@article{doi101017s0025315400073690,
    author = "Allen, E. J. and Nelson, Edward William",
    title = "On the Artificial Culture of Marine Plankton Organisms",
    year = "1910",
    journal = "Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom",
    abstract = "The observations to be recorded in this Paper were commenced in March, 1905. They originated in an attempt to find a general method for rearing marine larval forms. Several investigators had previously succeeded in rearing Echinoderms, Molluscs, and Polychætes from artificially fertilized eggs under laboratory conditions, but the process was generally difficult and the results more or less uncertain. The most promising method seemed to be that adopted by Caswell Grave (26), who was able to rear his larvæ by feeding them on diatoms. Grave obtained his diatoms by placing sand, collected from the sea bottom, in aquaria and using such diatoms as developed from this material. All the methods, however, suffered from the uncertainty of not knowing what organisms were introduced into the aquaria in which the larvse were to be reared, either in the original sea-water or along with the food-supply.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400073690",
    doi = "10.1017/s0025315400073690",
    openalex = "W1989219206"
}

@book{bardach1974the1,
    author = "Bardach, J. E. and Villars, T",
    title = "The Chemical Senses of Fishes, in Grant, P. T., and Mackie, A. M., eds., Chemoreception in Marine Organisms",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press, p. 49-104",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bardach, J. E., and Villars, T., 1974, The Chemical Senses of Fishes, in Grant, P. T., and Mackie, A. M., eds., Chemoreception in Marine Organisms: London, Academic Press, p. 49-104.}"
}

@article{crossref1975chemoreception,
    title = "Chemoreception in Marine Organisms. P. T. Grant, A. M. Mackie",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/408927",
    doi = "10.1086/408927",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W4251192472",
    pages = "510-511",
    volume = "50"
}

@article{doi1010160302352475900389,
    author = "Hartnoll, R.G.",
    title = "Chemoreception in marine organisms",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0302-3524(75)90038-9",
    doi = "10.1016/0302-3524(75)90038-9",
    openalex = "W2314156201"
}

@article{hartnoll1975chemoreception,
    author = "Hartnoll, R.G.",
    title = "Chemoreception in marine organisms",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0302-3524(75)90038-9",
    doi = "10.1016/0302-3524(75)90038-9",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2314156201",
    pages = "387-389",
    volume = "3"
}

@article{jahanparwar1975marine,
    author = "Jahan-Parwar, Behrus",
    title = "Marine Chemoreception Chemoreception in Marine Organisms P. T. Grant A. M. Mackie",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "BioScience",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1297039",
    doi = "10.2307/1297039",
    number = "10",
    openalex = "W2333666729",
    pages = "668-668",
    volume = "25"
}

@article{mcleese1975chemoreception,
    author = "McLeese, D. W. and Sutterlin, A. M.",
    title = "Chemoreception in Marine Organisms.",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada",
    abstract = "not available",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f75-200",
    doi = "10.1139/f75-200",
    number = "9",
    openalex = "W2073590638",
    pages = "1674-1674",
    volume = "32"
}

@article{doi101016s0006349577855446,
    author = "Berg, Howard C. and Purcell, Edward M.",
    title = "Physics of chemoreception",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Biophysical Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(77)85544-6",
    doi = "10.1016/s0006-3495(77)85544-6",
    openalex = "W2024184910",
    references = "doi101016s0065291108600697, doi101038239500a0, doi101042bj0800324, doi10106311706630, doi101073pnas6992509, doi1010990022128774177, doi101119110903, doi101146annurevbb04060175001003, doi101146annurevbi44070175002013, openalexw3038515387"
}

@incollection{doi101016b9780121064037500173,
    author = "Ache, Barry W.",
    title = "Chemoreception and Thermoreception",
    year = "1982",
    booktitle = "Elsevier eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-106403-7.50017-3",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-12-106403-7.50017-3",
    openalex = "W2488071237",
    references = "doi101002cne900380302, doi101007bf00354605, doi101016b9780121064037500173, doi101016s0074769608624274, doi101093icb83603, doi101111j146979981970tb02899x, doi101126science2054402204, doi101146annureven15010170001005, doi101146annureven20010175002121, doi101159000125438"
}

@incollection{doi101016s0065280608601551,
    author = "Chapman, R. F.",
    title = "Chemoreception: The Significance of Receptor Numbers",
    year = "1982",
    booktitle = "Advances in insect physiology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2806(08)60155-1",
    doi = "10.1016/s0065-2806(08)60155-1",
    openalex = "W1917259576",
    references = "doi101007bf00221789, doi101007bf00335260, doi101016s0065280608601885, doi101016s0074769608624274, doi101111j146979981964tb05157x, doi101111j157074581978tb02838x, doi101146annureven14010169001213, doi101146annureven15010170001005, doi101146annureven20010175002121, doi101146annureven22010177001521, doi101146annureven25010180000331, doi102307sysbio284653"
}

