@article{darwin1845the1,
    author = "Darwin, C",
    title = "The Voyage of the Beagle.(Originally published as Journal of Researches, it has now appeared in numerous publications",
    year = "1845",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darwin, C., 1845, The Voyage of the Beagle.(Originally published as Journal of Researches, it has now appeared in numerous publications.}"
}

@article{darwin1887the2,
    author = "Darwin, F",
    title = "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin",
    year = "1887",
    journal = "London, John Murray",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darwin, F., 1887, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin: London, John Murray.}"
}

@book{doi105962bhltitle50683,
    author = "Darwin, Charles and Darwin, Francis",
    title = "The life and letters of Charles Darwin: including an autobiographical chapter",
    year = "1887",
    booktitle = "D. Appleton eBooks",
    abstract = "1. The spread of evolution 'Variation of Animals and Plants' 1863-1866 2. The publication of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication' January 1867-June 1868 3. Work on 'Man' 1864-1870 4. The publication of the 'Descent of Man', the 'Expression of the Emotions' 1871-1873 5. Miscellanea, including second editions of 'Coral Reefs', the 'Descent of Man' and the 'Variation of Animals and Plants' 1874-1875 6. Miscellaneous letters 1876-1882 7. Fertilisation on flowers 1839-1880 8. The 'Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom' 1866-1877 9. 'Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species' 1860-1878 10. Climbing and insectivorous plants 1863-1875 11. The 'Power of Movement in Plants' 1878-1881 12. Miscellaneous botanical letters 1873-1882 13. Conclusion Appendices.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50683",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.50683",
    openalex = "W2115400095"
}

@article{darwin1896the,
    author = "DARWIN, FRANCIS",
    title = "The Letters of Charles Darwin",
    year = "1896",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/055196c0",
    doi = "10.1038/055196c0",
    number = "1418",
    openalex = "W4230642708",
    pages = "196-196",
    volume = "55"
}

@book{doi105962bhltitle46292,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "The origin of species, by Charles Darwin.",
    year = "1900",
    abstract = "With his revolutionary work The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin overthrew contemporary beliefs about Divine Providence and the beginnings of life on earth. Written for the general public of the 1850s, it is a rigorously documented but highly readable account of the scientific theory that now lies at the root of our present attitude to the universe. Challenging notions such as the fixity of species with the idea of natural selection, and setting forth the results of pioneering work on the ecology of animals and plants, it made a lasting contribution to philosophical and scientific thought.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46292",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.46292",
    openalex = "W2107411326",
    references = "doi10432497802030907329"
}

@article{doi1023071412721,
    author = "Darwin, Francis and Seward, A. C. and Darwin, Charles",
    title = "More Letters of Charles Darwin: A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters",
    year = "1903",
    journal = "The American Journal of Psychology",
    abstract = {Price "5;! \ net KR? II dose most biographies "ith the exclamation " 100 10215; andtar too many ietti: 5;." but the three voium es of the " Life and Let ters of Charies Darwin," published in 18.87, let; their rea ad((225, like yeuhg Oiiver 'i'wist, " agiiing fer mere."},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1412721",
    doi = "10.2307/1412721",
    openalex = "W4239275612"
}

@book{openalexw2163836228,
    author = "Darwin, Francis",
    title = "More Letters of Charles Darwin",
    year = "1903",
    abstract = "I AM preparing to publish a supplementary series of Charles Darwin's letters. My projected volume will include a full selection from those letters of a purely scientific interest which I was unable to print in the “Life and Letters,” as well as from any fresh material that may now be entrusted to me.",
    openalex = "W2163836228"
}

@book{doi105962bhltitle28345,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "The voyage of the Beagle / by Charles Darwin; with introduction and notes.",
    year = "1909",
    booktitle = "P.F. Collier \& Son eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.28345",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.28345",
    openalex = "W2499292920"
}

@article{sampson1909letters,
    author = "Sampson, F. A.",
    title = "Letters from Charles Darwin",
    year = "1909",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.30.766.303",
    doi = "10.1126/science.30.766.303",
    number = "766",
    openalex = "W2063391258",
    pages = "303-304",
    volume = "30"
}

@article{doi101093aesa272277,
    author = "C.H.K.",
    title = "Charles Darwin'S Diary of the Voyage of H. M. S. “Beagle,”",
    year = "1934",
    journal = "Annals of the Entomological Society of America",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/27.2.277",
    doi = "10.1093/aesa/27.2.277",
    openalex = "W4240761223"
}

@article{oppermann1947charles,
    author = "Oppermann, R.H.",
    title = "Charles Darwin and the voyage of the Beagle",
    year = "1947",
    journal = "Journal of the Franklin Institute",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-0032(47)90115-4",
    doi = "10.1016/0016-0032(47)90115-4",
    number = "6",
    pages = "505",
    volume = "243"
}

@article{straus1960the,
    author = "Straus, W. L.",
    title = "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin. Francis Darwin",
    year = "1960",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/403018",
    doi = "10.1086/403018",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2516120104",
    pages = "139-139",
    volume = "35"
}

@misc{debeer1963charles3,
    author = "De Beer, G",
    title = "Charles Darwin",
    year = "1963",
    howpublished = "London, Nelson and Sons",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {De Beer, G., 1963, Charles Darwin: London, Nelson and Sons.}"
}

@article{mayr1971the,
    author = "Mayr, Ernst",
    title = "The life and letters of Charles Darwin,",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-3681(71)90045-8",
    doi = "10.1016/0039-3681(71)90045-8",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2468052742",
    pages = "273-280",
    volume = "2",
    references = "doi101007bf00351923, doi1010381841102a0, doi101177007327536500400102, doi1023072412191, doi105962bhltitle166197, doi105962bhltitle94306, openalexw1501278615, openalexw579187753"
}

@article{doi101111j109583121982tb02016x,
    author = "Moore, James",
    title = "Charles Darwin lies in Westminster Abbey",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Journal Article Charles Darwin lies in Westminster Abbey Get access JAMES R. MOORE JAMES R. MOORE 1Faculty of Arts, The Open University, Milton Keynes, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 17, Issue 1, February 1982, Pages 97–113, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1982.tb02016.x Published: 28 June 2008",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1982.tb02016.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1095-8312.1982.tb02016.x",
    openalex = "W2006537717"
}

