@article{doi101093aesa27142, title = "The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula", year = "1934", journal = "Annals of the Entomological Society of America", abstract = "Journal Article The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula Get access The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula, by Corbetand A. S. Pendlebury H. M.. Pages i-v and 1-252. Frontispiece and one text plate in color. Two maps, 32 text figures and 14 photographic plates with 225 figures. 1934. Published by Kyle, Palmer \& Co., Ltd., Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. Price, $4.50. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 27, Issue 1, 1 March 1934, Page 42, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/27.1.42 Published: 01 March 1934", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/27.1.42", doi = "10.1093/aesa/27.1.42", openalex = "W1480120354" } @article{doi101111j155856461958tb02926x, author = "Brower, Jane Van Zandt", title = "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF MIMICRY IN SOME NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES: PART I. THE MONARCH, DANAUS PLEXIPPUS, AND VICEROY, LIMENITIS ARCHIPPUS ARCHIPPUS", year = "1958", journal = "Evolution", abstract = "Journal Article EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF MIMICRY IN SOME NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES: PART I. THE MONARCH, DANAUS PLEXIPPUS, AND VICEROY, LIMENITIS ARCHIPPUS ARCHIPPUS Get access Jane Van Zandt Brower Jane Van Zandt Brower Department of Zoology Yale University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Evolution, Volume 12, Issue 1, 1 March 1958, Pages 32–47, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1958.tb02926.x Published: 01 March 1958 Article history Received: 25 May 1957 Published: 01 March 1958", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1958.tb02926.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1958.tb02926.x", openalex = "W2316835947" } @article{doi1023071292633, author = "Heiser, Charles B. and Hutchinson, J.", title = "The Families of Flowering Plants", year = "1960", journal = "AIBS Bulletin", abstract = "Journal Article The Families of Flowering Plants. Vol. I, Dicotyledons. Vol. II, Monocotyledons Get access The Families of Flowering Plants. Vol. I, Dicotyledons. Vol. II, Monocotyledons. Hutchinson J.. 2nd ed., 792 pp., illus. Oxford University Press, London. (1959) $23.55. Charles B. Heiser, Jr. Charles B. Heiser, Jr. Department of Botany, Indiana University. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AIBS Bulletin, Volume 10, Issue 3, June 1960, Page 38, https://doi.org/10.2307/1292633 Published: 01 June 1960", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1292633", doi = "10.2307/1292633", openalex = "W2088983897" } @article{doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, author = "Ehrlich, Paul R. and Raven, Peter H.", title = "BUTTERFLIES AND PLANTS: A STUDY IN COEVOLUTION", year = "1964", journal = "Evolution", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1964.tb01674.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1964.tb01674.x", openalex = "W2022751627", references = "doi101086282070, doi101086282281, doi101093aesa27142, doi101111j155856461954tb00107x, doi101111j155856461958tb02926x, doi101126science12933611466, doi101146annureven05010160001205, doi1023071292633, openalexw2065039187, openalexw3213156838, openalexw654953698" } @article{doi1023072406212, author = "Ehrlich, Paul R. and Raven, Peter H.", title = "Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution", year = "1964", journal = "Evolution", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2406212", doi = "10.2307/2406212", openalex = "W4248722194" } @article{ehrlich1964butterflies, author = "Ehrlich, Paul R. and Raven, Peter H.", title = "Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution", year = "1964", journal = "Evolution", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2406212", doi = "10.2307/2406212", number = "4", openalex = "W4248722194", pages = "586", volume = "18" } @misc{erhlich1964butterflies2, author = "Erhlich, P. R. and Raven, P. H", title = "Butterflies and plants", year = "1964", howpublished = "a study in coevolution: Evolution, v. 18, p. 586-608", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Erhlich, P. R., and Raven, P. H., 1964, Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution: Evolution, v. 18, p. 586-608.}" } @article{doi101126science16438841170, author = "Pliske, Thomas E. and Eisner, Thomas", title = "Sex Pheromone of the Queen Butterfly: Biology", year = "1969", journal = "Science", abstract = {Males of the queen butterfly Danaus gilippus berenice, deprived of the two extrusible brushlike "hairpencils" at the rear of their abdomen, are capable of courting females but incapable of seducing them. In normal courtship, an aphrodisiac secretion associated with the hairpencils is transferred by way of tiny cuticular "dust" particles to the antennae of the females. Of the two substances identified from the secretion, one (the ketone) acts as the chemical messenger that induces the females to mate. The only known function of the other compound (the diol) is to serve as a glue that sticks the dust to the female. Males were reared under conditions in which they produced subnormal amounts of ketone and showed reduced seductive capacity. Under certain experimental circumstances, the competence of these males was restored by addition of synthetic ketone.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3884.1170", doi = "10.1126/science.164.3884.1170", openalex = "W1987798092" } @article{doi101126science16438841174, author = "Meinwald, Jerrold and Meinwald, Yvonne C. and Mazzocchi, Paul H.", title = "Sex Pheromone of the Queen Butterfly: Chemistry", year = "1969", journal = "Science", abstract = {Two major components in the "hairpencil" secretion of the male of the queen butterfly (Danaus gilippus berenice) have been identified. One, a crystalline ketone (2,3-dihydro-7-methyl-1H-pyrrolizin-1-one), is known from another danaid butterfly. The other, a viscous terpenoid alcohol (trans, trans-3,7-dimethyldeca-2,6-dien-1,10-diol), is new; its structure is confirmed by an unambiguous synthesis.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3884.1174", doi = "10.1126/science.164.3884.1174", openalex = "W1964202816" } @book{doi101722620506, author = "Council, National Research", title = "Insect-Plant Interactions", year = "1969", booktitle = "National Academies Press eBooks", abstract = "Volume 5 of Insect-Plant Interactions is a volume in a series that presents research in the field. Topics covered include chemical changes in plants as a result of insects feeding on their leaves, dynamic elements of the use and avoidance of host plants by tephritid flies as a result of the presence of other flies, floral volatiles in insect biology, endophytic fungi as mediators of plant insect interactions, the cost of chemical defence against herbivory, and life history traits on insect herbivores in relation to host quality. The book also presents the first available review on physicochemical conditions of the gut lumen from an ecological perspective.", url = "https://doi.org/10.17226/20506", doi = "10.17226/20506", openalex = "W1554164719" } @book{chambers1970biochemical1, author = "Chambers, K. L", title = "Biochemical Coevolution", year = "1970", publisher = "Eugene, Oregon State University Press, 117 p.; 29th Biology Colloquium", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Chambers, K. L., 1970, Biochemical Coevolution: Eugene, Oregon State University Press, 117 p.; 29th Biology Colloquium.}" } @article{doi1023072258301, author = "SPORNE, KENNETH R. and Takhtajan, Armen and Jeffrey, Christopher S.", title = "Flowering Plants--Origin and Dispersal.", year = "1970", journal = "Journal of Ecology", abstract = "Flowering plants; origin and dispersal, Flowering plants; origin and dispersal, مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2258301", doi = "10.2307/2258301", openalex = "W1580556981" } @article{doi101073pnas6961403, author = "Gilbert, Lawrence E.", title = "Pollen Feeding and Reproductive Biology of Heliconius Butterflies", year = "1972", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", abstract = "Butterflies of the neotropical Genus Heliconius feed on pollen. This is the first known instance in butterflies of a habit that is well known for other insects. The butterflies remove amino acids and proteins from pollen; this feeding innovation plays a role in the reproductive and population biology of these insects. It is suggested that other animals may use pollen in a similar fashion.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.69.6.1403", doi = "10.1073/pnas.69.6.1403", openalex = "W2000584214" } @article{doi1023071942161, author = "Root, Richard B.", title = "Organization of a Plant‐Arthropod Association in Simple and Diverse Habitats: The Fauna of Collards (Brassica Oleracea)", year = "1973", journal = "Ecological Monographs", abstract = {Collards were grown at Ithaca, New York, in two experimental habitats: pure stands and single rows that were bounded on each side by diverse, meadow vegetation. The arthropods associated with these plants were sampled on 20 dates over a 3—year period. The status of the herbivore species was measured by their rank in biomass in each sample. The two most prominent species, Phyllotreta cruciferae and Pieris rapae, maintained high status throughout the investigation, but another important species, Brevicoryne brassicae, was absent for an entire season. Pit feeders usually formed the most important herbivore guild. Nevertheless, the guild spectrum, which describes the functional structure of the fauna, varied widely in time and space. The size distributions of species and of individuals were both highly skewed toward the smaller sizes. Herbivore loads, the mean biomass of herbivores per 100 g of consumable foliage, were consistently higher in the pure stands. Moreover, herbivore loads varied significantly with season in each experimental habitat. Both the number of herbivore species and the diversity of the herbivore load were greater in the diverse habitat. Biomass was more heavily concentrated among the prominent herbivores in the pure stands; increased dominance, rather than differences in species richness, appeared to be the major cause for the lower herbivore diversity in this habitat. The diversity of predators and parasitoids was higher in the pure stands. Most of the abundant species found on collards shared a similar narrow range of hosts. As a result the species in this core group of herbivores and parasitoids were regularly associated with each other. Predators and the less abundant herbivores tended to be less specialized and served to link the collard association with the surrounding community. Plant—arthropod associations are representative of component communities, well—integrated systems that form portions of larger compound communities. This distinction facilitates the analysis of community structure. Microclimates and the effectiveness of "enemies" did not appear to differ sufficiently in the two experimental habitats to account for the observed differences in the herbivore load. The results suggest a new proposition, the resource concentration hypothesis, which states that herbivores are more likely to find and remain on hosts that are growing in dense or nearly pure stands; that the most specialized species frequently attain higher relative densities in simple environments; and that, as a result, biomass tends to become concentrated in a few species, causing a decrease in the diversity of herbivores in pure stands.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1942161", doi = "10.2307/1942161", openalex = "W2056816058" } @article{doi101086282907, author = "Freeland, W. J. and Janzen, Daniel H.", title = "Strategies in Herbivory by Mammals: The Role of Plant Secondary Compounds", year = "1974", journal = "The American Naturalist", abstract = "Large herbivores must select food from a wide variety of plant parts, species, and strains. These differ in nutritional value (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), toughness, spinosity, etc. Even greater differences are found in types and concentrations of secondary compounds. Every plant produces its own set of secondary chemical compounds, which to a great extent are unique to it or its species. Ingestion of natural concentrations of these compounds can lead to either death or severe physiological impairment. The ubiquitous nature of these compounds would make herbivory impossible unless animals had mechanisms for degrading and excreting them. An animal displaying no obvious symptoms of poisoning is not free of the problem of ridding itself of toxic compounds; if it is eating plants, it almost certainly has this problem. Herbivores are capable of detoxifying and eliminating secondary compounds. Limitations of these mechanisms force mammalian herbivores to consume a variety of plant foods at any one time, to treat new foods with caution, to ingest small amounts on the first encounter, and to sample food continuously. Selection of foods is based on learning in response to adverse internal physiological effects, and herbivores probably cannot predict these from the smell or taste of new foods. Herbivores prefer to eat familiar foods and can seek out and consume foods that rectify specific nutritional deficiencies induced by detoxification. They should prefer to feed on foods that contain small amounts of secondary compounds, and their body size and searching strategies should be adapted to optimize the number of types of foods available with respect to the total amount of food that can be eaten and will be present in the future. Natural selection can increase the efficiency of degrading particular secondary compounds. Specialist herbivores, like koala and mountain viscacha, are expected where a large amount of several related toxic foods is present in a year-round supply. However, few large herbivores are specialized on such a restricted range of foods.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/282907", doi = "10.1086/282907", openalex = "W2045653366", references = "doi101002path1700890112, doi101016s003169972506884x, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101111j155856461969tb03489x, doi101126science1723983579, doi101146annureves02110171002341, doi101146annureves03110172001025, doi1023071942161, doi105962bhltitle7320, openalexw2106632477" } @article{edgar1974coevolution, author = "EDGAR, J. A. and CULVENOR, C. C. J. and PLISKE, T. E.", title = "Coevolution of Danaid butterflies with their host plants", year = "1974", journal = "Nature", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/250646a0", doi = "10.1038/250646a0", number = "5468", openalex = "W1970490318", pages = "646-648", volume = "250", references = "doi101007bf02806171, doi101016s0040403901972120, doi101038scientificamerican026922, doi101098rspb19730015, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101126science1613844861, doi101126science16438841170, doi101126science16438841174, doi1023072258301, doi1023072418914" } @article{benson1975coevolution, author = "Benson, Woodruff W. and Brown, Keith S. and Gilbert, Lawrence E.", title = "Coevolution of Plants and Herbivores: Passion Flower Butterflies", year = "1975", journal = "Evolution", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2407076", doi = "10.2307/2407076", number = "4", openalex = "W4235131215", pages = "659", volume = "29" } @article{doi101111j155856461975tb00861x, author = "Benson, Woodruff W. and Brown, Keith S. and Gilbert, Lawrence E.", title = "COEVOLUTION OF PLANTS AND HERBIVORES: PASSION FLOWER BUTTERFLIES", year = "1975", journal = "Evolution", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1975.tb00861.