@article{doi101172jci103182,
    author = "Havel, Richard J. and Eder, Howard A. and Bragdon, Joseph H.",
    title = "THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ULTRACENTRIFUGALLY SEPARATED LIPOPROTEINS IN HUMAN SERUM",
    year = "1955",
    journal = "Journal of Clinical Investigation",
    abstract = "In the past few years several methods have been developed for the analysis of serum lipoproteins. Lindgren, Elliott, and Gofman (1) have utilized the relatively low density of the lipoproteins to separate them from the other serum proteins by ultracentrifugal flotation. Quantitation was sub- sequently performed by refractometric methods in the analytical ultracentrifuge. Separations of lipoproteins have also been made by Cohn frac- tionation in cold ethanol, and the quantities of lipoprotein have been estimated from the lipid. content of the fractions (2, 3). Widely used at the present time is the method of zone electrophoresis with quantitation either by staining (4) or by chemical analysis of eluates from the support- ing medium (5, 6).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1172/jci103182",
    doi = "10.1172/jci103182",
    openalex = "W2135503869",
    references = "doi101016s0021925818570216"
}

@article{doi101126science1553762568,
    author = "Pickford, Grace E. and Grant, F. Blake",
    title = "Serum Osmolality in the Coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae: Urea Retention and Ion Regulation",
    year = "1967",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Samples of blood (hemolyzed) were obtained from the renal vein, the hepatic portal vein, and the heart of a freshly thawed specimen of Latimeria chalumnae. The coelacanth uses high concentrations of urea to maintain its serum osmolality at approximately that of sea water. The mean value for the total osmolality was 1181 milliosmoles per liter. The mean values (milliequivalents per liter) were: for sodium, 181; for potassium, 51.3; for calcium, 6.9; for magnesium, 28.7; for chloride, 199; and for bicarbonate, 4.7. The mean urea concentration was 355 millimoles per liter, and the mean nonprotein nitrogen was 1343 milligrams percent. Heart blood showed significantly lower values for osmolality (921 milliosmoles per liter) and nonprotein nitrogen (1030 mg percent) and was probably less severely contaminated with products of protein breakdown. Fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye showed values of 952 milliosmole/liter; the urea value for this fluid was 303 mmole/liter, and the magnesium was 7.3 meq/liter. The magnesium value for the aqueous humor was used to correct the abnormally high concentrations in the hemolyzed serum. The high level of serum potassium also was attributed to hemolysis.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.155.3762.568",
    doi = "10.1126/science.155.3762.568",
    openalex = "W2070396971",
    references = "doi1010160010406x67907268, doi101016s0021925818767999, doi101016s0021925818838248, doi101071zo9560001, doi101126science132341836, doi101152ajplegacy19551831155, doi101210endo694778, doi101242jeb313424, doi101242jeb383659, doi101242jeb391167, doi101242jeb423437"
}

@article{lutz1971osmotic,
    author = "LUTZ, PETER L. and ROBERTSON, JAMES D.",
    title = "OSMOTIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE COELACANTH LATIMERIA CHALUMNAE SMITH",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "The Biological Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1540268",
    doi = "10.2307/1540268",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2292291155",
    pages = "553-560",
    volume = "141",
    references = "doi1010160010406x6992091x, doi101038161583a0, doi101042bj0580426, doi101088095076713210302, doi1023071441916, doi105694j132653771956tb56924x, doi105962bhltitle6856, openalexw2170405949, openalexw590803689"
}

@article{chavin1972thyroid,
    author = "CHAVIN, WALTER",
    title = "Thyroid of the Coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae Smith",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/239340a0",
    doi = "10.1038/239340a0",
    number = "5371",
    openalex = "W2004529614",
    pages = "340-341",
    volume = "239",
    references = "doi101016b9781483167046500240, doi101038237175a0"
}

@article{doi101111j146979981972tb01741x,
    author = "Smith, Moya Meredith and Hobdell, M. H. and Miller, William A.",
    title = "The structure of the scales of Latimeria chalumnae",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "Scales from four specimens of Latimeria chalumnae were examined in a dissecting microscope and then X‐rayed. Some were demineralized and prepared for routine histology. Others were cleared in cedarwood oil. Ground sections of plastic embedded scales were micro‐radiographed and electronmicrographs made of araldite embedded frozen scales. Corresponding 1 μm thick serial sections were examined in the light microscope. The greater part of the scale is composed of layers of unmineralized isopedine surmounted by the exposed portion of the scale which is pigmented and ornamented by a series of denticles of tubular dentine tipped with enameloid. Between these two parts is a thin ridged bone‐like layer. In the electron micrographs the isopedine was seen to consist of layers of densely packed collagen fibres; the orientation of which was uniform in each layer but varied markedly from layer to layer. Only few cells were found between the fibre bundles. The X‐rays revealed numerous concentric annulae and, lying approximately at right angles to these, a further series of ridges radiating from the centre of the scales. It is suggested that the basal unmineralized isopedine and the ridged layer of bone‐like tissue covering it represents a highly modified cosmoid scale on which the denticles and pigmented layer have become superimposed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb01741.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb01741.x",
    openalex = "W1981835508"
}

