@article{doi102475ajs242274,
    author = "Caster, Kenneth E.",
    title = "Limuloid trails from the Upper Triassic (Chinle) of the Petrified Forest National Monument, Arizona",
    year = "1944",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.242.2.74",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.242.2.74",
    openalex = "W2331333085"
}

@article{openalexw757404909,
    author = "Cooley, Maurice E.",
    title = "Geology of the Chinle Formation in the Upper Little Colorado drainage area, Arizona and New Mexico",
    year = "1957",
    journal = "UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)",
    abstract = "This item was digitized from a paper original and/or a microfilm copy. If you need higher-resolution images for any content in this item, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.",
    openalex = "W757404909"
}

@article{doi103133pp521b,
    author = "Repenning, C.A. and Cooley, Maurice E. and Akers, J.P.",
    title = "Stratigraphy of the Chinle and Moenkopi Formations, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "USGS professional paper",
    abstract = {bed." All members and units of the Chinle Formation form a gradational and intertonguing depositional sequence, although several local intraformational unconformities are present chiefly in the southeastern part of the report area.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/pp521b",
    doi = "10.3133/pp521b",
    openalex = "W2262077815",
    references = "doi101086624737, doi10113000167606195465971vftots20co2, doi101130mem61, doi1013063d93289316b111d78645000102c1865d, doi102475ajs2609652, doi102475ajss41272401, doi1056577ffc998, doi105962bhltitle7710, openalexw585507081, openalexw592776550"
}

@article{doi103133pp644e,
    author = "O'Sullivan, R. B.",
    title = "The upper part of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation and related rocks, southeastern Utah and adjacent areas",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "USGS professional paper",
    abstract = "In northeastern Arizona the Owl Rock Member of the Chinle Formation is overlain by a unit of reddish-orange very fine grained sandstone and siltstone. Previously, this reddish-orange unit has been referred to informally as division A of the Chinle Formation. Division A is rerognized throughout northeastern Arizona; stratigraphic studies show that the unit extends not more than 8 miles into southeastern Utah. In different parts of northeastern Arizona, division A is named the Rock Point Member of the Wingate Sandstone or the Church Rock Member of the Chinle Formation. In southeastern Utah and parts of northeastern Arizona a fluviatile sandstone-the Hite Bed-is at the top of the Chinle Formation, and stratigraphic studies show it to be equivalent to division A. In much of southeastern Utah a unit of reddish-orange very fine grained sandstone and siltstone is present below the Hite Bed and is also called Church Rock Member of the Chinle Formation. However, the stratigraphic relations, grain-size analyses, clay minerals, and fossil content show that it is a separate unit equivalent to the Owl Rock Member of the Chinle Formation. It is the author's opinion that rocks formerly assigned to division A of the Chinle Formation be everywhere called the Rock Point Member of the Wingate Sandstone and that the so-called Church Rock of southeastern Utah be renamed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/pp644e",
    doi = "10.3133/pp644e",
    openalex = "W2104056936",
    references = "doi101086626724, doi1013060bda582e16bd11d78645000102c1865d, doi103133b908, doi103133i300, doi103133pp150d, doi1056577ffc1066, doi1056577ffc998, openalexw2288440283, openalexw592776550, openalexw626798659"
}

@article{openalexw2505624660,
    author = "Fisher, Michael J. and Dunay, Robert E.",
    title = "Palynology of the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic), Arizona, U.S.A.",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Pollen et spores",
    openalex = "W2505624660"
}

@article{doi1010160034666785900302,
    author = "Litwin, Ronald J.",
    title = "Fertile organs and in situ spores of ferns from the late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona and New Mexico, with discussion of the associated dispersed spores",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(85)90030-2",
    doi = "10.1016/0034-6667(85)90030-2",
    openalex = "W2040533474",
    references = "doi1023071292723, doi1023072482648, doi1023073241484, doi105962bhltitle61674, openalexw1517347070, openalexw2588912730, openalexw3013888078, openalexw3024879171, openalexw3200669176, openalexw637805076"
}

@incollection{padian1986on1,
    author = "Padian, K",
    editor = "Padian, K.",
    title = "On the type material of Coelophysis Cope (Saurischia: Theropoda) and a new specimen from the Petrified Forest of Arizona (Late Triassic: Chinle Formation)",
    year = "1986",
    booktitle = "The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 40-60",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Padian, K., 1986, On the type material of Coelophysis Cope (Saurischia: Theropoda) and a new specimen from the Petrified Forest of Arizona (Late Triassic: Chinle Formation), in Padian, K., ed., The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 40-60.}"
}

@article{doi101017s0022336000029127,
    author = "Murry, Phillip A.",
    title = "New reptiles from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "New records of Late Triassic reptiles from the Chinle Formation of Arizona include a new species of small trilophosaurid, a sphenodontid, and two taxa of eolacertilians.? Trilophosaurus jacobsi n. sp. is a small trilophosaurid showing affinities to the type of Trilophosaurus buettneri of the southwestern United States and Variodens inopinatus from the Upper Triassic of Great Britain. A sphenodontid is also reported along with maxillae tentatively referred to the Kuehneosauridae and a jaw fragment from a subpleurodont eolacertilian with polycuspate teeth.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000029127",
    doi = "10.1017/s0022336000029127",
    openalex = "W1541381789"
}

@article{openalexw141134484,
    author = "Dubiel, Russell F.",
    title = "Sedimentology of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation Southeastern Utah: Paleoclimatic Implications",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Insecta mundi",
    abstract = "The Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in southeastern Utah was deposited in a complex fluvial-deltaic-lacustrine system. The Chinle records the evolution of a continental system in response to variations in climate, tectonics, and sediment supply. Chinle strata represent deposits of fluvial channels and floodplains, lacustrine deltas, lacustrine basins, and lacustrine and playa mudflats. These rocks include a variety of vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant fossils, trace fossils, and paleosols that provide information on depositional environments, water tables, and paleoclimate. Sedimentologic and paleontologic interpretations both support an interpretation of abundant lakes, streams, and marshes with high, but fluctuating water tables for all but the last phase of Chinle deposition. This final phase represents a transition to eolian deposition of the Wingate erg. The Chinle climate is interpreted to have been characterised by tropical monsoons, with abundant precipitation and seasonally drier periods. This interpretation agrees with Late Triassic paleoclimates predicted from theoretical models.",
    openalex = "W141134484"
}

@article{doi10108002724634198910011748,
    author = "Rowe, Timothy",
    title = "A new species of the theropod dinosaur Syntarsus from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Until now, Syntarsus was based on a single species, S. rhodesiensis, known only from southern Africa. The discovery of Syntarsus in North America adds significantly to the increasingly detailed resemblance of African and North American Early Jurassic terrestrial vertebrate faunas. The new species, Syntarsus kayentakatae, is based on a complete skull and partial skeleton, and more fragmentary remains of at least 16 additional individuals, all from a narrow stratigraphie interval in the Kayenta Formation. Syntarsus kayentakatae is diagnosed by parasagittal cranial crests and fusion of the fibula to the calcaneum in adults. Syntarsus is the most derived member of the newly diagnosed theropod taxon Ceratosauria, possessing 22 apomorphies that arose subsequent to the divergence of ceratosaurs from other theropods. Syntarsus shares 20 of these with Coelophysis bauri, one of the earliest well-known theropods. By their first appearance, probably late Carnian, ceratosaurs already possessed a history involving considerable morphological transformation. A number of these characters arose convergently much later in time in ornithurine birds.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1989.10011748",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1989.10011748",
    openalex = "W2059514783"
}

@article{openalexw3210282143,
    author = "Murry, Phillip A. and Long, R. A.",
    title = "Geology and paleontology of the Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park and vicinity, Arizona and a discussion of vertebrate fossils of the Southwestern Upper Triassic",
    year = "1989",
    openalex = "W3210282143"
}

@article{murry1990stratigraphy,
    author = "Murry, Phillip A.",
    title = "Stratigraphy of the Upper Triassic Petrified Forest Member (Chinle Formation) in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "The Journal of Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/629441",
    doi = "10.1086/629441",
    number = "5",
    openalex = "W1977007690",
    pages = "780-789",
    volume = "98",
    references = "doi1010160034666785900302, doi1010160034666788900929, doi102475ajs242274, doi103133pp521b, doi103133pp644e, openalexw1606596843, openalexw2505624660, openalexw3210282143"
}