@article{doi1011770013161x87023003002,
    author = "Smith, Louis M.",
    title = "The Voyage of the Beagle: Field Work Lessons from Charles Darwin",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Educational Administration Quarterly",
    abstract = "A careful reading of the letters Charles Darwin wrote to his family during his five years on the H.M.S. Beagle present a picture of his approach to the nature and problems off fieldwork in natural history-geology, botany, and biology. In this essay, the question is posed of the relevance of his work for those doing field work in education and social science. A dozen issues, ranging from his initial motivation to make the voyage to the development of his professional identity, were raised. They clustered into three groupings-those involving personal characteristics, those reflecting facilitating conditions such as mentoring and resources, and those involving the process of field work such as the open-ended quality of his agenda, the when and how of literature review, and the relation of description to theorizing. Several broader interpretations are raised regarding the degree to which social science concepts and generalizations are time-free and context-free and the relationships among field research methods and biological and historical research methods useful to the student of educational administration.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161x87023003002",
    doi = "10.1177/0013161x87023003002",
    openalex = "W2111128751",
    references = "doi101037h0034436, doi101037h0046016, doi101037h0076829, doi1023072065439, doi1023072222904, doi1043249780203793206, openalexw1600912621, openalexw2116343313, openalexw612243507, oppermann1947charles"
}

@article{doi105860choice264467,
    title = "Charles Darwin's Beagle diary",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "List of illustrations Introduction Acknowledgements Note on editorial policy Principal sources of references The Beagle Diary 1831-1836 Biographical register Index.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.26-4467",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.26-4467",
    openalex = "W1538896622"
}

@article{doi101086ahr1013837,
    author = "Magner, Lois N.",
    title = "Janet Browne. Charles Darwin. Volume 1, Voyaging. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1995. Pp. xiii, 605. $35.00",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "The American Historical Review",
    abstract = "Journal Article Janet Browne. Charles Darwin. Volume 1, Voyaging. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1995. Pp. xiii, 605. $35.00 Get access Browne Janet. Charles Darwin. Volume 1, Voyaging. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1995. Pp. xiii, 605. $35.00. Lois N. Magner Lois N. Magner Purdue University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 101, Issue 3, June 1996, Pages 837–838, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/101.3.837 Published: 01 June 1996",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/101.3.837",
    doi = "10.1086/ahr/101.3.837",
    openalex = "W3110930036"
}

@article{doi101001jama199703540260052035,
    author = "Barloon, Thomas J.",
    title = "Charles Darwin and Panic Disorder",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "JAMA",
    abstract = "Charles Darwin (1809-1882) suffered from a chronic illness that, throughout much of his adult life, impaired his functioning and severely limited his activities. The writings of this famous scientist as well as biographical materials indicate that he probably suffered from an anxiety disorder. His symptoms, when considered individually, suggest a variety of conditions, but taken together they point toward panic disorder with agoraphobia. This diagnosis brings coherence to Darwin's activities and explains his secluded lifestyle, including difficulty in speaking before groups and meeting with colleagues.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03540260052035",
    doi = "10.1001/jama.1997.03540260052035",
    openalex = "W2095128326",
    references = "doi1010381841102a0"
}

@incollection{bowler2002charles,
    author = "Bowler, Peter J.",
    title = "Charles Darwin",
    year = "2002",
    booktitle = "Cambridge Scientific Minds",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107590137.009",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9781107590137.009",
    pages = "94-106"
}

@incollection{mayr2002charles,
    author = "Mayr, Ernst",
    title = "Charles Darwin",
    year = "2002",
    booktitle = "Die Entwicklung der biologischen Gedankenwelt",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61759-1\_9",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-642-61759-1\_9",
    pages = "314-339"
}

@article{doi101017s0269889703000772,
    author = "Browne, Janet",
    title = "Charles Darwin as a Celebrity",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Science in Context",
    abstract = "Argument Several recent works in sociology examine the manufacture of public identities through the notion of celebrity. This paper explores the imagery of Charles Darwin as a nineteenth-century scientific celebrity by comparing the public character deliberately manufactured by Darwin and his friends with images constructed by the public as represented here by caricatures in humorous magazines of the era. It is argued that Darwin’s outward persona drew on a subtle tension between public and private. The boundaries between public and private were blurred by the ritual of Darwin “showing” himself in the flesh, either at home to visitors or, more rarely, on public occasions. The reputation for privacy and illness that he built up added materially to this public face. By contrast, caricatures tended to depict him as an ape. These apish representations played a significant role in associating Darwin, rather than any other thinker, with the notion of evolution, and in creating an alternative public persona over which he had no direct control.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0269889703000772",
    doi = "10.1017/s0269889703000772",
    openalex = "W2147758409",
    references = "darwin2009the, doi10108000033797500200531, doi1015159783110848281, doi1023071770767, doi1023072089106, doi102307258197, doi1023073727019, doi10230740135037, doi105860choice350178, doi105860choice386148, openalexw2139264234"
}

@book{openalexw2103828688,
    author = "Browne, Janet",
    title = "Charles Darwin: voyaging",
    year = "2003",
    booktitle = "UCL Discovery (University College London)",
    abstract = "Few lives of great men offer so much interest - and so many mysteries-as the life of Charles Darwin. Many books have been devoted to various aspects of his theories, his personality, even his inexplicable ill-health. Now, in this truly magisterial biography, Janet Browne brings Darwin to us whole. With great subtlety and understanding, using a range of materials and subject matter she is uniquely qualified to deploy, she enables us to see Darwin and the world of 19th century science with fascinating clarity. This volume, the first of two, takes him from childhood and university through the BEAGLE voyage, which shaped him as a scientist, and the years of experiment and thought leading up to his difficult decision to publish THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES.",
    openalex = "W2103828688"
}

@article{doi101007s1033600400438,
    author = "Steinheimer, Frank D.",
    title = "Charles Darwin’s bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. “Beagle”, 1831–1836",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal für Ornithologie",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-004-0043-8",
    doi = "10.1007/s10336-004-0043-8",
    openalex = "W2028014542",
    references = "doi101007bf00132004, doi101007bf00133143, doi101017cbo9781107280403, doi1023074785, doi105860choice365687, doi105962bhltitle14581, doi105962bhltitle4489, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle61216, doi105962bhltitle82303, hindle1964charles, openalexw2155132113"
}

