebra from ETRW and suggest that it pertains to Megaraptoridae. Three other theropod elements from ETRW—a cervical rib (preserving a bite mark), a caudal vertebra, and a non-ungual manual phalanx—are also described, although it is not possible to determine their phylogenetic position more precisely than Tetanurae (non-Maniraptoriformes). All elements were found in a fluvial deposit, associated with isolated bones of other theropods, ornithopods, and turtles, amongst others; consequently, no two can be unequivocally assigned to the same theropod individual. The new specimens from ETRW demonstrate that a megaraptorid theropod morphologically similar to Australovenator lived during the late Early Cretaceous in Victoria, at a higher paleolatitude than its northern counterpart. Moreover, they attest to the success of megaraptorids in late Barremian–early Turonian faunas throughout eastern Australia.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1666273",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2019.1666273",
    openalex = "W2979987869",
    references = "casal2016ordenamiento, doi1010800311551820181453085, doi101371journalpone0137709, doi104202app005402018"
}

@article{doi101098rsos191057,
    author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Jin, Xingsheng and Zheng, Wenjie",
    title = "New information on the Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs of Zhejiang Province, China: impact on Laurasian titanosauriform phylogeny and biogeography",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "Titanosaurs were a globally distributed clade of Cretaceous sauropods. Historically regarded as a primarily Gondwanan radiation, there is a growing number of Eurasian taxa, with several putative titanosaurs contemporaneous with, or even pre-dating, the oldest known Southern Hemisphere remains. The early Late Cretaceous Jinhua Formation, in Zhejiang Province, China, has yielded two putative titanosaurs, Jiangshanosaurus lixianensis and Dongyangosaurus sinensis. Here, we provide a detailed re-description and diagnosis of Jiangshanosaurus, as well as new anatomical information on Dongyangosaurus. Previously, a 'derived' titanosaurian placement for Jiangshanosaurus was primarily based on the presence of procoelous anterior caudal centra. We show that this taxon had amphicoelous anterior-middle caudal centra. Its only titanosaurian synapomorphy is that the dorsal margins of the scapula and coracoid are approximately level with one another. Dongyangosaurus can clearly be differentiated from Jiangshanosaurus, and displays features that indicate a closer relationship to the titanosaur radiation. Revised scores for both taxa are incorporated into an expanded phylogenetic data matrix, comprising 124 taxa scored for 548 characters. Under equal weights parsimony, Jiangshanosaurus is recovered as a member of the non-titanosaurian East Asian somphospondylan clade Euhelopodidae, and Dongyangosaurus lies just outside of Titanosauria. However, when extended implied weighting is applied, both taxa are placed within Titanosauria. Most other 'middle' Cretaceous East Asian sauropods are probably non-titanosaurian somphospondylans, but at least Xianshanosaurus appears to belong to the titanosaur radiation. Our analyses also recover the Early Cretaceous European sauropod Normanniasaurus genceyi as a 'derived' titanosaur, clustering with Gondwanan taxa. These results provide further support for a widespread diversification of titanosaurs by at least the Early Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191057",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.191057",
    openalex = "W2970495169",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201603008, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjsames201411008, doi101016jpalaeo201206008, doi101038srep34467, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101111brv12255, doi1011646zootaxa384811, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi103897zookeys4698439"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0211412,
    author = "Gorscak, Eric and O’Connor, Patrick M.",
    title = "A new African Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from the middle Cretaceous Galula Formation (Mtuka Member), Rukwa Rift Basin, Southwestern Tanzania",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "The African terrestrial fossil record has been limited in its contribution to our understanding of both regional and global Cretaceous paleobiogeography, an interval of significant geologic and macroevolutionary change. A common component in Cretaceous African faunas, titanosaurian sauropods diversified into one of the most specious groups of dinosaurs worldwide. Here we describe the new titanosaurian Mnyamawamtuka moyowamkia gen. et sp. nov. from the Mtuka Member of the Galula Formation in southwest Tanzania. The new specimen preserves teeth, elements from all regions of the postcranial axial skeleton, parts of both appendicular girdles, and portions of both limbs including a complete metatarsus. Unique traits of M. moyowamkia include the lack of an interpostzygapophyseal lamina in posterior dorsal vertebrae, pronounced posterolateral expansion of middle caudal centra, and an unusually small sternal plate. Phylogenetic analyses consistently place M. moyowamkia as either a close relative to lithostrotian titanosaurians (e.g., parsimony, uncalibrated Bayesian analyses) or as a lithostrotian and sister taxon to Malawisaurus dixeyi from the nearby Aptian? Dinosaur Beds of Malawi (e.g., tip-dating Bayesian analyses). M. moyowamkia shares a few features with M. dixeyi, including semi-spatulate teeth and a median lamina between the neural canal and interpostzygapophyseal lamina in anterior dorsal vertebrae. Both comparative morphology and phylogenetic analyses support Mnyamawamtuka as a distinct and distant relative to Rukwatitan bisepultus and Shingopana songwensis from the younger Namba Member of the Galula Formation with these results largely congruent with newly constrained ages for the Mtuka Member (Aptian-Cenomanian) and Namba Member (Campanian). Coupled with recent discoveries from the Dahkla Oasis, Egypt (e.g., Mansourasaurus shahinae) and other parts of continental Afro-Arabia, the Tanzania titanosaurians refine perspectives on the development of African terrestrial faunas throughout the Cretaceous-a critical step in understanding non-marine paleobiogeographic patterns of Africa that have remained elusive until the past few years.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211412",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0211412",
    openalex = "W2911237518",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201603008, doi101371journalpone0151661, doi101371journalpone0163373"
}

@article{doi107717peerj7247,
    author = "Hartman, Scott and Mortimer, Mickey and Wahl, William and Lomax, Dean R. and Lippincott, Jessica and Lovelace, David M.",
    title = "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "being closer to Pygostylia than archaeopterygids or unenlagiines are strongly rejected. All parsimonious results support the hypothesis that each early paravian clade was plesiomorphically flightless, raising the possibility that avian flight originated as late as the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7247",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.7247",
    openalex = "W2961080112",
    references = "doi101016jjafrearsci201205005, doi10103835047056, doi101038nature01342, doi101038nature24679, doi101038ncomms14972, doi101038ncomms7987, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101080147720192010488045, doi101098rsbl20150947, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200700161x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139cjes20180162, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0024487, doi101371journalpone0036790, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1022179revmacn14372, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi107717peerj1032, doi107717peerj2159, doi107717peerj4558, sereno1997the"
}