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1975.tb00861.x", openalex = "W2328526454", references = "brower1964birds, doi101002j199681751974tb04032x, doi101007978147570432711, doi101073pnas6961403, doi101093aesa27142, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101126science17640421379, doi102307jctt1w0ddx8, doi104159harvard9780674865327, doi105962p203298, doi105962p203311, doi107560710313011, edgar1974coevolution" } @incollection{doi107560710313007, author = "Baker, Herbert G. and Baker, Irene", title = "Studies of nectar-constitution and pollinator-plant coevolution", year = "1975", booktitle = "University of Texas Press eBooks", url = "https://doi.org/10.7560/710313-007", doi = "10.7560/710313-007", openalex = "W3212579148" } @incollection{doi107560710313011, author = "Gilbert, Lawrence E.", title = "Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants", year = "1975", booktitle = "University of Texas Press eBooks", url = "https://doi.org/10.7560/710313-011", doi = "10.7560/710313-011", openalex = "W3213507062" } @book{openalexw1592882905, author = "Gilbert, Lawrence E. and Raven, Peter H.", title = "Coevolution of animals and plants: Symposium V, First International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado, August, 1973", year = "1975", booktitle = "University of Texas Press eBooks", abstract = "General Introduction Biochemical coevolution between plants and their insect herbivores (Paul Feeny) Remarks on carotenoids in the evolution of signals (Miriam Rothschild) The coevolution of plants and seed predators (Christopher C. Smith) Ant-plant mutualism: evolution and energy (Brian Hocking) Coevolution of orchids and bees (Calaway H. Dodson) Studies of nectar-constitution and pollinator-plant coevolution (Herbert G. Baker and Irene Baker) The role of energetics in bumblebee-flower interrelationships (Bernd Heinrich) The ecology of coevolved seed dispersal systems (Doyle McKey) Tropical forest phenology and pollinator plant coevolution (Gordon W. Frankie) Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants (Lawrence E. Gilbert) Author Index", url = "https://openalex.org/W1592882905", openalex = "W1592882905" } @article{doi101146annureves07110176001005, author = "Levin, Donald A.", title = "The Chemical Defenses of Plants to Pathogens and Herbivores", year = "1976", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics", abstract = "Populations of plants are subject to attack by pathogens and herbivores at all stages of their life cycles. Pest pressure may be devastating, as illustrated by the outbreaks of insects apd diseases in cultivated and native plants (121, 173, 178, 198, 329) and in the success of weed control by biotic instruments (6, 141, 338, 340). Epidemics or episodes of intensive herbivory may lead directly to the local extinction of a plant species, or may weaken plants and make them vulnerable to subsequent pressures. Loss of photosynthetic capacity due to disease or partial defoliation lowers resistance to abiotic stresses or to infection by other pests, and reduces competitive ability (198, 240, 270). Defense against pathogens and herbivores may be secured by many different mechanisms; it may depend on the texture and composition of the plant surface (156, 182, 196, 242), the presence of anatomical structures such as thorns or resin ducts (123, 199, 229), the absence of nutrients required by the pest (140), the presence of hormonelike substances that affect the development of insects (335), unsuitable pH or osmotic pressure (18, 199, 229), or the accumulation of secondary products (47, 92, 169, 298). These products are diverse, ranging from alkaloids to terpenes; phenolics; and steroidal, cyanogenic, and mustard oil glycosides. Some (e.g. phenolics) are ubiquitous in seed plants, others (e.g. alkaloids) occur in several thousand species and others (e.g. cyanogenic glycosides) occur in only a few hundred species (61). Secondary products may be sequestered within cells or organelles therein and released only when the cells are broken. They also may be stored in and secreted by epidermal glands which are sessile or on trichomes (19, 69, 156, 182, 187, 269). Typically, glandular exudates contain only one class of compound, but this class varies among species. The glandular exudates usually are terpens, alkaloids, res-", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.07.110176.001005", doi = "10.1146/annurev.es.07.110176.001005", openalex = "W2108368130", references = "doi101126science188418319, edgar1974coevolution" } @article{doi101111j1469185x1977tb01347x, author = "Grubb, P. J.", title = "THE MAINTENANCE OF SPECIES‐RICHNESS IN PLANT COMMUNITIES: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE REGENERATION NICHE", year = "1977", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "SUMMARY According to ‘Gause's hypothesis’ a corollary of the process of evolution by natural selection is that in a community at equilibrium every species must occupy a different niche. Many botanists have found this idea improbable because they have ignored the processes of regeneration in plant communities. Most plant communities are longer‐lived than their constituent individual plants. When an individual dies, it may or may not be replaced by an individual of the same species. It is this replacement stage which is all‐important to the argument presented. Several mechanisms not involving regeneration also contribute to the maintenance of species‐richness: differences in life‐form coupled with the inability of larger plants to exhaust or cut off all resources, also the development of dependence‐relationships, differences in phenology coupled with tolerance of suppression, fluctuations in the environment coupled with relatively small differences in competitive ability between many species, the ability of certain species‐pairs to form stable mixtures because of a balance of intraspecific competition against interspecific competition, the production of substances more toxic to the producer‐species than to the other species, differences in the primary limiting mineral nutrients or pore‐sizes in the soil for neighbouring plants of different soecies, and differences in the competitive abilities of species dependent on their physiological age coupled with the uneven‐age structure of many populations. The mechanisms listed above do not go far to explain the indefinite persistence in mixture of the many species in the most species‐rich communities known. In contrast there seem to be almost limitless possibilities for differences between species in their requirements for regeneration, i.e. the replacement of the individual plants of one generation by those of the next. This idea is illustrated for tree species and it is emphasized that foresters were the first by a wide margin to appreciate its importance. The processes involved in the successful invasion of a gap by a given plant species and some characters of the gap that may be important are summarized in Table 2. The definition of a plant's niche requires recognition of four components: the habitat niche, the life‐form niche, the phenological niche, and the regeneration niche. A brief account is given of the patterns of regeneration in different kinds of plant community to provide a background for studies of differentiation in the regeneration niche. All stages in the regeneration‐cycle are potentially important and examples of differentiation between species are given for each of the following stages: Production of viable seed (including the sub‐stages of flowering, pollination and seed‐set), dispersal, in space and time, germination, establishment, and further development of the immature plant. In the concluding discussion emphasis is placed on the following themes: the kinds of work needed in future to prove or disprove that differentiation in the regeneration niche is the major explanation of the maintenance of species‐richness in plant communities, the relation of the present thesis to published ideas on the origin of phenological spread, the relevance of the present thesis to the discussion on the presence of continua in vegetation, the co‐incidence of the present thesis and the emerging ideas of evolutionists about differentiation of angiosperm taxa, and the importance of regeneration‐studies for conservation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1977.tb01347.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.1977.tb01347.x", openalex = "W2119259345", references = "doi101038242344a0, doi101086282070, doi101086282687, doi101093biomet3812196, doi101111j155856461969tb03489x, doi101126science1473655250, doi1015159780691206912, doi1023071218190, doi1023071929601, doi1023072256497, doi1023072258550, doi1023072989767, openalexw1532540194" } @article{doi1023072484318, author = "Bernhardt, Peter and Gilbert, Lawrence E. and Raven, Peter H.", title = "Coevolution of Animals and Plants.", year = "1977", journal = "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2484318", doi = "10.2307/2484318", openalex = "W2797472291" } @article{doi101111j155856461980tb04849x, author = "Janzen, Daniel H.", title = "WHEN IS IT COEVOLUTION?", year = "1980", journal = "Evolution", abstract = "'Coevolution' may be usefully defined as an evolutionary change in a trait of the individuals in one population in response to a trait of the individuals of a second population, followed by an evolutionary response by the second population to the change in the first. 'Diffuse coevolution' occurs when either or both populations in the above definition are represented by an array of populations that generate a selective pressure as a group. Ehrlich and Raven's (1964) classic paper on the interactions of butterflies and plants was the first essay explicitly focused on coevolution. However, they did not define coevolution, and butterflies were neither stated nor implied to have been the single populations or array of herbivores that have generated the plant traits that they discuss as causing butterfly distributions on host plants. I believe that the lack of an original definition of 'coevolution,' the inapplicability of the example chosen by the original advocates of the use of the term, and the obvious commonplace nature of coevolutionary events in the history of plant-animal interactions have led to misleading uses of the term in contemporary evolutionary thought and studies. Here, I wish to call for more careful attention to the use of 'coevolution' as a word and concept. There are three conspicuous misuses at present: 1) It is commonly assumed that a pair of species whose traits are mutualistically congruent have coevolved. For example, it is quite possible that the fruit traits of a mammal-dispersed seed coevolved with the mammal's dietary needs. However, it is also quite possible that the mammal entered the plant's habitat with its dietary preferences already established and simply began feeding on the fruits of the species that fulfilled them. When this occurs, it is those species that are most exactly congruent which will appear most coevolved yet are likely to be the least coevolved. Are the hard seeds of those aridland trees dispersed by passage through a contemporary mammal gut coevolved with the mammal? Not necessarily. 2) In similar manner, a herbivore parasitic on a plant is often thought of as coevolved with the defense timing, chemistry, morphology, etc. However, when a parasite arrives in a new habitat, it will feed on those species whose defense traits it can circumvent because of the abilities it carries at the time. Such a parasite cannot be distinguished from one that evolved the ability to circumvent a defense while in trophic contact with its host. 3) When other evidence makes it clear that a parasite has evolved traits to circumvent the defenses of its host, it is frequently automatically assumed that coevolution has occurred. However, it is not necessary to conclude that the defense trait circumvented was evolutionarily produced in response to the parasite in question. In fact, it is likely that many defense traits of plants were produced through coevolution with animals no longer present in their habitat or no longer parasitizing them if present. Strongly coevolved parasite-host systems probably as often proceed to ecological independence of the participants as to relatively benign parasitism. In summary, I plead for the retention of the usefulness of 'coevolution' by removing it from synonymy of usage with 'interaction, 'symbiosis, 'mutualism,' and 'animal-plant interaction.' A bee is not necessarily coevolved with the flower it pollinates, a caterpillar is not necessarily", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04849.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04849.x", openalex = "W2039913431", references = "doi101111j155856461964tb01674x" } @article{doi101146annureves11110180001313, author = "Chapin, F. Stuart", title = "The Mineral Nutrition of Wild Plants", year = "1980", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics", abstract = "Our understanding of plant mineral nutrition comes largely from studies of herbaceous crops that evolved from ruderal species characteristic of nutri­ ent-rich disturbed sites (52). With the development of agriculture, these ancestral species were bred for greater productivity and reproductive output at high nutrient levels where there was little selective advantage in efficient nutrient use. This paper briefly reviews the nature of crop responses to nutrient stress and compares these responses to those of species that have evolved under more natural conditions, particularly in low-nutrient envi­ ronments. I draw primarily upon nutritional studies of nitrogen and phos­ phorus because these elements most commonly limit plant growth and because their role in controlling plant growth and metabolism is most clearly understood (51). Other more specific aspects of nutritional plant ecology not discussed here include ammonium/nitrate nutrition (79), cal­ cicole/calcifuge nutrition (51,88), heavy metal tolerance (4), and serpentine ecology (133).", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.001313", doi = "10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.001313", openalex = "W2114773779", references = "doi101086283244, openalexw2169917233" } @article{doi1023073544421, author = "Connell, Joseph H.", title = "Diversity and the Coevolution of Competitors, or the Ghost of Competition Past", year = "1980", journal = "Oikos", abstract = "That niches of competitors in ecological communities are shaped by mutual coevolution, which thus allows many species to coexist, is a commonly-held view. Two species must live together consistently to coevolve, so since predators (or parasites) are dependent upon their prey, they will necessarily co-occur with them and so should coevolve. In contrast, competing species, which are not dependent on each other, need not consistently co-occur or coevolve. Increased diversity, by reducing the consistency of co-occurrence, also reduces the chance of coevolution. To demonstrate coevolutionary divergence of competitors one must show: 1) that divergence has actually occurred: this has been done for some fossil sequences but not for any extant competitors; 2) that competition, rather than some other mechanism, is responsible; and 3) that it has a genetic basis. To demonstrate 2) and 3) for natural populations requires appropriate field experiments, which are suggested in the paper. This has been done, in part, in only one case. Thus the notion of coevolutionary shaping of competitors' niches has little support at present. Theory and evidence suggest that it is probable only in low diversity communities.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3544421", doi = "10.2307/3544421", openalex = "W2125389285", references = "doi101016b9780127114422x50016, doi101038269471a0, doi101071zo9540009, doi101086282070, doi101111j109583121972tb00690x, doi101126science19943351302, doi101146annureves06110175002011, doi1023071942161, doi1023072479933, doi105962bhltitle56234, openalexw1500291103, openalexw2962874606" } @article{doi101126science2124493467, author = "Williams, Kathy S. and Gilbert, Lawrence E.", title = "Insects as Selective Agents on Plant Vegetative Morphology: Egg Mimicry Reduces Egg Laying by Butterflies", year = "1981", journal = "Science", abstract = "Experiments show that Heliconius butterflies are less likely to oviposit on host plants that possess eggs or egglike plant structures. These egg mimics are an unambiguous example of a plant trait evolved in response to a host-restricted group of insect herbivores.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.212.4493.467", doi = "10.1126/science.212.4493.467", openalex = "W1990372591", references = "benson1975coevolution" } @article{doi101017s0031182000055360, author = "Anderson, Roy M. and May, Robert M.", title = "Coevolution of hosts and parasites", year = "1982", journal = "Parasitology", abstract = "The coevolution of parasites and their hosts has both general biological interest and practical implications in agricultural, veterinary and medical fields. Surprisingly, most medical, parasitological and ecological texts dismiss the subject with unsupported statements to the effect that ‘successful’ parasite species evolve to be harmless to their hosts. Recently, however, several people have explored theoretical aspects of the population genetics of host-parasite associations; these authors conclude that such associations may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity found within natural populations, from blood group polymorphisms (Haldane, 1949) to protein polymorphisms in general (Clarke, 1975, 1976) and to histocompatibility systems (Duncan, Wakeland \& Klein, 1980). It has also been argued that pathogens may constitute the selective force responsible for the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction in animal and plant species (Jaenike, 1978; Hamilton, 1980, 1981, 1982; Bremermann, 1980).", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000055360", doi = "10.1017/s0031182000055360", openalex = "W2035349831", references = "doi1010079783642686351, doi101017s0031182000055360, doi101038246015a0, doi101038280361a0, doi101038280455a0, doi101098rspa19270118, doi101098rstb19810005, doi101126science7123238, doi1023073544435, openalexw2000871817" } @article{doi101086284167, author = "Aarssen, Lonnie W.", title = "Ecological Combining Ability and Competitive Combining Ability in Plants: Toward a General Evolutionary Theory of Coexistence in Systems of Competition", year = "1983", journal = "The American Naturalist", abstract = "The common assumption that species coexistence in nature can be generally explained by processes of natural selection for niche differentiation does not have strong empirical support for plants. The meaning of competitive ability has traditionally been embedded within an Eltonian view of the niche. In particular reference to plants, however, a true distinction between the meanings of niche and competitive ability is established based on the premise that for one species to competitively exclude another, two distinct conditions must be satisfied: (1) There must be a sufficient degree of overlap in the niche requirements of the two species; and (2) one species must be sufficiently superior at reducing the availability of resources to the other. Following these considerations an evolutionary theory of coexistence is proposed involving two alternative mechanisms based on a broader interpretation of the operation of natural selection in systems of competition than previously recognized. Competitive exclusion may be avoided either if natural selection results in niche differentiation (selection for ecological combining ability), or if reciprocal selection maintains a balance of competitive abilities (selection for competitive combining ability). Competitive combining ability, although previously overlooked, has wide applicability to plants for which coexistence frequently is explained incompletely by ecological combining ability. The main argument is as follows: All biological attributes of a species will play a part in determining its niche requirements on the one hand, and its relative competitive ability for those requirements on the other. Given the assumption that niche requirements generally overlap broadly in plants, I propose that coexistence is permitted because there are numerous possible permutations and combinations of biological attributes in plants which are roughly equivalent in the overall competitive power which they confer. In selection for competitive combining ability, these attribute complexes are continually adjusted in an ongoing process of coevolution in which local neighborhoods are constantly engaged in a fine-tuning process that alters the way members respond to one another. Consequently, natural selection ultimately maintains a balance of overall relative competitive abilities between two species for essentially the same contested resources. I discuss the relevance of this mechanism and its relationship to other theories and concepts associated with coexistence in contexts of competition. It is proposed that, in nature, selection for ecological combining ability and selection for competitive combining ability operate in concert, and this provides reconciliation of the contradiction in theory between convergent adaptation to a common habitat and divergent adaptation to other members of the community.