@article{s27fe92c5df84971f646e850ba5e8143c7d2d53acc,
    author = "Hanley, B.",
    title = {"The Greatest Victorian" in the New Century: The Enduring Relevance of Walter Bagehot's Commentary on Literature, Scholarship, and Public Life},
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Papers on language and literature",
    abstract = "In 1937, one year after he published his landmark study, England: Portrait of an Age, George M. Young contributed a pair of essays to the Spectator in which he identifies Walter as Greatest Victorian from a list that included George Eliot, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, John Ruskin, and Charles Darwin. We are looking for a man who was in and of his age and who could have been of no other, Young states in his essay, a man with sympathy to share, and genius, to judge, its sentiments and movements: a man not too illustrious or too consummate to be companionable, but one, nevertheless, whose ideas took root and are still bearing; whose influence, passing from one fit mind to another, could transmit, and can still impart, the most precious element in civilization, its and masculine sanity. Such a man there was: and I award the place to Walter Bagehot. (163) Young's choice is plausible enough given the date of his essay. The influence of Bagehot's thought and the popularity of his writings in his own day can hardly be said to have receded in the decades following his death in 1877. Editions of his collected works were published in 1889 and 1915; an edition of his letters followed in 1933. Critical essays on Bagehot--including appreciative pieces by Woodrow Wilson (1895; 1898)--and reviews of reprints and editions of his writings appeared with some regularity. One measure of Bagehot's high standing at the historical moment when Young proclaimed him Greatest Victorian is that William Irvine's Walter Bagehot, a 300-page, rigorous study of Bagehot's life and work that is not likely ever to be completely superseded, was reviewed in The New York Times Book Review, the London Sunday Times, the Spectator, the Review of English Studies, the American Historical Review, and other leading scholarly and general-interest publications. Alastair Buchan, author of the standard biography of Bagehot, lends credence to, if he does not quite echo, Young's positioning of at the head of his contemporaries when he argues that no scholar, student or common reader can travel very far into the history of the last hundred years without meeting the name of Walter Bagehot (9). Plausible as Young's commentary might have been three quarters of a century ago, it is highly unlikely that scholars today would agree with his assessment of Bagehot's place in history. It is difficult to imagine, for instance, winning so much as an honorable mention as the most influential thinker of the age from scholars in the humanities and the social sciences against such competition as Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. And it hardly needs mentioning that the very idea of robust and masculine sanity as a criterion for greatness would probably strike many modern readers as vaguely disturbing, gothic, or simply unintelligible. Even in the realms of economics and politics, where Bagehot's works have managed to attract a core of modern readers--Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market and The English Constitution are still in print--Bagehot's primacy remains open to dispute. In economics, for example, would almost certainly rank behind Henry Sidgwick, John Shield Nicholson, and other Victorian-era disciples of David Ricardo. As an historian of British political institutions would likely fare better, but some scholars would no doubt choose Albert Venn Dicey or Frederic W. Maitland as Greatest Victorian in this field. Bagehot's Physics \& Politics (1867), which appeared originally as a series of essays in The Fortnightly Review and which has recently been reprinted, surely falls beneath the works of Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner, and Auberon Herbert as an example of the rise of social Darwinism in the last third of the nineteenth century. That no longer draws the esteem he once did finds expression in the meager scholarly output devoted to his works over the past four decades. …",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7fe92c5df84971f646e850ba5e8143c7d2d53acc",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W229684841",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "2",
    semanticscholar_id = "7fe92c5df84971f646e850ba5e8143c7d2d53acc"
}

@article{doi101017s0025727300010528,
    author = "Waller, J.",
    title = "Charles Darwin, The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex , edited and with an introduction by James Moore Adrian Desmond, London, Penguin Books, 2004, pp. lxvi, 791, illus. £9.99 (paperback 0-140-43631-6).",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Medical History",
    url = "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F9048CA048695DBA38C477DA8D16062F/S0025727300010528a.pdf/div-class-title-charles-darwin-span-class-italic-the-descent-of-man-and-selection-in-relation-to-sex-span-edited-and-with-an-introduction-by-james-moore-adrian-desmond-london-penguin-books-2004-pp-lxvi-791-illus-9-99-paperback-0-140-43631-6-div.pdf",
    doi = "10.1017/S0025727300010528",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    pages = "558-559",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "2",
    semanticscholar_id = "f842b09f5d2a29caacccdb7a5771b16d9db84ac2",
    volume = "50"
}

@article{doi101098rsnr20060160,
    author = "Orrego, Fernando and Quintana, Carlos",
    title = "Darwin's illness: a final diagnosis",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Notes and Records the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science",
    abstract = "We have re-examined many of the abundant publications on the illness that afflicted Charles Darwin during most of his life, including some of the 416 health-related letters in his correspondence, as well as his autobiographical writings. We have concluded that he suffered from Crohn's disease, located mainly in his upper small intestine. This explains his upper abdominal pain, his flatulence and vomiting, as well as his articular and neurological symptoms, his 'extreme fatigue', low fever and especially the chronic, relapsing course of his illness that evolved in bouts, did not affect his life expectancy and decreased with old age, and also the time of life at which it started. It apparently does not explain, however, many of his cutaneous symptoms. We do not support other diagnoses such as Chagas' disease, lactose intolerance or the many psychiatric conditions that have been postulated.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2006.0160",
    doi = "10.1098/rsnr.2006.0160",
    openalex = "W2050671911",
    references = "doi1010381841102a0"
}

@article{doi101111j10963642200700266x,
    author = "Reid, G.",
    title = "Darwin’s Fishes. An Encyclopedia of Ichthyology, Ecology and Evolution",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d6cb77b8f7c178f09fc58f0878888af371a8ca2c",
    doi = "10.1111/J.1096-3642.2007.00266.X",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "2",
    pages = "291-292",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "14",
    semanticscholar_id = "d6cb77b8f7c178f09fc58f0878888af371a8ca2c",
    volume = "149"
}

@incollection{ruse2007charles,
    author = "Ruse, Michael",
    title = "CHARLES DARWIN",
    year = "2007",
    booktitle = "Philosophy of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-044451543-8/50003-4",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-044451543-8/50003-4",
    pages = "1-35"
}

@misc{crossref2008charles,
    title = "Charles Darwin",
    year = "2008",
    booktitle = "Charles Darwin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444301366.ch1",
    doi = "10.1002/9781444301366.ch1",
    pages = "1-20"
}

@article{doi101007s1205200801032,
    author = "Eldredge, Niles",
    title = "Experimenting with Transmutation: Darwin, the Beagle, and Evolution",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Evolution Education and Outreach",
    abstract = "Detailed analysis of Darwin’s scientific notes and other writings from the Beagle voyage reveals a focus on endemism and replacement of allied taxa in time and in space that began early in the journey. Though it is impossible to determine exactly when Darwin became a transmutationist, the evidence suggests that he was conversant with the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and others and testing (“experimenting” with) them—before he received a copy of Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. 2, in November 1832, in which Lyell describes and disputes Lamarck’s theory. To the two rhea species of Patagonia and the four mockingbird species of the Galapagos, we can now add the living Patagonian cavy (rodent) species, and its extinct putatively related species that Darwin collected at Monte Hermoso (Bahia Blanca) in the Fall of 1832, as a replacement pattern absolutely critical to the development of Darwin’s transmutational thinking. Darwin developed his first transmutational theory by adopting “Brocchi’s analogy” (Rudwick 2008)—i.e. that births and deaths of species are analogous to the births and deaths of individuals. Births and deaths of species, as of individuals, are thus explicable in terms of natural causes. Darwin explored these themes and the replacement of the extinct cavy by the modern species explicitly in his February 1835 essay (Darwin 1835a).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-008-0103-2",
    doi = "10.1007/s12052-008-0103-2",
    openalex = "W1984267484",
    references = "doi101007bf00133143, doi101017cbo9780511701559, doi101038436643a, doi105860choice264467, doi105860choice432771, doi105962bhltitle128554, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi107208chicago97802267310010010001, doi107208chicago97802267313080010001, openalexw2103828688, penrose1958the"
}