@article{cole1973intraocular,
    author = "Cole, D.F.",
    title = "Intraocular fluid composition in the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Experimental Eye Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4835(73)90133-4",
    doi = "10.1016/0014-4835(73)90133-4",
    number = "5",
    openalex = "W1983914418",
    pages = "389-395",
    volume = "16",
    references = "doi1010160010406x70905931, doi1010160014483572900541, doi101021ac60134a012, doi101038237175a0, doi101126science132341836, doi101126science1553762568, doi101136jcp132156"
}

@article{hamoir1973muscle,
    author = "Hamoir, G. and Piront, A. and Gerday, Ch. and Dando, P. R.",
    title = "Muscle Proteins of the Coelacanth Latimeria Chalumnae Smith",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom",
    abstract = "Although the anatomy of the coelacanth muscles has been examined very thoroughly, their protein composition has, until recently, not been investigated. Thanks, however, to the 1972 British–French–American expedition to the Comores, frozen material has been made available and some results on myoglobin and four glycolytic enzymes have already been published. We have carried out a comparison of the sarcoplasmic proteins of red and white muscle by starch-gel electrophoresis. The ninhydrin-positive dialysable constituents and the myofibrillar proteins of white muscle have also been examined. A few puzzling results obtained with the white muscle extracts have been related to the occurrence of o.1 M ammonia, due presumably to the splitting of urea by a bacterial urease, and to an alteration of the active thiol groups of GAPDH and PK. If due account is taken of these unusual post-mortem changes, the extractability of the proteins and their properties are strikingly similar to those of teleosteans. The comparison of the sarcoplasmic proteins of white and red muscle by starch-gel electrophoresis revealed also that the differentiation observed in the coelacanth was similar to that occurring in the carp. A study of the low-molecular-weight proteins, or parvalbumins, of white muscle and of the myofibrillar proteins also shows the expected differences between the two muscle types. The only abnormal features observed in this study were the high concentration of parvalbumins, 1.5–2 times that found in other species examined, and the occurrence of an unusual globulin fraction which was easily extracted at ionic strength 0.5 and insoluble at ionic strength 0.35 and neutral pH.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400022463",
    doi = "10.1017/s0025315400022463",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2096243268",
    pages = "763-784",
    volume = "53",
    references = "chavin1972thyroid, doi101016s0021925818570216, doi101021ac60058a044, doi101042bj0430271, doi101042bj0690005, doi101042bj0910201, doi101084jem691119, doi101126science1553762568, doi101159000228215, openalexw2042115008, openalexw563680134"
}

@article{doi101002jez1401870111,
    author = "Griffith, Robert W. and Umminger, Bruce L. and Grant, Blake F. and Pang, Peter K.T. and Pickford, Grace E.",
    title = "Serum composition of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae Smith",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Zoology",
    abstract = "Abstract Inorganic and organic constituents were studied on blood serum collected from a living specimen of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae. Inorganic electrolytes determined included sodium (196.7 mM/l), potassium (5.78 mM/l), magnesium (5.30 mM/l), calcium (4.94 mM/l), chloride (186.7 mM/l), bicarbonate (9.60 mM/l), phosphate (5.08 mM/l), and sulfate (4.80 mM/l). Serum urea (377 mM/l) and trimethylamine oxide (122 mM/l) were high as previously reported, and accounted for the bulk of the total non‐protein nitrogen (1199 mg\%); total amino acids added a small but not insignificant fraction (21.9 mg\%). High serum lactate (16.5 mM/l) and glucose (6.57 mM/l) levels were probably indicative of stress; glucose was the only carbohydrate present in appreciable amounts in the serum, although traces of glucuronic acid and rhamnose were found. Serum total cholesterol was 3.91 mM/l, organically bound phosphorus 1.99 mM/l and total proteins 2.84 g\%. Three major protein fractions were evident from cellulose acetate electrophoresis and at least 11 peaks were demonstrable by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Latimeria serum lacks a protein component with a mobility approaching that of human serum albumin. Serum osmolarity (932 mOsm/l) was somewhat lower than that of sea water collected at the site of capture of the specimen (1035 mOsm/l). Evolutionary implications of the similarity of Latimeria serum chemistry to that of other marine fishes are discussed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401870111",
    doi = "10.1002/jez.1401870111",
    openalex = "W2007467582",
    references = "doi101001jama195102920260071031, doi101001jama196103040510042019, doi101001jama196403070130055036, doi1010079781468464658, doi101016s1546509808600825, doi101017s002531540004652x, doi101111j1469185x1936tb00497x, doi1023071441916, doi1024448ethz1890, doi107326000348196136071"
}