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/284167", doi = "10.1086/284167", openalex = "W2017229876", references = "doi101038242344a0, doi101086282505, doi101086283366, doi101111j1469185x1977tb01347x, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101126science185414527, doi102307jctvx5wbbh, doi105962bhltitle4489, openalexw1532540194, openalexw1592882905, openalexw2077454220" } @article{doi101098rspb19830075, author = "May, Robert M. and Anderson, Roy M.", title = "Epidemiology and genetics in the coevolution of parasites and hosts", year = "1983", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences", abstract = "Recent studies suggest that parasites (interpreted broadly to include viruses, bacteria, protozoans and helminths) may influence the numerical magnitude or geographical distribution of their host populations; most of such studies focus on the population biology and epidemiology of the host-parasite association, taking no explicit account of the genetics. Other researchers have explored the possibility that the coevolution of hosts and parasites may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity found in natural populations, and may even be the main reason for sexual reproduction; such genetic studies rarely take accurate account of the density- and frequency-dependent effects associated with the transmission and maintenance of parasitic infections. This paper aims to combine epidemiology and genetics, reviewing the way in which earlier studies fit into a wider scheme and offering some new ideas about host-parasite coevolution. One central conclusion is that 'successful' parasites need not necessarily evolve to be harmless: both theory and some empirical evidence (particularly from the myxoma-rabbit system) indicate that many coevolutionary paths are possible, depending on the relation between virulence and transmissibility of the parasite or pathogen.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1983.0075", doi = "10.1098/rspb.1983.0075", openalex = "W2045372198", references = "doi101017s0031182000055360, doi101038261459a0, doi101038280361a0, doi101038280455a0, doi101098rspa19270118, doi101098rstb19810005, doi101126science7123238, doi1011370129022, doi1023073544435, doi1023073933, doi104171owr200540, openalexw1550375751, openalexw2000871817" } @article{doi1023073544305, author = "McNaughton, S. J.", title = "Compensatory Plant Growth as a Response to Herbivory", year = "1983", journal = "Oikos", abstract = "S. J. McNaughton, Compensatory Plant Growth as a Response to Herbivory, Oikos, Vol. 40, No. 3, Herbivore-Plant Interactions at Northern Latitudes. Proceedings of a Symposium Held 14-18 September, 1981, at Kevo, Finland (May, 1983), pp. 329-336", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3544305", doi = "10.2307/3544305", openalex = "W2018440025", references = "doi101086283426, doi101111j155856461980tb04849x, doi101126science1744011825" } @article{doi1023073544308, author = "Bryant, John P. and Chapin, F. Stuart and Klein, David R.", title = "Carbon/Nutrient Balance of Boreal Plants in Relation to Vertebrate Herbivory", year = "1983", journal = "Oikos", abstract = "John P. Bryant, F. Stuart Chapin, III, David R. Klein, Carbon/Nutrient Balance of Boreal Plants in Relation to Vertebrate Herbivory, Oikos, Vol. 40, No. 3, Herbivore-Plant Interactions at Northern Latitudes. Proceedings of a Symposium Held 14-18 September, 1981, at Kevo, Finland (May, 1983), pp. 357-368", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3544308", doi = "10.2307/3544308", openalex = "W2063165095", references = "doi101086283426, doi1023072259845" } @article{doi101007bf00379780, author = "Wiklund, Christer", title = "Egg-laying patterns in butterflies in relation to their phenology and the visual apparency and abundance of their host plants", year = "1984", journal = "Oecologia", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00379780", doi = "10.1007/bf00379780", openalex = "W2052256242" } @article{doi101086284302, author = "Jermy, T.", title = "Evolution of Insect/Host Plant Relationships", year = "1984", journal = "The American Naturalist", abstract = {The evolutionary interactions between plants and phytophagous insects are asymmetric: the biochemical and structural diversity of the angiosperms provide a profusion of niches for the evolutionary radiation (cladogenesis) of the insects, while the insects do not affect plant evolution or, at most, may cause anagenic changes in the plants. (Figwasps and figs may represent a rare case of coevolution sensu stricto.) Thus, the evolution of insects generally follows that of the plants ("sequential evolution"). Because the selection pressure exerted by insect attacks is weak or lacking, they could not have been the main cause of the appearance and maintenance of allelochemicals in plants. Nevertheless, these compounds basically determine the plants' "biochemical profile" by which the insects distinguish between host and nonhost plants. Interspecific competition is largely lacking among phytophagous insects in natural communities, so it could not have evoked stenophagy (i.e., resource partitioning) in the insects. The dominance of stenophagous forms can be explained by (1) the adaptive advantages of stenophagy over euryphagy; (2) the emergence of new stenophagous forms from similar or euryphagous forms; and (3) the evolutionary irreversibility of developing stenophagy. Thus, plants have not become resistant to insects, but the insect species have become, or were ever since their emergence, particular in food selection. Host plant selection is mainly a behavioral process which is governed primarily by chemoreception. Therefore, the emergence of specific insect/host plant relationships most likely results from evolutionary changes in the insects' chemosensory systems. Adaptation to the nutritional quality of the new host plant is a secondary process.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/284302", doi = "10.1086/284302", openalex = "W2023744943", references = "edgar1974coevolution" } @article{doi101126science2304728895, author = "Coley, Phyllis D. and Bryant, John P. and Chapin, F. Stuart", title = "Resource Availability and Plant Antiherbivore Defense", year = "1985", journal = "Science", abstract = "The degree of herbivory and the effectiveness of defense varies widely among plant species. Resource availability in the environment is proposed as the major determinant of both the amount and type of plant defense. When resource are limited, plants with inherently slow growth are favored over those with fast growth rates; slow rates in turn favor large investments in antiherbivore defenses. Leaf lifetime, also determined by resource availability, affects the relative advantages of defenses with different turnover rates. Relative limitation of different resources also constrains the types of defenses. The proposals are compared with other theories on the evolution of plant defenses.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.230.4728.895", doi = "10.1126/science.230.4728.895", openalex = "W2166390717", references = "doi10100797814684264651, doi101086283244, doi101126science12933611466, doi101126science1713973757, doi101126science2114485887, doi101146annureven26010181001151, doi101146annureves11110180001003, doi101146annureves11110180001313, doi1023071942495, doi1023072259845, doi1023073544308, doi1023073817" } @article{doi101071pp9880063, author = "Givnish, TJ", title = "Adaptation to Sun and Shade: a Whole-Plant Perspective", year = "1988", journal = "Australian Journal of Plant Physiology", abstract = "Whole-plant energy capture depends not only on the photosynthetic response of individual leaves, but also on their integration into an effective canopy, and on the costs of producing and maintaining their photosynthetic capacity. This paper explores adaptation to irradiance level in this context, focusing on traits whose significance would be elusive if considered in terms of their impact at the leaf level alone. I review traditional approaches used to demonstrate or suggest adaptation to irradiance level, and outline three energetic tradeoffs likely to shape such adaptation, involving the economics of gas exchange, support, and biotic interactions. Recent models using these tradeoffs to account for trends in leaf nitrogen content, stornatal conductance, phyllotaxis, and defensive allocations in sun v. shade are evaluated. A re-evaluation of the classic study of acclimation of the photosynthetic light response in Atriplex, crucial to interpreting adaptation to irradiance in many traits, shows that it does not completely support the central dogma of adaptation to sun v. shade unless the results are analysed in terms of whole-plant energy capture. Calculations for Liriodendron show that the traditional light compensation point has little meaning for net carbon gain, and that the effective compensation point is profoundly influenced by the costs of night leaf respiration, leaf construction, and the construction of associated support and root tissue. The costs of support tissue are especially important, raising the effective compensation point by 140 µmol m-2 s-1 in trees 1 m tall, and by nearly 1350 µmol m-2 s-1 in trees 30 m tall. Effective compensation points give maximum tree heights as a function of irradiance, and shade tolerance as a function of tree height; calculations of maximum permissible height in Liriodendron correspond roughly with the height of the tallest known individual. Finally, new models for the evolution of canopy width/height ratio in response to irradiance and coverage within a tree stratum, and for the evolution of mottled leaves as a defensive measure in understory herbs, are outlined.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1071/pp9880063", doi = "10.1071/pp9880063", openalex = "W2136775576", references = "doi101104pp59186, doi101126science2304728895, doi1023071942495, openalexw2038423019" } @article{doi101111j109583121988tb00446x, author = "Ackery, P. R.", title = "Hostplants and classification: a review of nymphalid butterflies", year = "1988", journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "In reviewing the hostplant associations of nymphalid butterflies, particular emphasis is placed on the intractable problem of nymphalid classification. Although offering few certain conclusions, if used in conjunction with more formal morphological characters, the data presented should contribute toward a resolution of the inter-relationships of the many widely recognized groupings within the Nymphalidae, several of which seem to be broadly characterized by typical host families. As a direct result of this analysis, the presumed association between larval hostplants and unpalatability is re-appraised.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00446.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00446.x", openalex = "W2089759276", references = "doi1018984lepid35247, edgar1974coevolution" } @article{doi1023072418914, author = "Keener, Carl S. and Cronquist, Arthur", title = "The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants.", year = "1989", journal = "Systematic Botany", abstract = "The evolution and classification of flowering plants, The evolution and classification of flowering plants, مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2418914", doi = "10.2307/2418914", openalex = "W3020856028" } @article{doi101126science25049851251, author = "Turlings, Ted C. J. and Tumlinson, James H. and Lewis, W. J.", title = "Exploitation of Herbivore-Induced Plant Odors by Host-Seeking Parasitic Wasps", year = "1990", journal = "Science", abstract = "Corn seedlings release large amounts of terpenoid volatiles after they have been fed upon by caterpillars. Artificially damaged seedlings do not release these volatiles in significant amounts unless oral secretions from the caterpillars are applied to the damaged sites. Undamaged leaves, whether or not they are treated with oral secretions, do not release detectable amounts of the terpenoids. Females of the parasitic wasp Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) learn to take advantage of those plant-produced volatiles to locate hosts when exposed to these volatiles in association with hosts or host by-products. The terpenoids may be produced in defense against herbivores but may also serve a secondary function in attracting the natural enemies of these herbivores.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.250.4985.1251", doi = "10.1126/science.250.4985.1251", openalex = "W2004737831", references = "doi1023072259845" } @book{doi1015159781503621534, author = "Durham, William H.", title = "Coevolution", year = "1991", booktitle = "Stanford University Press eBooks", url = "https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503621534", doi = "10.1515/9781503621534", openalex = "W4206956780" } @article{doi101086285357, author = "Goldberg, Deborah E. and Barton, Andrew M.", title = "Patterns and Consequences of Interspecific Competition in Natural Communities: A Review of Field Experiments with Plants", year = "1992", journal = "The American Naturalist", abstract = "We present a quantitative literature review to assess the extent to which field experiments with plants have addressed questions about patterns of competition over time and space, consequences of competition for community structure, and comparisons of competitive ability among species. We outline the necessary treatment comparisons and statistical analyses to answer each question and then describe the number of experiments that meet these criteria and their results. Although we found a total of 101 experiments in 89 studies, 63\% of these experiments only addressed whether competition significantly affected some component of individual fitness of a single species at a single time and site. Despite the limited data base to address more complex questions about competitive interactions, we did find consistent results for a few of the questions we reviewed. Where tested, competition always had significant effects on distribution patterns (five experiments), on relative abundances (two experiments), and on diversity (four experiments), consistent with the notion that competition has strong effects on community structure. On the other hand, intraspecific competition was not usually stronger than interspecific competition for either competitive effect (four experiments) or response (three experiments), which suggests that resource partitioning may not be an important mechanism of coexistence in plants.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/285357", doi = "10.1086/285357", openalex = "W2136035194", references = "doi101086282697, doi101086283244, doi101086283366, doi101111j1469185x1977tb01347x, doi101126science2304728895, doi1015159781400881376, doi1023071942661, doi1023074549, openalexw2077454220, openalexw2169917233" } @article{doi101086417659, author = "Herms, Daniel A. and Mattson, William J.", title = "The Dilemma of Plants: To Grow or Defend", year = "1992", journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology", abstract = "Physiological and ecological constraints play key roles in the evolution of plant growth patterns, especially in relation to defenses against herbivores. Phenotypic and life history theories are unified within the growth-differentiation balance (GDB) framework, forming an integrated system of theories explaining and predicting patterns of plant defense and competitive interactions in ecological and evolutionary time. Plant activity at the cellular level can be classified as growth (cell division and enlargement) of differentiation (chemical and morphological changes leading to cell maturation and specialization). The GDB hypothesis of plant defense is premised upon a physiological trade-off between growth and differentiation processes. The trade-off between growth and defense exists because secondary metabolism and structural reinforcement are physiologically constrained in dividing and enlarging cells, and because they divert resources from the production of new leaf area. Hence the dilemma of plants: They must grow fast enough to complete, yet maintain the defenses necessary to survive in the presence of pathogens and hervivores. The physiological trade-off between growth and differentiation processes interacts with herbivory and plant-plant competition to manifest itself as a genetic trade-off between growth and defense in the evolution of plant life history strategies. Evolutionary theories of plant defense are reviewed. We also extend a standard growth rate model by separating its ecological and evolutionary components,and formalizing the role of competition in the evolution of plant defense. We conclude with a conceptual model of the evolution of plant defense in which plant physioligical trade-offs interact with the abiotic environment, competition and herbivory.