@article{doi101139f82005,
    author = "Liley, N. R.",
    title = "Chemical Communication in Fish",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences",
    abstract = {Chemical signals (pheromones) have been shown to be involved in schooling, territorial marking, species, sex and individual recognition, courtship, the induction of physiological readiness for mating, and in parent–young interactions. Alarm substances released from damaged skin elicit avoidance behavior. Pheromones may also be involved in homestream recognition in some anadromous species. Most pheromones investigated act as "releasers"; a few "priming" effects have been observed. In most of the chemically mediated interactions surveyed it is not clear that communication in a generally accepted sense is involved, or whether fish are simply responding adaptively to those metabolic products which inevitably "leak" into the environment and only fortuitously provide "information" to conspecifics. In a few cases, specializations in chemical secretions or secretory structures indicate that they have evolved for communication. It is proposed that a combination of factors — the availability of a wide array of soluble biochemical products, the diffuse nature of the sites from which such products might be released, and the lack of strong selection for complex chemical messages — has resulted in the relatively simple "unritualized" systems of chemical communication which appear to be characteristic of fish.Key words: chemical signals, pheromones, reproduction, schooling, homing, parental behavior, fright reaction},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f82-005",
    doi = "10.1139/f82-005",
    openalex = "W2102001373"
}

@book{openalexw2326621215,
    author = "原, 俊昭",
    title = "Chemoreception in fishes",
    year = "1982",
    booktitle = "Elsevier eBooks",
    abstract = "Structure and Function. Chemoreceptive Mechanisms. The Role of Chemoreception in Feeding. Role of Chemoreception in Social Behavior and Migration. Chemoreception and Water Pollution. Subject Index.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2326621215",
    openalex = "W2326621215"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x1983tb00391x,
    author = "Croll, Roger P.",
    title = "GASTROPOD CHEMORECEPTION",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "Summary (I). Gastropods use chemoreception for a wide variety of behaviours including feeding, homing, escape from predators and a variety of social and reproductive behaviours. Chemoreception is used to locate distant food sources, and to discriminate between potential foods. Responses to chemical food stimuli result from a combination of innate and experiential factors. Gastropods use chemical cues in mucus trails to home. They also home by direct olfactory orientation. Reproductive behaviour in a variety of gastropods appears to involve chemical cues. Evidence exists for pheromones controlling aggregation and mating. Numerous gastropods use chemical cues to avoid or escape from predators. (2). Amino acids appear as likely candidates for attractants and phagostimulants for gastropod feeding. Macromolecules are probably also involved. Amino acids have also been shown to stimulate reproductive behaviours in certain gastropods, thus suggesting a pheromonal function. However, the significance of this finding to the behaviour of the organisms in the field has yet to be evaluated. Saponins have been implicated as the active substances found in sea stars that elicit escape responses of marine gastropods. Choline esters may play a homologous role in gastropod—prey and gastropod‐predator interactions. (3). Gastropods can apparently use a number of different methods to orient to olfactory cues. These include anemotaxis or rheotaxis, klinotaxis and tropotaxis. (4). The major chemosensory organs of gastropods have been identified. They include the anterior and posterior tentacles and lips of terrestrial pulmonates; the cephalic tentacles, the lips and buccal cavity lining, and possibly the osphradium of aquatic pulmonates; the cephalic and mantle tentacles, the anterior margin of the foot, the siphon tip, and the osphradium of prosobranchs; and the rhinophores, tentacles, oral veil and osphradium of opisthobranchs. (5). Many of the organs named above have been examined by both light and electron microscopy. The most common anatomical organization includes bipolar primary sensory cells with cell bodies located subepithelially, and a distal dendrite extending to the free surface. Often a peripheral ganglion is located deep to the sensory epithelium. It is unclear whether axons of the sensory cells project directly to the central ganglion or by way of interneurones located in the peripheral ganglia. (6). The dendritic specializations of the sensory cells vary considerably. Most bear cilia or a combination of cilia and microvilli. The functional significance of the variation in the types of sensory endings is unknown, although the chemosensory epithelia also respond to other sensory modalities, and it is often difficult to ascribe any one cell type to any one modality. Species‐specific variations may also complicate the picture. (7). Prospects for and importance of future studies on gastropod chemoreception are discussed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1983.tb00391.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.1983.tb00391.x",
    openalex = "W4211080338",
    references = "doi1010160302352475900389, doi101037h0031878, doi101083jcb252209, doi101093icb12291, doi101126science1145215, doi101126science1223160157, doi1023071934971, doi1023071942352, doi1023072402720, doi103758bf03328311"
}

@article{atema1985chemoreception,
    author = "Atema, Jelle and Finger, Thomas",
    title = "Chemoreception in fishes",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Behavioural Processes",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(85)90092-0",
    doi = "10.1016/0376-6357(85)90092-0",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W308444873",
    pages = "326-328",
    volume = "10"
}

@article{doi101007bf01638991,
    author = "Bakus, Gerald J. and Targett, Nancy M. and Schulte, Bruce A.",
    title = "Chemical ecology of marine organisms: An overview",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Journal of Chemical Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01638991",
    doi = "10.1007/bf01638991",
    openalex = "W2092619473",
    references = "doi101111j1469185x1983tb00391x"
}