@article{griffith1974serum,
    author = "Griffith, Robert W. and Umminger, Bruce L. and Grant, Blake F. and Pang, Peter K. T. and Pickford, Grace E.",
    title = "Serum composition of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae Smith",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Zoology",
    abstract = "Inorganic and organic constituents were studied on blood serum collected from a living specimen of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae. Inorganic electrolytes determined included sodium (196.7 mM/l), potassium (5.78 mM/l), magnesium (5.30 mM/l), calcium (4.94 mM/l), chloride (186.7 mM/l), bicarbonate (9.60 mM/l), phosphate (5.08 mM/l), and sulfate (4.80 mM/l). Serum urea (377 mM/l) and trimethylamine oxide (122 mM/l) were high as previously reported, and accounted for the bulk of the total non‐protein nitrogen (1199 mg\%); total amino acids added a small but not insignificant fraction (21.9 mg\%). High serum lactate (16.5 mM/l) and glucose (6.57 mM/l) levels were probably indicative of stress; glucose was the only carbohydrate present in appreciable amounts in the serum, although traces of glucuronic acid and rhamnose were found. Serum total cholesterol was 3.91 mM/l, organically bound phosphorus 1.99 mM/l and total proteins 2.84 g\%. Three major protein fractions were evident from cellulose acetate electrophoresis and at least 11 peaks were demonstrable by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Latimeria serum lacks a protein component with a mobility approaching that of human serum albumin. Serum osmolarity (932 mOsm/l) was somewhat lower than that of sea water collected at the site of capture of the specimen (1035 mOsm/l). Evolutionary implications of the similarity of Latimeria serum chemistry to that of other marine fishes are discussed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401870111",
    doi = "10.1002/jez.1401870111",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2007467582",
    pages = "87-102",
    volume = "187",
    references = "doi101001jama195102920260071031, doi101001jama196103040510042019, doi101001jama196403070130055036, doi1010079781468464658, doi101016s1546509808600825, doi101017s002531540004652x, doi101111j1469185x1936tb00497x, doi1023071441916, doi1024448ethz1890, doi107326000348196136071"
}

@article{griffith1974serum1,
    author = "Griffith, R. W. and Umminger, B. L. and Grant, B. F. and Pang, P. K. T. and Pickford, G. E",
    title = "Serum composition of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae Smith",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Zoology, v. 187, p. 87-102",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Griffith, R. W., Umminger, B. L., Grant, B. F., Pang, P. K. T., and Pickford, G. E., 1974, Serum composition of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae Smith: Journal of Experimental Zoology, v. 187, p. 87-102.}"
}

@article{doi101002jez1401920206,
    author = "Griffith, Robert W. and Mathews, Martin B. and Umminger, Bruce L. and Grant, Blake F. and Pang, Peter K.T. and Thomson, Keith Stewart and Pickford, Grace E.",
    title = "Composition of fluid from the notochordal canal of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Zoology",
    abstract = "Fluid from the notochordal canal of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, was analyzed for major inorganic and organic constituents and compared with blood serum from the same fish. Significantly or suggestively lower levels of sodium, magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, sulfate, total carbohydrates, glucose, lactate, cholesterol, bound phosphate and total proteins were found in notochordal fluid than in serum, whereas potassium, chloride, urea, trimethylamine oxide, and total free amino acids were higher and inorganic phosphorus essentially identical. Osmolarity of notochordal fluid (1058 mOsm) exceeds that of serum (942 mOsm). A whitish precipitate in the fluid consisted of a matrix of fibers 100 A in diameter and of indefinite length. It resembled a sialoglycoprotein in composition and was stabilized by disulfide bonds. The fluid contained cellular debris.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401920206",
    doi = "10.1002/jez.1401920206",
    openalex = "W2038295841",
    references = "cole1973intraocular, doi101016s0021925818722801, doi101016s0021925818767999, doi101016s0021925818838248, doi101016s0021925818943334, doi101016s1546509808600825, doi101017s0025315400005750, doi101017s0025315400018105, doi101038237175a0, doi1010970000505319311100000026, doi101111j1469185x1969tb00823x, doi107326000348196136071"
}

@article{lagios1975the,
    author = "Lagios, Michael D.",
    title = "The pituitary gland of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae Smith",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "General and Comparative Endocrinology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(75)90184-7",
    doi = "10.1016/0016-6480(75)90184-7",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W1998564185",
    pages = "126-146",
    volume = "25",
    references = "doi1010079783642866593, doi1010160016648068900865, doi1010160016648075902014, doi101016s1546509808600965, doi101038237175a0, doi101111j1469185x1969tb00823x, doi1023072412482, griffith1974serum, openalexw251296685, openalexw563680134"
}

@article{doi101098rspb19800054,
    author = "Griffith, Robert W.",
    title = "Chemistry of the body fluids of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract The coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, possesses a blood chemistry that is nearly identical to that of the elasmobranch fishes and contrasts with that of the bony fishes and tetrapods. Especially notable is the retention of high concentrations of urea (377 mM) and of trimethylamine oxide (122 mM), which aid in raising the blood osmolarity (942 mosm/I) to close to that of the sea water environment. These features also characterize other coelacanth body fluids, such as the notochordal fluid, aqueous and vitreous humours, ventricular fluid, coelomic fluid and bile. The tissues of Latimeria, such as muscle, are also characterized by high urea concentrations. The osmotic balance between extracellular fluids and tissues seems to be achieved by the presence of very high tissue levels of trimethylamine oxide (ca. 300 mmol/(kg H2O)), which counteract the low ion concentrations found in tissue. Renal function in Latimeria seems to involve the selective elimination of certain divalent ions (magnesium, phosphate and sulphate) and of organic substances (glucuronate, creatine and some amino acids). Unlike other ureosmotic fishes, the coelacanth does not possess the renal capacity to reabsorb urea. Evidence suggests that the rectal gland, structurally much like those of chondrichthyians, functions to excrete excess sodium chloride. Since the blood osmolarity of Latimeria is some­what lower than that of sea water (942 cf. 1026 mosm/l), it is in negative water balance. Some evidence suggests that this is overcome by drinking sea water in a manner similar to that of the teleosts. The problem of whether ureosmotic regulation is homologous in Latimeria and the chondrichthyians is moot, although we favour the possibility that it was independently acquired for the following reasons. (1) Renal urea reabsorbtion is absent in Latimeria although it is crucial to ureosmotic regulation in the chondrichthyians. (2) Internal fertilization and development are necessary concomitants of ureosmotic regulation in fishes and internal fertilization in the two groups is achieved by non-homologous mechanisms. (3) Ureosmotic regulation has been evolved independently in a third vertebrate group, the euryhaline amphibian Rana cancrivora.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1980.0054",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.1980.0054",
    openalex = "W2010533513",
    references = "cole1973intraocular, doi101016s1546509808600825, doi101093icb172365, doi101111j1469185x1936tb00497x, doi101111j1469185x1967tb01528x, doi101126science1313401670, doi101152ajplegacy1930932480, doi101152ajplegacy19762304925, doi101242jeb383659, doi1023072412985, doi1024448ethz1890, hamoir1973muscle"
}