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/417659", doi = "10.1086/417659", openalex = "W1990151103", references = "doi101007bf02860717, doi101086283244, doi101086284531, doi101111j109583121989tb00492x, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101111j155856461985tb00391x, doi101126science12933611466, doi101126science1713973757, doi101126science188418319, doi101126science2304728895, doi101146annureves19110188000551, doi1023071942495, doi1023072259845, doi1023072389364, openalexw2169917233" } @article{doi1023071311626, author = "Farrell, Brian D. and Mitter, Charles and Futuyma, Douglas J.", title = "Diversification at the Insect-Plant Interface", year = "1992", journal = "BioScience", abstract = "Journal Article Diversification at the Insect-Plant Interface: Insights from phylogenetics Get access Brian D. Farrell, Brian D. Farrell Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Charles Mitter, Charles Mitter Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Douglas J. Futuyma Douglas J. Futuyma Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 42, Issue 1, January 1992, Pages 34–42, https://doi.org/10.2307/1311626 Published: 01 January 1992", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1311626", doi = "10.2307/1311626", openalex = "W2050570174", references = "benson1975coevolution" } @article{doi101017s0140525x00032325, author = "Dunbar, Robin", title = "Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans", year = "1993", journal = "Behavioral and Brain Sciences", abstract = "Abstract Group size covaries with relative neocortical volume in nonhuman primates. This regression equation predicts a group size for modern humans very similar to that for hunter-gatherer and traditional horticulturalist societies. Similar group sizes are found in other contemporary and historical societies. Nonhuman primates maintain group cohesion through social grooming; among the Old World monkeys and apes, social grooming time is linearly related to group size. Maintaining stability of human-sized groups by grooming alone would make intolerable time demands. It is therefore suggested (1) that the evolution of large groups in the human lineage depended on developing a more efficient method for time-sharing the processes of social bonding and (2) that language uniquely fulfills this requirement. Data on the size of conversational and other small interacting groups of humans accord with the predicted relative efficiency of conversation compared to grooming as a bonding process. In human conversations about 60\% of time is spent gossiping about relationships and personal experiences. Language may accordingly have evolved to allow individuals to learn about the behavioural characteristics of other group members more rapidly than was feasible by direct observation alone.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00032325", doi = "10.1017/s0140525x00032325", openalex = "W2137391072", references = "doi1010079781468441482, doi1010160022519364900384, doi1010160047248487900224, doi101016004724849290081j, doi101016s0022519389801699, doi101017s0140525x00081061, doi101086284325, doi101093oso97801985464120010001, doi101098rstb19890106, doi101111j143903101963tb01161x, doi101152physrev1992721165, doi1023071367778, doi1023071438156, doi1023072063068, doi1023072185913, doi1023072407154, doi1043249780203037416, doi1043249781315132129, doi105860choice295104, falk1983cerebral, openalexw1659631989, openalexw1996270497" } @article{doi101104pp10841387, author = "Kishor, PBK. and Hong, Zonglie and Miao, Guo-Hua and Hu, C.‐A. and Verma, D. P. S.", title = "Overexpression of [delta]-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Synthetase Increases Proline Production and Confers Osmotolerance in Transgenic Plants", year = "1995", journal = "PLANT PHYSIOLOGY", abstract = "Proline (Pro) accumulation has been correlated with tolerance to drought and salinity stresses in plants. Therefore, overproduction of Pro in plants may lead to increased tolerance against these abiotic stresses. To test this possibility, we overexpressed in tobacco the mothbean [delta]-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, a bifunctional enzyme able to catalyze the conversion of glutamate to [delta]-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which is then reduced to Pro. The transgenic plants produced a high level of the enzyme and synthesized 10- to 18-fold more Pro than control plants. These results suggest that activity of the first enzyme of the pathway is the rate-limiting factor in Pro synthesis. Exogenous supply of nitrogen further enhanced Pro production. The osmotic potentials of leaf sap from transgenic plants were less decreased under water-stress conditions compared to those of control plants. Overproduction of Pro also enhanced root biomass and flower development in transgenic plants under drought-stress conditions. These data demonstrated that Pro acts as an osmoprotectant and that overproduction of Pro results in the increased tolerance to osmotic stress in plants.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.4.1387", doi = "10.1104/pp.108.4.1387", openalex = "W1832710699" } @article{doi105860choice323872, title = "Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects", year = "1995", journal = "Choice Reviews Online", abstract = "Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. 1. Patterns of host-plant use. 2. Chemicals in plants. 3. Sensory systems. 4. Behavior: the process of host-plant selection. 5. Behavior: the impact of ecology and physiology. 6. Effects of experience. 7. Genetic variation in host selection. 8. Evolution of host range. Glossary. Taxonomic index. Subject index.", url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.32-3872", doi = "10.5860/choice.32-3872", openalex = "W571103110" } @article{doi101105tpc8101821, author = "Osbourn, Anne", title = "Preformed Antimicrobial Compounds and Plant Defense against Fungal Attack.", year = "1996", journal = "The Plant Cell", abstract = "Plants produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites, many of which have antifungal activity. Some of these compounds are constitutive, existing in healthy plants in their biologically active forms. Others, such as cyanogenic glycosides and", url = "https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.8.10.1821", doi = "10.1105/tpc.8.10.1821", openalex = "W2145830415" } @article{doi101146annurevecolsys271305, author = "Coley, Phyllis D. and Barone, John A.", title = "HERBIVORY AND PLANT DEFENSES IN TROPICAL FORESTS", year = "1996", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics", abstract = "▪ Abstract In this review, we discuss the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant-herbivore interactions in tropical forests. We note first that herbivory rates are higher in tropical forests than in temperate ones and that, in contrast to leaves in temperate forests, most of the damage to tropical leaves occurs when they are young and expanding. Leaves in dry tropical forests also suffer higher rates of damage than in wet forests, and damage is greater in the understory than in the canopy. Insect herbivores, which typically have a narrow host range in the tropics, cause most of the damage to leaves and have selected for a wide variety of chemical, developmental, and phenological defenses in plants. Pathogens are less studied but cause considerable damage and, along with insect herbivores, may contribute to the maintenance of tree diversity. Folivorous mammals do less damage than insects or pathogens but have evolved to cope with the high levels of plant defenses. Leaves in tropical forests are defended by having low nutritional quality, greater toughness, and a wide variety of secondary metabolites, many of which are more common in tropical than temperate forests. Tannins, toughness, and low nutritional quality lengthen insect developmental times, making them more vulnerable to predators and parasitoids. The widespread occurrence of these defenses suggests that natural enemies are key participants in plant defenses and may have influenced the evolution of these traits. To escape damage, leaves may expand rapidly, be flushed synchronously, or be produced during the dry season when herbivores are rare. One strategy virtually limited to tropical forests is for plants to flush leaves but delay “greening” them until the leaves are mature. Many of these defensive traits are correlated within species, due to physiological constraints and tradeoffs. In general, shade-tolerant species invest more in defenses than do gap-requiring ones, and species with long-lived leaves are better defended than those with short-lived leaves.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.305", doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.305", openalex = "W2150998549", references = "doi101001jama196203050110085031, doi101086284369, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101126science2304728895, doi1023071942495, doi1023072406212, ehrlich1964butterflies, openalexw2097385721" } @article{doi1023073546884, author = "Mayhew, Peter J.", title = "Adaptive Patterns of Host-Plant Selection by Phytophagous Insects", year = "1997", journal = "Oikos", abstract = "Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects is largely determined by adult insects choosing the developmental location of offspring. Knowledge of natural selection leads to theoretical predictions about how adult behaviour might respond to host quality, the abundance of host-plants, adult egg-load, age and available search time, density-dependence, and stochastic effects. Debates about the value of simple adaptive models can only be settled by repeated testing and reformulation. The theoretical basis of adaptive host-selection is quite strong, but several challenges remain. Models are lacking which are both general enough to be applicable to a wide range of species, and easy to test. The role of variability in plant abundance and other stochastic forces requires clarification. Empirically, good field studies of the effect of host-plants on insect fitness are rare, but without them little progress can be made. The assessment of host-preference also requires attention. Quantitative tests of theory are rare, probably because general models do not encompass enough relevant natural history for each particular species. However much anecdotal and qualitative evidence seems to reflect adaptive predictions. A challenge for the future is to assess the adaptive value of particular mechanisms of host-selection, and to relate these to the predictions made in simple adaptive models.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3546884", doi = "10.2307/3546884", openalex = "W2086744406" } @article{doi101111j155856461998tb01648x, author = "Janz, Niklas and Nylin, Sören", title = "BUTTERFLIES AND PLANTS: A PHYLOGENETIC STUDY", year = "1998", journal = "Evolution", abstract = "A database on host plant records from 437 ingroup taxa has been used to test a number of hypotheses on the interaction between butterflies and their host plants using phylogenetic methods (simple character optimization, concentrated changes test, and independent contrasts test). The butterfly phylogeny was assembled from various sources and host plant clades were identified according to Chase et al.'s rbcL-based phylogeny. The ancestral host plant appears to be associated within a highly derived rosid clade, including the family Fabaceae. As fossil data suggest that this clade is older than the butterflies, they must have colonized already diversified plants. Previous studies also suggest that the patterns of association in most insect-plant interactions are more shaped by host shifts, through colonization and specialization, than by cospeciation. Consequently, we have focused explicitly on the mechanisms behind host shifts. Our results confirm, in the light of new phylogenetic evidence, the pattern reported by Ehrlich and Raven that related butterflies feed on related plants. We show that host shifts have generally been more common between closely related plants than between more distantly related plants. This finding, together with the possibility of a higher tendency of recolonizing ancestral hosts, helps to explain the apparent large-scale conservation in the patterns of association between insects and their host plants, patterns which at the same time are more flexible on a more detailed level. Plant growth form was an even more conservative aspect of the interaction between butterflies and their host plants than plant phylogeny. However, this is largely explained by a higher probability of colonizations and host shifts while feeding on trees than on other growth forms.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01648.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01648.x", openalex = "W1971509985", references = "doi101111j155856461975tb00861x" } @article{doi101146annurevecolsys29183, author = "Kearns, Carol Ann and Inouye, David W. and Waser, Nickolas M.", title = "ENDANGERED MUTUALISMS: The Conservation of Plant-Pollinator Interactions", year = "1998", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics", abstract = "▪ Abstract The pollination of flowering plants by animals represents a critical ecosystem service of great value to humanity, both monetary and otherwise. However, the need for active conservation of pollination interactions is only now being appreciated. Pollination systems are under increasing threat from anthropogenic sources, including fragmentation of habitat, changes in land use, modern agricultural practices, use of chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides, and invasions of non-native plants and animals. Honeybees, which themselves are non-native pollinators on most continents, and which may harm native bees and other pollinators, are nonetheless critically important for crop pollination. Recent declines in honeybee numbers in the United States and Europe bring home the importance of healthy pollination systems, and the need to further develop native bees and other animals as crop pollinators. The “pollination crisis” that is evident in declines of honeybees and native bees, and in damage to webs of plant-pollinator interaction, may be ameliorated not only by cultivation of a diversity of crop pollinators, but also by changes in habitat use and agricultural practices, species reintroductions and removals, and other means. In addition, ecologists must redouble efforts to study basic aspects of plant-pollinator interactions if optimal management decisions are to be made for conservation of these interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.83", doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.83", openalex = "W2146345110", references = "doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi1023072265575, doi1023072406212, ehrlich1964butterflies" } @article{openalexw2119482121, author = "Schoonhoven, L. M. and Jermy, T. and van Loon, Joop J. A.", title = "Insect-plant biology: from physiology to evolution.", year = "1998", journal = "Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling", abstract = "Insects as herbivores. Plants: chemical variation in space and time. Plants as insect food. Host plant selection: orientation. Host plant selection: variability. Host plant and herbivore endocrinology. Ecology of insect-plant interactions. Evolution of insect-plant interactions. Insects and flowers. Insects and plants: applied aspects. Methodology of insect-plant interactions.", openalex = "W2119482121" } @article{doi101046j14610248199900083x, author = "Knops, Johannes M. H. and Tilman, David and Haddad, Nick M. and Naeem, Shahid and Mitchell, Charles E. and Haarstad, John and Ritchie, Mark E. and Howe, Katherine M. and Reich, Peter B. and Siemann, Evan and Groth, J. V.", title = "Effects of plant species richness on invasion dynamics, disease outbreaks, insect abundances and diversity", year = "1999", journal = "Ecology Letters", abstract = "Declining biodiversity represents one of the most dramatic and irreversible aspects of anthropogenic global change, yet the ecological implications of this change are poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that biodiversity loss of basal species, such as autotrophs or plants, affects fundamental ecosystem processes such as nutrient dynamics and autotrophic production. Ecological theory predicts that changes induced by the loss of biodiversity at the base of an ecosystem should impact the entire system. Here we show that experimental reductions in grassland plant richness increase ecosystem vulnerability to invasions by plant species, enhance the spread of plant fungal diseases, and alter the richness and structure of insect communities. These results suggest that the loss of basal species may have profound effects on the integrity and functioning of ecosystems.