@article{doi101126science261511778,
    author = "Cariton, James T. and Geller, Jonathan B.",
    title = "Ecological Roulette: The Global Transport of Nonindigenous Marine Organisms",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Ocean-going ships carry, as ballast, seawater that is taken on in port and released at subsequent ports of call. Plankton samples from Japanese ballast water released in Oregon contained 367 taxa. Most taxa with a planktonic phase in their life cycle were found in ballast water, as were all major marine habitat and trophic groups. Transport of entire coastal planktonic assemblages across oceanic barriers to similar habitats renders bays, estuaries, and inland waters among the most threatened ecosystems in the world. Presence of taxonomically difficult or inconspicuous taxa in these samples suggests that ballast water invasions are already pervasive.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.261.5117.78",
    doi = "10.1126/science.261.5117.78",
    openalex = "W2079889397",
    references = "doi1010079781461249887, doi1010079789400918764, doi101016016953479390025k, doi101093plankt1481067, doi101111j152317391989tb00086x, doi101139f91165, doi101139f92047, doi102216i00318884322791, doi1023071942601, openalexw1605546520"
}

@article{doi1023071542535,
    author = "Carr, William E. S. and Netherton, James C and Gleeson, Richard A. and Derby, Charles D.",
    title = "Stimulants of Feeding Behavior in Fish: Analyses of Tissues of Diverse Marine Organisms",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Biological Bulletin",
    abstract = {Analyses of the free amino acids, quaternary amines, guanido compounds, nucleotides, nucleosides, and organic acids in extracts of tissues from 10 species of marine teleost fishes and 20 species of invertebrates are reported. With multidimensional scaling techniques, the relative concentrations of the above chemicals in fishes, molluscs, and crustaceans are shown to cluster into separate taxon-specific groups. The greatest differences are between the fishes and the two groups of invertebrates. Similarities are more evident between the molluscs and crustaceans where eight of the nine most abundant substances are identical: i.e., betaine, taurine, trimethylamine oxide, glycine, alanine, proline, homarine, and arginine. The major tissue components in the fishes and invertebrates are correlated with compounds previously shown to stimulate feeding behavior in 35 species of fish. Glycine and alanine are major tissue components and are also the two most frequently cited feeding stimulants in the 35 species. Molluscs and crustaceans each contain high concentrations of five of the most frequently cited stimulants (glycine, alanine, proline, arginine, and betaine); these substances all occur in much lower concentrations in fish. Some minor tissue components, such as tryptophan, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, valine, and uridine 5`-monophosphate, are, however, important feeding stimulants for some fish species. Stimulants for herbivores and carnivores are often different. Several major feeding stimulants are substances that serve as "compensatory solutes," stabilizing enzymes and structural proteins.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1542535",
    doi = "10.2307/1542535",
    openalex = "W2182673743",
    references = "doi101007bf00354605, doi101007bf01638992, doi101111j109586491990tb05614x"
}

@article{doi103354meps130277,
    author = "Verity, PG and Smetacek, Victor",
    title = "Organism life cycles, predation, and the structure of marine pelagic ecosystems",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Marine Ecology Progress Series",
    abstract = "This paper explores the notion that the theoretical basis for contemporary research concerning the structure and function of marine pelagic ecosystems is self-limiting. While some findings such as the microbial food web have extended our knowledge of the biological components of the upper water column and their relationships to fluxes of materials and energy, they have not advanced our understanding of why specific pelagic forms occur in time and space, and why only some attain dominant status and contribute the bulk of biogenic fluxes emanating from the mixed layer. It is argued here that a major impediment to improved conceptual models is the historic focus on resource-dnven or 'bottom-up' factors as being the dominant variables structuring planktonic ecosystems. Evidence is presented that predation or 'top-down' trophic effects may be equally important in specifying the occurrence of particular taxa, the biomass within adjacent trophic levels, and the morphology of dominant herbivores and carnivores. It is suggested that key species, because of unique combinations of life history strategies, metabolic demands, and physiological performance, may exert a dominant role in the extent to which predatory interactions cascade through pelagic food webs. There is considerable evidence of evolution of predation avoidance strategies among phytoplankton and zooplankton. It is proposed that future research might profitably be directed toward the question of how the pelagic environment selects for life histories and morphologles of organisms under conditions when resource availability and predation are both significant structural buttresses. Methodological approaches should include detailed studies of dominant key taxa from different environments, with the goal of identifying the crlt\textasciitilde cal aspects of life history, behavior, or morphology which account for their success.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3354/meps130277",
    doi = "10.3354/meps130277",
    openalex = "W2023159838",
    references = "doi101007bf00392953, doi103354meps093039"
}