@incollection{crossref2009charles,
    title = "Charles Darwin",
    year = "2009",
    booktitle = "Darwin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvm7bcpt.4",
    doi = "10.2307/j.ctvm7bcpt.4",
    pages = "17-52"
}

@misc{darwin2009the,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin",
    year = "2009",
    abstract = "This book, the first of three-volumes detailing the life of Charles Darwin, published five years after his death, was edited by his son Francis, who was his father's collaborator in experiments in botany and who after his death took on the responsibility of overseeing the publication of his remaining manuscript works and letters. In the preface to the first volume, Francis Darwin explains his editorial principles: 'In choosing letters for publication I have been largely guided by the wish to illustrate my father's personal character. But his life was so essentially one of work, that a history of the man could not be written without following closely the career of the author.' Among the family history, anecdotes and reminiscences of scientific colleagues is a short autobiographical essay which Charles Darwin wrote for his children and grandchildren, rather than for publication. This account of Darwin the man has never been bettered.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511702884",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511702884",
    openalex = "W2159440094"
}

@article{doi101007s0043900906376,
    author = "Harper, P.",
    title = "The correspondence of Charles Darwin 1868",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Human Genetics",
    url = "http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1015522?pdf=render",
    doi = "10.1007/s00439-009-0637-6",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    pages = "465-466",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "e33948a03e27ea5a375ee519659189e6e6f4c782",
    volume = "125"
}

@article{doi101007s1073900991899,
    author = "Brinkman, Paul D.",
    title = "Charles Darwin’s Beagle Voyage, Fossil Vertebrate Succession, and “The Gradual Birth \& Death of Species”",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-009-9189-9",
    doi = "10.1007/s10739-009-9189-9",
    openalex = "W2016832898",
    references = "doi101007s1205200801032, doi101177007327538402200401, doi105860choice413408"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511576799,
    author = "van Wyhe, John",
    title = "Charles Darwin's Shorter Publications, 1829–1883",
    year = "2009",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Charles Darwin's words first appeared in print as a student at Christ's College, Cambridge in 1829, and in almost every subsequent year of his life he published essays, articles, letters to editors, or other brief works. These shorter publications contain a wealth of valuable material. They represent an important part of the Darwin visible to the Victorian public, alongside his ever present sense of humour, and reveal an even wider variety of his scientific interests and abilities, which continued to his final days. This book brings together all known shorter publications and printed items Darwin wrote during his lifetime, including his first and his last publications, and the first publication, with A. R. Wallace, of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. With over seventy newly discovered items, the book is fully edited and annotated, and contains original illustrations and a comprehensive bibliography.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511576799",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511576799",
    openalex = "W2016657242",
    references = "doi101007s1033600400438, doi1010160039368174900247, openalexw1501278615"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511702891,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin",
    year = "2009",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "This book, the second of three-volumes detailing the life of Charles Darwin, published five years after his death, was edited by his son Francis, who was his father's collaborator in experiments in botany and who after his death took on the responsibility of overseeing the publication of his remaining manuscript works and letters. In the preface to the first volume, Francis Darwin explains his editorial principles: 'In choosing letters for publication I have been largely guided by the wish to illustrate my father's personal character. But his life was so essentially one of work, that a history of the man could not be written without following closely the career of the author.' Among the family history, anecdotes and reminiscences of scientific colleagues is a short autobiographical essay which Charles Darwin wrote for his children and grandchildren, rather than for publication. This account of Darwin the man has never been bettered.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511702891",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511702891",
    openalex = "W1498378414"
}

@article{doi101038461732a,
    author = "Elgar, M.",
    title = "Darwin's legacy down under",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://www.nature.com/articles/461732a.pdf",
    doi = "10.1038/461732A",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "7265",
    pages = "732-732",
    semanticscholar_id = "a75a2643bb6e16e5a574b841b16105b166fc2c56",
    volume = "461"
}

@article{doi101086605704,
    author = "Manthorne, Katherine E.",
    title = "Darwin’s Ear and Artistic Convergences in the 1870s",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "American Art",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b57146479d3f0a452c51b087eef2054190cb258d",
    doi = "10.1086/605704",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "2",
    pages = "12-15",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "b57146479d3f0a452c51b087eef2054190cb258d",
    volume = "23"
}

@article{doi101111j14388677200900243x,
    author = "Kutschera, U. and Briggs, Winslow R.",
    title = "From Charles Darwin’s botanical country‐house studies to modern plant biology",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Plant Biology",
    abstract = "As a student of theology at Cambridge University, Charles Darwin (1809-1882) attended the lectures of the botanist John S. Henslow (1796-1861). This instruction provided the basis for his life-long interest in plants as well as the species question. This was a major reason why in his book On the Origin of Species, which was published 150 years ago, Darwin explained his metaphorical phrase 'struggle for life' with respect to animals and plants. In this article, we review Darwin's botanical work with reference to the following topics: the struggle for existence in the vegetable kingdom with respect to the phytochrome-mediated shade avoidance response; the biology of flowers and Darwin's plant-insect co-evolution hypothesis; climbing plants and the discovery of action potentials; the power of movement in plants and Darwin's conflict with the German plant physiologist Julius Sachs; and light perception by growing grass coleoptiles with reference to the phototropins. Finally, we describe the establishment of the scientific discipline of Plant Biology that took place in the USA 80 years ago, and define this area of research with respect to Darwin's work on botany and the physiology of higher plants.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00243.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00243.x",
    openalex = "W2095912279",
    references = "doi101038436643a, doi101146annurevento53103106093436"
}

@article{doi101162jinh2010403347,
    author = "Browne, Janet",
    title = "Making Darwin: Biography and the Changing Representations of Charles Darwin",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "The Journal of Interdisciplinary History",
    abstract = "Biographies of scientists are generating fresh interest as current movements in the historiography of science increasingly focus on the social aspects of science and on the criteria that most accurately describe a scientific life. Biography is the form through which the work of a scientist can be located in its fullest historical context. It can also reveal much about the construction of reputation and about the reception of ideas. The biographical tradition surrounding the naturalist Charles Darwin from 1882 to the present day has employed a variegated imagery, exemplifying how writings about scientific figures have adjusted to changing cultural and scientific norms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2010.40.3.347",
    doi = "10.1162/jinh.2010.40.3.347",
    openalex = "W2076272440",
    references = "doi101017s0007087405006977, doi101017s0269889703000772, openalexw1836721459"
}