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.1999.00083.x", doi = "10.1046/j.1461-0248.1999.00083.x", openalex = "W1993644529", references = "doi101038280455a0" } @article{doi101046j1526100x199972016x, author = "Anderson, M. Kat and Rowney, David L.", title = "The Edible Plant Dichelostemma capitatum: Its Vegetative Reproduction Response to Different Indigenous Harvesting Regimes in California", year = "1999", journal = "Restoration Ecology", abstract = "Abstract To more thoroughly understand the ecological effects of harvesting geophytes for food by American Indians, an investigation of the ethnobotany and population dynamics of Dichelostemma capitatum (blue dicks), an attractive source of nutrition to many California Indian groups was undertaken. Some cultural groups harvest the corms and replant the cormlets, spare plants, and harvest after seeding to ensure replenishment of seed. Some Indian elders equate judicious harvesting with the maintenance and enhancement of field populations of this geophyte. A field experiment was conducted to determine the degree to which differences in intensity and timing of harvest, with and without replanting of cormlets, have any effect on corm and cormlet production. We found that harvesting at 100\% intensity, through digging up all plants and corms, and without replanting cormlets at the seed stage, significantly reduces numbers of corms and cormlets compared to the controls (no harvest). However, harvesting at 50\% intensity, through digging up half of all plants and corms at the flowering or seed stages, without replanting cormlets, was not significantly different from the controls (no harvest). The results suggest that harvesting blue dicks corms with a digging stick in the latter way could yield a sustainable level of harvest. Indigenous harvesting and management regimes may offer some of the best examples of long‐term uses and management of the regional flora without detriment to its biodiversity. Restorationists are urged to study and experimentally mimic indigenous disturbance regimes and their ecological effects known to occur historically in various ecosystems. In some cases, areas will greatly benefit from the reintroduction of management and harvesting regimes that authentically simulate ancient indigenous interactions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72016.x", doi = "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72016.x", openalex = "W2059406508", references = "doi1010079781461381228, doi10100797894009920092, doi101007bf02860857, doi101086283241, doi101111an197819824, doi102307142540, doi1023072807611, doi105860choice322131, openalexw1592882905, openalexw1593528102" } @article{doi101086303208, author = "Thompson, John N.", title = "Specific Hypotheses on the Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution", year = "1999", journal = "The American Naturalist", abstract = "Coevolution is one of the major processes organizing the earth's biodiversity. The need to understand coevolution as an ongoing process has grown as ecological concerns have risen over the dynamics of rapidly changing biological communities, the conservation of genetic diversity, and the population biology of diseases. The biggest current challenge is to understand how coevolution operates across broad geographic landscapes, linking local ecological processes with phylogeographic patterns. The geographic mosaic theory of coevolution provides a framework for asking how coevolution continually reshapes interactions across different spatial and temporal scales. It produces specific hypotheses on how geographically structured coevolution differs from coevolution at the local scale. It also provides a framework for understanding how local maladaptation can result from coevolution and why coevolved interactions may rarely produce long lists of coevolved traits that become fixed within species. Long‐term field studies of the same interaction across multiple communities and spatially structured mathematical models are together beginning to show that coevolution may be a more important ongoing process than had been indicated by earlier empirical and theoretical studies lacking a geographic perspective.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/303208", doi = "10.1086/303208", openalex = "W2071357982", references = "doi101073pnas8793566" } @book{openalexw1491177125, author = "Harborne, Jeffrey B. and Baxter, Herbert and Moss, Gerard P.", title = "Phytochemical dictionary. A handbook of bioactive compounds from plants.", year = "1999", abstract = "This perennially bestselling dictionary provides nutritionists, food scientists, and researchers with access to routinely needed information, including structural formulae, on plant constituents. It profiles over 3000 substances from phenolics and alkaloids through carbohydrates and plant glycosides to oils and triterpenoids. For each substance, the editors present its trivial name, synonyms, structural type, chemical structure showing stereochemistry, molecular weight and formula, as well as its natural occurrence, biological activity and both its common and commercial uses. Key references are provided for each class and subclass.", openalex = "W1491177125" } @article{doi1015540014382020010550783edohps20co2, author = "Janz, Niklas and Nyblom, Klas and Nylin, Sören", title = "EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF HOST-PLANT SPECIALIZATION: A CASE STUDY OF THE TRIBE NYMPHALINI", year = "2001", journal = "Evolution", abstract = "Two general patterns that have emerged from the intense studies on insect-host plant associations are a predominance of specialists over generalists and a taxonomic conservatism in host-plant use. In most insect-host plant systems, explanations for these patterns must be based on biases in the processes of host colonizations, host shifts, and specialization, rather than cospeciation. In the present paper, we investigate changes in host range in the nymphalid butterfly tribe Nymphalini, using parsimony optimizations of host-plant data on the butterfly phylogeny. In addition, we performed larval establishment tests to search for larval capacity to feed and survive on plants that have been lost from the female egg-laying repertoire. Optimizations suggested an ancestral association with Urticaceae, and most of the tested species showed a capacity to feed on Urtica dioica regardless of actual host-plant use. In addition, there was a bias among the successful establishments on nonhosts toward plants that are used as hosts by other species in the Nymphalini. An increased likelihood of colonizing ancestral or related plants could also provide an alternative explanation for the observed pattern that some plant families appear to have been colonized independently several times in the tribe. We also show that there is no directionality in host range evolution toward increased specialization, that is, specialization is not a dead end. Instead, changes in host range show a very dynamic pattern.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[0783:edohps]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[0783:edohps]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2176674420", references = "doi101111j155856461975tb00861x" } @article{doi101046j14698137200200477x, author = "Obeso, José Ramón", title = "The costs of reproduction in plants", year = "2002", journal = "New Phytologist", abstract = "This review reports on the processes associated with costs of reproduction, including some theoretical considerations, definitions and methodological aspects, followed by a list of the situations where costs are difficult to find. Despite some exceptions, case studies, examined by trade-offs between reproduction and other life-history traits, generally support the predictions of the cost of reproduction hypothesis. The cost of reproduction as an evolutionary determinant of sexual dimorphism in life history traits in dioecious species was specifically tested, considering that the higher cost of reproduction in females has driven the life history traits related to sexual dimorphism. Females of woody dioecious species were consistently smaller than males supporting the costs of reproduction hypothesis. By contrast, females of herbaceous perennials were generally the larger sex, which did not fit the expectations of the hypothesis. Finally, the mechanisms that enable the compensation of the reproductive costs are detailed, including the plastic responses of photosynthesis and growth, the effects of the timing of investment, plant architecture and plant physiological integration. Contents Summary 321 I. Introduction 321 II. Theory on costs of reproduction 322 III. Methodological aspects 324 IV. Empirical evidence 328 V. Plant size and costs of reproduction 330 VI. Costs of reproduction in sexually dimorphic plants 331 VII. Compensation of the costs 333 VIII. Concluding comments and future perspectives 336 Acknowledgements 337 References 337.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00477.x", doi = "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00477.x", openalex = "W2149139127", references = "doi101007bf02860717, doi101086282461, doi101126science1061967, doi101146annurevecolsys281659, doi1015159780691207278, doi1023072389364, doi107312rens91062, openalexw2000871817" } @article{doi101111j001438202002tb00145x, author = "Agrawal, Anurag A. and Conner, Jeffrey K. and Johnson, Marc T. J. and Wallsgrove, Roger M.", title = "ECOLOGICAL GENETICS OF AN INDUCED PLANT DEFENSE AGAINST HERBIVORES: ADDITIVE GENETIC VARIANCE AND COSTS OF PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY", year = "2002", journal = "Evolution", abstract = "Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in chemical defense is thought to play a major role in plant-herbivore interactions. We investigated genetic variation for inducibility of defensive traits in wild radish plants and asked if the evolution of induction is constrained by costs of phenotypic plasticity. In a greenhouse experiment using paternal half-sibling families, we show additive genetic variation for plasticity in glucosinolate concentration. Genetic variation for glucosinolates was not detected in undamaged plants, but was significant following herbivory by a specialist herbivore, Pieris rapae. On average, damaged plants had 55\% higher concentrations of glucosinolates compared to controls. In addition, we found significant narrow-sense heritabilities for leaf size, trichome number, flowering phenology, and lifetime fruit production. In a second experiment, we found evidence of genetic variation in induced plant resistance to P. rapae. Although overall there was little evidence for genetic correlations between the defensive and life-history traits we measured, we show that more plastic families had lower fitness than less plastic families in the absence of herbivory (i.e., evidence for genetic costs of plasticity). Thus, there is genetic variation for induction of defense in wild radish, and the evolution of inducibility may be constrained by costs of plasticity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00145.x", doi = "10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00145.x", openalex = "W2177795929", references = "doi10100797830308394061, doi101016s0169534797012743, doi101038hdy1987113, doi101086416841, doi101093genetics1301195, doi101126science1060701, doi1023071942495, doi1023072529912, doi107208chicago97802264249720010001, openalexw1512719169" } @article{doi101146annurevecolsys33010802150452, author = "Westoby, Mark and Falster, Daniel S. and Moles, Angela T. and Vesk, Peter A. and Wright, Ian J.", title = "Plant Ecological Strategies: Some Leading Dimensions of Variation Between Species", year = "2002", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics", abstract = "▪ Abstract An important aim of plant ecology is to identify leading dimensions of ecological variation among species and to understand the basis for them. Dimensions that can readily be measured would be especially useful, because they might offer a path towards improved worldwide synthesis across the thousands of field experiments and ecophysiological studies that use just a few species each. Four dimensions are reviewed here. The leaf mass per area–leaf lifespan (LMA-LL) dimension expresses slow turnover of plant parts (at high LMA and long LL), long nutrient residence times, and slow response to favorable growth conditions. The seed mass–seed output (SM-SO) dimension is an important predictor of dispersal to establishment opportunities (seed output) and of establishment success in the face of hazards (seed mass). The LMA-LL and SM-SO dimensions are each underpinned by a single, comprehensible tradeoff, and their consequences are fairly well understood. The leaf size–twig size (LS-TS) spectrum has obvious consequences for the texture of canopies, but the costs and benefits of large versus small leaf and twig size are poorly understood. The height dimension has universally been seen as ecologically important and included in ecological strategy schemes. Nevertheless, height includes several tradeoffs and adaptive elements, which ideally should be treated separately. Each of these four dimensions varies at the scales of climate zones and of site types within landscapes. This variation can be interpreted as adaptation to the physical environment. Each dimension also varies widely among coexisting species. Most likely this within-site variation arises because the ecological opportunities for each species depend strongly on which other species are present, in other words, because the set of species at a site is a stable mixture of strategies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150452", doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150452", openalex = "W2167109558", references = "doi1010079789401090131, doi101007bf02860997, doi101016s0065250408600161, doi101023a1004327224729, doi10103823251, doi101086283244, doi101086284133, doi101086284165, doi101086284325, doi101086285357, doi101086417659, doi101111j109583121989tb00492x, doi101126science2304728895, doi101146annurevecolsys311343, doi101146annureves11110180001313, doi1023071942495, openalexw2169917233" } @article{doi101146annurevento47091201145121, author = "Nishida, Ritsuo", title = "Sequestration of Defensive Substances from Plants by Lepidoptera", year = "2002", journal = "Annual Review of Entomology", abstract = "A number of aposematic butterfly and diurnal moth species sequester unpalatable or toxic substances from their host plants rather than manufacturing their own defensive substances. Despite a great diversity in their life histories, there are some general features in the selective utilization of plant secondary metabolites to achieve effective protection from predators. This review illustrates the biochemical, physiological, and ecological characteristics of phytochemical-based defense systems that can shed light on the evolution of the widely developed sequestering lifestyles among the Lepidoptera.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145121", doi = "10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145121", openalex = "W2155710214", references = "doi1010079781489932006, doi101007b102508, doi101016b9780121083809x50017, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101111j155856461975tb00861x, doi101111j155856461980tb04849x, doi101146annurevecolsys301201, doi105860choice323872, huheey1984warning, openalexw1491177125, openalexw1538761328, openalexw2119482121" } @article{doi101073pnas1633576100, author = "Bascompte, Jordi and Jordano, Pedro and Melián, Carlos J. and Olesen, Jens M.", title = "The nested assembly of plant–animal mutualistic networks", year = "2003", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", abstract = "Most studies of plant-animal mutualisms involve a small number of species. There is almost no information on the structural organization of species-rich mutualistic networks despite its potential importance for the maintenance of diversity. Here we analyze 52 mutualistic networks and show that they are highly nested; that is, the more specialist species interact only with proper subsets of those species interacting with the more generalists. This assembly pattern generates highly asymmetrical interactions and organizes the community cohesively around a central core of interactions. Thus, mutualistic networks are neither randomly assembled nor organized in compartments arising from tight, parallel specialization. Furthermore, nestedness increases with the complexity (number of interactions) of the network: for a given number of species, communities with more interactions are significantly more nested. Our results indicate a nonrandom pattern of community organization that may be relevant for our understanding of the organization and persistence of biodiversity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1633576100", doi = "10.1073/pnas.1633576100", openalex = "W2168793216", references = "doi101007bf00317508, doi101038238413a0, doi101046j14610248200300403x, doi101073pnas192407699, doi101086285208, doi101111j155856461980tb04849x, doi1023071440574, doi1023072265575, doi105281zenodo19670225, doi107208chicago97802267976700010001" } @article{doi101086367580, author = "Stamp, Nancy E.", title = "Out Of The Quagmire Of Plant Defense Hypotheses", year = "2003", journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology", abstract = {Several hypotheses, mainly Optimal Defense (OD), Carbon: Nutrient Balance (CNB), Growth Rate (GR), and Growth-Differentiation Balance (GDB), have individually served as frameworks for investigating the patterns of plant defense against herbivores, in particular the pattern of constitutive defense. The predictions and tests of these hypotheses have been problematic for a variety of reasons and have led to considerable confusion about the state of the "theory of plant defense." The primary contribution of the OD hypothesis is that it has served as the main framework for investigation of genotypic expression of plant defense, with the emphasis on allocation cost of defense. The primary contribution of the CNB hypothesis is that it has served as the main framework for investigation of how resources affect phenotypic expression of plant defense, often with studies concerned about allocation cost of defense. The primary contribution of the GR hypothesis is that it explains how intrinsic growth rate of plants shaped evolutionarily by resource availability affects defensive patterns. The primary contribution of the expanded GDB hypothesis is that it recognizes the constant physiological tradeoff between growth and differentiation at the cellular and tissue levels relative to the selective pressures of resource availability, including explicitly taking into account plant tolerance of damage by enemies. A clearer understanding of these hypotheses and what we have learned from investigations that use them can facilitate development of well-designed experiments that address the gaps in our knowledge of plant defense.