@article{doi101093zoolinneanzlaa173,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Kundrát, Martin and Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Tischler, Travis R. and Elliott, David A.",
    title = "Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Abstract The titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae is represented by two individuals from the Cenomanian–lower Turonian ‘upper’ Winton Formation of central Queensland, north-eastern Australia. The type specimen has been described in detail, whereas the referred specimen, which includes several elements not present in the type series (partial skull, atlas, axis and postaxial cervical vertebrae), has only been described briefly. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of this referred specimen, including a thorough assessment of the external and internal anatomy of the braincase, and identify several new autapomorphies of D. matildae. Via an expanded data matrix consisting of 125 taxa scored for 552 characters, we recover a close, well-supported relationship between Diamantinasaurus and its contemporary, Savannasaurus elliottorum. Unlike previous iterations of this data matrix, under a parsimony framework we consistently recover Diamantinasaurus and Savannasaurus as early-diverging members of Titanosauria using both equal weighting and extended implied weighting, with the overall topology largely consistent between analyses. We erect a new clade, named Diamantinasauria herein, that also includes the contemporaneous Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from southern Argentina, which shares several cranial features with the referred Diamantinasaurus specimen. Thus, Diamantinasauria is represented in the mid-Cretaceous of both South America and Australia, supporting the hypothesis that some titanosaurians, in addition to megaraptoran theropods and possibly some ornithopods, were able to disperse between these two continents via Antarctica. Conversely, there is no evidence for rebbachisaurids in Australia, which might indicate that they were unable to expand into high latitudes before their extinction in the Cenomanian–Turonian. Likewise, there is no evidence for titanosaurs with procoelous caudal vertebrae in the mid-Cretaceous Australian record, despite scarce but compelling evidence for their presence in both Antarctica and New Zealand during the Campanian–Maastrichtian. These later titanosaurs presumably dispersed into these landmasses from South America before the Campanian (\textasciitilde 85 Mya), when seafloor spreading between Zealandia and Australia commenced. Although Australian mid-Cretaceous dinosaur faunas appear to be cosmopolitan at higher taxonomic levels, closer affinities with South America at finer scales are becoming better supported for sauropods, theropods and ornithopods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173",
    doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173",
    openalex = "W3124534006",
    references = "doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjsames2019102460, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101038srep34467, doi101080027246342013776562, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi1010800311551820181453085, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi1011646zootaxa370131, doi1011646zootaxa384811, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0151661, doi1029920070860302, doi105710amegh261210131889, openalexw3015256845"
}

@article{doi1029920070860302,
    author = "Lamanna, Matthew C. and Casal, Gabriel A. and Martínez, Rubén D. and Ibiricu, Lucio M.",
    title = "Megaraptorid (Theropoda: Tetanurae) Partial Skeletons from the Upper Cretaceous Bajo Barreal Formation of Central Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for the Evolution of Large Body Size in Gondwanan MegaraptoranS",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Annals of Carnegie Museum",
    abstract = "We describe two partial postcranial skeletons belonging to the enigmatic theropod dinosaur clade Megaraptoridae from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Cenomanian–upper Turonian) Bajo Barreal Formation of southern Chubut Province, central Patagonia, Argentina. The specimens are assigned to Megaraptoridae due to their possession of multiple anatomical features that are considered synapomorphies of that predatory dinosaur group, such as a greatly enlarged, laterally compressed ungual of manual digit I that possesses asymmetrical lateral and medial vascular grooves. Overlapping elements of the two skeletons are nearly identical in morphology, suggesting that they probably represent the same taxon, a large-bodied theropod that was previously unknown from the early Late Cretaceous of southern South America. The Bajo Barreal specimens constitute the most ancient unquestionable records of Megaraptoridae from that continent, and exhibit particularly strong osteological resemblances to penecontemporaneous megaraptorids from the Winton Formation of Australia. Phylogenetic analysis recovers the unnamed Bajo Barreal taxon as the earliest-diverging South American megaraptorid and the oldest-known representative of this clade that likely attained a body length of at least seven meters and a mass of at least one metric ton. Overall, the balance of the evidence suggests that megaraptorids originated in eastern Gondwana (Australia) during the Early Cretaceous, then subsequently dispersed to western Gondwana (South America) during the mid-Cretaceous, where they attained substantially larger body sizes, ultimately coming to occupy the apex predator niches in their respective habitats.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2992/007.086.0302",
    doi = "10.2992/007.086.0302",
    openalex = "W3115894532",
    references = "casal2016ordenamiento, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101016jjsames2019102460, doi101016jpgeola201205008, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101086273307, doi101111cla12160, doi101126science2725264986, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi1018814epiiugs2013v36i3002, doi104202app005402018, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw2894525608"
}

@article{doi105710amgh200820203376,
    author = "Gallina, Pablo A. and Canale, Juan I. and Carballido, José Luis",
    title = "The Earliest Known Titanosaur Sauropod Dinosaur",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Ameghiniana",
    abstract = "The titanosaur sauropod record of Patagonia, mainly recovered from Upper Cretaceous strata, is probably the richest worldwide. Here we present a new sauropod dinosaur, Ninjatitan zapatai gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Cretaceous Bajada Colorada Formation (Berriasian–Valanginian) of north Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina), from which postcranial remains are preserved. The anatomical analysis and comparisons performed in this specimen evidence strong affinity with titanosaur sauropods. This assumption is corroborated with the inclusion of the new taxon in an updated phylogenetic data matrix. The cladistic analyses indicate that Ninjatitan could be considered the earliest known titanosaur sauropod. The combination of features such as the presence of procoelous anterior caudal centra, the pneumatized neural arch of anterior caudal vertebrae, and the posterodorsal border of the scapular acromion near the glenoid level supports its titanosaur affinities. The presence of a basal titanosaurian sauropod in the lowermost Cretaceous of Patagonia supports the hypothesis that the group was established in the Southern Hemisphere and reinforces the idea of a Gondwanan origin for Titanosauria. The Bajada Colorada sauropod fauna represents one of the most diverse and unique associations from the lowermost Cretaceous worldwide recorded.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5710/amgh.20.08.2020.3376",
    doi = "10.5710/amgh.20.08.2020.3376",
    openalex = "W3082941424",
    references = "doi101080027246342013776562, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi1011646zootaxa370131"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres2021105029,
    author = "Rolando, Mauro Aranciaga and Marsà, Jordi Alexis Garcia and Agnolín, Federico L. and Motta, Matías J. and Rozadilla, Sebastián and Novas, Fernando E.",
    title = "The sauropod record of Salitral Ojo del Agua: An Upper Cretaceous (Allen Formation) fossiliferous locality from northern Patagonia, Argentina",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105029",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105029",
    openalex = "W3199102661",
    references = "doi101016jjsames2019102460"
}

@article{doi101016jisci2021103516,
    author = "Xing, Lida and Niu, Kecheng and Ma, Waisum and Zelenitsky, Darla K. and Yang, Tzu-Ruei and Brusatte, Stephen L.",
    title = "An exquisitely preserved in-ovo theropod dinosaur embryo sheds light on avian-like prehatching postures",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "iScience",
    abstract = "embryos are remarkably rare. Here we report an exceptionally preserved, articulated oviraptorid embryo inside an elongatoolithid egg, from the Late Cretaceous Hekou Formation of southern China. The head lies ventral to the body, with the feet on either side, and the back curled along the blunt pole of the egg, in a posture previously unrecognized in a non-avian dinosaur, but reminiscent of a late-stage modern bird embryo. Comparison to other late-stage oviraptorid embryos suggests that prehatch oviraptorids developed avian-like postures late in incubation, which in modern birds are related to coordinated embryonic movements associated with tucking - a behavior controlled by the central nervous system, critical for hatching success. We propose that such pre-hatching behavior, previously considered unique to birds, may have originated among non-avian theropods, which can be further investigated with additional discoveries of embryo fossils.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103516",
    doi = "10.1016/j.isci.2021.103516",
    openalex = "W4200185644",
    references = "doi101038ncomms4788, doi1012060003009044011, doi101642auk152161, doi1033740140540102, lee2019a"
}