@article{padian1990the,
    author = "Padian, Kevin",
    title = "The ornithischian form genus Revueltosaurus from the Petrified Forest of Arizona (Late Triassic: Norian; Chinle Formation)",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1990.10011813",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1990.10011813",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2042061394",
    pages = "268-269",
    volume = "10",
    references = "doi101007bf00377897, openalexw2310875238, openalexw606525048, openalexw653009579"
}

@article{doi1023073514963,
    author = "Dubiel, Russell F. and Parrish, Judith Totman and Parrish, J. Michael and Good, Steven C.",
    title = "The Pangaean Megamonsoon: Evidence from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Colorado Plateau",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Palaios",
    abstract = "The Upper Triassic Chinle Formation was deposited at an exceptional time in Earth's paleogeographic and paleoclimatic history. During the Triassic, the supercontinent Pangaea was at its greatest size, in terms of both aggregated continental crust and exposed land area. Moreover, the exposed land was divided symmetrically about the paleoequator between the northern and south- ern hemispheres. These conditions were ideal for maximizing monsoonal circulation, as predicted from paleoclimate models. The Chinle was deposited between about 5° to 15° N paleolatitude in the western equatorial region of Pangaea, a key area for documenting the effects of the monsoonal climate. This study summarizes sedimentologic and paleontologic data from the Chinle Formation on the Colorado Plateau and integrates that data with paleoclimatic models. The evidence for abundant moisture and seasonality attest to the reversal of equatorial flow and support the hypothesis that the Triassic Pangaean climate was dominated by monsoonal circulation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3514963",
    doi = "10.2307/3514963",
    openalex = "W1968621442",
    references = "doi1010160031018282900840, doi101029jd094id03p03341, doi101029tc001i002p00179, doi101029tc002i002p00139, doi101038228657a0, doi101086628416, doi10113000917613198614567ltpots20co2, doi1011751520046919750321515tromit20co2, doi102110scn8415, doi1023071550667, openalexw1606596843, openalexw2222103683"
}

@article{doi101017s0022336000026718,
    author = "Schwartz, Hilde L. and Gillette, David D.",
    title = "Geology and taphonomy of the Coelophysis quarry, Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Ghost Ranch, New Mexico",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The Coelophysis dinosaur quarry at Ghost Ranch, near Abiquiu, New Mexico, is unique among Triassic fossil sites for its yield of numerous complete and partial skeletons of a single species of theropod dinosaur (Coelophysis bauri). Since its discovery in 1947 by E. H. Colbert in the red siltstone beds of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, the quarry has yielded the remains of at least 1,000 individuals from approximately 30 cubic meters of excavated material. The main bone-bearing strata are abandoned channel deposits that are part of a siltstone overbank sequence. The Coelophysis remains found at the quarry are remarkably whole and well preserved, though they range in degree of articulation from complete skeletons to isolated limbs and bones. Skeletons, partial skeletons, and bones are crudely aligned and show little evidence of predator or scavenger disturbance or surface weathering. Geologic and taphonomic evidence suggests that the dinosaurs preserved in the Ghost Ranch quarry were transported to the site as carcasses by fluvial currents. The carcasses blocked a small channel and were subsequently buried by silts. Petrographic study and neutron activation analysis reveal no evidence of volcanic ash, paleopathologic osteology, or unusual chemistry in the quarry bone and sediments. The virtual monospecificity, taphonomy, and ecology of the assemblage suggest that the dinosaurs perished due to a regional environmental crisis, such as drought.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000026718",
    doi = "10.1017/s0022336000026718",
    openalex = "W2488911263",
    references = "doi103133pp521b"
}

@article{openalexw2351060228,
    author = "Schwartz, Hilde L. and Gille, David D.",
    title = "GEOLOGY AND TAPHONOMY OF THE COELOPHYSIS QUARRY, UPPER TRIASSIC CHINLE FORMATION, GHOST RANCH,",
    year = "1994",
    openalex = "W2351060228",
    references = "doi103133pp521b"
}

@article{hasiotis1995termite,
    author = "Hasiotis, Stephen T. and Dubiel, Russell F.",
    title = "Termite (Insecta: Isoptera) nest ichnofossils from the upper triassic chinle formation, petrified forest national park, Arizona",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Ichnos",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10420949509380119",
    doi = "10.1080/10420949509380119",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W1992264932",
    pages = "119-130",
    volume = "4",
    references = "doi101007bf02027536, doi1010160012825272900724, doi1010160016706181900082, doi101038scientificamerican109242, doi10108010420949309380104, doi101086273307, doi101126science11536548, openalexw1725516486, openalexw1832764887, openalexw606525048"
}

@article{doi10108002724634199910011124,
    author = "Sullivan, Robert M. and Lucas, Spencer G.",
    title = "Eucoelophysis baldwini a new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, and the status of the original types of Coelophysis",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Eucoelophysis baldwini is a new genus and species of theropod dinosaur from the Upper Triassic Petrified Forest Formation of the Chinle Group in north-central New Mexico. Eucoelophysis baldwini is diagnosed by the autapomorphous structure of its pubis (presence of ischio-acetabular groove), and femur, which has a sulcus in its proximal surface. It differs from Coelophysis bauri and Syntarus rhodesiensis in lacking a well-developed posterior femoral notch below the femoral head. It is further distinquished from Coelophysis bauri in having a tibia that has a distinct appressed surface along the distal two-thirds of the bone and lacks a fibular crest. The original syntypes of Coelophysis longicollis (Cope, 1887a) include a pubis with autapomorphies of Eucoelophysis baldwini and can be assigned to that taxon. Many of the other syntypes of C. longicollis, C. bauri and C. willistoni probably also belong to E. baldwini, but this cannot be demonstrated with certainty. The type horizon of E. baldwini is in the upper part of the Petrified Forest Formation, about 45 m stratigraphically below the locality of the neotype of Coelophysis bauri, the Whitaker (Ghost Ranch) quarry, which is in the Rock Point Formation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1999.10011124",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1999.10011124",
    openalex = "W2088492438",
    references = "cuny1993revision, doi101007bf02985783, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634198910011748, doi101126science11282807, doi101127njgpa1871993261, doi1021805bznv75a001, doi1023073514751, doi105479si03629236110i, openalexw2788234611, rowe1989a"
}

@article{doi101306031700701280,
    author = "Tanner, Lawrence H.",
    title = "Palustrine-Lacustrine and Alluvial Facies of the (Norian) Owl Rock Formation (Chinle Group), Four Corners Region, Southwestern U.S.A: Implications for Late Triassic Paleoclimate",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Research",
    abstract = "The Upper Triassic (Norian) Owl Rock Formation was deposited in a low-gradient floodbasin at a subtropical paleolatitude.The lower part of the formation consists predominantly of fine-grained siliciclastic lithofacies deposited by sheetflood and sinuous streams on a muddy floodplain during a period of continuous basin aggradation.Nodular calcretes are increasingly mature higher in the formation, suggesting increasingly episodic depositional conditions.The upper part of the formation consists mostly of interbedded fine-grained siliciclastic facies and laterally continuous ledges of limestone and sandstone.The predominant limestone facies has brecciated to peloidal fabrics, sparfilled circumgranular cracks, and root channeling.The subordinate limestone facies displays wavy to irregular argillaceous lamination, desiccation cracks, and oscillation ripples, and is vertically and laterally gradational with the brecciated facies.The upper Owl Rock Formation records deposition of aggrading sequences of alluvial sediments deposited during base-level rise, capped by highstand carbonates deposited in small perennial and ephemeral carbonate lakes and ponds.Base-level lowstand in an overall semiarid climate resulted in extensive pedogenesis of the limestone and laterally equivalent alluvial facies.Basin wide variations in base level are interpreted as resulting from climatic fluctuations.This depositional model is consistent with an interpreted trend towards aridification on the Colorado Plateau during the Late Triassic as Pangea drifted northward from one climate zone to another.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/031700701280",
    doi = "10.1306/031700701280",
    openalex = "W2162691110"
}

@article{therrien2000paleoenviromnents,
    author = "Therrien, Francois and Fastovsky, David E.",
    title = "Paleoenviromnents of Early Theropods, Chinle Formation (Late Triassic), Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "PALAIOS",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3515642",
    doi = "10.2307/3515642",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W4241374256",
    pages = "194",
    volume = "15"
}