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/367580", doi = "10.1086/367580", openalex = "W2129668362", references = "doi101098rspb19790081, doi101111j155856461980tb04849x, doi101126science1713973757, doi107208chicago97802264249720010001" } @article{doi101126science1080003, author = "Temeles, Ethan J. and Kress, W. John", title = "Adaptation in a Plant-Hummingbird Association", year = "2003", journal = "Science", abstract = "Sexual dimorphism in bill morphology and body size of the Caribbean purple-throated carib hummingbird is associated with a reversal in floral dimorphism of its Heliconia food plants. This hummingbird is the sole pollinator of H. caribaea and H. bihai, with flowers of the former corresponding to the short, straight bills of males, the larger sex, and flowers of the latter corresponding to the long, curved bills of females. On St. Lucia, H. bihai compensates for the rarity of H. caribaea by evolving a second color morph with flowers that match the bills of males, whereas on Dominica, H. caribaea evolves a second color morph with flowers that match the bills of females. The nectar rewards of all Heliconia morphs are consistent with each sex's choice of the morph that corresponds to its bill morphology and energy requirements, supporting the hypothesis that feeding preferences have driven their coadaptation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1080003", doi = "10.1126/science.1080003", openalex = "W1986696838" } @article{doi105860choice412175, title = "Butterflies: ecology and evolution taking flight", year = "2003", journal = "Choice Reviews Online", abstract = "The beauty and grace of butterflies have long captivated people around the world, but their diversity and complexity have drawn the special attention of amateur and professional scientists since at least the time of Darwin. Thanks to this long history of research, more is known about butterflies than is known about almost any other group of insects. In Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight, the world's leading experts synthesize current knowledge of butterflies to show how the study of these fascinating creatures as model systems can lead to deeper understanding of ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes in general. The 26 chapters are organized into broad functional areas, covering the uses of butterflies in the study of behaviour, ecology, genetics and evolution, systematics, and conservation biology. Especially in the context of the current biodiversity crisis, this book shows how results found with butterflies can help us understand large, rapid changes in the world we share with them - for example, geographic distributions of some butterflies have begun to shift in response to global warming, giving early evidence of climate change that scientists, politicians and citizens alike should heed. The first international synthesis of butterfly biology in two decades, Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight offers students, scientists and amateur naturalists a concise overview of the latest developments in the field. Furthermore, it articulates an exciting new perspective of the whole group of approximately 15,000 species of butterflies as a comprehensive model system for all the sciences concerned with biodiversity and its preservation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-2175", doi = "10.5860/choice.41-2175", openalex = "W28467456" } @article{doi101111j00301299200413250x, author = "Lortie, Christopher J. and Brooker, Rob W. and Choler, Philippe and Kikvidze, Zaal and Michalet, Richard and Pugnaire, Francisco I. and Callaway, Ragan M.", title = "Rethinking plant community theory", year = "2004", journal = "Oikos", abstract = "Plant communities have traditionally been viewed as either a random collection of individuals or as organismal entities. For most ecologists however, neither perspective provides a modern comprehensive view of plant communities, but we have yet to formalize the view that we currently hold. Here, we assert that an explicit re‐consideration of formal community theory must incorporate interactions that have recently been prominent in plant ecology, namely facilitation and indirect effects among competitors. These interactions do not suppport the traditional individualistic perspective. We believe that rejecting strict individualistic theory will allow ecologists to better explain variation occurring at different spatial scales, synthesize more general predictive theories of community dynamics, and develop models for community‐level responses to global change. Here, we introduce the concept of the integrated community (IC) which proposes that natural plant communities range from highly individualistic to highly interdependent depending on synergism among: (i) stochastic processes, (ii) the abiotic tolerances of species, (iii) positive and negative interactions among plants, and (iv) indirect interactions within and between trophic levels. All of these processes are well accepted by plant ecologists, but no single theory has sought to integrate these different processes into our concept of communities.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13250.x", doi = "10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13250.x", openalex = "W2114826865", references = "doi101086284167" } @article{doi101111j14698137200401015x, author = "Hodge, Angela", title = "The plastic plant: root responses to heterogeneous supplies of nutrients", year = "2004", journal = "New Phytologist", abstract = "Summary When roots encounter a nutrient‐rich zone or patch they often proliferate within it. Roots experiencing nutrient‐rich patches can also enhance their physiological ion‐uptake capacities compared with roots of the same plant outside the patch zone. These plastic responses by the root system have been proposed as the major mechanism by which plants cope with the naturally occurring heterogeneous supplies of nutrients in soil. Various attempts to predict how contrasting species will respond to patches have been made based on specific root length (SRL), root demography and biomass allocation within the patch zone. No one criterion has proved definitive. Actually demonstrating that root proliferation is beneficial to the plant, especially in terms of nitrogen capture from patches, has also proved troublesome. Yet by growing plants under more realistic conditions, such as in interspecific plant competition, and with a complex organic patch, a direct benefit can be demonstrated. Thus, as highlighted in this review, the environmental context in which the root response is expressed is as important as the magnitude of the response itself. Contents I. Introduction 9 II. Morphological responses 10 III. Root demography 14 IV. Physiological plasticity 14 V. Root plasticity in patches in competition and symbiosis with microorganisms 16 VI. Influence of patch attributes 17 VII. Control of root proliferation 19 VIII. Conclusions 20 Acknowledgements 20 References 20", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01015.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01015.x", openalex = "W2152895243" } @article{doi101126science1096931, author = "Keßler, André and Halitschke, Rayko and Baldwin, Ian T.", title = "Silencing the Jasmonate Cascade: Induced Plant Defenses and Insect Populations", year = "2004", journal = "Science", abstract = "We transformed the native tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, to silence its lipoxygenase, hydroperoxide lyase, and allene oxide synthase genes in order to inhibit oxylipin signaling, known to mediate the plant's direct and indirect defenses. When planted into native habitats, lipoxygenase-deficient plants were more vulnerable to N. attenuata's adapted herbivores but also attracted novel herbivore species, which fed and reproduced successfully. In addition to highlighting the value of genetically silencing plants to study ecological interactions in nature, these results show that lipoxygenase-dependent signaling determines host selection for opportunistic herbivores and that induced defenses influence herbivore community composition.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1096931", doi = "10.1126/science.1096931", openalex = "W2127891636" } @article{doi101111j14698137200401296x, author = "van Kleunen, Mark and Fischer, Markus", title = "Constraints on the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in plants", year = "2005", journal = "New Phytologist", abstract = "The high potential fitness benefit of phenotypic plasticity tempts us to expect phenotypic plasticity as a frequent adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. Examples of proven adaptive plasticity in plants, however, are scarce and most plastic responses actually may be 'passive' rather than adaptive. This suggests that frequently requirements for the evolution of adaptive plasticity are not met or that such evolution is impeded by constraints. Here we outline requirements and potential constraints for the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, identify open questions, and propose new research approaches. Important open questions concern the genetic background of plasticity, genetic variation in plasticity, selection for plasticity in natural habitats, and the nature and occurrence of costs and limits of plasticity. Especially promising tools to address these questions are selection gradient analysis, meta-analysis of studies on genotype-by-environment interactions, QTL analysis, cDNA-microarray scanning and quantitative PCR to quantify gene expression, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to quantify protein expression. Studying plasticity along the pathway from gene expression to the phenotype and its relationship with fitness will help us to better understand why adaptive plasticity is not more universal, and to more realistically predict the evolution of plastic responses to environmental change.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01296.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01296.x", openalex = "W2153863902", references = "doi101001jama195002910300087029, doi101111j001438202002tb00145x" } @article{doi101146annurevento51110104151110, author = "Ode, Paul J.", title = "PLANT CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL ENEMY FITNESS: Effects on Herbivore and Natural Enemy Interactions", year = "2005", journal = "Annual Review of Entomology", abstract = "Tremendous strides have been made regarding our understanding of how host plant chemistry influences the interactions between herbivores and their natural enemies. While most work has focused on plant chemistry effects on host location and acceptance by natural enemies, an increasing number of studies examine negative effects. The tritrophic role of plant chemistry is central to several aspects of trophic phenomena including top-down versus bottom-up control of herbivores, enemy-free space and host choice, and theories of plant defense. Furthermore, tritrophic effects of plant chemistry are important in assessing the degree of compatibility between biological control and plant resistance approaches to pest control. Additional research is needed to understand the physiological effects of plant chemistry on parasitoids. Explicit tests are required to determine whether natural enemies can act as selective forces on plant defense. Finally, further studies of natural systems are crucial to understanding the evolution of multitrophic relationships.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151110", doi = "10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151110", openalex = "W2163714844", references = "doi101111j001438202002tb00145x" } @article{doi1023073473471, author = "Mevi-Schütz and Erhardt", title = "Amino Acids in Nectar Enhance Butterfly Fecundity: A Long-Awaited Link", year = "2005", journal = "The American Naturalist", abstract = "Thirty years ago, researchers discovered that flowers pollinated by butterflies are consistently rich in nectar amino acids, and more recent findings have shown that butterflies prefer nectar with high amino acid content. These observations led to speculation that amino acids in nectar enhance butterfly fitness and that butterflies have acted as agents of natural selection on nectar composition. Despite a number of experimental efforts over the years, convincing proof that nectar amino acids affect butterfly fitness has been lacking. Here, we provide the first evidence that amino acids in nectar have a positive effect on fecundity of one butterfly species, supporting the existence of a relationship between nectar preferences and fitness benefits. Map butterflies (Araschnia levana L.) raised under natural larval food conditions laid more eggs when they were fed nectar containing amino acids, whereas nectar amino acids had no effect on the number of eggs laid by butterflies raised on larval food rich in nitrogen. Uptake and utilization of nectar amino acids by map butterflies appear to be compensatory mechanisms enabling them to override impacts of poor larval food. These results provide strong support for the long‐standing postulate that nectar amino acids benefit butterflies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3473471", doi = "10.2307/3473471", openalex = "W3150272243" } @article{doi105860choice432194, title = "The geographic mosaic of coevolution", year = "2005", journal = "Choice Reviews Online", abstract = "Coevolution - reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection - is one of the most important ecological and genetic processes organizing the earth's biodiversity: most plants and animals require coevolved interactions with other species to survive and reproduce. The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution analyzes how the biology of species provides the raw material for long-term coevolution, evaluates how local coadaptation forms the basic module of coevolutionary change, and explores how the coevolutionary process reshapes locally coevolving interactions across the earth's constantly changing landscapes. Picking up where his influential The Coevolutionary Process left off, John N. Thompson synthesizes the state of a rapidly developing science that integrates approaches from evolutionary ecology, population genetics, phylogeography, systematics, evolutionary biochemistry and physiology, and molecular biology. Using models, data, and hypotheses to develop a complete conceptual framework, Thompson also draws on examples from a wide range of taxa and environments, illustrating the expanding breadth and depth of research in coevolutionary biology.", url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-2194", doi = "10.5860/choice.43-2194", openalex = "W572179489", references = "doi101086303213, doi101126science1080003, doi1023074995, doi1023074996, doi107208chicago97802267976700010001" } @book{doi107208chicago97802261186970010001, author = "Thompson, John N.", title = "The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution", year = "2005", url = "https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226118697.001.0001", doi = "10.7208/chicago/9780226118697.001.0001", openalex = "W4300517352" } @article{doi101007s1088600692078, author = "Engler-Chaouat, Helene S. and Gilbert, Lawrence E.", title = "De novo Synthesis vs. Sequestration: Negatively Correlated Metabolic Traits and the Evolution of Host Plant Specialization in Cyanogenic Butterflies", year = "2006", journal = "Journal of Chemical Ecology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-006-9207-8", doi = "10.1007/s10886-006-9207-8", openalex = "W2095321706", references = "benson1975coevolution, doi101007b102508, doi101086284325, doi101093oso97801985464120010001, doi101093sysbio423265, doi101098rstb19890106, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101146annureves11110180000353, doi105860choice295104, doi105860choice323872, ehrlich1964butterflies" } @article{doi101111j165411032006tb02444x, author = "Grime, J. P.", title = "Trait convergence and trait divergence in herbaceous plant communities: Mechanisms and consequences", year = "2006", journal = "Journal of Vegetation Science", abstract = "In landscapes subject to intensive agriculture, both soil fertility and vegetation disturbance are capable of impacting strongly, evenly and simultaneously on the herbaceous plant cover and each tends to impose uniformity on the traits of constituent species. In more natural and ancient grasslands greater spatial and temporal variation in both productivity and disturbance occurs and both factors have been implicated in the maintenance of species‐richness in herbaceous communities. However, empirical data suggest that disturbance is the more potent driver of trait differentiation and species co‐existence at a local scale. This may arise from the great diversity in opportunities for establishment, growth or reproduction that arise when the intensity of competition is reduced by damage to the vegetation. In contrast to the diversifying effects of local disturbances, productivity‐related plant traits (growth rate, leaf longevity, leaf chemistry, leaf toughness, decomposition rate) appear to be less variable on a local scale. This difference in the effects of the productivity and disturbance filters arises from the relative constancy of productivity within the community and the diversity in agency and in spatial and temporal scales exhibited by disturbance events. Also, evolutionary responses to disturbances involve minor adaptive shifts in phenological and regenerative traits and are more likely to occur as micro‐evolutionary steps than the shifts in linked traits in the core physiology associated with the capacity to exploit productive and unproductive habitats. During the assembly of a community and over its subsequent lifespan filters with diversifying and convergent effects may operate simultaneously on recruitment from the local species pool and impose contrasted effects on the similarity of the trait values exhibited by co‐existing species. Moreover, as a consequence of the frequent association of productivity with the convergence filter, an additional difference is predicted in terms of the effects of the two filters on ecosystem functioning. Convergence in traits selected by the productivity filter will exert effects on both the plant community and the ecosystem while divergent effects of the disturbance filter will be restricted to the plant community.