@article{doi101177007327530904700407,
    author = "van Wyhe, John",
    title = "Darwin Online and the Evolution of the Darwin Industry",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "History of Science",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/741725952b0ab67e728ebde017c50429473ca9d2",
    doi = "10.1177/007327530904700407",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    pages = "459-473",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "16",
    semanticscholar_id = "741725952b0ab67e728ebde017c50429473ca9d2",
    volume = "47"
}

@article{rees2009book,
    author = "Rees, Paul A.",
    title = "Book review: Charles Darwin: The “Beagle” Letters",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "American Journal of Human Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20910",
    doi = "10.1002/ajhb.20910",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2002496373",
    pages = "410-410",
    volume = "21"
}

@article{williams2009charles,
    author = "Williams, David M.",
    title = "Charles Darwin: The ‘Beagle’- Edited by F. Burkhardt",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01259.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01259.x",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W1910960085",
    pages = "705-706",
    volume = "98",
    references = "doi101002tax581007, doi101007bf00132004, doi101007bf00133143, doi101007s1205200801032, doi101017s0007087405006977, doi101017s0269889703000772, doi101038456324a, doi101086414041, openalexw1836721459"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9781139103831,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the Voyage of HMS Beagle round the World, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N.",
    year = "2011",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Charles Darwin (1809–82) was the English naturalist famous for the theory of evolution by natural selection. He began studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but developed a fascination for natural history and left Edinburgh to attend Christ's College, Cambridge, where he pursued his new interest while taking a Bachelor of Arts degree. After graduating, he had the opportunity to secure a position as ship's naturalist aboard H.M.S. Beagle for a five-year, round-the-world voyage which would make him famous. Published in 1845, this book is the second edition of Darwin's expedition journal, more popularly known as The Voyage of the Beagle. Throughout the journey he made observations and discoveries that would lead him to develop his revolutionary theory of evolution, which later appeared in On the Origin of Species and created a storm in the scientific and religious communities",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139103831",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9781139103831",
    openalex = "W1969638819"
}

@article{doi101017s0007087411000641,
    author = "Yannielli, Joseph",
    title = "A Yahgan for the killing: murder, memory and Charles Darwin",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "The British Journal for the History of Science",
    abstract = "Abstract In March 1742, British naval officer John Byron witnessed a murder on the western coast of South America. Both Charles Darwin and Robert FitzRoy seized upon Byron's story a century later, and it continues to play an important role in Darwin scholarship today. This essay investigates the veracity of the murder, its appropriation by various authors, and its false association with the Yahgan people encountered during the second voyage of the Beagle (1831–1836). Darwin's use of the story is examined in multiple contexts, focusing on his relationship with the history of European expansion and cross-cultural interaction and related assumptions about slavery and race. The continuing fascination with Byron's story highlights the key role of historical memory in the development and interpretation of evolutionary theory.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087411000641",
    doi = "10.1017/s0007087411000641",
    openalex = "W2160989694",
    references = "doi1023071007290"
}