@incollection{doi101007978940113194027,
    author = "Bruton, Michael N. and Coutouvidis, Sheila E. and Pote, Jean",
    title = "Bibliography of the living coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae, with comments on publication trends",
    year = "1991",
    booktitle = "Developments in environmental biology of fishes",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3194-0\_27",
    doi = "10.1007/978-94-011-3194-0\_27",
    openalex = "W4253917218",
    references = "chavin1972thyroid, cole1973intraocular, dingerkus1978the, doi1010079783642828584, doi1010160047248488900693, doi1010160169534789901626, doi101042bj1830317, doi101139f75110, doi1023071438971, doi1023071539358, doi1023072412482, doi1023072413058, hamoir1973muscle"
}

@article{doi101007bf00007469,
    author = "Bruton, Michael N. and Coutouvidis, Sheila E. and Pote, Jean",
    title = "Bibliography of the living coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae, with comments on publication trends",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Environmental Biology of Fishes",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00007469",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00007469",
    openalex = "W2014018754",
    references = "chavin1972thyroid, cole1973intraocular, dingerkus1978the, doi1010079783642828584, doi101007bf00007469, doi1010160300962985908965, doi101042bj1830317, doi101139f75110, doi1023071437499, doi1023071539358, doi1023072412482, doi1023072413058, doi1023072413259, hamoir1973muscle, kihira1984bile"
}

@article{doi101016jgene200501008,
    author = "Inoue, Jun and Miya, Masaki and Venkatesh, Byrappa and Nishida, Mutsumi",
    title = "The mitochondrial genome of Indonesian coelacanth Latimeria menadoensis (Sarcopterygii: Coelacanthiformes) and divergence time estimation between the two coelacanths",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Gene",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2005.01.008",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gene.2005.01.008",
    openalex = "W2110182377",
    references = "doi101007bf00160154, doi101007bf02498640, doi101038nrg1020, doi101073pnas0334222100, doi101073pnas7641967, doi10108010635150290102456, doi10108010635150490423430, doi101093bioinformatics183502, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040259, doi10113008137233291"
}

@article{doi10118614712148893,
    author = "Gwee, Pai-Chung and Amemiya, Chris T. and Brenner, Sydney and Venkatesh, Byrappa",
    title = "Sequence and organization of coelacanth neurohypophysial hormone genes: Evolutionary history of the vertebrate neurohypophysial hormone gene locus",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "BMC Evolutionary Biology",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: The mammalian neurohypophysial hormones, vasopressin and oxytocin are involved in osmoregulation and uterine smooth muscle contraction respectively. All jawed vertebrates contain at least one homolog each of vasopressin and oxytocin whereas jawless vertebrates contain a single neurohypophysial hormone called vasotocin. The vasopressin homolog in non-mammalian vertebrates is vasotocin; and the oxytocin homolog is mesotocin in non-eutherian tetrapods, mesotocin and [Phe2]mesotocin in lungfishes, and isotocin in ray-finned fishes. The genes encoding vasopressin and oxytocin genes are closely linked in the human and rodent genomes in a tail-to-tail orientation. In contrast, their pufferfish homologs (vasotocin and isotocin) are located on the same strand of DNA with isotocin gene located upstream of vasotocin gene separated by five genes, suggesting that this locus has experienced rearrangements in either mammalian or ray-finned fish lineage, or in both lineages. The coelacanths occupy a unique phylogenetic position close to the divergence of the mammalian and ray-finned fish lineages. RESULTS: We have sequenced a coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis) BAC clone encompassing the neurohypophysial hormone genes and investigated the evolutionary history of the vertebrate neurohypophysial hormone gene locus within a comparative genomics framework. The coelacanth contains vasotocin and mesotocin genes like non-mammalian tetrapods. The coelacanth genes are present on the same strand of DNA with no intervening genes, with the vasotocin gene located upstream of the mesotocin gene. Nucleotide sequences of the second exons of the two genes are under purifying selection implying a regulatory function. We have also analyzed the neurohypophysial hormone gene locus in the genomes of opossum, chicken and Xenopus tropicalis. The opossum contains two tandem copies of vasopressin and mesotocin genes. The vasotocin and mesotocin genes in chicken and Xenopus, and the vasopressin and mesotocin genes in opossum are linked tail-to-head similar to their orthologs in coelacanth and unlike their homologs in human and rodents. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the neurohypophysial hormone gene locus has experienced independent rearrangements in both placental mammals and teleost fishes. The coelacanth genome appears to be more stable than mammalian and teleost fish genomes. As such, it serves as a valuable outgroup for studying the evolution of mammalian and teleost fish genomes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-93",
    doi = "10.1186/1471-2148-8-93",
    openalex = "W2098940871",
    references = "doi101016jcell200412035, doi101016s0021925817392360, doi101016s0168952503001161, doi101038nature04696, doi101073pnas0400609101, doi101093nar25244876, doi101126science1073774, doi101152physrev2001812629, doi101159000073702, openalexw164690857"
}