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2006.tb02444.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1654-1103.2006.tb02444.x", openalex = "W2126535795", references = "doi1023073544421, doi105962bhltitle46292" } @article{doi101111j20060030129915025x, author = "Agosta, Salvatoe J.", title = "On ecological fitting, plant–insect associations, herbivore host shifts, and host plant selection", year = "2006", journal = "Oikos", abstract = "“Pests soon colonize plants that are cultivated extensively, plant species recruit different pest species in different regions, and associations of insects with plants are often more casual, fortuitous, and labile than those usually interpreted as coevolutionary.” (, pp. 89) “… when a parasite arrives in a new habitat, it will feed on those species whose defense traits it can circumvent because of the abilities it carries at the time. Such a parasite cannot be distinguished from one that evolved the ability to circumvent a defense while in trophic contact with its host.” (, pp. 611) “We believe that a reasonable null hypothesis … is that many associations between insects and plants can occur without much evolution…” (Rey, McCoy and Strong 1981, pp. 620) “The main role of secondary plant substances in insect/host plant relationships is that they form the ‘fingerprint’ … by which the insect recognizes the plants … The recognition of a plant as host is unrelated to whether the plant and the insect have evolved together or whether they meet for the first time in their evolutionary history.” (, pp. 620)", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.15025.x", doi = "10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.15025.x", openalex = "W2067174381", references = "doi101111j155856461975tb00861x" } @article{doi101126science1118510, author = "Pichersky, Eran and Noel, Joseph P. and Dudareva, Natalia", title = "Biosynthesis of Plant Volatiles: Nature's Diversity and Ingenuity", year = "2006", journal = "Science", abstract = "Plant volatiles (PVs) are lipophilic molecules with high vapor pressure that serve various ecological roles. The synthesis of PVs involves the removal of hydrophilic moieties and oxidation/hydroxylation, reduction, methylation, and acylation reactions. Some PV biosynthetic enzymes produce multiple products from a single substrate or act on multiple substrates. Genes for PV biosynthesis evolve by duplication of genes that direct other aspects of plant metabolism; these duplicated genes then diverge from each other over time. Changes in the preferred substrate or resultant product of PV enzymes may occur through minimal changes of critical residues. Convergent evolution is often responsible for the ability of distally related species to synthesize the same volatile.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1118510", doi = "10.1126/science.1118510", openalex = "W2124255498" } @article{doi10189000129658200687132pds20co2, author = "Agrawal, Anurag A. and Fishbein, Mark", title = "PLANT DEFENSE SYNDROMES", year = "2006", journal = "Ecology", abstract = "Given that a plant's defensive strategy against herbivory is never likely to be a single trait, we develop the concept of plant defense syndromes, where association with specific ecological interactions can result in convergence on suites of covarying defensive traits. Defense syndromes can be studied within communities of diverse plant species as well as within clades of closely related species. In either case, theory predicts that plant defense traits can consistently covary across species, due to shared evolutionary ancestry or due to adaptive convergence. We examined potential defense syndromes in 24 species of milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) in a field experiment. Employing phylogenetically independent contrasts, we found few correlations between seven defensive traits, no bivariate trade-offs, and notable positive correlations between trichome density and latex production, and between C:N ratio and leaf toughness. We then used a hierarchical cluster analysis to produce a phenogram of defense trait similarity among the 24 species. This analysis revealed three distinct clusters of species. The defense syndromes of these species clusters are associated with either low nutritional quality or a balance of higher nutritional quality coupled with physical or chemical defenses. The phenogram based on defense traits was not congruent, however, with a molecular phylogeny of the group, suggesting convergence on defense syndromes. Finally, we examined the performance of monarch butterfly caterpillars on the 24 milkweed species in the field; monarch growth and survival did not differ on plants in the three syndromes, although multiple regression revealed that leaf trichomes and toughness significantly reduced caterpillar growth. The discovery of convergent plant defense syndromes can be used as a framework to ask questions about how abiotic environments, communities of herbivores, and biogeography are associated with particular defense strategies of plants.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[132:pds]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[132:pds]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2172012101", references = "doi101086285258, doi101146annurevecolsys34011802132347, doi105860choice415285" } @article{doi101146annurevecolsys38091206095818, author = "Bascompte, Jordi and Jordano, Pedro", title = "Plant-Animal Mutualistic Networks: The Architecture of Biodiversity", year = "2007", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics", abstract = "The mutually beneficial interactions between plants and their animal pollinators and seed dispersers have been paramount in the generation of Earth's biodiversity. These mutualistic interactions often involve dozens or even hundreds of species that form complex networks of interdependences. Understanding how coevolution proceeds in these highly diversified mutualisms among free-living species presents a conceptual challenge. Recent work has led to the unambiguous conclusion that mutualistic networks are very heterogeneous (the bulk of the species have a few interactions, but a few species are much more connected than expected by chance), nested (specialists interact with subsets of the species with which generalists interact), and built on weak and asymmetric links among species. Both ecological variables (e.g., phenology, local abundance, and geographic range) and past evolutionary history may explain such network patterns. Network structure has important implications for the coexistence and stability of species as well as for the coevolutionary process. Mutualistic networks can thus be regarded as the architecture of biodiversity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095818", doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095818", openalex = "W2113618723", references = "doi101038nature05956, doi101073pnas1633576100, doi101086343873, doi101111j001438202003tb00285x, doi101111j155856461980tb04849x, doi101242jeb01745, doi1023072265575, doi1023074220, doi107208chicago97802261186970010001" } @article{doi101111j13653040200801910x, author = "Metlen, Kerry L. and Aschehoug, Erik T. and Callaway, Ragan M.", title = "Plant behavioural ecology: dynamic plasticity in secondary metabolites", year = "2008", journal = "Plant Cell \& Environment", abstract = "Behaviour is in part the ability to respond rapidly and reversibly in response to environmental stimuli during the lifetime of an individual. Plants and animals both exhibit behaviour, but plant behaviour is most often examined in the context of morphologically plastic growth. Rapid and reversible secondary metabolite production and release is also a key mechanism by which plants behave. Here, we review plant biochemical plasticity as plant behaviour, and explicitly focus on evidence for responses that display rapid induction, reversibility and ecological relevance. Rapid induction and attenuation of plant secondary metabolites occur as chemically mediated root foraging, plant defence, allelochemistry and to regulate mutualistic relationships. We describe a wealth of information on the induction of various plant biochemical responses to environmental stimuli but found a limited body of literature on the reversibility of induced biochemical responses. Understanding the full cycle of dynamic plasticity in secondary metabolites is an important niche for future research. Biochemical behaviours extend beyond the plant kingdom; however, they clearly illustrate the capacity for plants to behave in ways that closely mirror the classic definitions and research approaches applied to behaviour in animals.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01910.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01910.x", openalex = "W2121261368", references = "doi101007978940171570623, doi101023a1013351617532, doi101023a1020809400075, doi101086283426, doi101086416841, doi101093aobmcl114, doi101111j14698137200401015x, doi101126science25049851251, doi101146annureves11110180001313, doi107208chicago97802264249720010001" } @article{doi101111j15746976200800123x, author = "Zilber‐Rosenberg, Ilana and Rosenberg, Eugene", title = "Role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants: the hologenome theory of evolution", year = "2008", journal = "FEMS Microbiology Reviews", abstract = "We present here the hologenome theory of evolution, which considers the holobiont (the animal or plant with all of its associated microorganisms) as a unit of selection in evolution. The hologenome is defined as the sum of the genetic information of the host and its microbiota. The theory is based on four generalizations: (1) All animals and plants establish symbiotic relationships with microorganisms. (2) Symbiotic microorganisms are transmitted between generations. (3) The association between host and symbionts affects the fitness of the holobiont within its environment. (4) Variation in the hologenome can be brought about by changes in either the host or the microbiota genomes; under environmental stress, the symbiotic microbial community can change rapidly. These points taken together suggest that the genetic wealth of diverse microbial symbionts can play an important role both in adaptation and in evolution of higher organisms. During periods of rapid changes in the environment, the diverse microbial symbiont community can aid the holobiont in surviving, multiplying and buying the time necessary for the host genome to evolve. The distinguishing feature of the hologenome theory is that it considers all of the diverse microbiota associated with the animal or the plant as part of the evolving holobiont. Thus, the hologenome theory fits within the framework of the 'superorganism' proposed by Wilson and Sober.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00123.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00123.x", openalex = "W2170025869", references = "doi101016s0022519389801699, doi101086383541, doi101093oso97801985029440010001, doi101111j155856461995tb04464x, doi1015159781400858712" } @article{doi101146annurevphyto010708154114, author = "Stukenbrock, Eva H. and McDonald, Bruce A.", title = "The Origins of Plant Pathogens in Agro-Ecosystems", year = "2008", journal = "Annual Review of Phytopathology", abstract = "Plant pathogens can emerge in agricultural ecosystems through several mechanisms, including host-tracking, host jumps, hybridization and horizontal gene transfer. High-throughput DNA sequencing coupled with new analytical approaches make it possible to differentiate among these mechanisms and to infer the time and place where pathogens first emerged. We present several examples to illustrate the different mechanisms and timescales associated with the origins of important plant pathogens. In some cases pathogens were domesticated along with their hosts during the invention of agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago. In other cases pathogens appear to have emerged very recently and almost instantaneously following horizontal gene transfer or hybridization. The predominant unifying feature in these examples is the environmental and genetic uniformity of the agricultural ecosystem in which the pathogens emerged. We conclude that agro-ecosystems will continue to select for new pathogens unless they are re-engineered to make them less conducive to pathogen emergence.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.010708.154114", doi = "10.1146/annurev.phyto.010708.154114", openalex = "W2120607107", references = "doi101098rspb19830075" } @article{doi10118617429994510, author = "Geister, Thorin L. and Lorenz, Matthias and Hoffmann, Klaus H. and Fischer, Klaus", title = "Adult nutrition and butterfly fitness: effects of diet quality on reproductive output, egg composition, and egg hatching success", year = "2008", journal = "Frontiers in Zoology", abstract = "BACKGROUND: In the Lepidoptera it was historically believed that adult butterflies rely primarily on larval-derived nutrients for reproduction and somatic maintenance. However, recent studies highlight the complex interactions between storage reserves and adult income, and that the latter may contribute significantly to reproduction. Effects of adult diet were commonly assessed by determining the number and/or size of the eggs produced, whilst its consequences for egg composition and offspring viability were largely neglected (as is generally true for insects). We here specifically focus on these latter issues by using the fruit-feeding tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana, which is highly dependent on adult-derived carbohydrates for reproduction. RESULTS: Adult diet of female B. anynana had pronounced effects on fecundity, egg composition and egg hatching success, with butterflies feeding on the complex nutrition of banana fruit performing best. Adding vitamins and minerals to a sucrose-based diet increased fecundity, but not offspring viability. All other groups (plain sucrose solution, sucrose solution enriched with lipids or yeast) had a substantially lower fecundity and egg hatching success compared to the banana group. Differences were particularly pronounced later in life, presumably indicating the depletion of essential nutrients in sucrose-fed females. Effects of adult diet on egg composition were not straightforward, indicating complex interactions among specific compounds. There was some evidence that total egg energy and water content were related to hatching success, while egg protein, lipid, glycogen and free carbohydrate content did not seem to limit successful development. CONCLUSION: The patterns shown here exemplify the complexity of reproductive resource allocation in B. anynana, and the need to consider egg composition and offspring viability when trying to estimate the effects of adult nutrition on fitness in this butterfly and other insects.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-5-10", doi = "10.1186/1742-9994-5-10", openalex = "W2165304788", references = "doi101016jtree200508015" } @article{doi101371journalpone0004010, author = "Leimu, Roosa and Fischer, Markus", title = "A Meta-Analysis of Local Adaptation in Plants", year = "2008", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Local adaptation is of fundamental importance in evolutionary, population, conservation, and global-change biology. The generality of local adaptation in plants and whether and how it is influenced by specific species, population and habitat characteristics have, however, not been quantitatively reviewed. Therefore, we examined published data on the outcomes of reciprocal transplant experiments using two approaches. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the performance of local and foreign plants at all transplant sites. In addition, we analysed frequencies of pairs of plant origin to examine whether local plants perform better than foreign plants at both compared transplant sites. In both approaches, we also examined the effects of population size, and of the habitat and species characteristics that are predicted to affect local adaptation. We show that, overall, local plants performed significantly better than foreign plants at their site of origin: this was found to be the case in 71.0\% of the studied sites. However, local plants performed better than foreign plants at both sites of a pair-wise comparison (strict definition of local adaption) only in 45.3\% of the 1032 compared population pairs. Furthermore, we found local adaptation much more common for large plant populations (>1000 flowering individuals) than for small populations (<1000 flowering individuals) for which local adaptation was very rare. The degree of local adaptation was independent of plant life history, spatial or temporal habitat heterogeneity, and geographic scale. Our results suggest that local adaptation is less common in plant populations than generally assumed. Moreover, our findings reinforce the fundamental importance of population size for evolutionary theory. The clear role of population size for the ability to evolve local adaptation raises considerable doubt on the ability of small plant populations to cope with changing environments.