@article{therrien2000paleoenvironments,
    author = "THERRIEN, F. and FASTOVSKY, D. E.",
    title = "Paleoenvironments of Early Theropods, Chinle Formation (Late Triassic), Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "PALAIOS",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2000)015<0194:poetcf>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1669/0883-1351(2000)015<0194:poetcf>2.0.co;2",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2163773073",
    pages = "194-211",
    volume = "15",
    references = "doi1010970001069419480200000020, doi1010970001069419780500000019, doi101111j136530911965tb01561x, doi101111j136530911978tb00323x, doi101201b10158, doi1023073514751, doi102307622963, murry1990stratigraphy, openalexw1563966065, openalexw1996683265, openalexw2912219260"
}

@article{doi101130b252541,
    author = "Riggs, Nancy and Ash, Sidney R. and Barth, Andrew P. and Gehrels, George E. and Wooden, Joseph L.",
    title = "Isotopic age of the Black Forest Bed, Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation, Arizona: An example of dating a continental sandstone",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b25254.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b25254.1",
    openalex = "W2120078743",
    references = "doi101007bf01134434"
}

@article{doi10718895fylantbak30806570,
    author = "Heckert, Andrew B. and Zeigler, Kate E. and Lucas, Spencer G. and Rinehart, Larry F.",
    title = "Coelophysids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Triassic (Revueltian) Snyder Quarry",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)",
    abstract = "The Snyder quarry preserves one of the richest assemblages of Norian theropods in the world, and the second-most productive theropod locality in the Chinle Group. At least four coelophysid theropods are preserved at the Snyder quarry, based on tibiae. Most elements of these theropods are represented, including an incomplete skull and lower jaws, cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, a scapulocoracoid, ilia, ischia, femora, tibiae, a fibula, astragalocalcanea, and diverse carpals and tarsals. These specimens demonstrate that the Snyder quarry theropods pertain to the Revueltian theropod Eucoelophysis, only known from the type locality at Orphan Mesa 10 km to the east and Baldwin’s original collection described by Cope in 1881. Theropod dinosaurs at the Snyder quarry are the most abundant terrestrial predators, and outnumber rauisuchians and sphenosuchians. These theropods are, with the “Padian theropod” from the same unit in the Petrified Forest National Park and Procompsognathus from the Stubensandstein in Germany, part of an apparently Pangean radiation of coelophysid theropods during Revueltian (early-mid Norian) time.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.71889/5fylantbak.30806570",
    doi = "10.71889/5fylantbak.30806570",
    openalex = "W2140687624",
    references = "doi101007bf01134434, doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511564413024, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi10108002724634199210011473, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi1056577ffc5285, doi1056577ffc56341"
}

@article{riggs2003isotopic,
    author = "Riggs, N.R. and Ash, S.R. and Barth, A.P. and Gehrels, G.E. and Wooden, J.L.",
    title = "Isotopic age of the Black Forest Bed, Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation, Arizona: An example of dating a continental sandstone",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b25254.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b25254.1",
    number = "11",
    openalex = "W2120078743",
    pages = "1315",
    volume = "115",
    references = "doi101007bf00310694, doi101007bf01134434, doi101007bf01296565, doi1010160012821x75900886, doi1010160016703773902135, doi101126science2605109794, doi101126science273527197, doi1011300016760620011131343dzpomt20co2, doi10113008137234771, doi1018814epiiugs1996v19i12002, openalexw1564145569, openalexw2505624660"
}

@article{openalexw1565584485,
    author = "Bristowe, Anthea and Raath, Michael A.",
    title = "A juvenile coelophysoid skull from the Early Jurassic of Zimbabwe, and the synonymy of Coelophysis and Syntarsus",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)",
    abstract = "Several authors have drawn attention to the close similarities between the neotheropod dinosaurs Coelophysis and Syntarsus. Reconstruction \nand analysis of a skull from a juvenile specimen of Syntarsus (collected from the Forest Sandstone Formation of Zimbabwe) \nshow that cranial characters previously used to distinguish these taxa and justify their generic separation (namely the presence of a \n‘nasal fenestra’ in Syntarsus and the length of its antorbital fenestra), were based on erroneous reconstructions of disassociated cranial \nelements. On the basis of this reinterpretation we conclude that Syntarsus is a junior synonym of Coelophysis. Variations are noted in \nthree cranial characters – the length of the maxillary tooth row, the width of the base of the lachrymal and the shape of the antorbital \nmaxillary fossa – that taken together with the chronological and geographical separation of the two taxa justify separation at species \nlevel.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1565584485",
    openalex = "W1565584485",
    references = "doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634200310010947, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101126science2725264986, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi1015468gbdyof, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw2989049194, openalexw3215057009, talbot1911podokesaurus"
}

@article{doi1056577ffc56302,
    author = "Heckert, Andrew B. and Lucas, Spencer G. and Sullivan, Robert M. and Hunt, Adrian P. and Spielmann, Justin A.",
    title = "The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Triassic (Revueltian: Early-Mid Norian) Painted Desert Member (Petrified Forest Formation: Chinle Group) in the Chama Basin, northern New Mexico",
    year = "2005",
    abstract = "The Upper Triassic Painted Desert Member of the Petrified Forest Formation in north-central New Mexico yields one of the most extensive and significant Revueltian (early-mid Norian) tetrapod faunas known. Particularly significant aspects of this fauna are: (1) its long history of collection and study, including designation of important type specimens; and (2) the richness of the unit, including no fewer than three major vertebrate quarries (the Canjilon, Snyder, and Hayden quarries). Beginning with the work of Cope and extending to the present day, the bulk of the Triassic vertebrates recovered from the Chama Basin have been derived from the Painted Desert Member. This includes tetrapod faunas collected at Gallina, Orphan Mesa, and the Canjilon, Snyder, and Hayden quarries. Although any one of these localities can be exceptionally rich, the Painted Desert Member fauna in the Chama Basin is a relatively low-diversity assemblage dominated by the phytosaur Pseudopalatus and the aetosaur Typothorax. The vast majority of the known diversity of the unit in the Chama Basin was derived from a single locality, the Snyder quarry. We also review the stratigraphic and biostratigraphic evidence that suggest that this fauna may be slightly younger (Lucianoan) than the type Revueltian (Barrancan) assemblage, although this argument is weakened by the fact that it is based at least in part on the absence of characteristic Revueltian (Barrancan) taxa such as Revueltosaurus callenderi.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-56.302",
    doi = "10.56577/ffc-56.302",
    openalex = "W1602976408",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511564413024, doi101126science273527197, doi1013130203949425396, doi1056577ffc56170, doi1056577ffc56319, doi10718895fylantbak30806570, doi10718895fylantbak30806843, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw2103168917, openalexw2145948209, openalexw2166545671, openalexw3175991846, openalexw3210282143"
}

@article{openalexw2495076640,
    author = "Parker, William G. and Irmis, Randall B.",
    title = "ADVANCES IN LATE TRIASSIC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY BASED ON NEW MATERIAL FROM PETRIFIED FOREST NATIONAL PARK, ARIZONA",
    year = "2005",
    abstract = "Recent collecting of vertebrate fossils in Petrifi ed Forest National Park as the result of an ongoing inventory of fossil localities has produced numerous important new specimens. These include phytosaur skulls and partial skeletons, aetosaur partial skeletons and isolated, but complete, osteoderms, as well as new dinosaur material that contributes new information to a currently poor dinosaur record from the Late Triassic of Arizona. Stratigraphic placement of phytosaur and aetosaur fossils from the park shows that several index taxa used for Late Triassic land vertebrate faunachrons overlap and that revision of these faunachrons is needed.",
    openalex = "W2495076640",
    references = "openalexw1532983209"
}