@misc{crossref2009coelacanths,
    title = "Coelacanths",
    year = "2009",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, \& Culture",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412963961.n99",
    doi = "10.4135/9781412963961.n99",
    openalex = "W4230651611"
}

@article{doi101002bies201200145,
    author = "Casañe, Didier and Laurenti, Patrick",
    title = "Why coelacanths are not ‘living fossils’",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "BioEssays",
    abstract = "A series of recent studies on extant coelacanths has emphasised the slow rate of molecular and morphological evolution in these species. These studies were based on the assumption that a coelacanth is a 'living fossil' that has shown little morphological change since the Devonian, and they proposed a causal link between low molecular evolutionary rate and morphological stasis. Here, we have examined the available molecular and morphological data and show that: (i) low intra-specific molecular diversity does not imply low mutation rate, (ii) studies not showing low substitution rates in coelacanth are often neglected, (iii) the morphological stability of coelacanths is not supported by paleontological evidence. We recall that intra-species levels of molecular diversity, inter-species genome divergence rates and morphological divergence rates are under different constraints and they are not necessarily correlated. Finally, we emphasise that concepts such as 'living fossil', 'basal lineage', or 'primitive extant species' do not make sense from a tree-thinking perspective.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201200145",
    doi = "10.1002/bies.201200145",
    openalex = "W1560120724",
    references = "doi101016jtig201005003, doi101038nrg2146, doi101038scientificamerican117998, doi101046j1365294x200301731x, doi101146annureven10010165000525, doi101146annureves23110192001403, doi105860choice375647, doi105860choice396411, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303"
}

@article{doi101038nature12027,
    author = "Amemiya, Chris T. and Alföldi, Jessica and Lee, Alison and Fan, Shaohua and Philippe, Hervé and MacCallum, Iain and Braasch, Ingo and Manousaki, Tereza and Schneider, Igor and Rohner, Nicolas and Organ, Chris L. and Chalopin, Domitille and Smith, Jeramiah J. and Robinson, Mark and Dorrington, Rosemary A. and Gerdol, Marco and Aken, Bronwen and Biscotti, Maria Assunta and Barucca, Marco and Baurain, Denis and Berlin, Aaron M. and Blatch, Gregory L. and Buonocore, Francesco and Burmester, Thorsten and Campbell, Michael S. and Canapa, Adriana and Cannon, John P. and Christoffels, Alan and Moro, Gianluca De and Edkins, Adrienne L. and Fan, Lin and Fausto, Anna Maria and Feiner, Nathalie and Forconi, Marikò and Gamieldien, Junaid and Gnerre, Sante and Gnirke, Andreas and Goldstone, Jared V. and Haerty, Wilfried and Hahn, Mark E. and Hesse, Uljana and Hoffmann, Steve and Johnson, Jeremy and Karchner, Sibel I. and Kuraku, Shigehiro and Lara, Marcia and Levin, Joshua Z. and Litman, Gary W. and Mauceli, Evan and Miyake, Tsutomu and Mueller, M. Gail and Nelson, David R. and Nitsche, Anne and Olmo, Ettore and Ota, Tatsuya and Pallavicini, Alberto and Panji, Sumir and Picone, Barbara and Ponting, Chris P. and Prohaska, Sonja J. and Przybylski, Dariusz and Saha, Nil Ratan and Ravi, Vydianathan and Ribeiro, Filipe J. and Sauka‐Spengler, Tatjana and Scapigliati, Giuseppe and Searle, Stephen M. J. and Sharpe, Ted and Simakov, Oleg and Stadler, Peter F. and Stegeman, John J. and Sumiyama, Kenta and Tabbaa, Diana and Tafer, Hakim and Turner-Maier, Jason and Heusden, Peter Van and White, Simon and Williams, Louise and Yandell, Mark and Brinkmann, Henner and Volff, Jean-Nicolas and Tabin, Clifford J. and Shubin, Neil H. and Schartl, Manfred and Jaffe, David B. and Postlethwait, John H. and Venkatesh, Byrappa and Palma, Federica Di and Lander, Eric S. and Meyer, Axel and Lindblad‐Toh, Kerstin",
    title = "The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Nature",
    abstract = "The discovery of a living coelacanth specimen in 1938 was remarkable, as this lineage of lobe-finned fish was thought to have become extinct 70 million years ago. The modern coelacanth looks remarkably similar to many of its ancient relatives, and its evolutionary proximity to our own fish ancestors provides a glimpse of the fish that first walked on land. Here we report the genome sequence of the African coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae. Through a phylogenomic analysis, we conclude that the lungfish, and not the coelacanth, is the closest living relative of tetrapods. Coelacanth protein-coding genes are significantly more slowly evolving than those of tetrapods, unlike other genomic features. Analyses of changes in genes and regulatory elements during the vertebrate adaptation to land highlight genes involved in immunity, nitrogen excretion and the development of fins, tail, ear, eye, brain and olfaction. Functional assays of enhancers involved in the fin-to-limb transition and in the emergence of extra-embryonic tissues show the importance of the coelacanth genome as a blueprint for understanding tetrapod evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12027",
    doi = "10.1038/nature12027",
    openalex = "W1963630241",
    references = "doi101016jgene200501008, doi101038nature04072, doi101038nature07891, doi101038nature10944, doi101038nbt1883, doi101073pnas1017351108, doi101093bioinformaticsbti191, doi101093genetics1352599, doi101093molbevmsh112, doi101126science1098119, doi1011861471216414538, doi101242jeb1982273, doi1023073514548, doi105860choice300927, nieuwenhuys1998the"
}