@article{doi103354meps177269,
    author = "Pechenik, JA",
    title = "On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Marine Ecology Progress Series",
    abstract = "many benthic marine invertebrates develop by means of free-livlng, dispersive larval stages. The presumed advantages of such larvae include the avoidance of competition for resources with adults, temporary reduct\textasciitilde on of benthic mortality while in the plankton, decreased likelihood of inbreeding in the next generation, and increased ability to withstand local extinction However, the direct\textasciitilde on of evolutionary change appears generally b \textasciitilde a s e d toward the loss of larvae in many clades, implying that larvae are somehow disadvantageous. Poss\textasciitilde ble disadvantages include dispersal away from favorable habitat, mismatches between larval and luvenile physiological tolerances, greater sus-ceptib\textasciitilde lity to env\textasciitilde ronmental stresses, greater susceptibihty to predation. and vanous costs that may be associated with n\textasciitilde etanlorphosing in response to specific chemical cues and postponing n\textasciitilde etamorphosis in the absence of those cues. Understanding the forces responsible for the present distribution of larval and non-larval (aplanktonlc) development among benthic marine invertebrates, and the potential influence of human activities on the direct\textasciitilde on of future evolutionary change in 1-eproductlve patterns, will require a better understanding of the following issues. the role of macro-evolutionary forces in selecting for or against dispersive larvae, the relative tolerances of encapsulated embryos and free-living larvae to salinity, pollutant, and other environmental stresses; the degree to which egg masses, e g g capsules, and brood chambers protect developing embryos from environmental stresses; the relative magmtude of predation by planktonic and benthic predators on both larvae and early juveniles; the way In which larval and juvenile size affect vulnerability to predators; the extent to w h \textasciitilde c h encapsulation and brooding protect against predators; the amount of genetic change associated with loss of larvae from invertebrate life cycles and the time required to accomplish that change; and the degree to which continued input of larvae from other populations deters selection against dispersive larvae The prominence of larval development in modern life cycles may reflect difficulties In loslng larvae from llfe cycles more than selection for their retention.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3354/meps177269",
    doi = "10.3354/meps177269",
    openalex = "W2065268282",
    references = "doi1010160169534796100288, doi101016b9780122825057x50015, doi101016s006528810860187x, doi10103841710, doi101126science11538249, doi101146annurevecolsys271237, doi101146annurevecolsys271477, doi101146annureves16110185002011, doi101146annureves16110185002141, doi105860choice341536, thorson1950reproductive"
}

@article{doi1018901051076120000101792soeffa20co2,
    author = "McClanahan, Tim R. and Mangi, Stephen C.",
    title = "SPILLOVER OF EXPLOITABLE FISHES FROM A MARINE PARK AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ADJACENT FISHERY",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Ecological Applications",
    abstract = "The role of a marine protected area in enhancing local fisheries, through the emigration or spillover of exploitable fishes, was studied in a coral reef park (Mombasa Marine Park, Kenya) and fishery over a seven-year period during a time when the park's border changed and pull seines were eliminated. We measured catches before and after the park's establishment and during the management changes and compared these catches with the unmanaged side of the park. Additionally, we placed baited traps on both sides of the park over a full tidal cycle which allowed us to measure the spillover from the park compared to the deeper, rougher, and less fished reef edge. The total wet mass of catches per trap, the mean size of the trapped fish, and the number of fish species caught per trap declined as a function of the distance away from the park edge on both the southern and northern sides. However, this relationship was truncated on the unmanaged side which also had smaller catches, smaller fish, and fewer species than the managed side. Trap fishers on the managed side adapted to the spillover by increasing the traps per fisher, which had the effect of reducing the catch per trap. Tides and reef morphology also appeared to interact and influenced catches, but we found no relationships between catches and benthic substratum cover, which was usually dominated by seagrass and sand. Spillover from the deeper reef edge was evident for the managed but not the unmanaged side of the park, but may be due to differences in reef morphology interacting with tidal patterns rather than management. On the managed side, the park significantly increased the catch per fisher and catch per area by >50\%, but even after the park's size was reduced, the total catch was reduced by ∼30\%. The reduced park was still ∼50\% of the total area. Consequently, the catch per area increase was insufficient to compensate for the lost area over this early period of the park's establishment. Spillover was greatest for the dominant fisheries species. These were moderately vagile species in the rabbitfish (Siganidae; herbivores), emperors (Lethrinidae; carnivores), and surgeonfish (Acanthuridae; herbivores) families, which had instantaneous emigration rates from the park to the reserve fishing ground of ∼0.5. Our field survey, combined with previous modeling studies, based on adult emigration rates from marine reserves, suggests that tropical fisheries dominated by rabbitfish, emperors, and surgeonfish should be enhanced by closed areas of ∼10–15\% of the total area. The optimal protected area may increase if larval export is important, but the predicted response should not be measurable for >10 years, beyond the length of our study, as breeding stock develop inside protected areas.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1792:soeffa]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1792:soeffa]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2079670301",
    references = "doi101002aqc3270040305"
}

@article{doi1023071542522,
    author = "Zimmer, RK and Butman, CA",
    title = "Chemical signaling processes in the marine environment",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Biological Bulletin",
    abstract = "Understanding the mechanisms by which environmental chemical signals, chemical defenses, and other chemical agents mediate various life-history processes can lead to important insights about the forces driving the ecology and evolution of marine systems. For chemical signals released into the environment, establishing the principles that mediate chemical production and transport is critical for interpreting biological responses to these stimuli within appropriate natural, historical contexts. Recent technological advancements provide outstanding opportunities for new discoveries, thus allowing quantification of interactions between hydrodynamic, chemical, and biological factors at numerous spatial and temporal scales. Past work on chemically mediated processes involving organisms and their environment have emphasized habitat colonization by larvae and trophic relationships. Future research priorities should include these topics as well as courtship and mating, fertilization, competition, symbiosis, and microbial chemical ecology. There are now vast new opportunities for determining how organisms respond to chemical signals and employ chemical defenses under environmentally realistic conditions. Integrating these findings within a larger ecological and evolutionary framework should lead to improved understanding of natural physicochemical phenomena that constrain biological responses at the individual, population, and community levels of organization.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1542522",
    doi = "10.2307/1542522",
    openalex = "W2132562941",
    references = "doi101007bf01638992, doi101021cr00021a012, doi101242jeb1971349"
}