@article{doi101111j14754983200800786x,
    author = "Heckert, Andrew B. and Lucas, Spencer G. and Rinehart, Larry F. and Hunt, Adrian P.",
    title = "A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF SPHENODONTIAN FROM THE GHOST RANCH COELOPHYSIS QUARRY (UPPER TRIASSIC: APACHEAN), ROCK POINT FORMATION, NEW MEXICO, USA",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract: We document here a new taxon of sphenodontian, Whitakersaurus bermani gen. et sp. nov., that is also the most complete sphenodontian fossil from the Upper Triassic Chinle Group in the south‐western USA and the first Chinle sphenodontian represented by more than a single fragmentary dentulous element. The holotype was recovered during preparation of block C‐8‐82 from the famous Coelophysis (Whitaker) quarry at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, and is the most complete small vertebrate recovered from the quarry. Detailed lithostratigraphy and geologic mapping demonstrate that the Whitaker quarry is in the Rock Point Formation of the Chinle Group, so Whitakersaurus is the first sphenodontian reported from this unit. Records of the phytosaur Redondasaurus at the quarry and elsewhere in the Chinle Group demonstrate that the quarry, and thus Whitakersaurus, is of Apachean (late Norian–Rhaetian) age. The sphenodontian specimen consists of incomplete left and right dentaries, a partial left? maxilla?, and impressions of a probable palatal element, all of which preserve multiple teeth. Whitakersaurus is distinct from other sphenodontians in possessing a unique combination of the following features: marginal dentition pleurodont anteriorly and posteriorly acrodont; pronounced heterodonty in dentary, with as many as 15 smaller, peg‐like teeth anteriorly and several larger, posterior teeth that are conical and striated; faint radial ornamentation of posterior tooth crowns; presence of c. 19 dentary teeth; and absence of a distinct flange on posterior teeth. Numerous other details distinguish it from both more primitive and more derived taxa. Whitakersaurus, therefore, helps to document further mosaic evolution and an extensive diversification event of sphenodontians during Triassic time. Although sphenodontian taxa are relatively easily recognized, widely distributed, and common small‐ or microvertebrate fossils, the long stratigraphic ranges of taxa known from multiple specimens hinders their utility as index fossils with which to correlate strata across Pangaea.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00786.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00786.x",
    openalex = "W2043744937",
    references = "doi1056577ffc56170"
}

@article{doi10108002724631003763524,
    author = "Heckert, Andrew B. and Lucas, Spencer G. and Rinehart, Larry F. and Celeskey, Matthew D. and Spielmann, Justin A. and Hunt, Adrian P.",
    title = "Articulated skeletons of the aetosaur Typothorax coccinarum Cope (Archosauria: Stagonolepididae) from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation (Revueltian: early-mid Norian), eastern New Mexico, USA",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT We report two nearly complete, articulated skeletons of the crurotarsan archosaur Typothorax coccinarum from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation of east-central New Mexico. These are the most complete, articulated aetosaurs from North America and provide a wealth of new anatomical and paleobiological data, including articulated presacral armor that confirms the distinctiveness of T. coccinarum from the closely related T. antiquum and from Redondasuchus. Cervical vertebrae are small, but the corresponding reduction in armor is accomplished by a reduced number of cervical osteoderms. The third row of osteoderms includes a thin, elongate, lateral spike. The ventral armor consists of 10 thoracic columns and four caudal columns of osteoderms. Spiked osteoderms near the cloacal vent are the first spikes reported in aetosaurian ventral osteoderms. The forelimb of T. coccinarum was very short, only ∼0.65 the length of the hind limb, possesses some adaptations found in digging taxa, and was held in a sprawling or 'semi-erect' position. In contrast the hind limb is much more robust, 'pillar erect,' and functionally mesotarsal. The articulated pes, including unguals, has, minimally, the phalangeal formula 2-3-3?-4?-3? with relative digit lengths III > II > IV > I > V, digits I–IV equally as wide as long and other characteristics of the footprint ichnogenus Brachychirotherium, often attributed to an aetosaurian trackmaker. Both specimens are ∼2.5 m long and the preserved armor and limb bones are as large or larger than known Typothorax fossils, suggesting that this approximates the upper size limit of T. coccinarum, and we calculate body mass estimates of ∼100–104 kg for both specimens. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Volunteer P. Sealey found NMMNH P-12964 and S. Sucher discovered NMMNH P-56299. Mr. Cresap allowed the NMMNH to collect P-12964 from his land and Mr. Box facilitated NMMNH access to Badlands Ranch on multiple occasions, including when P-56299 was collected. Numerous volunteers with the New Mexico Friends of Paleontology (NMFOP) assisted with the excavation of these fossils. Initial preparation of P-12964 was conducted by T. Benson, J. Harris, and K. Zeigler, with oversight of the molding process by P. Reser. The mold was cast by J. Smith with help from a team of NMFOP volunteers. Bill Ortman prepared P-56299. Preparation of fossils was supported by the Sandoval Fossil Preparation fund and the NMFOP. The Appalachian State University 'Triassic trip' that helped collect P-56299 included the senior author as well as chairman Dr. J. Waters and students A. Abernethy, J. Camp, J. Richards, B. Snow, and W. Waters, and was supported by the Department of Geology's field trip fund. A University Research Council Grant from Appalachian State University supported the senior author's work on this paper. M. Sundstrom prepared the initial line art of the Revuelto Creek specimen. The NMMNH Foundation and Appalachian's College of Arts and Sciences supported some of the publication costs associated with this paper. We thank editor C. Sidor and reviewers M. Benton and N. Fraser for constructive suggestions that improved the manuscript.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724631003763524",
    doi = "10.1080/02724631003763524",
    openalex = "W2021678946",
    references = "doi1056577ffc5285"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0009329,
    author = "Martz, Jeffrey W. and Parker, William G.",
    title = "Revised Lithostratigraphy of the Sonsela Member (Chinle Formation, Upper Triassic) in the Southern Part of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent revisions to the Sonsela Member of the Chinle Formation in Petrified Forest National Park have presented a three-part lithostratigraphic model based on unconventional correlations of sandstone beds. As a vertebrate faunal transition is recorded within this stratigraphic interval, these correlations, and the purported existence of a depositional hiatus (the Tr-4 unconformity) at about the same level, must be carefully re-examined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Our investigations demonstrate the neglected necessity of walking out contacts and mapping when constructing lithostratigraphic models, and providing UTM coordinates and labeled photographs for all measured sections. We correct correlation errors within the Sonsela Member, demonstrate that there are multiple Flattops One sandstones, all of which are higher than the traditional Sonsela sandstone bed, that the Sonsela sandstone bed and Rainbow Forest Bed are equivalent, that the Rainbow Forest Bed is higher than the sandstones at the base of Blue Mesa and Agate Mesa, that strata formerly assigned to the Jim Camp Wash beds occur at two stratigraphic levels, and that there are multiple persistent silcrete horizons within the Sonsela Member. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We present a revised five-part model for the Sonsela Member. The units from lowest to highest are: the Camp Butte beds, Lot's Wife beds, Jasper Forest bed (the Sonsela sandstone)/Rainbow Forest Bed, Jim Camp Wash beds, and Martha's Butte beds (including the Flattops One sandstones). Although there are numerous degradational/aggradational cycles within the Chinle Formation, a single unconformable horizon within or at the base of the Sonsela Member that can be traced across the entire western United States (the "Tr-4 unconformity") probably does not exist. The shift from relatively humid and poorly-drained to arid and well-drained climatic conditions began during deposition of the Sonsela Member (low in the Jim Camp Wash beds), well after the Carnian-Norian transition.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009329",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0009329",
    openalex = "W2036432638",
    references = "doi1010160037073888900504, doi1010160037073888900565, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi10102991jb00336, doi101029jd094id03p03341, doi101130b253261, doi101130g22967a1, doi101306212f8bb12b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi103133pp521b, murry1990stratigraphy, openalexw2912219260, openalexw3210282143, openalexw606525048, therrien2000paleoenvironments"
}