@article{doi1011861471216414538,
    author = "Pallavicini, Alberto and Canapa, Adriana and Barucca, Marco and Alföldi, Jessica and Biscotti, Maria Assunta and Buonocore, Francesco and Moro, Gianluca De and Palma, Federica Di and Fausto, Anna Maria and Forconi, Marikò and Gerdol, Marco and Makapedua, Daisy Monica and Turner-Meier, Jason and Olmo, Ettore and Scapigliati, Giuseppe",
    title = "Analysis of the transcriptome of the Indonesian coelacanth Latimeria menadoensis",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "BMC Genomics",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Latimeria menadoensis is a coelacanth species first identified in 1997 in Indonesia, at 10,000 Km of distance from its African congener. To date, only six specimens have been caught and just a very limited molecular data is available. In the present work we describe the de novo transcriptome assembly obtained from liver and testis samples collected from the fifth specimen ever caught of this species. RESULTS: The deep RNA sequencing performed with Illumina technologies generated 145,435,156 paired-end reads, accounting for \textasciitilde 14 GB of sequence data, which were de novo assembled using a Trinity/CLC combined strategy. The assembly output was processed and filtered producing a set of 66,308 contigs, whose quality was thoroughly assessed. The comparison with the recently sequenced genome of the African congener Latimeria chalumnae and with the available genomic resources of other vertebrates revealed a good reconstruction of full length transcripts and a high coverage of the predicted full coelacanth transcriptome. CONCLUSION: Given the high genomic affinity between the two coelacanth species, the here described de novo transcriptome assembly can be considered a valuable support tool for the improvement of gene prediction within the genome of L. chalumnae and a valuable resource for investigation of many aspects of tetrapod evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-538",
    doi = "10.1186/1471-2164-14-538",
    openalex = "W2131848830",
    references = "doi101016jtig200712007, doi101016jygeno200807001, doi101016jygeno201003001, doi101016s0022283605803602, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101038nbt1883, doi101038nrg2484, doi101038nrg3068, doi101093bioinformatics179847, doi101093bioinformaticsbti610"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0056006,
    author = "Forconi, Marikò and Canapa, Adriana and Barucca, Marco and Biscotti, Maria Assunta and Capriglione, Teresa and Buonocore, Francesco and Fausto, Anna Maria and Makapedua, Daisy Monica and Pallavicini, Alberto and Gerdol, Marco and Moro, Gianluca De and Scapigliati, Giuseppe and Olmo, Ettore and Schartl, Manfred",
    title = "Characterization of Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation Genes in Latimeria",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = {Genes involved in sex determination and differentiation have been identified in mice, humans, chickens, reptiles, amphibians and teleost fishes. However, little is known of their functional conservation, and it is unclear whether there is a common set of genes shared by all vertebrates. Coelacanths, basal Sarcopterygians and unique "living fossils", could help establish an inventory of the ancestral genes involved in these important developmental processes and provide insights into their components. In this study 33 genes from the genome of Latimeria chalumnae and from the liver and testis transcriptomes of Latimeria menadoensis, implicated in sex determination and differentiation, were identified and characterized and their expression levels measured. Interesting findings were obtained for GSDF, previously identified only in teleosts and now characterized for the first time in the sarcopterygian lineage; FGF9, which is not found in teleosts; and DMRT1, whose expression in adult gonads has recently been related to maintenance of sexual identity. The gene repertoire and testis-specific gene expression documented in coelacanths demonstrate a greater similarity to modern fishes and point to unexpected changes in the gene regulatory network governing sexual development.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056006",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0056006",
    openalex = "W2109356079",
    references = "doi1011861471216414538"
}