@article{doi101002adma201001215,
    author = "Banerjee, Indrani and Pangule, Ravindra C. and Kane, Ravi S.",
    title = "Antifouling Coatings: Recent Developments in the Design of Surfaces That Prevent Fouling by Proteins, Bacteria, and Marine Organisms",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Advanced Materials",
    abstract = "The major strategies for designing surfaces that prevent fouling due to proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms are reviewed. Biofouling is of great concern in numerous applications ranging from biosensors to biomedical implants and devices, and from food packaging to industrial and marine equipment. The two major approaches to combat surface fouling are based on either preventing biofoulants from attaching or degrading them. One of the key strategies for imparting adhesion resistance involves the functionalization of surfaces with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or oligo(ethylene glycol). Several alternatives to PEG-based coatings have also been designed over the past decade. While protein-resistant coatings may also resist bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation, in order to overcome the fouling-mediated risk of bacterial infection it is highly desirable to design coatings that are bactericidal. Traditional techniques involve the design of coatings that release biocidal agents, including antibiotics, quaternary ammonium salts (QAS), and silver, into the surrounding aqueous environment. However, the emergence of antibiotic- and silver-resistant pathogenic strains has necessitated the development of alternative strategies. Therefore, other techniques based on the use of polycations, enzymes, nanomaterials, and photoactive agents are being investigated. With regard to marine antifouling coatings, restrictions on the use of biocide-releasing coatings have made the generation of nontoxic antifouling surfaces more important. While considerable progress has been made in the design of antifouling coatings, ongoing research in this area should result in the development of even better antifouling materials in the future.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201001215",
    doi = "10.1002/adma.201001215",
    openalex = "W2002025851",
    references = "doi101038nrmicro1098, doi10108008927010802256117, doi101088095744841610059, doi101128cmr121147"
}

@article{doi101002cne22435,
    author = "Guyenet, Patrice G. and Stornetta, Ruth L. and Bayliss, Douglas A.",
    title = "Central respiratory chemoreception",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "The Journal of Comparative Neurology",
    abstract = "By definition central respiratory chemoreceptors (CRCs) are cells that are sensitive to changes in brain PCO(2) or pH and contribute to the stimulation of breathing elicited by hypercapnia or metabolic acidosis. CO(2) most likely works by lowering pH. The pertinent proton receptors have not been identified and may be ion channels. CRCs are probably neurons but may also include acid-sensitive glia and vascular cells that communicate with neurons via paracrine mechanisms. Retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons are the most completely characterized CRCs. Their high sensitivity to CO(2) in vivo presumably relies on their intrinsic acid sensitivity, excitatory inputs from the carotid bodies and brain regions such as raphe and hypothalamus, and facilitating influences from neighboring astrocytes. RTN neurons are necessary for the respiratory network to respond to CO(2) during the perinatal period and under anesthesia. In conscious adults, RTN neurons contribute to an unknown degree to the pH-dependent regulation of breathing rate, inspiratory, and expiratory activity. The abnormal prenatal development of RTN neurons probably contributes to the congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Other CRCs presumably exist, but the supportive evidence is less complete. The proposed locations of these CRCs are the medullary raphe, the nucleus tractus solitarius, the ventrolateral medulla, the fastigial nucleus, and the hypothalamus. Several wake-promoting systems (serotonergic and catecholaminergic neurons, orexinergic neurons) are also putative CRCs. Their contribution to central respiratory chemoreception may be behavior dependent or vary according to the state of vigilance.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22435",
    doi = "10.1002/cne.22435",
    openalex = "W2077993168",
    references = "doi101016s0006322399001407, doi101038nature01905, doi101038nature04767, doi101038nature06163, doi101038ng1130, doi101038nrn1198, doi101126science1683005, doi101126science2895479625, doi101146annurevneuro26041002131103, doi101523jneurosci1902005201999"
}

@article{doi101111j14610248201001518x,
    author = "Kroeker, Kristy J. and Kordas, Rebecca L. and Crim, Ryan and Singh, Gerald G.",
    title = "Meta‐analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Ecology Letters",
    abstract = "Ocean acidification is a pervasive stressor that could affect many marine organisms and cause profound ecological shifts. A variety of biological responses to ocean acidification have been measured across a range of taxa, but this information exists as case studies and has not been synthesized into meaningful comparisons amongst response variables and functional groups. We used meta-analytic techniques to explore the biological responses to ocean acidification, and found negative effects on survival, calcification, growth and reproduction. However, there was significant variation in the sensitivity of marine organisms. Calcifying organisms generally exhibited larger negative responses than non-calcifying organisms across numerous response variables, with the exception of crustaceans, which calcify but were not negatively affected. Calcification responses varied significantly amongst organisms using different mineral forms of calcium carbonate. Organisms using one of the more soluble forms of calcium carbonate (high-magnesium calcite) can be more resilient to ocean acidification than less soluble forms (calcite and aragonite). Additionally, there was variation in the sensitivities of different developmental stages, but this variation was dependent on the taxonomic group. Our analyses suggest that the biological effects of ocean acidification are generally large and negative, but the variation in sensitivity amongst organisms has important implications for ecosystem responses.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01518.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01518.x",
    openalex = "W2132791458",
    references = "doi101007s1064601004636, doi101017cbo9780511546013, doi10103835098000, doi101038nature04095, doi101126science1152509, doi101126science2845411118, doi101146annurevmarine010908163834, doi1018900012965819990801150tmaorr20co2, doi1023071164953, doi1023072531069, doi104835025539, doi105670oceanog2009101, openalexw1520428197"
}