@article{openalexw1532983209,
    author = "Heckert, Andrew B.",
    title = "A Revueltian (Norian) phytosaur from the Sonsela Member of the Petrified Forest Formation (Chinle Group: Upper Triassic), Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)",
    abstract = {The Sonsela Member of the Petrified Forest Formation (Upper Triassic) is widely exposed in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. Fossil wood is common in the fluvial Sonsela, but the high energy depositional conditions appear to have destroyed all fossil bone except for small fragments. The first identifiable vertebrate fossil from channel-facies of this unit is an incomplete phytosaur skull preserved on a fallen block of sandstone on a cliff in the Rainbow Forest area of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. This cliff is "Flattops Sandstone I," which we consider to represent the upper part of the Sonsela Member. The left side of the skull, lacking the anterior half of the rostrum, is preserved in lateral view. The specimen is uncollectable, but casts are preserved at Mesalands Dinosaur Museum, Petrified Forest National Park, and the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. The two most important morphological features of this specimen are: (1) the external nares are at approximately the same level as the skull deck; and (2) the posterior squamosal process in lateral view is narrow and not pendulous. This combination of features is diagnostic of the genus Nicrosaurus. The only other published account of Nicrosaurus in North America is Nicrosaurus buceros from the Chama basin of north-central New Mexico. The common Nicrosaurus kapffi and the rare N. meyeri occur in the Norian Stubensandstein of southwestern Germany. This specimen is biochronologically sig:p.ificant as it demonstrates that the Sonsela is indeed Norian in age, as has been suggested previously. Paleobiogeographically, it is one of an increasing number of Late Triassic tetrapod taxa that were previously thought to be exclusively European in distribution (e.g., Erpetosuchus, Aetosaurus, Stagonolepis) that have now been identified in North America.},
    openalex = "W1532983209",
    references = "doi101007bf02989485, doi101086622217, doi1011111475498300143, doi101127njgpm19981998604, doi102475ajs2609652, doi10718895fylantbak30806843, murry1990stratigraphy, openalexw3175991846, openalexw3210282143, openalexw757404909"
}

@article{parker2010the,
    author = "Parker, William G. and Martz, Jeffrey W.",
    title = "The Late Triassic (Norian) Adamanian–Revueltian tetrapod faunal transition in the Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh",
    abstract = "Recent stratigraphic revisions of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, in conjunction with precise and accurate documentation of fossil tetrapod occurrences, clarified the local biostratigraphy, with regional and global implications. A significant overlap between Adamanian and Revueltian faunas is rejected, as is the validity of the Lamyan sub-land vertebrate faunachron. The Adamanian–Revueltian boundary can be precisely placed within the lower Jim Camp Wash beds of the Sonsela Member and thus does not occur at the hypothesised Tr-4 unconformity. This mid-Norian faunal turnover, may coincide with a floral turnover, based on palynology studies and also on sedimentological evidence of increasing aridity. Available age constraints bracketing the turnover horizon are consistent with the age of the Manicouagan impact event. The rise of dinosaurs in western North America did not correspond to the Adamanian–Revueltian transition, and overall dinosauromorph diversity seems to have remained at a constant level across it. The paucity of detailed Late Triassic vertebrate biostratigraphic data and radioisotopic dates makes it currently impossible to either support or reject the existence of globally synchronous Late Triassic extinctions for tetrapods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755691011020020",
    doi = "10.1017/s1755691011020020",
    number = "3-4",
    openalex = "W2124474386",
    pages = "231-260",
    volume = "101"
}

@article{doi101130b304331,
    author = "Ramezani, Jahandar and Hoke, Gregory D. and Fastovsky, David E. and Bowring, Samuel A. and Therrien, François and Dworkin, S. I. and Atchley, Stacy C. and Nordt, Lee C.",
    title = "High-precision U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA): Temporal constraints on the early evolution of dinosaurs",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "The Triassic successions of the Colorado Plateau preserve an important record of vertebrate evolution and climate change, but correlations to a global Triassic framework are hampered by a lack of geochronological control. Tuffaceous sandstones and siltstones were collected from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation exposed in the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA, within a refined stratigraphic context of 31 detailed measured sections. U-Pb analyses by the isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) method constrain maximum depositional ages for nine tuffaceous beds and provide new insights into the depositional history of the Chinle fluvial system. The base of the Blue Mesa Member of the Chinle Formation is placed at ca. 225 Ma, and the top of the Petrified Forest Member is placed at 208 Ma or younger, bracketing an ̃280-m-thick section that spans nearly the entire Norian Stage of the Late Triassic. Estimated sediment accumulation rates throughout the section reflect extensive hiatuses and/ or sediment removal by channel erosion. The new geochronology for the Chinle Formation underscores the potential pitfalls of correlation of fluvial units based solely on lithostratigraphic criteria. A mid-Norian age (ca. 219-213 Ma) for the distinctive Sonsela conglomeratic sandstone bed constrains the Adamanian-Revueltian land vertebrate faunachron boundary. Our new data permit a significant time overlap between the lower Chinle sequence and the dinosauromorphrich Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. Near-contemporaneity of the trans-American deposits and their faunal similarities imply that early dinosaur evolution occurred rapidly across the Americas. © 2011 Geological Society of America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b30433.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b30433.1",
    openalex = "W2057937776",
    references = "doi1010160034666791900282, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jepsl200909013, doi101016s0016703799002045, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi10102991jb00336, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1101012, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1198467, doi10113000917613198614567ltpots20co2, doi101130g306831, doi101144sp33415, doi101371journalpone0009329, doi102110jsr2008088, doi1023073514678, doi103133pp521b, doi103133pp644e, doi103133pp690, nesbitt2009a, openalexw1504637003, riggs2003isotopic, therrien2000paleoenvironments"
}

@article{doi102110jsr201389,
    author = "Atchley, S. C. and Nordt, Lee C. and Dworkin, S. I. and Ramezani, Jahandar and Parker, William G. and Ash, Sidney R. and Bowring, Samuel A.",
    title = "A Linkage Among Pangean Tectonism, Cyclic Alluviation, Climate Change, and Biologic Turnover In the Late Triassic: The Record From The Chinle Formation, Southwestern United States",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Research",
    abstract = "Abstract High-precision geochronology provides unprecedented insights into the depositional history of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of the Colorado Plateau, as well as its paleoenvironmental and paleobiological records. The Chinle succession exposed in the Petrified Forest National Park (PEFO) and vicinity, Arizona, includes two large-scale alluvial composite sequences. Although each composite sequence fines upward, the upper composite sequence is more dominated by coarser-grained deposits. Petrographic analysis of sandstone lithic content indicates an upward decrease in the proportion of volcanic rock fragments in each composite sequence. Paleocurrent indicators in the lower composite sequence suggest a variable paleoflow direction, whereas northward paleoflow dominated the upper composite sequence. The change in paleoflow appears to coincide with a reorganization of alluvial depositional processes and associated source terranes, and precedes a rapid acceleration in basin subsidence. Climate proxy records from paleosol geochemistry indicate a gradual shift from humid to dry conditions across the transition between the lower and upper composite sequences and the Adamanian–Revueltian biotic turnover. Composite-sequence depositional reorganization, climatic shift and biologic turnover, in turn, appear to coincide with episodes of magmatism recorded in Triassic granitoid plutons presently exposed in southern California. Taken collectively, these observations suggest that the Late Triassic depositional, climatic, and ecologic history at PEFO may be related to emergence of the incipient Cordilleran magmatic arc along the convergent western margin of Pangea. A new U-Pb date for the lower part of the Chinle Formation suggests that most or all of the formation was deposited in the Norian Stage.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2013.89",
    doi = "10.2110/jsr.2013.89",
    openalex = "W2122960116",
    references = "doi1010160016703792901426, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jrevpalbo201211001, doi101016s0016706100000975, doi101017s1755691011020020, doi101017s1755691013000376, doi1010292010gc003478, doi1010292010gc003479, doi101086342865, doi101086648217, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101371journalpone0009329, doi1016660094837320000260137ccpfrt20co2, doi105860choice444462, parker2010the, therrien2000paleoenvironments"
}