@article{doi10189000129623924351,
    author = "Egerton, Frank N.",
    title = "History of Ecological Sciences, Part 40: Darwin's Evolutionary Ecology",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America",
    abstract = "Click here for all previous articles in the History of the Ecological Sciences series by F. N. Egerton Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was the greatest biological scientist and a major contributor to ecological sciences (Vorzimmer 1965, Acot 1983 Dajoz 1984:46–50, 58–83). Natural history before Darwin had many ingredients of ecology, but was weak in theory. The balance of nature, including Linnaeus' version, economy of nature (Egerton 2007b:81–84), was the main example, and it was never developed as a precise theory (Egerton 1973, Kricher 2009). The evolutionary ideas of Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck had ecological relevance (Egerton 2008, 2010a) but were not developed into an elaborate theory like Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. What do I mean by evolutionary ecology? A coyote might eat different prey in different parts of its geographic range, so that is not much of an evolved relationship. However, other relationships have evolved. Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle, one of the leading botanists during the first three decades of the 1800s, was uninterested in studies on floral mechanisms that seemed to guide specific species of insects into pollinating a specific species of plants, because he did not believe that one biological species was modified to meet the needs of another species. He was aware of Lamarck's evolutionary speculations about species striving to change, but he was among the majority of botanists and zoologists who did not find Lamarck's teachings convincing. Darwin's first book after publishing the Origin of Species was on the mechanisms among orchid species that guide particular insect species to pollinate that orchid species—caused by natural selection, not by Lamarckian striving—one example of evolutionary ecology. Another example is a harmless animal species evolving by natural selection to mimic a dangerous species as a protection from predators. Darwin's Origin unleashed this line of thought before ecology became an organized science, and later ecologists readily adopted this intellectual tool (Kolasa 2011:28, 39). Darwin's Journal of Researches 1839 made substantial contributions to ecology (Egerton 2010b), and he was as well equipped after his voyage to advance understanding of the economy of nature as to advance evolutionary biology. After the Beagle publications, Darwin continued being an observational naturalist, but he also became an experimentalist. Darwin followed in the footsteps of three role models: Gilbert White, an observer, Humboldt, an observer–correlationist–experimenter, and Lyell, an observer–theoretician. Darwin commonly investigated several different subjects in a year, and even when our scope is limited to ecological subjects, a strictly chronological presentation is impractical. His post-Beagle books (Freeman 1965) usually were preceded by articles in periodicals on the subject. Fortunately, these articles are mostly republished in The Collected Papers of Charles Darwin (two volumes, 1977), and more completely in Darwin's Shorter Publications, 1829–1883 (Darwin 2009). All of Darwin's books are available on the Internet 〈Darwin–online.org.uk〉, and are also republished (Darwin 1986–1990). His Correspondence has been published by Cambridge University Press since 1985 (18 volumes extend to 1870) and is also online 〈darwinproject.ac.uk〉. The present discussion is organized in the chronological order in which he published relevant books, since the Beagle volumes covered in part 37 (Egerton 2010b). Darwin was one of the world's greatest correspondents, and many of his correspondents were happy to send useful information to him. His publications are also available in a collected set (1986–1990) and at Darwin online. After leaving the Galapagos Islands, Darwin had wondered in 1836 whether mockingbirds from different islands were varieties or species (Egerton 2010b:412–414). In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould convinced Darwin that his finch and mockingbird specimens from the Galapagos Islands were different species, and that realization made Darwin an evolutionist (Egerton 2010b:416). Darwin then began keeping notebooks in which he recorded his readings and thoughts on transmutation. His eureka moment came on 28 September 1838 (Darwin 1987:375), when he read Thomas Robert Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population (Edition 6, 1826). Why did he read a book that would seem to be peripheral to his quest? He had recently finished his Journal of Researches 1839, which he had modeled on Humboldt's Personal Narrative of Travels, and Humboldt had praised Malthus' Essay (Egerton 1970:331–332). Using information in his notebooks, Darwin wrote two early drafts of his theory, 1842 and 1844 (1909). Those notebooks and drafts provide insights into the literature he read and the progress in his thinking, 1837–1844 (Limoges 1970, Manier 1978, Kohn 1980, 1985, Ospovat 1981, Hodge 2003). Anonymous publication of Robert Chambers' Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation 1844, followed by unfavorable reviews from naturalists, inhibited Darwin from publishing his theory at that time. Instead, he wrote two monographs on living barnacles and two on fossils (1851–1854) that “brought about a new way of thinking about morphological comparisons” (Ghiselin 1969:109), and one cirripedologist (Crisp 1983:73–74) even suggested that these monographs could be considered Darwin's greatest works, even though Darwin had misunderstood aspects of female anatomy! The interest he developed in invertebrates at Edinburgh continued throughout the voyage of the Beagle, and he had wanted to include a volume on invertebrates to Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, but had not managed to do so (Love 2002:266–269). His specific interest in barnacles had been piqued in January 1835 when he discovered in the Chonos Archipelago, off the mainland of Chile, the smallest known barnacle (seen with his microscope), which he named Cryptophialus minutus (Darwin 1854:23, 566–586, 2000:274–276, Richmond 1988, Keynes 2003:264–265, Stott 2003:xx–xxi, 62–63). C. minutus was a parasite that bored through the shell of a conch Concholepas peruviana and lived in its body. While overseeing the volumes describing his vast collections from his voyage and also writing his Journal of Researches, he did not pause to explore this oddity, but after those Beagle volumes appeared, he returned to this species and was soon studying all of the barnacles. His monographs mostly contain systematic descriptions and classifications of species (Winsor 1969a, b, Ghiselin and Jaffe 1973, Southward 1983, Richmond 1988); however their introductions are relevant. Barnacles ate “infusoria” (plankton), minute spiral univalves (snails), and crustacea, including larvae of other barnacles (Darwin 1851:45–46). Pedunculated barnacles (Fig. 2) extend over the whole world, and most species have large ranges, especially those that attach to floating objects. Of those species that attach to fixed objects or to littoral animals, one rarely finds more than three or four species in any locality (Darwin 1851:65–66). Cirripedes are usually bisexual, differing from all other crustacean; when sexes are separate, males are minute and permanently epizoic on females (Darwin 1854:15). Sessil barnacles (Fig. 3) live from latitude 74° 18′ North, south to Cape Horn. Charles Darwin, about 1854. Seward 1909:Frontispiece.. Pedunculated Pollicipes. By George Sowerby. Darwin 1851: from Plate 7, 1964. Sessile barnacle: larvae of Lepus australis. By George Sowerby. Darwin 1854: from Plate 30, 1964. The area between the north Philippine Archipelago and south Australia, extending to New Zealand on the right and Sumatra on the left, has a greater number of species than the rest of the world. Probably this is mainly due to the broken nature of the land, providing diversified habitats and due to much of the coast being rocky. There are more species on the rocky coast of western South America than on its sandy or muddy eastern coast. Coral reefs are unfavorable for all barnacles except Pyrgoma, and few barnacles are known from Pacific islands. Where they can live, species are few and individuals are infinite. No genus with more than one species is confined to the torrid zone. Pyrgoma species are confined to the torrid zone except for one species that is found from the Cape Verde Islands to England and Ireland (1854:159–160). James Dana's great work, Crustacea (1852–1855), has an excellent chart with isocrymal lines, showing mean temperature of waters along their course for the coldest 30 consecutive days in any season. He showed that these lines are most influential for the distribution of marine animals. These measurements were a further elaboration on the isothermal lines that Humboldt introduced into environmental studies (Egerton 2011:158). Dana divided the torrid and sub-torrid zones from the temperate zones at isocryme 68°, and the temperate zones from the sub-frigid and frigid zones at 44°. Darwin found no barnacles confined to frigid zones. Darwin knew 147 species, seven of doubtful habitat. Of the remaining 140, 37 inhabited both torrid and temperate zones, 46 were exclusively in torrid, and 57 were exclusively in temperate zones. The temperate zones, though smaller in area with considerably less lengthy coastlines, had the most species. There are two temperate zones, separated by torrid zones, and the number of species in any zone seems to depend on the isolation of sub-zones. Balanus was the largest known genus, with 36 species of known habitats: 9 in the torrid zone, 15 in temperate zones, and 12 in both zones (Darwin 1854:160–162). Darwin divided the oceans with barnacles into five provinces and listed the species in each province (Darwin 1854:164–171). His two volumes on living and two on fossil barnacles won the Royal Society Medal in 1854. D. T. Anderson, Barnacles: Structure, Function, Development and Evolution 1994, provides a modern perspective on Darwin's work. After publishing on barnacles, at Lyell's urging, Darwin returned to his natural selection project and was in the midst of writing a huge monograph, when he was interrupted by arrival in his mail of Alfred Russel Wallace's manuscript, “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type,” in 1858. Wallace became a co-discoverer of evolution by natural selection, and Lyell and Joseph Hooker arranged for extracts of Darwin's work, along with Wallace's article, to be read on 1 July and published in 1859 by the Linnean Society of London (Darwin and Wallace 1859). Darwin then abandoned his large manuscript and wrote a more readable abridgment, On the Origin of Species 1859. His longer manuscript was partly used in later books, but those parts not so used are now published (Darwin 1975) and provide many citations to his sources not included in Origin. Darwin presented his theory in the first four chapters, followed by nine chapters on diverse supporting evidence. Origin chapters 1–2 presented noncontroversial evidence that variation occurs in both domestic and wild populations of species. …it breeds when thirty years old, and goes on breeding till ninety years old, bringing forth three pair of young in this interval; if this be so, at the end of the fifth century there would be alive fifteen million elephants, descended from the first pair. …it breeds when thirty years old, and goes on breeding till ninety years old, bringing forth six young in the interval, and surviving till one hundred years old; if this be so, after a period of from 740 to 750 years there would be nearly nineteen million elephants alive, descended from the first pair. But since there would never be nineteen million elephants, descended from one pair, alive at the same time, there must be checks on the growth of populations of all species. To illustrate the complexity of such checks, Darwin explained the interrelationships of red clover, humble bees, mice, and cats: only humble bees pollinate red clover, but field mice eat humble bees, and cats eat mice. Therefore, the success of red clover fields might depend on the local population of cats (1859:73–74). Although we now know that this food chain is more complex than Darwin realized (Egerton 2007a:52–53), his conclusion is still valid: if we speculate on those checks and their magnitudes, “It will convince us of our ignorance on the mutual relations of all organic beings…” (1859:78). Revolutionary paradigms, such as Origin, reorient sciences and uncover new problems to study (Kuhn 1970). When we see leaf-eating insects green, and bark-feeders mottled-grey; the alpine ptarmigan white in winter, the red-grouse the colour of heather, and the black-grouse that of peaty earth, we must believe that these tints are of service to these birds and insects in preserving them from danger. Grouse, if not destroyed at some period of their lives, would increase in countless numbers; they are known to suffer largely from birds of prey; and hawks are guided by eyesight to their prey—so much so, that on parts of the Continent persons are not to white as being the most to I can see no to that natural selection might be most in the colour to each of and in keeping that when and He is here of though is to an with many of many with birds on the with insects and with through the earth, and to that these so different from each and on each other in so complex a have all been by Sessile barnacles By George Sowerby. Darwin 1854: from Plate 1964. study and John of early by Sowerby. Darwin of all these this Darwin a for a and it into an and found that the to it then at a right to be in to pollinate the orchid the by Sowerby. Darwin Darwin's theory might have the of the economy of nature and the balance of nature, but this it did not (Egerton theory of evolution by natural selection is an ecological on the ecological by the greatest of all is no that one of Darwin's most realized the not only for a new of evolutionary but also for a new of ecology, which he named and in his (two volumes, to and Darwin, and a to Although Darwin had some he found to and and might not have read of In the years after publishing Origin, Darwin published more books and His subjects were but they all had the same of and for his theory. we in part 37 (Egerton 2010b), made a of on the Galapagos Islands and Darwin thought of as a and during and after his voyage on the Beagle, and his new publications after his Beagle volumes were on barnacles. his and publications were as much or more on as on He was usually by his a and by his George who also had However, Darwin's and with Joseph Hooker after was a most of information and 1978, and of with seven pair of of to its Darwin Those which had the largest or and which most would be by and would be and so in the would the Those which had their and in to the and of the particular insects which so as to in any the of their from to would be or A with a By George Darwin was Darwin's to that the of many orchid were not a of or but of natural selection His orchid book first specific species were and then to the evolved between and insect to between than of his and in the number of its in his there was no for the or and of some Darwin explained both and were the insect chapters and illustrate different of and their He began with a early and to its parts and their the of to which he this was a and this book was a history of Darwin's theory. was by his but convinced few of his Darwin that had not collected information on the between and but he could his as he did with Using a as a (Darwin he showed that the to the then 30 at a right which it to the of the orchid the studies to (Darwin that with were by bees or and those with by or F. Darwin species of that he had to their After Darwin published his orchid suggested that was insects the through the large on the and by one of the two to the and (Darwin Darwin this by into the of C. but when he a into the it as The has a to 12 and Darwin that there must be a with a to its (Darwin In found a with a a was discovered and has been The book a major in and in as a completely our of and to literature on ecology. that has been on the of and has been or by this John it of the most books of all Darwin listed in the of (Darwin of publications that had since he published the first to this Darwin's On the and of (Darwin first as parts of the Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Freeman and only as a book in the (Darwin He was in the evolution of this and its for these include in which the another and The in most species which he were from or but he also from by and (Darwin included and including and and F. to or with their He did not study the of on their and he did not the that its Darwin later his book in a of studies on this (Darwin in 1 and and to and Darwin a Darwin (Darwin in the same as the of but it was a more substantial book by and Darwin was his and during the in part (Egerton that had in that the and all but he did not their or Darwin had read in 1839 2009). Darwin first the in the of when he on the of the them on but he had to the to and had on to other subjects by He returned to the on (Darwin and a and for this Darwin he had off in with his of the two of showing the to Darwin of the book He and to and to the to and also the to did not the that live in do not for further The remaining chapters the mechanisms of the and a few M. of had his of the of that and and had and that a of than not (Darwin to both botanists and and modern literature and these species as and Darwin's books, The of and in the and The of on of the Species are relevant to ecology since insects were the had been a in his and in this new book he those more Darwin the of for and and he the that had evolved in to some had and so that the were separated from the and did not Darwin to some and was by other botanists of field on which and had been about 15 years after it had been and and Darwin considered The of in Darwin's greatest work. Darwin the of his on its was on and there were and of had in the of though it some of in that he had been by and Darwin's at Darwin later the of this but not the with He the with in his (Darwin Charles Darwin in By John for the Linnean Society of A is also in the Darwin's book was The of through the of with on He had with this on 12 he had his for four and his Darwin later showed fields that had been covered with or with and some years but at the they were those were even though the fields had not been since the His thought that the of had those Darwin had in that could so he could believe that the of might also have an on He the and wrote a for the Society of which he read on 1 1837, and which was published in In the book he that are at and so do not see them at work, but if one one can find their of their He even that were on the had due to both the them and the that were He that which as with a the of the land, has all many through their (Darwin The or into their to a of or (Darwin but their can to or or more (Darwin The book in measurements and such as at was by to the on a in the course of a (Darwin their on the land, the in an excellent for the growth of and for of all (Darwin “It be whether there are many other which have so a part in the history of the world, as have these organized this book as in the field of the in such subjects as at the of the and ecology, and ecologists also have a for Darwin's book In Darwin's a of his (two which named and a new of Darwin's has or though not the ecology discussion and Darwin's are of ecological and His Journal of Researches 1839 and other Beagle were (Egerton the of his ecological was in the Origin, with contributions in other had first an ecological in the economy of nature (Egerton but since he species were so was his economy of In the first of the 1800s, developed a economy of nature (Egerton it the of an more was before that and Darwin's evolutionary ecology became a on which ecological sciences would be two decades after his his I Darwin and University of",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623-92.4.351",
    doi = "10.1890/0012-9623-92.4.351",
    openalex = "W2010067442",
    references = "doi105860choice413408, openalexw1501278615"
}