@article{doi101139cjes20200174,
    author = "Holtz, Thomas R.",
    title = "Theropod guild structure and the tyrannosaurid niche assimilation hypothesis: implications for predatory dinosaur macroecology and ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica 1",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50 kg) theropod taxa than communities of the Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia. The large carnivore guilds in Asiamerican assemblages are monopolized by tyrannosaurids, with adult medium-sized (50–500 kg) predators rare or absent. In contrast, various clades of theropods are found to occupy these body sizes in earlier faunas, including early tyrannosauroids. Assemblages with “missing middle-sized” predators are not found to have correspondingly sparser diversity of potential prey species recorded in these same faunas. The “missing middle-sized” niches in the theropod guilds of Late Cretaceous Laramidia and Asia may have been assimilated by juvenile and subadults of tyrannosaurid species, functionally distinct from their adult ecomorphologies. It is speculated that if tyrannosaurids assimilated the niches previously occupied by mid-sized theropod predators, we would expect the evolution of distinct transitions in morphology and possibly the delay of the achievement of somatic maturity in species of this taxon.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0174",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2020-0174",
    openalex = "W3168560974",
    references = "doi101016jcub201803042, doi101017pab201519, doi101017s0094837300011891, doi10103846266, doi101038nature02699, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038s4155901908880, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101038srep20252, doi101073pnas1600140113, doi101093nsrnwu055, doi101098rspb20202258, doi101111brv12638, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101126sciadvaax6250, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101139cjes20170031, doi101139cjes20190019, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1023071942327, doi1023072411924, doi1029920070860302, doi103897zookeys92847517, doi107717peerj9192, openalexw2183707334, openalexw2971401580"
}

@article{pahl2021carnosaurs,
    author = "Pahl, Cameron C. and Ruedas, Luis A.",
    title = "Carnosaurs as Apex Scavengers: Agent-based simulations reveal possible vulture analogues in late Jurassic Dinosaurs",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Ecological Modelling",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109706",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109706",
    openalex = "W3194586801",
    pages = "109706",
    volume = "458",
    references = "carrano2016vertebrate, doi101016jcbpa201001002, doi101016s0169534700018620, doi101038s4158602026492, doi101073pnas0436428100, doi101111146783069302004, doi101126science2765309122, doi101146annurevnutr191247, doi1015159781400850624, doi1023071437897, doi103989egeol035956106, merriman1943the, openalexw3099878876"
}

@article{doi101002ar25038,
    author = "Forster, Catherine A. and de Klerk, W. J. and Poole, Karen E. and Chinsamy, Anusuya and Roberts, Eric M. and Ross, Callum F.",
    title = "Iyuku raathi, a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation, South Africa",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "The Anatomical Record",
    abstract = "We name and describe a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Early Creteceous Kirkwood Formation, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. This dinosaur is one of only two ornithopod dinosaurs known from the Cretaceous of southern Africa, and is unique in being represented primarily by hatchling to young juvenile individuals as demonstrated by bone histological analysis. All of the juvenile material of this new taxon comes from a single, laterally-restricted bonebed and specimens were primarily recovered as partial to complete single elements, although rare articulated materials and one partial skeleton were found. Sedimentology of the bonebed suggests that this horizon heralds a change in environment upsection to a drier and more seasonal climate. This accumulation of bones is interpreted as seasonal mortality from a nesting site or nesting grounds and may be linked to this environmental shift.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25038",
    doi = "10.1002/ar.25038",
    openalex = "W4286495780"
}

@article{doi101002ar25095,
    author = "Poole, Karen E.",
    title = "Placing juvenile specimens in phylogenies: An ontogenetically sensitive phylogenetic assessment of a new genus of iguanodontian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation, South Africa",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "The Anatomical Record",
    abstract = "The phylogenetic relationships of the new dryosaurid genus Iyuku are explored using parsimony analysis. As all known specimens are juvenile, each character of the data matrix was examined across all included taxa for morphological changes through ontogeny in the phylogenetic characters. Any character that changed in any taxon was considered an ontogenetically sensitive character (OSC) and coded as unknown for juvenile specimens, including all specimens of Iyuku. This method was tested with three other genera in the data set that are known from juvenile and adult specimens: Orodromeus, Dryosaurus, and Hypacrosaurus. Four separate analyses were performed: (1) standard phylogenetic coding, (2) coding OSCs as unknown for juveniles, with both juvenile and adult OTUs present, (3) removal of adult specimens from second analysis, (4) adult specimens where known, taxa known only from juveniles coded as unknown for OSCs. In all taxa, congeneric juvenile and adult specimens were recovered as sister taxa (analysis 2), and juveniles in analysis 3 were found at a congruent node to the congeneric adult in analyses 1 and 4, though with a loss of resolution in the tree. Consideration of the changes in morphology through ontogeny across a given set of taxa can allow some confidence in the phylogenetic affinities of juvenile specimens. In all analyses, Iyuku is recovered as the sister taxon to Dysalotosaurus within Dryosauridae.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25095",
    doi = "10.1002/ar.25095",
    openalex = "W4307777130"
}

@article{doi101002ar25097,
    author = "Takasaki, Ryuji and Chiba, Kentaro and Fiorillo, Anthony R. and Brink, Kirstin S. and Evans, David C. and Fanti, Federico and Saneyoshi, Mototaka and Maltese, Anthony and Ishigaki, Shinobu",
    title = "Description of the first definitive Corythosaurus (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae) specimens from the Judith River Formation in Montana, USA and their paleobiogeographical significance",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "The Anatomical Record",
    abstract = "Despite the long history of research in the late Campanian Judith River Formation in northern Montana, most of the vertebrate fossils are represented by fragmentary remains, making precise taxonomic identifications difficult. Contrary to this, the partially contemporaneous Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada is known for its tremendous fossil preservation, permitting rigorous studies of dinosaur diversity, evolution, and biostratigraphy. Hadrosaurids comprise one of the most abundant dinosaur clades in the Dinosaur Park Formation, but taxonomic affinities of hadrosaurid specimens remain poorly understood in the Judith River Formation. Corythosaurus is the most common hadrosaurid in the Dinosaur Park Formation and, to date, has been restricted to this formation. This study reports the first definitive Corythosaurus specimens from the Judith River Formation, which were discovered on two private ranches in northern Montana. The attribution of the most complete skeleton to Corythosaurus is indicated by: wide crest-snout angle, presence of premaxilla-nasal fontanelle, dorsoventrally expanded nasal, laterally exposed ophthalmic canal of the laterosphenoid, and tall neural spines. A second specimen preserves a large ilium that can be positively identified as Corythosaurus based on its associated skull, which is now in private hands. The specimens were recovered from the Coal Ridge Member of the Judith River Formation, which is approximately time equivalent to the Dinosaur Park Formation. Thus, the discovery of Corythosaurus in the Judith River Formation extends the biogeographic range of this genus and establishes a framework for future interformational biostratigraphic studies of Late Cretaceous dinosaur faunas in North America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25097",
    doi = "10.1002/ar.25097",
    openalex = "W4307114985",
    references = "doi101111joa13363, doi101139cjes20200145"
}