@article{doi10247506201401,
    author = "Ramezani, Jahandar and Fastovsky, David E. and Bowring, Samuel A.",
    title = "Revised chronostratigraphy of the Lower Chinle Formation strata in Arizona and New Mexico (USA): High-precision U-Pb geochronological constraints on the Late Triassic evolution of dinosaurs",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    abstract = "The early history of dinosaurs in North America is obscured by an incomplete fossil record, taxonomic uncertainties and speculative correlations of tetrapod-bearing rocks, as well as poor calibration of the Late Triassic time scale. High-precision U-Pb geochronology provides a reliable means of correlating terrestrial rock formations independent of equivocal lithostratigraphy or vertebrate biostratigraphy, and hence the possibility of properly evaluating models for the early radiation and diversification of Dinosauria. Here we present new, high-precision, U-Pb ID-TIMS zircon geochronology from the presumed lowermost strata of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of the Colorado Plateau in Southwest United States, including a mean 206Pb/238U date of 219.39 ± 0.16 Ma from the renowned Placerias Quarry Bone Bed in eastern Arizona. The new results prompt revisions to the chronostratigraphy of the lower Chinle and provide a new temporal context for its rich tetrapod fauna. The oldest documented dinosaurs of North America coexisted with their non-dinosaurian near-relatives for a minimum of 12 m.y., from ca. 223 Ma to ca. 211 Ma, in the Norian. This early dinosauromorph record follows a ca. 6 m.y. period from which no tetrapod fossils have been documented and which was itself preceded by a ca. 10 m.y. depositional hiatus spanning nearly the entire Ladinian and Carnian stages of the terrestrial North America. The supposed late appearance of dinosauromorphs in North America compared to those in South America thus appears to be an artifact of incomplete preservation, as well as unsubstantiated age interpretations. This, together with the conspicuous biogeographic distinctions among the Triassic dinosauromorph assemblages, invalidates a simple diachronous model for the transcontinental radiation of early dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/06.2014.01",
    doi = "10.2475/06.2014.01",
    openalex = "W2101892087",
    references = "doi1010160012821x77900607, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jepsl200909013, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016s0016703799002045, doi101017s1755691011020020, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi101080027246342013818546, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1213454, doi101144sp3799, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0009329, doi102110jsr201389, fiorillo2000taphonomy, parker2010the"
}

@article{doi101130ges012381,
    author = "Riggs, Nancy and Oberling, Z.A. and Howell, E.R. and Parker, William G. and Barth, Andrew P. and Cecil, M. Robinson and Martz, Jeffrey W.",
    title = "Sources of volcanic detritus in the basal Chinle Formation, southwestern Laurentia, and implications for the Early Mesozoic magmatic arc",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Geosphere",
    abstract = "The Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in southwestern Laurentia is the oldest distinctive record of Early Mesozoic Cordilleran arc magmatism, in the form of detrital zircons and volcanic clasts. Initial deposition of the basal Shinarump and Mesa Redondo members, herein collectively called the Shinarump conglomerate, began in Late Triassic time, yet the earliest known arc magmatism is older by as much as 40 m.y.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01238.1",
    doi = "10.1130/ges01238.1",
    openalex = "W2333732779",
    references = "openalexw1532983209"
}

@incollection{doi101016b9780128032435000066,
    author = "Zeigler, Kate E. and Parker, William G. and Martz, Jeffrey W.",
    title = "The Lower Chinle Formation (Late Triassic) at Petrified Forest National Park, Southwestern USA",
    year = "2017",
    booktitle = "Elsevier eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-803243-5.00006-6",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-12-803243-5.00006-6",
    openalex = "W2615413343",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101017cbo9780511524936, doi1010292000jb000050, doi1010292009jb007205, doi101029gl017i002p00159, doi101098rspa19530064, doi101111j1365246x1980tb02601x, doi101111j1365246x1990tb05683x, doi101130spe356, doi1056577ffc56170, murry1990stratigraphy, openalexw2974218786"
}

@article{doi101130b316731,
    author = "Baranyi, Viktória and Reichgelt, Tammo and Olsen, Paul E. and Parker, William G. and Kürschner, Wolfram M.",
    title = "Norian vegetation history and related environmental changes: New data from the Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, SW USA)",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b31673.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b31673.1",
    openalex = "W2766856882",
    references = "doi101016jrevpalbo201211001"
}

@article{doi1010292019gc008474,
    author = "Kent, Dennis V. and Olsen, Paul E. and Lepre, Christopher J. and Rasmussen, Cornelia and Mundil, Roland and Gehrels, George E. and Giesler, Dominique and Irmis, Randall B. and Geissman, J. W. and Parker, William G.",
    title = "Magnetochronology of the Entire Chinle Formation (Norian Age) in a Scientific Drill Core From Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA) and Implications for Regional and Global Correlations in the Late Triassic",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems",
    abstract = "Abstract Building on an earlier study that confirmed the stability of the 405‐kyr eccentricity climate cycle and the timing of the Newark‐Hartford astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale back to 215 Ma, we extend the magnetochronology of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation to its basal unconformity in scientific drill core PFNP‐1A from Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA). The 335‐m‐thick Chinle section is imprinted with paleomagnetic polarity zones PF1r to PF10n, which we correlate to chrons E17r to E9n (\textasciitilde 209 to 224 Ma) of the Newark‐Hartford astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale. A sediment accumulation rate of \textasciitilde 34 m/Myr can be extended down to \textasciitilde 270 m, close to the base of the Sonsela Member and the base of magnetozone PF5n, which we correlate to chron E14n that onsets at 216.16 Ma. Magnetozones PF5r to PF10n in the underlying 65‐m‐thick section of the mudstone‐dominated Blue Mesa and Mesa Redondo members plausibly correlate to chrons E13r to E9n, indicating a sediment accumulation rate of only \textasciitilde 10 m/Myr. Published high‐precision U‐Pb detrital zircon dates from the lower Chinle tend to be several million years older than the magnetochronological age model. The source of this discrepancy is unclear but may be due to sporadic introduction of juvenile zircons that get recycled. The new magnetochronological constraint on the base of the Sonsela Member brings the apparent timing of the included Adamanian‐Revueltian land vertebrate faunal zone boundary and the Zone II to Zone III palynofloral transition closer to the temporal range of the \textasciitilde 215 Ma Manicouagan impact structure in Canada.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gc008474",
    doi = "10.1029/2019gc008474",
    openalex = "W2980772724",
    references = "doi101016jrevpalbo201211001, doi101130ges020041, doi105194sd24152018"
}

@article{doi101130ges020041,
    author = "Marsh, Adam D. and Parker, William G. and Stöckli, Daniel F. and Martz, Jeffrey W.",
    title = "Regional correlation of the Sonsela Member (Upper Triassic Chinle Formation) and detrital U-Pb zircon data from the Sonsela Sandstone bed near the Sonsela Buttes, northeastern Arizona, USA, support the presence of a distributive fluvial system",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Geosphere",
    abstract = "Abstract The Sonsela Sandstone bed was first named as an informal unit in the lower part of the Chinle Formation in northern Arizona, USA, and it was later assigned a type section near the Sonsela Buttes, where it is composed of two prominent sandstone units separated by a predominately siltstone unit. The Sonsela Sandstone bed has been correlated to a number of specific sandstones within the thicker, formal Sonsela Member at Petrified Forest National Park in northern Arizona. Here, we present the first detrital U-Pb zircon data for the Sonsela Sandstone bed at the Sonsela Buttes to hypothesize the maximum deposition age of that unit (216.6 ± 0.3 Ma) that are consistent with the proposed lithostratigraphic correlation with the fossiliferous Jasper Forest bed of the lower part of the Sonsela Member at the Park. These results are corroborated by previous high-resolution U-Pb dates and detrital zircon provenance studies from Petrified Forest National Park and similar sections in northern Arizona and western New Mexico, USA. The hypothesized chronostratigraphic correlation of these sandstones throughout northern Arizona permits the recognition of diachronous facies distributions in the lower part of the Chinle Formation as these coarse sediments prograded from the southwest into a continental basin already receiving finer-grained fluvial sediments from the southeast. The new age data corroborate the Norian age designation for the Sonsela Member (and the Sonsela Sandstone bed) and suggest that the Sonsela Sandstone bed at the Sonsela Buttes is within the Adamanian land vertebrate estimated holochronozone.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02004.1",
    doi = "10.1130/ges02004.1",
    openalex = "W2944547098",
    references = "doi101016b9780128032435000066, doi101016jchemgeo200406017, doi101016jepsl200909013, doi101016s0037073801002858, doi1010292007gc001805, doi101039c1ja10172b, doi101111j1751908x201100120x, doi101111j1751908x201200158x, doi101111j1751908x201600379x, doi101130g302421, doi10130607050504129, doi103133pp521b, doi105194sd24152018, murry1990stratigraphy"
}