@article{doi101146annurevecolsys110308120227,
    author = "Hofmann, Gretchen E. and Barry, James and Edmunds, Peter J. and Gates, Ruth D. and Hutchins, David A. and Klinger, Terrie and Sewell, Mary A.",
    title = "The Effect of Ocean Acidification on Calcifying Organisms in Marine Ecosystems: An Organism-to-Ecosystem Perspective",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics",
    abstract = "Ocean acidification (OA), a consequence of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, poses a serious threat to marine organisms in tropical, open-ocean, coastal, deep-sea, and high-latitude sea ecosystems. The diversity of taxonomic groups that precipitate calcium carbonate from seawater are at particularly high risk. Here we review the rapidly expanding literature concerning the biological and ecological impacts of OA on calcification, using a cross-scale, process-oriented approach. In comparison to calcification, we find that areas such as fertilization, early life-history stages, and interaction with synergistic stressors are understudied. Although understanding the long-term consequences of OA are critical, available studies are largely short-term experiments that do not allow for tests of long-term acclimatization or adaptation. Future research on the phenotypic plasticity of contemporary organisms and interpretations of performance in the context of current environmental heterogeneity of pCO 2 will greatly aid in our understanding of how organisms will respond to OA in the future.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120227",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120227",
    openalex = "W2168417416",
    references = "doi101146annurevecolsys38091206095525, doi101371journalpone0005661, doi105194bg616712009"
}

@article{doi101038nature10437,
    author = "Isogai, Yoh and Si, Sheng and Pont‐Lezica, Lorena and Tan, Taralyn and Kapoor, Vikrant and Murthy, Venkatesh N. and Dulac, Catherine",
    title = "Molecular organization of vomeronasal chemoreception",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10437",
    doi = "10.1038/nature10437",
    openalex = "W2152243497",
    references = "doi101007bf00267823, doi101007bf00377036, doi101016009286749190418x, doi1010160092867495901612, doi10103835015572, doi101038nature08029, doi101038nature09142, doi101038nmeth1398, doi101038nrn1140, doi101126science1069259"
}

@article{doi103389fmicb201200292,
    author = "Wahl, Martin and Goecke, Franz and Labes, Antje and Dobretsov, Sergey and Weinberger, Florian",
    title = "The Second Skin: Ecological Role of Epibiotic Biofilms on Marine Organisms",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Frontiers in Microbiology",
    abstract = "In the aquatic environment, biofilms on solid surfaces are omnipresent. The outer body surface of marine organisms often represents a highly active interface between host and biofilm. Since biofilms on living surfaces have the capacity to affect the fluxes of information, energy, and matter across the host's body surface, they have an important ecological potential to modulate the abiotic and biotic interactions of the host. Here we review existing evidence how marine epibiotic biofilms affect their hosts' ecology by altering the properties of and processes across its outer surfaces. Biofilms have a huge potential to reduce its host's access to light, gases, and/or nutrients and modulate the host's interaction with further foulers, consumers, or pathogens. These effects of epibiotic biofilms may intensely interact with environmental conditions. The quality of a biofilm's impact on the host may vary from detrimental to beneficial according to the identity of the epibiotic partners, the type of interaction considered, and prevailing environmental conditions. The review concludes with some unresolved but important questions and future perspectives.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00292",
    doi = "10.3389/fmicb.2012.00292",
    openalex = "W2024587817",
    references = "doi101039b702742g, doi101039c0np00040j, doi10108008927019809378348, doi101146annurevmarine120709142753"
}

@article{doi101111gcb12179,
    author = "Kroeker, Kristy J. and Kordas, Rebecca L. and Crim, Ryan and Hendriks, Iris E. and Ramajo, Laura and Singh, Gerald S. and Duarte, Carlos M. and Gattuso, Jean‐Pierre",
    title = "Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Global Change Biology",
    abstract = "Ocean acidification represents a threat to marine species worldwide, and forecasting the ecological impacts of acidification is a high priority for science, management, and policy. As research on the topic expands at an exponential rate, a comprehensive understanding of the variability in organisms' responses and corresponding levels of certainty is necessary to forecast the ecological effects. Here, we perform the most comprehensive meta-analysis to date by synthesizing the results of 228 studies examining biological responses to ocean acidification. The results reveal decreased survival, calcification, growth, development and abundance in response to acidification when the broad range of marine organisms is pooled together. However, the magnitude of these responses varies among taxonomic groups, suggesting there is some predictable trait-based variation in sensitivity, despite the investigation of approximately 100 new species in recent research. The results also reveal an enhanced sensitivity of mollusk larvae, but suggest that an enhanced sensitivity of early life history stages is not universal across all taxonomic groups. In addition, the variability in species' responses is enhanced when they are exposed to acidification in multi-species assemblages, suggesting that it is important to consider indirect effects and exercise caution when forecasting abundance patterns from single-species laboratory experiments. Furthermore, the results suggest that other factors, such as nutritional status or source population, could cause substantial variation in organisms' responses. Last, the results highlight a trend towards enhanced sensitivity to acidification when taxa are concurrently exposed to elevated seawater temperature.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12179",
    doi = "10.1111/gcb.12179",
    openalex = "W2095807316",
    references = "doi101007s1064601004636, doi101016jtree200309002, doi101038nature04095, doi101111j14610248201001518x, doi101146annurevmarine010908163834, doi101201b110093, doi104835025539"
}