@article{doi101098rsos220381,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Frauenfelder, Timothy G. and Mannion, Philip D. and Rigby, Samantha L. and Pentland, Adele H. and Sloan, Trish and Elliott, David A.",
    title = "Sauropod dinosaur teeth from the lower Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia and the global record of early titanosauriforms",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "The Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, has produced several partial sauropod skeletons, but cranial remains-including teeth-remain rare. Herein, we present the first description of sauropod teeth from this formation, based on specimens from three separate sites. An isolated tooth and a dentary fragment from the Diamantinasaurus matildae type locality are considered to be referable to that titanosaurian taxon. A single tooth from the D. matildae referred specimen site is similarly regarded as being part of that individual. Seventeen teeth from a new site that are morphologically uniform, and similar to the teeth from the two Diamantinasaurus sites, are assigned to Diamantinasauria. All sauropod teeth recovered from the Winton Formation to date are compressed-cone-chisel-shaped, have low slenderness index values (2.00-2.88), are lingually curved at their apices, mesiodistally convex on their lingual surfaces, and lack prominent carinae and denticles. They are markedly different from the chisel-like teeth of derived titanosaurs, more closely resembling the teeth of early branching members of the titanosauriform radiation. This provides further support for a 'basal' titanosaurian position for Diamantinasauria. Scanning electron microscope microwear analysis of the wear facets of several teeth reveals more scratches than pits, implying that diamantinasaurians were mid-height (1-10 m) feeders. With a view to assessing the spatio-temporal distribution of sauropod tooth morphotypes before and after deposition of the Winton Formation, we provide a comprehensive continent-by-continent review of the early titanosauriform global record (Early to early Late Cretaceous). This indicates that throughout the Early-early Late Cretaceous, sauropod faunas transitioned from being quite diverse at higher phylogenetic levels and encompassing a range of tooth morphologies at the start of the Berriasian, to faunas comprising solely titanosaurs with limited dental variability by the end-Turonian. Furthermore, this review highlights the different ways in which this transition unfolded on each continent, including the earliest records of titanosaurs with narrow-crowned teeth on each continent.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220381",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.220381",
    openalex = "W4285098030",
    references = "doi101016jjafrearsci2019103738, doi101016jjsames2019102460"
}