@article{doi101007s0043901414264,
    author = "Harper, P.",
    title = "F. Burkhardt et al. (eds.): The correspondence of Charles Darwin",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Human Genetics",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0467426e6f10eca31bd5fccea683566ed802d80d",
    doi = "10.1007/s00439-014-1426-4",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "3",
    pages = "379-380",
    semanticscholar_id = "0467426e6f10eca31bd5fccea683566ed802d80d",
    volume = "133"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9781107280403,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "The Correspondence of Charles Darwin",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "This volume is part of the definitive edition of letters written by and to Charles Darwin, the most celebrated naturalist of the nineteenth century. Notes and appendixes put these fascinating and wide-ranging letters in context, making the letters accessible to both scholars and general readers. Darwin depended on correspondence to collect data from all over the world, and to discuss his emerging ideas with scientific colleagues, many of whom he never met in person. The letters are published chronologically: Volume 21 includes letters from 1873, the year in which Darwin received responses to his work on human and animal expression. Also in this year, Darwin continued his work on carnivorous plants and plant movement, finding unexpected similarities between the plant and animal kingdoms, raised a subscription for his friend Thomas Henry Huxley, and decided to employ a scientific secretary for the first time - his son Francis.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107280403",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9781107280403",
    openalex = "W1575985639",
    references = "doi101038436643a, doi101073pnas97136947, doi101111j109636421858tb02500x, doi105962bhltitle154975"
}