@incollection{antunes2014chemical,
    author = "Antunes, André and Efferth, Thomas",
    title = "Chemical Ecology of Marine Organisms",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Biodiversity, Natural Products and Cancer Treatment",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814583510\_0004",
    doi = "10.1142/9789814583510\_0004",
    openalex = "W2490758459",
    pages = "107-146"
}

@article{doi101016jjinsphys201609008,
    author = "Brito, Nathália F. and Moreira, Mônica F. and Melo, Ana Claudia A.",
    title = "A look inside odorant-binding proteins in insect chemoreception",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Journal of Insect Physiology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.09.008",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.09.008",
    openalex = "W2520319948",
    references = "doi101007s0001800556070, doi101016009286749190418x, doi101016jcell200812001, doi101016jneuron200408019, doi101038293161a0, doi101038nature05672, doi101038nature06328, doi101038nature06850, doi101146annurevento120811153635, doi101371journalpbio0040020"
}

@article{doi1010802330824920161249279,
    author = "Morais, Sofia",
    title = "The Physiology of Taste in Fish: Potential Implications for Feeding Stimulation and Gut Chemical Sensing",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Reviews in Fisheries Science \& Aquaculture",
    abstract = "Recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of taste physiology in fish could open new opportunities to optimize feeding performance in aquaculture. This is particularly relevant at a time when alternative ingredients are being increasingly used, often reducing the digestibility and acceptability of fish diets, even if they are nutritionally balanced. The molecular characterization of fish taste receptors T1Rs and T2Rs revealed common taste discrimination mechanisms among vertebrates. In addition, data so far appear to indicate that taste signaling elements are conserved from fish to mammals. Nevertheless, fundamental differences between ligand specificities of taste receptors, and the presence of multiple T1R2s in fish species, underlines evolutionary adaptations of the T1R2 receptor to sense metabolically important nutrients, with a shift from sugars in mammals to amino acids in teleosts. This fits well with electrophysiological and behavioral studies on ligand specificities and taste preferences in several fish species. On the other hand, synergistic responses between different attractants could result from additive effects of independent receptor sites and response mechanisms, and this knowledge can be of practical interest to specifically design stimulant mixtures to modulate feed intake in aquaculture. Mammalian taste receptors and signaling elements have also been identified in the gastrointestinal tract, where they trigger multiple endocrine and neuronal pathways regulating digestion, nutrient absorption, feeding, and metabolism. Evidence for the existence of these receptors and signaling pathways in fish guts have recently been uncovered, suggesting that sensory properties of the diet might also have functional effects beyond oral taste sensations and palatability.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2016.1249279",
    doi = "10.1080/23308249.2016.1249279",
    openalex = "W2552862835",
    references = "doi101007bf01638992, doi10118614712202525"
}

@article{doi101039c6np00097e,
    author = "Bornancin, Louis and Bonnard, Isabelle and Mills, Suzanne C. and Banaigs, Bernard",
    title = "Chemical mediation as a structuring element in marine gastropod predator-prey interactions",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Natural Product Reports",
    abstract = "Covering: up to 2017Chemical mediation regulates behavioral interactions between species and thus affects population structure, community organization and ecosystem function. Among marine taxa that have developed chemical mediation strategies, gastropods belong to a diverse group of molluscs found worldwide, including species with a coiled, reduced or absent shell. Most gastropods use natural products to mediate a wide range of behaviors such as defense, prey location or interactions with con- and hetero-geners. Their chemically defended diet, such as cyanobacteria, algae, sponges, bryozoans and tunicates, provides them with a considerable opportunity either as shelter from predators, or as a means to enhance their own chemical defense. In addition to improving their defenses, molluscs also use prey secondary metabolites in complex chemical communication including settlement induction, prey detection and feeding preferences. The assimilation of prey secondary metabolites further provides the opportunity for interactions with conspecifics via diet-derived chemical cues or signals. This review intends to provide an overview on the sequestration, detoxification, and biotransformation of diet-derived natural products, as well as the role of these compounds as chemical mediators in gastropod-prey interactions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/c6np00097e",
    doi = "10.1039/c6np00097e",
    openalex = "W2610831709",
    references = "doi101111j1469185x1983tb00391x"
}

@article{doi101039c6np00121a,
    author = "Kamio, Michiya and Derby, Charles D.",
    title = "Finding food: how marine invertebrates use chemical cues to track and select food",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Natural Product Reports",
    abstract = "Benthic marine invertebrates sense molecules from other organisms and use these molecules to find and evaluate the organisms as sources of food. These processes depend on the detection and discrimination of molecules carried in sea water around and in the mouths of these animals. To understand these processes, researchers have studied how molecules released from food distribute in the sea water as a plume, how animals respond to the plume, the molecular identity of the attractants in the plume, the effect of turbulence on food-searching success, and how animals evaluate the quality of food and make decisions to eat or not. This review covers recent progress on this topic involving interdisciplinary studies of natural products chemistry, fluid dynamics, neuroethology, and ecology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/c6np00121a",
    doi = "10.1039/c6np00121a",
    openalex = "W2591390953",
    references = "doi1010160022098180900404, doi101093icb83603"
}