@article{doi101002ar25233,
    author = "Laitman, Jeffrey T. and Smith, Heather F.",
    title = "Dinosaurs of all ilks bow and pay tribute to Peter Dodson, their intrepid chronicler, in an Anatomical Record Special Issue in his honor",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "The Anatomical Record",
    abstract = "Amazing how even after half of a century some things do not change. Together again at the University of Pennsylvania, Peter Dodson and editorial co-author JL are energetically talking about six things at once, catching up as old friends are wont to do. Walking along the beautiful, tree-lined, quiet of Locust walk, topics bounce from new dinosaur finds, to what the children (and grandchildren!) are up to, to which of our body parts are the latest to stop working well (hey, we have known each other for some 50 years!). As has been the case since our days together at Yale, JL is lagging behind as Peter's energy, now as back in New Haven, has him moving ever faster than his old anatomy table mate. “C'mon, Jeff,” the august Penn Prof admonishes, “we finally get an audience with Professor Leidy, and let's not be late!” Yes, indeed. We have finally arranged a formal audience to see Professor Joseph Leidy, or, more specifically, his brain. For those of you who are not acquainted with Professor Leidy (shame, shame!), he was America's first dinosaur paleontologist of note, having reported and named (in 1858 and 1865; Leidy, 1858, 1865) the first American dinosaur, the “duck-billed” Hadrosaurus, unearthed in New Jersey (and you thought the state's only remains of note were those of Mob boss Jimmy Hoffa!). Subsequently, Leidy reconstructed Hadrosaurus at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences in 1868, the first museum display of any dinosaur. He estimated it to be 25 ft long and, based on its small forelimbs and long hind limbs, gave it a “kangaroo-like” stance with a semi-upright posture. Indeed, this vertical position became the image of dinosaurs imprinted in our collective visualization that remains to this day (see Dodson, 2009 for discussion). Leidy's day job was as the Professor of Anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (the first in the United States), and he was a polymath of such renown that his biographer boldly titled his story, Joseph Leidy: The Last Man Who Knew Everything (Warren, 1999). Indeed, when the parent organization of The Anatomical Record, the American Association for Anatomy was formed in 1888 (originally named the Association of American Anatomists, today seen as an exclusionary banner, but done then to highlight specifically the emergence of American—over European—science), Professor Leidy was unanimously chosen its first President, in absentia no less. He was seen by many as the embodiment of an American scientist, the greatest of his day. There are giants and then there are GIANT giants, and our Professor Leidy falls into the latter category (Figure 1). And this brings us back to another titan of his science, and the reason for this Special Issue, JL's fast moving colleague, Peter Dodson. Like his Penn ancestor, Peter (our ties are too close for continued formalities here) is a giant among dinosaurs, not an easy feat if you think about it. His contributions to understanding the world of dinosaurs—from his paleontological findings, scholarly writings, museum exhibit creations, and birthing of superb progeny—have made him stand out in the world of dinosaur science. Indeed, Peter has given much to our own journal, being a frequent contributor (e.g., Dodson, 2003, 2009, 2020; Hedrick et al., 2020, 2022; Schachner et al., 2009, 2011; Tumanova et al., 2023), and Guest Editing two of the most popular Special Issues in our history, “Unearthing the Anatomy of Dinosaurs: New Insights into their Functional Morphology and Paleobiology” (Dodson, 2009; Laitman, 2009; Laitman \& Albertine, 2009) and “The Hidden World of Dinosaurs” (Hedrick \& Dodson, 2020; Laitman \& Albertine, 2020; Figure 2). The 2009 Special Issue, our first on dinosaurs, was so much in demand that our Publisher, Wiley, had to print additional copies for individual sale (Dodson Dinos make money, at least for Wiley!) Beyond the quality of his science, Peter has been given a gift that he has shared with those of us fortunate to be his student, mentee, or colleague: his boundless goodness and caring. This “Dodsoness” quality has spanned his career and has touched many. Indeed, editorial co-author JL has written previously on how Peter's kindness helped him as an insecure and shy (no comments out there, please!). Yale graduate student to survive his overwhelming fears at the onset of his own path (see Laitman, 2017). More to our point here is how his own dinosaur-philic graduate students and mentees have grown and prospered in significant part due to his loving guidance. This current special, Special Issue, “Dinosaurs: New Ideas from Old Bones” (Fiorillo et al., 2023) has been meticulously Guest-edited by three who have learned their craft upon poppa Dodson's knee as his graduate students: Anthony Fiorillo, Executive Director of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science; Catherine Forster, Professor of Geology and of Biology at George Washington University; and David Weishampel, Professor of Functional Anatomy and Evolution at Johns Hopkins University. These three have themselves had extraordinary careers in the multifaceted world of dinosaur paleontology and biology, and have been referred to as “the Big Three” of PD's students (by Catherine; oy!, I can hear the growls from other PD progeny!). As we write this, Tony is likely thoroughly enjoying the warmth of New Mexico, having spent a good part of his career studying arctic dinosaurs (equally cold is that, sadly, he never achieved his childhood dream of playing center field for the New York Yankees; hey, Tony, they have not won a World Series since 2009 so you still might have a chance!); Catherine, Tony's graduate student office mate at Penn (she helped him in his dissertation field-work and he repaid her kindness by being her occasional dog-sitter), followed directly Poppa Dodson's love by embracing horned dinosaurs for much of her prolific career; and Dave, Peter's first graduate student gaining his PhD in 1981, and thus placing him as the “first” among all PD progeny (all others always compare themselves to one's first student—and usually wince when their name is mentioned!) has had a marvelous path, within which he authored what many consider the definitive work on dinosaurs, the Dinosauria (Weishampel et al., 2007), and was even a consultant for his friend Steven Spielberg's Jurassic Park series (wonder if he got free tickets to the movies?). While this extraordinarily successful trio have known each other since the Cretaceous, this is the first time they have come together on a major project. HS and JL get a big smile out of the fact that our journal has served as a vehicle for this historic marriage (Figure 3). As one will see from the issue, many of the best and brightest in the field responded eagerly to contribute to a volume honoring Peter. Indeed, while this Special Issue focuses on new findings in dinosaur biology, a recent mammoth, sister Special Issue on crocodiles, “The Age of Crocodilians and Their Kin: Anatomy, Physiology, and Evolution,” Guest Edited by Casey Holliday (an academic “grandson” of Peter) of the University of Missouri School of Medicine and Emma R. Schachner (another PhD student of Peter) then of Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (Holliday \& Schachner, 2022; Laitman \& Smith, 2022), was also done largely as an homage to Peter. Just the mention of something that will say a “thanks” to Peter has colleagues and former students and grand-students coming out of the rock pile to contribute. Attesting to Peter's broad influence, the contributions do not focus solely upon his own particular interests/scholarship charting the rise and distribution of ceratopsian dinosaurs (he is their undisputed horned king!). Rather, to name just some, they span a glorious gamut: from detailed descriptions of unusual Therapods from New Jersey (really? hadrosaurs, Jimmy Hoffa…who knew Jersey was actually interesting; sorry, JL is a native New Yorker and has little control when commenting on New Jersey; Gallagher, 2023); reports on a new iguanodontian dinosaur from South Africa (Forster et al., 2023); new insights on evolutionary relationships from analyses of the hyolaryngeal apparatus in extant archosaurs (i.e., birds and crocodilians; Yoshida et al., 2023); new reconstructions of the pectoral girdle and forelimb musculature of Megaraptora (Rolando et al., 2023); insights from osteohistology of Dromornis stironi with implications for understanding the histology of Australian mihirung birds (Chinsamy et al., 2023); insightful observations on fracture and disease in a large-bodied ornithomimosaur with insights into identifying unusual endosteal bone in the fossil record (Chinzorig et al., 2023); a comprehensive assessment of the history and future of the study of morphometrics in the study on non-avian dinosaurs (Hedrick, 2023); detailed modeling to assess and predict the abundance of large carnivorous dinosaurs of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation and the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park formation (by Peter and JL's Yale classmate, the ever-creative James Farlow; JL is still in awe at all the super-bright dino dudes that surrounded him at Yale “back in the day”; Farlow et al., 2023); to a number of papers—naturally—on Peter's great love, the ceratopsians, including those by lead Guest Editor Fiorillo (Fiorillo \& Tykoski, 2023) and Peter's successor teaching anatomy at Penn, Ali Nabavizadeh (Nabavizadeh, 2023). Even the cover of this Special Issue has been a creative homage to Peter, lovingly created by Anatomical Record Associate Editor (and artist extraordinaire) Adam Hartstone-Rose (Hartstone-Rose et al., 2023). What an incredible smorgasbord of new ideas from the minds of some of today's best dinosaur workers. “Hurry up, Jeff,” Peter exhorts, “our appointment is for 10:00 sharp and the curator is expecting us.” Along with JL's accommodating wife Leila (who was pressed into service as our photographer; if it was not for her adoring Peter—who does not?—not a chance she would spend hours taking photos of poor JL!), we bundled into our Uber and headed to the glorious Mütter Museum and Professor Leidy. The first time Peter and JL tried to visit Professor Leidy was back in 2009 when he was then in residence at the Wistar Institute on Penn's campus (they were turned away as they did not have an appropriate appointment and told “the Professor did not receive just anyone”). Since then, Leidy's domicile has changed (fortunately) to the extraordinary Mütter Museum, named after surgeon Thomas Dent Mütter who in 1856 donated his extensive collections of anatomical and pathological specimens to the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, wherein they have both grown and been lovingly cared for (btw, this is a really cool place, and if you had to choose between some cracked Liberty Bell and the Mütter, go Mütter!; see Worden, 2002). For Peter and JL, visiting Professor Leidy was almost a religious experience, as the Professor was their direct ancestor in so many ways: For PD, as Professor of Anatomy at Penn Veterinary School, and the comparative anatomist and vertebrate paleontologist at Penn, the line is direct; for JL, also, as an anatomy professor and fossil aficionado, but also as a past President of the American Association for Anatomy, the society of which Leidy was the first President, the bond is also powerful. Both PD and JL were well aware that they were coming into the presence of both their past and present (Figure 4). Professor Leidy was brought to PD and JL in his permanent home, a thick and heavy glass jar. What remained of the Professor was his brain. While this may seem odd, it was not uncommon in the 19th century to preserve the brains of great people (when JL told his daughter of this custom, Miss Snarky responded “do not worry, dad, you are safe”). The Professor's brain had turned a rather eerie shade of green, probably due to the preservatives used. Green or not, encased or not, this extraordinary anatomical remain was the repository of arguably more scientific knowledge than was held by any other mortal in the latter half of the 19th century. Within lay the secrets of anatomy and the founding of dinosaur paleontology in the United States. Peter and JL were in the presence of greatness, a most special and rare moment. As the group left the Mütter that day—and headed to our next stop, Peter's second home, his beloved Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences—JL could not stop pondering the gravity of the encounter. There were two of the rarest gems in the history of American Paleontology, Professors Joseph Leidy and Peter Dodson, together. As JL's kids would say, “two heavy dudes.” As Peter, JL, and JL's wife Leila (our sometimes complaining photographer) came into the main hall of the Academy staring us in the face were exhibit after exhibit that Peter had lovingly created. His name and images were everywhere. One, in particular, caught JL's attention as it so accurately summarized the moment and the person of appreciation: there was a picture of Peter with his reconstruction of Avaceratops with a bold banner that read “A Rare Find” (Figure 5). It clearly identified both the fossil and the scientist. HS and JL are very proud, on behalf of The Anatomical Record, to share both the wonderful science and scientists that have come together to offer new ideas from old bones, and to give a heartfelt thanks to our “Rare Find” of a colleague, Peter Dodson. We hope that you will explore the articles within and enjoy and learn from them as much as we have. And give a smile and thanks when you think of our most dear colleague, Peter Dodson. Jeffrey T. Laitman: Conceptualization; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing; visualization. Heather F. Smith: Conceptualization; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing; visualization.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25233",
    doi = "10.1002/ar.25233",
    openalex = "W4375844442",
    references = "doi101002ar20989, doi101002ar21439, doi101002ar24099, doi101002ar25038, doi101002ar25047, doi101002ar25069, doi101002ar25104, doi101002ar25128, doi101002ar25196, doi101002ar25205, doi101002ar25241, farlow2023dragons"
}