@article{doi101126scienceaaa3615,
    author = "Robinson, Andrew",
    title = "Einstein online",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ff15de5558401454e9e8c02e73417071b2e594d4",
    doi = "10.1126/science.aaa3615",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "6216",
    pages = "1463-1463",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "ff15de5558401454e9e8c02e73417071b2e594d4",
    volume = "346"
}

@article{doi101111bij12632,
    author = "Campbell, Anthony K. and Matthews, Stephanie B.",
    title = "Darwin diagnosed?",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "While waiting in lodgings to join H.M.S. Beagle just before Christmas 1831, Charles Darwin suffered chest pain and heart palpitations. On his return to England he began to suffer from a range of gut problems and systemic symptoms around the body, which were to plague him for the rest of his life. At least 40 conditions have been proposed to explain Darwin's illness, which left him disabled, sometimes for weeks on end. Here we show that lactose and food intolerance is the only condition that explains all his symptoms. Furthermore, there is now a molecular basis to account for these, based on metabolic toxins produced by microbes in the intestine. This mechanism has important implications in several other diseases, including diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson's disease and some cancers. Lactose intolerance also has fascinating things to tell us about molecular evolutionthe origin of lactose, the unique sugar in milk; why white humans were able to invade the plains of Europe after the last ice thaw, some 10 000 years ago; and one of the most intriguing problems in evolutionthe origin of a new enzyme such as lactase, the enzyme responsible for cleaving lactose into its constituents monosaccharides, galactose and glucose.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12632",
    doi = "10.1111/bij.12632",
    openalex = "W4211259777",
    references = "doi1010381841102a0, doi101093ijedyp367"
}

@book{west2018charles,
    author = "West, Geoffrey",
    title = "Charles Darwin",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351021302",
    doi = "10.4324/9781351021302"
}

@article{doi102260015188795ienci2021v26n1p324,
    author = "VIEIRA, JOSÉ JOÃO and de Almeida, Sheila Alves",
    title = "A TEORIA DA EVOLUÇÃO EM QUADRINHOS: UMA ANÁLISE DA REVISTA “SAIBA MAIS SOBRE CHARLES DARWIN”",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Investigações em Ensino de Ciências",
    abstract = "O presente artigo se configura como uma pesquisa documental com o objetivo analisar a Revista em quadrinhos “Saiba Mais sobre Charles Darwin”. Essa publicação foi comercializada nas bancas, e transita entre a fantasia que busca o entretenimento e a apresentação de conceitos sobre Evolução Biológica. Para a análise do objeto, em todas as páginas da revista foi observado como os quadrinistas utilizaram os recursos visuais em combinação com a linguagem verbal, e como eles se complementam contribuindo para a propagação da mensagem científica expressa pelos quadrinhos. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria dos quadrinhos apresentam verbetes. Em alguns quadrinhos da revista, a mudança abrupta de estilo nos desenhos revela certa dificuldade da indústria de entretenimento de transitar pelo gênero de divulgação científica para as crianças. Os textos escritos dos quadrinhos apresentam marcas discursivas bem acentuadas tais como definições, exemplificações e explicações. Assim, a obra apresenta um saber estável, não problemático, inquestionável, o que contrasta com o próprio conhecimento científico, que é assumidamente provisório, problemático, discutível. A chancela editorial opta por uma visão estereotipada do cientista como alguém que já se anunciava cientista. Contudo, reitera-se a importância da “Saiba Mais sobre Charles Darwin” para a promoção da leitura e a democratização da linguagem de divulgação científica para crianças. Pois, a revista analisada evidencia uma das mais importantes teorias cientificas, que mudou significativamente a forma como observamos o mundo natural, em um momento de grande pressão para enfraquecimento da teoria da evolução, através da tentativa de validação do criacionismo como teoria cientifica.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.22600/1518-8795.ienci2021v26n1p324",
    doi = "10.22600/1518-8795.ienci2021v26n1p324",
    openalex = "W3164048608",
    references = "doi101590198053143581, openalexw1836721459"
}

@incollection{ruse2021charles,
    author = "Ruse, Michael",
    title = "Charles Darwin",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3\_1285",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3\_1285",
    pages = "968-1000"
}

@book{doi1010179781009233545,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "The Correspondence of Charles Darwin",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "This volume is part of the definitive edition of letters written by and to Charles Darwin, the most celebrated naturalist of the nineteenth century. Notes and appendixes put these fascinating and wide-ranging letters in context, making the letters accessible to both scholars and general readers. Darwin depended on correspondence to collect data from all over the world, and to discuss his emerging ideas with scientific colleagues, many of whom he never met in person. The letters are published chronologically. In 1881, Darwin published his final book, The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms. He reflected on reactions to his previous book, The Power of Movement in Plants, and worked on two papers for the Linnean Society on the action of carbonate of ammonia on plants. In this year, Darwin's elder brother, Erasmus, died, and a second grandchild, also named Erasmus, was born.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009233545",
    doi = "10.1017/9781009233545",
    openalex = "W4283376148"
}

@article{martinezreina2022charles,
    author = "Martinez-Reina, Marlon",
    title = "Charles Darwin",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Resonance",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-022-1447-6",
    doi = "10.1007/s12045-022-1447-6",
    number = "9",
    pages = "1541-1549",
    volume = "27"
}

@article{milks2022charles,
    author = "Milks, Kirstin and Cloud, Frank Brown and Branch, Glenn",
    title = "Charles Darwin",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "The American Biology Teacher",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2022.84.7.449",
    doi = "10.1525/abt.2022.84.7.449",
    number = "7",
    pages = "449-449",
    volume = "84"
}

@misc{crossrefNonedarwin,
    title = "Darwin, Charles",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "SpringerReference",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference\_86021",
    doi = "10.1007/springerreference\_86021"
}