@article{doi101002jezb22559,
    author = "Boudinot, Pierre and Zou, Jun and Ota, Tatsuya and Buonocore, Francesco and Scapigliati, Giuseppe and Canapa, Adriana and Cannon, John P. and Litman, Gary W. and Hansen, John D.",
    title = "A tetrapod‐like repertoire of innate immune receptors and effectors for coelacanths",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution",
    abstract = "The recent availability of both robust transcriptome and genome resources for coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) has led to unique discoveries for coelacanth immunity such as the lack of IgM, a central component of adaptive immunity. This study was designed to more precisely address the origins and evolution of gene families involved in the initial recognition and response to microbial pathogens, which effect innate immunity. Several multigene families involved in innate immunity are addressed, including: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG1)-like receptors (RLRs), the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins (NLRs), diverse immunoglobulin domain-containing proteins (DICP) and modular domain immune-type receptors (MDIRs). Our analyses also include the tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIM), which are involved in pathogen recognition as well as the positive regulation of antiviral immunity. Finally, this study addressed some of the downstream effectors of the antimicrobial response including IL-1 family members, type I and II interferons (IFN) and IFN-stimulated effectors (ISGs). Collectively, the genes and gene families in coelacanth that effect innate immune functions share characteristics both in content, structure and arrangement with those found in tetrapods but not in teleosts. The findings support the sister group relationship of coelacanth fish with tetrapods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22559",
    doi = "10.1002/jez.b.22559",
    openalex = "W1894895855",
    references = "doi101002bies201200145, doi101016jimmuni201105006, doi101016s0092867400801725, doi10103841131, doi101038nature05732, doi101038nature09907, doi101038nri2314, doi101093molbevmsr121, doi101111j01052896200400204x, doi101126science1183021, doi101128cmr1447788092001"
}

@misc{doi107287peerj13175v01reviews2,
    author = "Mondéjar‐Fernández, Jorge and Meunier, François and Cloutier, Richard and Clément, Gaël and Laurin, Michel and Mondéjar‐Fernández, Jorge and Andrews, M and Long, J and Ahlberg, P and Barwick, R and Campbell, K and Amat, F and Meiri, S and Amprino, R and Brito, P and Meunier, F and Clment, G and Geffard-Kuriyama, D and Castanet, J and Castanet, J and Meunier, F and Bergot, C and Franois, Y and Castanet, J and Meunier, F-J and Ricqles, A De and Castanet, J and Francillon-Vieillot, H and Meunier, F-J and Ricqls, A De and Castanet, Francillon and Vieillot, H and Ricqls, A De and Chevrinais, M and Sire, J and A, Cloutier R; and Chevrinais, M and Jacquet, C and Cloutier, R and Cloutier, R and Cloutier, R and Cloutier, R and Proust, J and Tessier, B and Cupello, C and Meunier, F-J and Herbin, M and Clment, G and Brito, P and Cupello, C and Meunier, F-J and Herbin, M and Janvier, P and Clment, G and Brito, P and Downs, J and Donoghue, P and Daget, J and Bauchot, M and Arnoult, J and Dutel, H and Galland, M and Tafforeau, P and Long, J and Fagan, M and Janvier, P and Herrel, A and Santini, M and Clment, G and Herbin, M and Flower, S and Forey, P and Ahlberg, P and Lukevis, E and Zupin, I and Francillon, H and Meunier, F-J and Ngo, Tuan and Phong and Ricqles, A De and Francillon-Vieillot, H and Buffrenil, V De and Castanet, J and Graudie, J and Meunier, F-J and Sire, J-Y and Zylberberg, L and Ricqls, A De and Friedman, M and Coates, M and Anderson, P and Geffen, A and Pontual, H De and Wright, P and Mosegaard, H and Giraud, M and Castanet, J and Meunier, F and Bouligand, Y and Haines, R",
    title = {Peer Review \#2 of "Life history and ossification patterns in Miguashaia bureaui reveal the early evolution of osteogenesis in coelacanths (v0.1)"},
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "The study of development is critical for revealing the evolution of major vertebrate lineages.Coelacanths have one of the longest evolutionary histories among osteichthyans, but despite access to extant representatives, the onset of their weakly ossified endoskeleton is still poorly understood.Here we present the first palaeohistological and skeletochronological study of Miguashaia bureaui from the Upper Devonian of Canada, pivotal for exploring the palaeobiology and early evolution of osteogenesis in coelacanths.Cross sections of the caudal fin bones show that the cortex is made of layers of primary bone separated by lines of arrested growth, indicative of a cyclical growth.The medullary cavity displays remnants of calcified cartilage associated with bony trabeculae, characteristic of endochondral ossification.A skeletochronological analysis indicates that rapid growth during a short juvenile period was followed by slower growth in adulthood.Our new analysis highlights the life history and palaeoecology of Miguashaia bureaui and reveals that, despite differences in size and habitat, the poor endoskeletal ossification known in the extant Latimeria chalumnae can be traced back at least 375 million years ago.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.13175v0.1/reviews/2",
    doi = "10.7287/peerj.13175v0.1/reviews/2",
    openalex = "W4223452416",
    references = "doi101111joa13428"
}

@article{doi107717peerj13175,
    author = "Mondéjar‐Fernández, Jorge and Meunier, François and Cloutier, Richard and Clément, Gaël and Laurin, Michel",
    title = "Life history and ossification patterns in Miguashaia bureaui reveal the early evolution of osteogenesis in coelacanths",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "The study of development is critical for revealing the evolution of major vertebrate lineages. Coelacanths have one of the longest evolutionary histories among osteichthyans, but despite access to extant representatives, the onset of their weakly ossified endoskeleton is still poorly understood. Here we present the first palaeohistological and skeletochronological study of Miguashaia bureaui from the Upper Devonian of Canada, pivotal for exploring the palaeobiology and early evolution of osteogenesis in coelacanths. Cross sections of the caudal fin bones show that the cortex is made of layers of primary bone separated by lines of arrested growth, indicative of a cyclical growth. The medullary cavity displays remnants of calcified cartilage associated with bony trabeculae, characteristic of endochondral ossification. A skeletochronological analysis indicates that rapid growth during a short juvenile period was followed by slower growth in adulthood. Our new analysis highlights the life history and palaeoecology of Miguashaia bureaui and reveals that, despite differences in size and habitat, the poor endoskeletal ossification known in the extant Latimeria chalumnae can be traced back at least 375 million years ago.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13175",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.13175",
    openalex = "W4225838116",
    references = "doi101111joa13428"
}