@article{doi101038s41598023408043,
    author = "Hattori, Soki and Shibata, Masateru and Kawabe, Soichiro and Imai, Takuya and Nishi, Hiroshi and Azuma, Yoichi",
    title = "New theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan provides critical implications for the early evolution of ornithomimosaurs",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Ornithomimosauria consists of the ostrich-mimic dinosaurs, most of which showing cursorial adaptations, that often exhibit features indicative of herbivory. Recent discoveries have greatly improved our knowledge of their evolutionary history, including the divergence into Ornithomimidae and Deinocheiridae in the Early Cretaceous, but the early part of their history remains obscured because their fossil remains are scarce in the Aptian-Albian sediments. In recent years, many isolated ornithomimosaur remains have been recovered from the Aptian Kitadani Formation of Fukui, central Japan. These remains represent multiple individuals that share some morphological features common to them but unknown in other ornithomimosaurs, suggesting a monospecific accumulation of a new taxon. As a result of the description and phylogenetic analysis, the Kitadani ornithomimosaur is recovered as a new genus and species Tyrannomimus fukuiensis, the earliest definitive deinocheirid that complements our knowledge to understand the early evolutionary history of Ornithomimosauria. Due to its osteological similarity to Tyrannomimus, a taxon previously considered an early tyrannosauroid based on fragmentary specimens, namely Aviatyrannis jurassica, may represent the earliest ornithomimosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Europe, significantly expanding the temporal and biogeographic range of Ornithomimosauria. This finding fills a 20-million-year ghost lineage of Ornithomimosauria implied by the presence of the oldest fossil record of Maniraptora from the Middle Jurassic and is consistent with the hypothesis that their biogeographic range was widespread before the Pangaean breakup in the Kimmeridgian.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40804-3",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-023-40804-3",
    openalex = "W4386521305",
    references = "doi101002jmor10018, doi101016jcub201408034, doi101016jjsames2020102610, doi101038nature04511, doi101073pnas1011924108, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101093zoolinneanzlab013, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j109636422001tb01313x, doi101111j10963642200900569x, doi101139cjes20180162, doi101139cjes20200185, doi101139e72031, doi101139e93179"
}

@article{doi101098rsos221618,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Mannion, Philip D. and Rigby, Samantha L. and Duncan, Ruairidh J. and Pentland, Adele H. and Bevitt, Joseph J. and Sloan, Trish and Elliott, David A.",
    title = "A nearly complete skull of the sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae from the Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Australia and implications for the early evolution of titanosaurs",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs were diverse and abundant throughout the Cretaceous, with a global distribution. However, few titanosaurian taxa are represented by multiple skeletons, let alone skulls. Diamantinasaurus matildae, from the lower Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, was heretofore represented by three specimens, including one that preserves a braincase and several other cranial elements. Herein, we describe a fourth specimen of Diamantinasaurus matildae that preserves a more complete skull-including numerous cranial elements not previously known for this taxon-as well as a partial postcranial skeleton. The skull of Diamantinasaurus matildae shows many similarities to that of the coeval Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from Argentina (e.g. quadratojugal with posterior tongue-like process; braincase with more than one ossified exit for cranial nerve V; compressed-cone-chisel-like teeth), providing further support for the inclusion of both taxa within the clade Diamantinasauria. The replacement teeth within the premaxilla of the new specimen are morphologically congruent with teeth previously attributed to Diamantinasaurus matildae, and Diamantinasauria more broadly, corroborating those referrals. Plesiomorphic characters of the new specimen include a sacrum comprising five vertebrae (also newly demonstrated in the holotype of Diamantinasaurus matildae), rather than the six or more that typify other titanosaurs. However, we demonstrate that there have been a number of independent acquisitions of a six-vertebrae sacrum among Somphospondyli and/or that there have been numerous reversals to a five-vertebrae sacrum, suggesting that sacral count is relatively plastic. Other newly identified plesiomorphic features include: the overall skull shape, which is more similar to brachiosaurids than 'derived' titanosaurs; anterior caudal centra that are amphicoelous, rather than procoelous; and a pedal phalangeal formula estimated as 2-2-3-2-0. These features are consistent with either an early-branching position within Titanosauria, or a position just outside the titanosaurian radiation, for Diamantinasauria, as indicated by alternative character weighting approaches applied in our phylogenetic analyses, and help to shed light on the early assembly of titanosaurian anatomy that has until now been obscured by a poor fossil record.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.221618",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.221618",
    openalex = "W4365147243",
    references = "doi101038srep19165, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi101111cla12524, doi1011646zootaxa370131, doi1011646zootaxa384811, doi101371journalpone0151661"
}

@article{farlow2023dragons,
    author = "Farlow, James O. and Coroian, Dan and Currie, Philip J. and Foster, John R. and Mallon, Jordan C. and Therrien, François",
    title = "“Dragons” on the landscape: Modeling the abundance of large carnivorous dinosaurs of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (USA) and the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation (Canada)",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "The Anatomical Record",
    abstract = "Counts of the number of skeletal specimens of “adult” megaherbivores and large theropods from the Morrison and Dinosaur Park formations—if not biased by taphonomic artifacts—suggest that the big meat‐eaters were more abundant, relative to the number of big plant‐eaters, than one would expect on the basis of the relative abundance of large carnivores and herbivores in modern mammalian faunas. Models of megaherbivore population density (number of individuals per square kilometer) that attempt to take into account ecosystem productivity, the size structure of megaherbivore populations, and individual megaherbivore energy requirements, when combined with values of the large theropod/megaherbivore abundance ratio, suggest that large theropods may have been more abundant on the landscape than estimates extrapolated from the population density versus body mass relationship of mammalian carnivores. Models of the meat production of megaherbivore populations and the meat requirements of “adult” large theropods suggest that herbivore productivity would have been insufficient to support the associated number of individuals of “adult” large theropods, unless the herbivore production/biomass ratio was substantially higher, and/or the large theropod meat requirement markedly lower, than expectations based on modern mammals. Alternatively, or in addition to one or both of these other factors, large theropods likely included dinosaurs other than megaherbivores as significant components of their diet.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25024",
    doi = "10.1002/ar.25024",
    number = "7",
    openalex = "W4285035310",
    pages = "1669-1696",
    volume = "306",
    references = "cubo2021bone, doi101038365748a0, doi1010800891296320181563784, doi101111j17447429200700272x, doi101126scienceaac6284, doi101139cjes20200174, doi101146annurevnutr191247, doi101186174170071060, doi101242jeb01553, doi1023072937256, doi105860choice435902, doi105860choice490282, openalexw1558456135, pahl2021carnosaurs"
}