@article{doi101017jpa202014,
    author = "Marsh, Adam D. and Rowe, Timothy B.",
    title = "A comprehensive anatomical and phylogenetic evaluation of Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda) with descriptions of new specimens from the Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract Dilophosaurus wetherilli was the largest animal known to have lived on land in North America during the Early Jurassic. Despite its charismatic presence in pop culture and dinosaurian phylogenetic analyses, major aspects of the skeletal anatomy, taxonomy, ontogeny, and evolutionary relationships of this dinosaur remain unknown. Skeletons of this species were collected from the middle and lower part of the Kayenta Formation in the Navajo Nation in northern Arizona. Redescription of the holotype, referred, and previously undescribed specimens of Dilophosaurus wetherilli supports the existence of a single species of crested, large-bodied theropod in the Kayenta Formation. The parasagittal nasolacrimal crests are uniquely constructed by a small ridge on the nasal process of the premaxilla, dorsoventrally expanded nasal, and tall lacrimal that includes a posterior process behind the eye. The cervical vertebrae exhibit serial variation within the posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, which bifurcates and reunites down the neck. Iterative specimen-based phylogenetic analyses result in each of the additional specimens recovered as the sister taxon to the holotype. When all five specimens are included in an analysis, they form a monophyletic clade that supports the monotypy of the genus. Dilophosaurus wetherilli is not recovered as a ceratosaur or coelophysoid, but is instead a non-averostran neotheropod in a grade with other stem-averostrans such as Cryolophosaurus ellioti and Zupaysaurus rougieri. We did not recover a monophyletic ‘Dilophosauridae.’ Instead of being apomorphic for a small clade of early theropods, it is more likely that elaboration of the nasals and lacrimals of stem-averostrans is plesiomorphically present in early ceratosaurs and tetanurans that share those features. Many characters of the axial skeleton of Dilophosaurus wetherilli are derived compared to Late Triassic theropods and may be associated with macropredation and an increase in body size in Theropoda across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2020.14",
    doi = "10.1017/jpa.2020.14",
    openalex = "W3039835864",
    references = "doi101002ar24130, doi101038ncomms12931, doi101098rspb20110410, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101111j155856461988tb02497x, doi101111joa12775, doi101126science2845414616, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0004591, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0088905, doi101371journalpone0092022, doi101371journalpone0145713, doi101371journalpone0204007, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi104202app001432014, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105710amgh040820173100, doi105962bhltitle156765, doi107717peerj5976, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, welles1954new"
}

@article{doi101130b354851,
    author = "Rasmussen, Cornelia and Mundil, Roland and Irmis, Randall B. and Geisler, Dominique and Gehrels, George E. and Olsen, Paul E. and Kent, Dennis V. and Lepre, Christopher J. and Kinney, Sean and Geissman, J. W. and Parker, William G.",
    title = "U-Pb zircon geochronology and depositional age models for the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA): Implications for Late Triassic paleoecological and paleoenvironmental change",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "Abstract The Upper Triassic Chinle Formation is a critical non-marine archive of low-paleolatitude biotic and environmental change in southwestern North America. The well-studied and highly fossiliferous Chinle strata at Petrified Forest National Park (PFNP), Arizona, preserve a biotic turnover event recorded by vertebrate and palynomorph fossils, which has been alternatively hypothesized to coincide with tectonically driven climate change or with the Manicouagan impact event at ca. 215.5 Ma. Previous outcrop-based geochronologic age constraints are difficult to put in an accurate stratigraphic framework because lateral facies changes and discontinuous outcrops allow for multiple interpretations. A major goal of the Colorado Plateau Coring Project (CPCP) was to retrieve a continuous record in unambiguous superposition designed to remedy this situation. We sampled the 520-m-long core 1A of the CPCP to develop an accurate age model in unquestionable superposition by combining U-Pb zircon ages and magnetostratigraphy. From 13 horizons of volcanic detritus-rich siltstone and sandstone, we screened up to ∼300 zircon crystals per sample using laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and subsequently analyzed up to 19 crystals of the youngest age population using the chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass (CA-ID-TIMS) spectrometry method. These data provide new maximum depositional ages for the top of the Moenkopi Formation (ca. 241 Ma), the lower Blue Mesa Member (ca. 222 Ma), and the lower (ca. 218 to 217 Ma) and upper (ca. 213.5 Ma) Sonsela Member. The maximum depositional ages obtained for the upper Chinle Formation fall well within previously proposed age constraints, whereas the maximum depositional ages for the lower Chinle Formation are relatively younger than previously proposed ages from outcrop; however, core to outcrop stratigraphic correlations remain uncertain. By correlating our new ages with the magnetostratigraphy of the core, two feasible age model solutions can be proposed. Model 1 assumes that the youngest, coherent U-Pb age clusters of each sample are representative of the maximum depositional ages and are close to (\&lt;1 Ma difference) the true time of deposition throughout the Sonsela Member. This model suggests a significant decrease in average sediment accumulation rate in the mid-Sonsela Member. Hence, the biotic turnover preserved in the mid-Sonsela Member at PFNP is also middle Norian in age, but may, at least partially, be an artifact of a condensed section. Model 2 following the magnetostratigraphic-based age model for the CPCP core 1A suggests instead that the ages from the lower and middle Sonsela Member are inherited populations of zircon crystals that are 1–3 Ma older than the true depositional age of the strata. This results in a model in which no sudden decrease in sediment accumulation rate is necessary and implies that the base of the Sonsela Member is no older than ca. 216 Ma. Independent of these alternatives, both age models agree that none of the preserved Chinle Formation in PFNP is Carnian (\&gt;227 Ma) in age, and hence the biotic turnover event cannot be correlated to the Carnian–Norian boundary but is rather a mid-Norian event. Our age models demonstrate the powers, but also the challenges, of integrating detrital CA-ID-TIMS ages with magnetostratigraphic data to properly interpret complex sedimentary sequences.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b35485.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b35485.1",
    openalex = "W3044598086",
    references = "demic2019chronostratigraphic, doi101007bf01134434, doi101016b9780128032435000066, doi101016jrevpalbo201211001, doi101016jrevpalbo201511006, doi101130ges020041, doi102110jsr201389, doi1033740140600101, doi105194sd24152018"
}

@article{doi105194gchron22572020,
    author = "Gehrels, George E. and Giesler, Dominique and Olsen, Paul E. and Kent, Dennis V. and Marsh, Adam and Parker, William G. and Rasmussen, Cornelia and Mundil, Roland and Irmis, Randall B. and Geissman, J. W. and Lepre, Christopher J.",
    title = "LA-ICPMS U–Pb geochronology of detrital zircon grains from the Coconino, Moenkopi, and Chinle formations in the Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona)",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Geochronology",
    abstract = "Abstract. Uranium–lead (U–Pb) geochronology was conducted by laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) on 7175 detrital zircon grains from 29 samples from the Coconino Sandstone, Moenkopi Formation, and Chinle Formation. These samples were recovered from ∼ 520 m of drill core that was acquired during the Colorado Plateau Coring Project (CPCP), located in Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona). A sample from the lower Permian Coconino Sandstone yields a broad distribution of Proterozoic and Paleozoic ages that are consistent with derivation from the Appalachian and Ouachita orogens, with little input from local basement or Ancestral Rocky Mountain sources. Four samples from the Holbrook Member of the Moenkopi Formation yield a different set of Precambrian and Paleozoic age groups, indicating derivation from the Ouachita orogen, the East Mexico arc, and the Permo-Triassic arc built along the Cordilleran margin. A total of 23 samples from the Chinle Formation contain variable proportions of Proterozoic and Paleozoic zircon grains but are dominated by Late Triassic grains. LA-ICPMS ages of these grains belong to five main groups that correspond to the Mesa Redondo Member, Blue Mesa Member and lower part of the Sonsela Member, upper part of the Sonsela Member, middle part of the Petrified Forest Member, and upper part of the Petrified Forest Member. The ages of pre-Triassic grains also correspond to these chronostratigraphic units and are interpreted to reflect varying contributions from the Appalachian orogen to the east, Ouachita orogen to the southeast, Precambrian basement exposed in the ancestral Mogollon Highlands to the south, East Mexico arc, and Permian–Triassic arc built along the southern Cordilleran margin. Triassic grains in each chronostratigraphic unit also have distinct U and thorium (Th) concentrations, which are interpreted to reflect temporal changes in the chemistry of arc magmatism. Comparison of our LA-ICPMS ages with available chemical abrasion thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-TIMS) ages and new magnetostratigraphic data provides new insights into the depositional history of the Chinle Formation, as well as methods utilized to determine depositional ages of fluvial strata. For parts of the Chinle Formation that are dominated by fine-grained clastic strata (e.g., mudstone and siltstone), such as the Blue Mesa Member and Petrified Forest Member, all three chronometers agree (to within ∼ 1 Myr), and robust depositional chronologies have been determined. In contrast, for stratigraphic intervals dominated by coarse-grained clastic strata (e.g., sandstone), such as most of the Sonsela Member, the three chronologic records disagree due to recycling of older zircon grains and variable dilution of syn-depositional-age grains. This results in LA-ICPMS ages that significantly predate deposition and CA-TIMS ages that range between the other two chronometers. These complications challenge attempts to establish a well-defined chronostratigraphic age model for the Chinle Formation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-257-2020",
    doi = "10.5194/gchron-2-257-2020",
    openalex = "W2988730758",
    references = "doi101016jrevpalbo201211001, doi101130ges020041, doi105194sd24152018"
}