@article{johnston2022the,
    author = "Johnston, Peter",
    title = "The missing anatomy of the living coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae (Smith, 1939)",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Vertebrate Zoology",
    abstract = "Anatomical features that have not been previously described in Latimeria were sought in histological section series, tissue-stained microCT scans, MRI scans, and synchrotron scan series. The spiracular organ, ultimobranchial endocrine gland, and m. cucullaris were identified in the expected locations. In addition, a muscle arising on the medial side of the pectoral girdle is identified and compared with a muscle in a similar location that attaches to the cranial rib in lungfish; these are proposed as homologues of the tetrapod m. omohyoideus. These findings are placed in evolutionary context by comparison with selected other groups of fish, lungfish and tetrapods. The position of Latimeria as a key taxon in the fish-to-tetrapod transition is emphasised by these findings, and the findings have potential to inform research on cranial structure in extinct taxa.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e84274",
    doi = "10.3897/vz.72.e84274",
    openalex = "W4285490446",
    pages = "513-531",
    volume = "72",
    references = "doi101038ncomms2036, doi101038s4158601911173, doi10118614726793911, doi101186s1286201709583, doi1023071441701, doi1023072413058, doi105962bhltitle82144, doi107554elife40179, openalexw563680134, openalexw628087051"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0320214,
    author = "Ferrante, Christophe and Cavin, Lionel",
    title = "A deep dive into the coelacanth phylogeny",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "The discovery in 1938 of a living coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, triggered much research and discussion on the evolutionary history and phylogeny of these peculiar sarcopterygian fishes. Indeed, coelacanths were thought to represent the 'missing link' between fishes and tetrapods, a phylogenetic position which is now dismissed. Since the first analyses using a phylogenetic approach were carried out three decades ago, a relatively similar data matrix has been consistently used by researchers for running analyses, with no significant changes aside from the addition of new taxa and characters, and minor corrections to the states' definition and scorings. Here, we investigate the phylogeny of Actinistia with an updated data matrix based on a list of partially new or modified characters. From the initial list of characters available in the most recent studies, we removed 16 characters, modified 16 other characters' definition and added 18 new characters, resulting in a list of 112 characters. We also revised the data matrix by correcting 171 miscoding found for 37 taxa. Based on the new phylogeny, we propose a new classification of coelacanths including 46 coelacanth genera, part of them allocated within nine families and four sub-families. Most of these groups were already named but were not recognised as clades, or poorly or not diagnosed in previous phylogenetic analyses. We provide several new or emended diagnoses for each clade. For the first time, a set of Palaeozoic coelacanth genera are found gathered within a clade, namely the Diplocercidae. All Mesozoic coelacanths, including extant Latimeria, are resolved as members of the order Coelacanthiformes, a clade that arose in the Permian, with Coelacanthus diverging first. We also found that most Mesozoic coelacanths are gathered into a clade, the Latimerioidei, itself divided into the Latimeriidae and the Mawsoniidae, each of which is divided into two subfamilies. Although these important changes, the new phylogeny of the Actinistia shows no significant alteration, and it remains relatively similar compared to previous studies. This demonstrates that the coelacanth phylogeny is now rather stable despite the weak support for most nodes in the phylogeny, and despite the difficulty of defining relevant morphological characters to score in this relatively slowly evolving lineage.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320214",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0320214",
    openalex = "W4411086515",
    references = "doi101038s41467024512384, doi101111joa13428"
}

@article{doi103389fmars20251521474,
    author = "Sheahan, Emmaline R. and Owens, Hannah L. and Guralnick, Robert and Naylor, Gavin J. P.",
    title = "3D ecological niche models outperform 2D in predicting coelacanth (Latimeria spp.) habitat",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Frontiers in Marine Science",
    abstract = "Introduction Discoveries of coelacanth populations off the East African coast and in the Indo-Pacific warrant an analysis of their potential distributions, but the necessary tools to model and project their distributions in 3 dimensions are lacking. Methods Using occurrence records for the West Indian ocean coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, we produced 3D and 2D maximum entropy ecological niche models and projected them into the habitat of the Indonesian coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis. We gauged each model’s success by how well it could predict L. menadoensis presences recorded from submersible observations. Results While the 2D model omitted 33\% of occurrences at the most forgiving threshold, the 3D model successfully predicted all occurrences, regardless of threshold level. Discussion Incorporating depth results in improved model accuracy when predicting coelacanth habitat, and projecting into 3 dimensions can give us insights as to where to target future sampling. This 3D modelling framework can help us better understand how marine species are distributed by depth and allow for more targeted conservation management.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1521474",
    doi = "10.3389/fmars.2025.1521474",
    openalex = "W4408209087",
    references = "doi101038s41467024512384"
}