@article{doi101002spp21604,
    author = "Barker, Chris T. and Handford, Lucy and Naish, Darren and Wills, Simon and Hendrickx, Christophe and Hadland, Phil and Brockhurst, Dave and Gostling, Neil J.",
    title = "Theropod dinosaur diversity of the lower English Wealden: analysis of a tooth‐based fauna from the Wadhurst Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Valanginian) via phylogenetic, discriminant and machine learning methods",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Papers in Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract The Lower Cretaceous Wealden Supergroup of southern England yields a diverse assemblage of theropod dinosaurs, its taxa being represented by fragments in addition to some of the most informative associated skeletons of the European Mesozoic. Spinosaurids, neovenatorid allosauroids, tyrannosauroids and dromaeosaurids are among reported Wealden Supergroup clades. However, the majority of relevant specimens are from the Barremian Upper Weald Clay and Wessex formations, and theropod diversity in the older Berriasian–Valanginian Hastings Group has remained poorly known, the fragmentary specimens reported thus far remaining enigmatic both in terms of phylogenetic affinities and sometimes provenance. A better understanding would be welcome given the paucity of Berriasian–Valanginian dinosaurs worldwide. Here, we describe an assemblage of Hastings Group theropod teeth from the Valanginian Wadhurst Clay Formation, mostly collected from the Ashdown Brickworks locality near Bexhill, East Sussex. These teeth were assessed using phylogenetic, discriminant and machine learning analyses and were found to include members of Spinosauridae, Tyrannosauroidea and Dromaeosauridae, in addition to others that remain of uncertain affinity within Coelurosauria. The taxa appear distinct from those already known from Wealden Supergroup strata: the spinosaurid cannot be referred to Baryonyx or the tyrannosauroid to Eotyrannus, for example, but we have not named new taxa at this time. Combined with other findings in the Wadhurst Clay Formation, our study indicates that Valanginian theropod diversity was comparable to that of younger Wealden Supergroup units, implying that the ‘characteristic’ theropod components of Wealden faunas were established early in the deposition of this famous geological succession.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1604",
    doi = "10.1002/spp2.1604",
    openalex = "W4405080979",
    references = "doi101002spp21487, doi101016jcretres201512004, doi107717peerj12727"
}

@article{doi1010800891296320242318406,
    author = "Bandeira, Kamila L. N. and Navarro, Bruno A. and Pêgas, Rodrigo V. and Brilhante, Natan Santos and Brum, Arthur Souza and de Souza, Rafael Gomes and da Silva, Rafael Costa and Gallo, Valéria",
    title = "A reassessment of the historical fossil findings from Bahia State (Northeast Brazil) reveals a diversified dinosaur fauna in the Lower Cretaceous of South America",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    abstract = "Supposed dinosaur remains were collected between 1859 and 1906 in the Lower Cretaceous Recôncavo Basin (Northeast Brazil). Since these materials remained undescribed, and most were considered lost. Recently, some of these historical specimens were rediscovered in the Natural History Museum of London, providing an opportunity to revisit them after 160 years. The specimens come from five different sites, corresponding to the Massacará (Berriasian-Barremian) and Ilhas (Valanginian-Barremian) groups. Identified bones comprise mainly isolated vertebral centra from ornithopods, sauropods, and theropods. Appendicular remains include a theropod pedal phalanx, humerus, and distal half of a left femur with elasmarian affinities. Despite their fragmentary nature, these specimens represent the earliest dinosaur bones discovered in South America, enhancing our understanding of the Cretaceous dinosaur faunas in Northeast Brazil. The dinosaur assemblage in the Recôncavo Basin resembles coeval units in Northeast Brazil, such as the Rio do Peixe Basin, where ornithopods coexist with sauropods and theropods. This study confirms the presence of ornithischian dinosaurs in Brazil based on osteological evidence, expanding their biogeographic and temporal range before the continental rifting between South America and Africa. Additionally, these findings reinforce the fossiliferous potential of Cretaceous deposits in Bahia State, which have been underexplored since their initial discoveries.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2024.2318406",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2024.2318406",
    openalex = "W4394757978",
    references = "breeden2021the, doi101016jcretres201512004, doi101016jjsames2021103369, doi101038s41598022155356, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111pala12496, doi1023072802289, doi10230730135049, doi102475ajss31695411, doi104202app005402018, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105852crpalevol2020v19a6, doi107717peerj12727, openalexw193970361"
}

@article{doi101111cla12583,
    author = "Pol, Diego and Baiano, Mattia A. and Černý, David and Novas, Fernando E. and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Pittman, Michael",
    title = "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Cladistics",
    abstract = "Gondwanan dinosaur faunae during the 20 Myr preceding the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K/Pg) extinction included several lineages that were absent or poorly represented in Laurasian landmasses. Among these, the South American fossil record contains diverse abelisaurids, arguably the most successful groups of carnivorous dinosaurs from Gondwana in the Cretaceous, reaching their highest diversity towards the end of this period. Here we describe Koleken inakayali gen. et sp. n., a new abelisaurid from the La Colonia Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Patagonia. Koleken inakayali is known from several skull bones, an almost complete dorsal series, complete sacrum, several caudal vertebrae, pelvic girdle and almost complete hind limbs. The new abelisaurid shows a unique set of features in the skull and several anatomical differences from Carnotaurus sastrei (the only other abelisaurid known from the La Colonia Formation). Koleken inakayali is retrieved as a brachyrostran abelisaurid, clustered with other South American abelisaurids from the latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian), such as Aucasaurus, Niebla and Carnotaurus. Leveraging our phylogeny estimates, we explore rates of morphological evolution across ceratosaurian lineages, finding them to be particularly high for elaphrosaurine noasaurids and around the base of Abelisauridae, before the Early Cretaceous radiation of the latter clade. The Noasauridae and their sister clade show contrasting patterns of morphological evolution, with noasaurids undergoing an early phase of accelerated evolution of the axial and hind limb skeleton in the Jurassic, and the abelisaurids exhibiting sustained high rates of cranial evolution during the Early Cretaceous. These results provide much needed context for the evolutionary dynamics of ceratosaurian theropods, contributing to broader understanding of macroevolutionary patterns across dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12583",
    doi = "10.1111/cla.12583",
    openalex = "W4398169218",
    references = "doi101002spp21375, doi101016jcretres2019104312, doi101016jcretres2020104408, doi101016jcretres2021104829, doi101038s41598019453069, doi101038s41598022155356, doi101038srep44942, doi101080027246342013776562, doi1010800272463420201877151, doi1010801477201920222093661, doi101111brv12666, doi101111cla12524, doi101111zoj12425, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi101371journalpone0088905, doi105852crpalevol2020v19a6, doi107717peerj5976"
}

@article{doi101002spp270034,
    author = "Lockwood, Jeremy A. F. and Martill, David M. and Maidment, Susannah C. R.",
    title = "The origins of neural spine elongation in iguanodontian dinosaurs and the osteology of a new sail‐back styracosternan (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden Group of England",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Papers in Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract The Wealden Group of southern England was deposited during the late Berriasian to early Aptian interval. It records a critical time in the development of iguanodontian dinosaur diversity, which increased from low levels during the Jurassic to higher levels in the Aptian and Albian. A new iguanodontian dinosaur, Istiorachis macarthurae gen. et sp. nov. from the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group) of the Isle of Wight, exhibits hyperelongation of the dorsal and caudal neural spines, suggesting that it possessed a possible sail structure. Ancestral state reconstruction for the relative height of dorsal neural spines in iguanodontians demonstrates that modest elongation began with Ankylopollexia in the Late Jurassic and elongation became established during the Berriasian stage of the Early Cretaceous, albeit with widely disparate values. Hyperelongation of neural spines occurred more sporadically throughout the Cretaceous, being recorded most often in the Barremian and early Aptian. Possible explanations for neural spine elongation in Ankylopollexia include biomechanical advantage, perhaps related to greater mass and a locomotory shift towards quadrupedalism, and visual signalling driven either by sexual selection or species recognition, or both. The function of elongate neural spines was probably pluralistic and differed in different taxa. No single explanation fully supports the variation seen throughout the Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.70034",
    doi = "10.1002/spp2.70034",
    openalex = "W4413415256",
    references = "doi101007s125490110068y, doi101016jgloplacha201804004, doi101017s0022336000036076, doi101093biolinneanblaa105, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111cla12524, doi101111j2041210x201200223x, doi101126science28253921298, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi1023071445584, doi10230730135049, doi102475ajs2628975, doi105962p313819, doi107717peerj12727, doi107717peerj16505, gates2018a, tsogtbaatar2019a, vonhuene1923carnivorous"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres2025106087,
    author = "Serrano-Brañas, Claudia Inés and Espinosa-Chávez, Belinda and de León-Dávila, Claudio and Maccracken, S. Augusta and Guevara, Daniela Barrera and Torres‐Rodríguez, Esperanza and Prieto‐Márquez, Albert",
    title = "A long-handed new ornithomimid dinosaur from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Coahuila, Mexico",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106087",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106087",
    openalex = "W4406894044",
    references = "doi101038nature13874, doi101038s41598023408043, doi101093zoolinneanzlab013, doi101098rspb20120660, doi101111cla12160, doi101139e72031, doi1023072408678, doi1023072408870, doi102475ajss33922981, doi105281zenodo1040385, doi105281zenodo13315375, openalexw3190253505"
}