@article{doi101002ar24757,
    author = "Parker, William G. and Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Irmis, Randall B. and Martz, Jeffrey W. and Marsh, Adam D. and Brown, Matthew and Stocker, Michelle R. and Werning, Sarah",
    title = "Osteology and relationships of Revueltosaurus callenderi (Archosauria: Suchia) from the Upper Triassic (Norian) Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, United States",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "The Anatomical Record",
    abstract = "Once known solely from dental material and thought to represent an early ornithischian dinosaur, the early-diverging pseudosuchian Revueltosaurus callenderi is described from a minimum of 12 skeletons from a monodominant bonebed in the upper part of the Chinle Formation of Arizona. This material includes nearly the entire skeleton and possesses a combination of plesiomorphic and derived character states that help clarify ingroup relationships within Pseudosuchia. A phylogenetic analysis recovers R. callenderi in a clade with Aetosauria and Acaenasuchus geoffreyi that is named Aetosauriformes. Key autapomorphies of R. callenderi include a skull that is longer than the femur, a complete carapace of dermal armor including paramedian and lateral rows, as well as ventral osteoderms, and a tail end sheathed in bone. Histology of the femur and associated osteoderms demonstrate that R. callenderi was slow growing and that the individuals from the bonebed were not young juveniles but had not ceased growing. A review of other material assigned to Revueltosaurus concludes that the genus cannot be adequately diagnosed based on the type materials of the three assigned species and that only R. callenderi can be confidently referred to Revueltosaurus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24757",
    doi = "10.1002/ar.24757",
    openalex = "W3202671966",
    references = "doi101002ar24757, doi101016jcrpv200510006, doi101016jrevpalbo201211001, doi101017s1755691011020020, doi101017s1755691013000376, doi1010719781486300679, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101086410622, doi101111brv12666, doi101144sp3794, doi1011861471214814128, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0009321, doi101371journalpone0009329, doi102110jsr201389, doi102110palo2019099, doi1023071005355, doi105860choice353642, doi105962bhltitle54054, doi107717peerj1583, doi107717peerj1778, fiorillo2000taphonomy, openalexw2611511275, padian1990the, parker2010the, therrien2000paleoenvironments"
}

@article{doi1010292021jb021899,
    author = "Haque, Ziaul and Geissman, J. W. and Irmis, Randall B. and Olsen, Paul E. and Lepre, Christopher J. and Buhedma, Hesham and Mundil, Roland and Parker, William G. and Rasmussen, Cornelia and Gehrels, George E.",
    title = "Magnetostratigraphy of the Triassic Moenkopi Formation From the Continuous Cores Recovered in Colorado Plateau Coring Project Phase 1 (CPCP‐1), Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA: Correlation of the Early to Middle Triassic Strata and Biota in Colorado Plateau and Its Environs",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth",
    abstract = "Abstract The Colorado Plateau Coring Project Phase 1 (CPCP‐1) acquired three continuous drill cores from Petrified Forest National Park (PFNP), Arizona, U.S.A., two of which (CPCP‐PFNP13‐1A and CPCP‐PFNP13‐2B) intersected the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Lower(?)‐Middle Triassic Moenkopi Formation (MF) and Permian Coconino Sandstone. We examined both cores to construct a high‐resolution magnetostratigraphy of MF strata, and progressive demagnetization data yield well‐defined, interpretable paleomagnetic results. Each lithostratigraphic member of the MF (Wupatki, Moqui, and Holbrook members) contains authigenic and detrital hematite as the dominant magnetic carrier with distinguishing rock magnetic characteristics. Magnetostratigraphy of MF strata in both CPCP‐1 cores consists of six normal and six reverse polarity magnetozones, from the youngest to the oldest, MF1n to MF6r. Recent single‐crystal chemical abrasion–thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA‐TIMS) U‐Pb data from a sample in magnetozone MF1n yield a latest Anisian/earliest Ladinian (241.38 ± 0.43 Ma) age. Correlation of the CA‐TIMS‐calibrated magnetostratigraphy with the astronomically tuned polarity timescale for the Middle Triassic deep‐marine Guandao (GD) section of South China ties the magnetozone MF1n with GD8 and MF6r with GD2r, and implies that the MF spans, at most, the earliest Anisian (Aegean) to latest Anisian (Illyrian)/earliest Ladinian stages (ca. 246.8 to 241.5 Ma). This age estimate for the MF suggests that the timespan of the regional, pre‐Norian disconformity is about 17 Ma, which demonstrates that MF vertebrate fossil assemblages in east‐central Arizona are millions of years (minimally 3–4 Ma) younger than previously suggested and are all Anisian in age, with no indications of substantial hiatuses in the MF section.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jb021899",
    doi = "10.1029/2021jb021899",
    openalex = "W3196607060",
    references = "doi101016b9780128032435000066"
}

@article{doi101017jpa202249,
    author = "Marsh, Adam D. and Parker, William G. and Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Kligman, Ben T. and Stocker, Michelle R.",
    title = "Puercosuchus traverorum n. gen. n. sp.: a new malerisaurine azendohsaurid (Archosauromorpha: Allokotosauria) from two monodominant bonebeds in the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic, Norian) of Arizona",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract Non-archosaur archosauromorphs are a paraphyletic group of diapsid reptiles that were important members of global Middle and Late Triassic continental ecosystems. Included in this group are the azendohsaurids, a clade of allokotosaurians (kuehneosaurids and Azendohsauridae + Trilophosauridae) that retain the plesiomorphic archosauromorph postcranial body plan but evolved disparate cranial features that converge on later dinosaurian anatomy, including sauropodomorph-like marginal dentition and ceratopsian-like postorbital horns. Here we describe a new malerisaurine azendohsaurid from two monodominant bonebeds in the Blue Mesa Member, Chinle Formation (Late Triassic, ca. 218–220 Ma); the first occurs at Petrified Forest National Park and preserves a minimum of eight individuals of varying sizes, and the second occurs near St. Johns, Arizona. Puercosuchus traverorum n. gen. n. sp. is a carnivorous malerisaurine that is closely related to Malerisaurus robinsonae from the Maleri Formation of India and to Malerisaurus langstoni from the Dockum Group of western Texas. Dentigerous elements from Puercosuchus traverorum n. gen. n. sp. confirm that some Late Triassic tooth morphotypes thought to represent early dinosaurs cannot be differentiated from, and likely pertain to, Puercosuchus -like malerisaurine taxa. These bonebeds from northern Arizona support the hypothesis that non-archosauriform archosauromorphs were locally diverse near the middle Norian and experienced an extinction event prior to the end-Triassic mass extinction coincidental with the Adamanian-Revueltian boundary recognized at Petrified Forest National Park. The relatively late age of this early-diverging taxon (Norian) suggests that the diversity of azendohsaurids is underrepresented in Middle and Late Triassic fossil records around the world. UUID: http://zoobank.org/e6eeefd2-a0ae-47fc-8604-9f45af8c1147.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2022.49",
    doi = "10.1017/jpa.2022.49",
    openalex = "W4312527876",
    references = "doi101002ar24757, doi1010800891296320171333609"
}

@inproceedings{andparrish2025growth,
    author = "Parrish, Judith and Gillis, Robert and Fairley, Jerry",
    title = "Growth Rings in Fossil Trees from the Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA",
    year = "2025",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2025am-4492",
    doi = "10.1130/abs/2025am-4492",
    openalex = "W4417219996"
}