@article{doi101111brv12339,
    author = "Pelosi, Paolo and Iovinella, Immacolata and Zhu, Jiao and Wang, Guirong and Dani, Francesca Romana",
    title = "Beyond chemoreception: diverse tasks of soluble olfactory proteins in insects",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are regarded as carriers of pheromones and odorants in insect chemoreception. These proteins are typically located in antennae, mouth organs and other chemosensory structures; however, members of both classes of proteins have been detected recently in other parts of the body and various functions have been proposed. The best studied of these non-sensory tasks is performed in pheromone glands, where OBPs and CSPs solubilise hydrophobic semiochemicals and assist their controlled release into the environment. In some cases the same proteins are expressed in antennae and pheromone glands, thus performing a dual role in receiving and broadcasting the same chemical message. Several reports have described OBPs and CSPs in reproductive organs. Some of these proteins are male specific and are transferred to females during mating. They likely carry semiochemicals with different proposed roles, from inhibiting other males from approaching mated females, to marking fertilized eggs, but further experimental evidence is still needed. Before being discovered in insects, the presence of binding proteins in pheromone glands and reproductive organs was widely reported in mammals, where vertebrate OBPs, structurally different from OBPs of insects and belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, are abundant in rodent urine, pig saliva and vaginal discharge of the hamster, as well as in the seminal fluid of rabbits. In at least four cases CSPs have been reported to promote development and regeneration: in embryo maturation in the honeybee, limb regeneration in the cockroach, ecdysis in larvae of fire ants and in promoting phase shift in locusts. Both OBPs and CSPs are also important in nutrition as solubilisers of lipids and other essential components of the diet. Particularly interesting is the affinity for carotenoids of CSPs abundantly secreted in the proboscis of moths and butterflies and the occurrence of the same (or very similar CSPs) in the eyes of the same insects. A role as a carrier of visual pigments for these proteins in insects parallels that of retinol-binding protein in vertebrates, a lipocalin structurally related to OBPs of vertebrates. Other functions of OBPs and CSPs include anti-inflammatory action in haematophagous insects, resistance to insecticides and eggshell formation. Such multiplicity of roles and the high success of both classes of proteins in being adapted to different situations is likely related to their stable scaffolding determining excellent stability to temperature, proteolysis and denaturing agents. The wide versatility of both OBPs and CSPs in nature has suggested several different uses for these proteins in biotechnological applications, from biosensors for odours to scavengers for pollutants and controlled releasers of chemicals in the environment.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12339",
    doi = "10.1111/brv.12339",
    openalex = "W2613545412",
    references = "doi101007s0001800556070, doi101016jjinsphys201609008, doi101016jneuron200412031, doi101016s0092867400805826, doi101016s0896627300810934, doi101038293161a0, doi101038hdy200955, doi101038ncomms10507, doi101093gbeevr033, doi101126science1178028, doi101146annurevento120811153635"
}

@misc{ueda2021chemoreception,
    author = "Ueda, Hiroshi",
    title = "Chemoreception in Fishes",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience",
    abstract = "Chemoreception is the physiological capacity whereby organisms detect the varied external and internal chemical information required for survival and is the most primitive sensory process. Fish living in water have respiratory, gustatory, and olfactory chemosensory systems that detect water-soluble chemical cues. Respiratory chemoreception mainly in the gills detects changes in the levels of three respiratory gases: oxygen (O 2), carbon dioxide (CO 2), and ammonia (NH 3). Gustatory chemoreception (gustation), which involves several taste receptor genes, is primarily involved in the tasting of foods. Olfactory chemoreception (olfaction), which involves between 15 and 150 olfactory receptor genes, is involved in a variety of important biological functions such as procuring foods, recognizing hazards (predators, contaminants, and toxic and alarm substances), discriminating species (individual, kin, and conspecific), controlling social behavior (dominance hierarchies, symbiotic behavior, territorial behavior, and schooling behavior), and reproductive and migratory behavior (mating, search for spawning site, imprinting, and homing). The olfactory functions are primarily controlled by hormones secreted from various endocrine glands that are the key mediators and integrators of external and internal information in organisms. Conversely, olfactory stimuli cause changes in hormone conditions. One good example is the amazing olfactory abilities of salmon. They can memorize information related to their natal stream odors during downstream migration in juveniles so that, after they travel thousands of kilometers in the ocean over many years during feeding migration, they are able to use their homing abilities to migrate precisely to their natal stream for reproduction in adults. Olfactory memory formation and retrieval of natal stream odors in salmon, which are primarily controlled by the brain–pituitary–thyroid hormones and brain–pituitary–gonad hormones, respectively, are essential to imprinting and homing migration. Salmon olfactory systems can discriminate seasonally and yearly stable compositions of dissolved amino acids in their natal streams produced by biofilms in the riverbed. Ocean and freshwater ecosystems may have been affected by climate change-related CO 2 -induced acidification that impairs olfactory-mediated neural and behavioral responses in fish.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.333",
    doi = "10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.333",
    openalex = "W3035191871"
}