@article{doi1033740140660108,
    author = "Farlow, James O. and Galton, Peter M. and Hyatt, James A. and Drzewiecki, Peter and Penrod, Amanda and Whitcraft, James",
    title = "Dinosaur Footprints from the Lower Jurassic East Berlin Formation, Dinosaur State Park, Rocky Hill, Connecticut",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History",
    abstract = "In 1966 and 1967 three-toed footprints made by bipedal dinosaurs were discovered in the Lower Jurassic East Berlin Formation at Rocky Hill, Connecticut [now Dinosaur State Park (DSP)]. The tracks occur in a larger East Tracksite and an adjacent smaller West Tracksite. We present a thorough description of the dinosaur tracks of the West Tracksite, and as complete a description of the East Tracksite as is presently possible. Footprints mainly occur in two beds; tracks in the lowermost of these beds are mostly or entirely transmitted undertracks. Most DSP trackways were made by dinosaurs walking normally. Quality of morphological preservation is variable. Prints show features consistent with those of tracks attributed to theropod dinosaurs, being longer than broad, with acuminate toetips, sometimes with a slight sigmoid curvature to the digit III impression. Two discrete digital pads are sometimes seen in the digit II impression. Most of the footprints fall in the length range of 30–40 cm, but some prints in the East Tracksite were made by considerably smaller dinosaurs. The more common larger prints are consistent with the ichnotaxa Eubrontes and possibly Kayentapus, and the smaller prints with Anchisauripus (or Grallator). Trackways are mostly linear, with relative stride lengths comparable to those of other trackways attributed to theropods; footprints generally angle outward with respect to the trackmaker's direction of travel. Some trackways, however, show more erratic movements, and one trackway preserves touchdowns of the manus. Although some trackways parallel others, for the site as a whole there is no clearly defined direction of trackmaker travel. Some unusual trackways show features that in other ichnofaunas are interpreted as showing swimming or punting behavior on the part of their makers, but making the same inference for the odd DSP trackways is complicated by the possibility that the putative “swimmer” footprints are undertracks.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3374/014.066.0108",
    doi = "10.3374/014.066.0108",
    openalex = "W4409825402",
    references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi10103820167, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi1010800891296320181563784, doi101126science2344778842, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi105860choice435902, doi107312lock90868, farlow2022pedal, farlow2023dragons, openalexw114509570, openalexw2894525608, openalexw2912219260"
}

@article{doi104202app012112024,
    author = "Linden, Tom T.P. Van Der and Wallaard, Jonathan J.W. and Rijke, Maarten De and Fraaije, René H.B.",
    title = "The first description of dinosaurian eggshell from the Maastrichtian Lance Formation, Wyoming, North America",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = "Although numerous fossils have been excavated and described from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Lance Formation, eggs and eggshell remains are rare and have yet to be described in detail. Here, we provide the first description of an eggshell found in the Lance Formation in eastern Wyoming. The eggshell can be attributed to the oofamily Ovaloolithidae, and is most comparable to the oogenus Ovaloolithus based on the smooth outer surface, the eggshell thickness, the closely packed shell units, and the presence of two layers. The eggshell can tentatively be ascribed to either ornithopod or non-avian theropod dinosaurs. This new eggshell expands our understanding of the geographical distribution of ovaloolithid ootaxa throughout the uppermost Cretaceous of North America, having been previously described from the Maastrichtian North Horn Formation of Utah.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.01211.2024",
    doi = "10.4202/app.01211.2024",
    openalex = "W4414358821",
    references = "doi101002spp21430, doi101016jcretres2025106087"
}

@article{doi102110palo2025026,
    author = "Drzewiecki, Peter and Steinen, Randolph P. and Bora, Erick T. and Milardo, Justin S.",
    title = "CONSTRAINING DINOSAUR BEHAVIOR FROM PALEOENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATIONS: EARLY JURASSIC EAST BERLIN FORMATION, DINOSAUR STATE PARK, ROCKY HILL, CONNECTICUT, USA",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Palaios",
    abstract = "Abstract The paleoenvironment of the tracked strata in the Early Jurassic East Berlin Formation at Dinosaur State Park (DSP) in Rocky Hill, Connecticut, USA was traditionally ascribed to the margin of a perennial lake, and dinosaur behavior was interpreted within this context. This contribution interprets the environment as an ephemeral lake system based on detailed sedimentological investigations and correlation to nearby outcrops and cores. Laminated carbonaceous mudstone and structureless to planar-bedded mudstone are grouped into a perennial lake facies association that reflects periods of deposition in large lakes in the Hartford Basin. Rippled mudstone, disrupted mudstone, planar-parallel and trough cross-bedded sandstone, and crinkly laminated mudstone to sandstone facies are grouped into the ephemeral lake facies association deposited when the climate was arid. Microbial communities occasionally colonized the shallow subaqueous or exposed moist sediment surface in these ephemeral lake systems. Over 750 Eubrontes tracks are exposed on three beds interpreted as having been deposited in ephemeral lake sandflats. These track layers correlate directly into ephemeral lake facies in nearby cores and outcrops, with no evidence of a contemporaneous perennial lake. This paleoenvironmental interpretation has implications for understanding theropod dinosaur behavior, particularly as it relates to suspected swimming activity and aquatic feeding strategies. Microbial mats likely increased the time the surfaces were available for track registration and enhanced their preservation. Finally, this new interpretation impacts our understanding of the dinosaurian ecological structure of the Early Jurassic in the Hartford Basin and constrains the possible reasons that the theropod dinosaurs were at DSP.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2025.026",
    doi = "10.2110/palo.2025.026",
    openalex = "W7124724863",
    references = "doi1010160031018295001719, doi101016jearscirev200903004, doi101093oso97801951335300010001, doi101098rsta19990400, doi101126science1234204, doi101126science2344778842, doi1011300091761319990270099scoalb23co2, doi101146annurevearth060614105355, doi102110jsr201511, doi1023073515357, doi1033740140660202, farlow2023dragons"
}