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004010", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0004010", openalex = "W2035317733", references = "doi101016s0169534702000447, doi101093oso97801985774160010001, doi101146annurevecolsys271237, doi105860choice432194" } @article{doi101093jxberp168, author = "Laine, Anna‐Liisa", title = "Role of coevolution in generating biological diversity: spatially divergent selection trajectories", year = "2009", journal = "Journal of Experimental Botany", abstract = "The Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution predicts that divergent coevolutionary selection produces genetic differentiation across populations. The 29 studies reviewed here support this hypothesis as they all report spatially diverged selection trajectories which have generated variable outcomes in the interaction traits among populations. This holds for both mutualistic interactions such as those between host plants and their root symbionts, or plants and their pollinators, as well as for antagonistic interactions such as plants and their pathogens or herbivores. Most often, it is the strength of selection that varies across landscapes. Variation may be generated by both the physical environment (namely temperature), and the local community--competitors, parasites, and alternative hosts--that intensify or dilute selection locally for a wide range of species interactions. At its extreme, selection trajectories may be reversed with an antagonistic interaction being commensalistic in some populations and mutualistic in yet others, depending on the local community context. Selection trajectories were found to diverge among continents, but also more locally among neighbouring populations and even within a single population. This result highlights the importance of coevolutionary selection generating biological diversity with far-reaching implications for both biodiversity conservation as well as applied biology.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp168", doi = "10.1093/jxb/erp168", openalex = "W2161751567", references = "edgar1974coevolution" } @article{doi101111j15231739200901376x, author = "Wehi, Priscilla M. and Wehi, William L.", title = "Traditional Plant Harvesting in Contemporary Fragmented and Urban Landscapes", year = "2009", journal = "Conservation Biology", abstract = "Ecosystem fragmentation and destruction can lead to restrictive administration policies on traditional harvesting by indigenous peoples from remaining ecosystem tracts. In New Zealand, concerns about endangered species and governmental policies that focus on species and ecosystem preservation have resulted in severely curtailed traditional harvesting rights. Although provision has been made for limited gathering of traditional plants from government-administered conservation lands, it is unclear how much harvesting is undertaken on these lands and elsewhere and what this harvest might consist of. We interviewed seven expert Maori elders from the Waikato, New Zealand, to identify plant species they currently harvested and from where. We compared these data with the data we collected on permits issued for plant collecting on conservation lands in the same region. We sought to gain information on indigenous plant harvesting to determine the extent of permitted harvesting from conservation lands in the Waikato and to identify issues that might affect plant harvesting and management. Elders identified 58 species they harvest regularly or consider culturally important; over 50\% of these species are harvested for medicinal use. Permit data from 1996 to 2006 indicated no apparent relationship between species of reported cultural significance and the number of permits issued for each of these species. Currently, few plant species are harvested from conservation lands, although some unofficial harvesting occurs. Elders instead reported that medicinal plants are frequently collected from urban and other public areas. They reported that plant species used for dyeing, carving, and weaving are difficult to access. Elders also discussed concerns such as spraying of roadsides, which resulted in the death of medicinal species, and use of commercial hybrids in urban planning. Local government may have an increasingly important role in supporting native traditions through urban planning, which takes account of cultural harvesting needs while potentially reducing future harvesting pressure on conservation lands. We suggest that active participation by the Māori community in the development and management of urban harvesting resources will result in positive outcomes.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01376.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01376.x", openalex = "W2039160143", references = "doi101046j1526100x199972016x" } @article{doi101111j13652435201001796x, author = "Agrawal, Anurag A.", title = "Current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence", year = "2010", journal = "Functional Ecology", abstract = "Summary 1. In this essay I summarize current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence, while advocating for approaches that integrate community ecology with specific tests of classic evolutionary hypotheses. Several conclusions emerge. 2. The microevolution of defence is perhaps best studied by reciprocal transplant experiments of differentiated plant populations while simultaneously manipulating the presence of the herbivore(s) hypothesized to be the agent(s) of natural selection. 3. Although there is continued interest in the costs of defence, I argue that some empirical approaches to estimating costs (e.g. genetic engineering) may provide limited insight into evolutionary processes. 4. Essentially all plants employ several different lines of defence against herbivory. It is thus time to abandon searching for single silver bullet traits and the simple trade‐off model (where traits are arbitrarily expected to negatively covary across genotypes or species). We still know very little about which trait combinations are most effective and have repeatedly evolved together. Thus, some of our prominent theories (e.g. a predicted trade‐off between direct and indirect defence) need to be revised. 5. Studies of the macroevolution of plant defence are enjoying renewed interest due to available phylogenies and analytical methods. Although general trends are not currently surmisable, we will soon have strong case studies evaluating both biotic and abiotic drivers of convergent evolution in defence strategies and the role of defence evolution in the adaptive radiation of plant lineages. 6. The evolution of specificity is proposed as a final frontier in understanding complexity in plant–herbivore interactions. Although it is abundantly clear that plants can deploy highly specific defensive responses that are differentially perceived by herbivore species, how such responses evolve and are physiologically regulated remains an important gap. Relatively straightforward methodologies are now available to close the loop between plant perception of herbivory, hormonal responses, and production of defensive end‐products across genotype or species.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01796.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01796.x", openalex = "W2109047372", references = "doi10103844766, doi101038nature05960, doi101038nchembio164, doi101086284547, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j001438202002tb00145x, doi101111j13652435201001794x, doi101111j14610248200901314x, doi101111j14698137200702330x, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101126science2304728895, doi101146annurevarplant59032607092825, doi101146annurevecolsys110308120307, doi101146annureves11110180000353" } @article{doi101146annurevento120709144753, author = "Hare, J. Daniel", title = "Ecological Role of Volatiles Produced by Plants in Response to Damage by Herbivorous Insects", year = "2010", journal = "Annual Review of Entomology", abstract = "Plants often release a blend of volatile organic compounds in response to damage by herbivorous insects that may serve as cues to locate those herbivores by natural enemies. The blend of compounds emitted by plants may be more variable than is generally assumed. The quantity and the composition of the blends may vary with the species of the herbivore, the plant species and genotype within species, the environmental conditions under which plants are grown, and the number of herbivore species attacking the plant. Although it is often assumed that induced emission of these compounds is an adaptive tactic on the part of plants, the evidence that such responses minimize fitness losses of plants remains sparse because the necessary data on plant fitness rarely have been collected. The application of techniques of evolutionary quantitative genetics may facilitate the testing of widely held hypotheses about the evolution of induced production of volatile compounds under natural conditions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144753", doi = "10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144753", openalex = "W2100923668", references = "doi101111j14698137200702330x, doi101146annurevento47091201145121" } @article{doi101199tab0140, author = "Verslues, Paul E. and Sharma, Sandeep", title = "Proline Metabolism and Its Implications for Plant-Environment Interaction", year = "2010", journal = "The Arabidopsis Book", abstract = {Proline has long been known to accumulate in plants experiencing water limitation and this has driven studies of proline as a beneficial solute allowing plants to increase cellular osmolarity during water limitation. Proline metabolism also has roles in redox buffering and energy transfer and is involved in plant pathogen interaction and programmed cell death. Some of these unique roles of proline depend on the properties of proline itself, whereas others depend on the "proline cycle" of coordinated proline synthesis in the chloroplast and cytoplasm with proline catabolism in the mitochondria. The regulatory mechanisms controlling proline metabolism, intercellular and intracellular transport and connections of proline to other metabolic pathways are all important to the in vivo functions of proline metabolism. Connections of proline metabolism to the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and glutamate-glutamine metabolism are of particular interest. The N-acetyl glutamate pathway can also produce ornithine and, potentially, proline but its role and activity are unclear. Use of model systems such as Arabidopsis thaliana to better understand both these long studied and newly emerging functions of proline can help in the design of next-generation experiments testing whether proline metabolism is a promising metabolic engineering target for improving stress resistance of economically important plants.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0140", doi = "10.1199/tab.0140", openalex = "W1995360494", references = "doi101007s0011400500621" } @article{doi101146annurevarplant042110103854, author = "Mithöfer, Axel and Boland, Wilhelm", title = "Plant Defense Against Herbivores: Chemical Aspects", year = "2012", journal = "Annual Review of Plant Biology", abstract = "Plants have evolved a plethora of different chemical defenses covering nearly all classes of (secondary) metabolites that represent a major barrier to herbivory: Some are constitutive; others are induced after attack. Many compounds act directly on the herbivore, whereas others act indirectly via the attraction of organisms from other trophic levels that, in turn, protect the plant. An enormous diversity of plant (bio)chemicals are toxic, repellent, or antinutritive for herbivores of all types. Examples include cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, alkaloids, and terpenoids; others are macromolecules and comprise latex or proteinase inhibitors. Their modes of action include membrane disruption, inhibition of nutrient and ion transport, inhibition of signal transduction processes, inhibition of metabolism, or disruption of the hormonal control of physiological processes. Recognizing the herbivore challenge and precise timing of plant activities as well as the adaptive modulation of the plants' metabolism is important so that metabolites and energy may be efficiently allocated to defensive activities.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103854", doi = "10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103854", openalex = "W2158718877", references = "doi101007s0004900900186, doi101098rspb19790081, doi101111j14698137200702330x, doi101146annurevecolsys110308120307, doi1023072259845" } @article{doi101146annurevmicro092611150107, author = "Bever, James D. and Platt, Thomas G. and Morton, Elise R.", title = "Microbial Population and Community Dynamics on Plant Roots and Their Feedbacks on Plant Communities", year = "2012", journal = "Annual Review of Microbiology", abstract = "The composition of the soil microbial community can be altered dramatically due to association with individual plant species, and these effects on the microbial community can have important feedbacks on plant ecology. Negative plant-soil feedback plays primary roles in maintaining plant community diversity, whereas positive plant-soil feedback may cause community conversion. Host-specific differentiation of the microbial community results from the trade-offs associated with overcoming plant defense and the specific benefits associated with plant rewards. Accumulation of host-specific pathogens likely generates negative feedback on the plant, while changes in the density of microbial mutualists likely generate positive feedback. However, the competitive dynamics among microbes depends on the multidimensional costs of virulence and mutualism, the fine-scale spatial structure within plant roots, and active plant allocation and localized defense. Because of this, incorporating a full view of microbial dynamics is essential to explaining the dynamics of plant-soil feedbacks and therefore plant community ecology.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150107", doi = "10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150107", openalex = "W2129528999", references = "doi101111j14209101200801658x" } @article{doi101111nph12526, author = "Moore, Ben D. and Andrew, Rose L. and Külheim, Carsten and Foley, William J.", title = "Explaining intraspecific diversity in plant secondary metabolites in an ecological context", year = "2013", journal = "New Phytologist", abstract = "Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are ubiquitous in plants and play many ecological roles. Each compound can vary in presence and/or quantity, and the composition of the mixture of chemicals can vary, such that chemodiversity can be partitioned within and among individuals. Plant ontogeny and environmental and genetic variation are recognized as sources of chemical variation, but recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of variation may allow the future deployment of isogenic mutants to test the specific adaptive function of variation in PSMs. An important consequence of high intraspecific variation is the capacity to evolve rapidly. It is becoming increasingly clear that trait variance linked to both macro- and micro-environmental variation can also evolve and may respond more strongly to selection than mean trait values. This research, which is in its infancy in plants, highlights what could be a missing piece of the picture of PSM evolution. PSM polymorphisms are probably maintained by multiple selective forces acting across many spatial and temporal scales, but convincing examples that recognize the diversity of plant population structures are rare. We describe how diversity can be inherently beneficial for plants and suggest fruitful avenues for future research to untangle the causes and consequences of intraspecific variation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12526", doi = "10.1111/nph.12526", openalex = "W2172124708", references = "doi101038nrg2278, doi101111j001438202002tb00145x, doi101111j13652435201001794x, doi101111j13652435201001796x" } @article{doi101146annurevastro082708101811, author = "Kormendy, John and Ho, Luis C.", title = "Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies", year = "2013", journal = "Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics", abstract = "Supermassive black holes (BHs) have been found in 85 galaxies by dynamical modeling of spatially resolved kinematics. The Hubble Space Telescope revolutionized BH research by advancing the subject from its proof-of-concept phase into quantitative studies of BH demographics. Most influential was the discovery of a tight correlation between BH mass [Formula: see text] and the velocity dispersion σ of the bulge component of the host galaxy. Together with similar correlations with bulge luminosity and mass, this led to the widespread belief that BHs and bulges coevolve by regulating each other's growth. Conclusions based on one set of correlations from [Formula: see text] in brightest cluster ellipticals to [Formula: see text] in the smallest galaxies dominated BH work for more than a decade. New results are now replacing this simple story with a richer and more plausible picture in which BHs correlate differently with different galaxy components. A reasonable aim is to use this progress to refine our understanding of BH-galaxy coevolution. BHs with masses of 10 5 −10 6 M ⊙ are found in many bulgeless galaxies. Therefore, classical (elliptical-galaxy-like) bulges are not necessary for BH formation. On the other hand, although they live in galaxy disks, BHs do not correlate with galaxy disks. Also, any [Formula: see text] correlations with the properties of disk-grown pseudobulges and dark matter halos are weak enough to imply no close coevolution. The above and other correlations of host-galaxy parameters with each other and with [Formula: see text] suggest that there are four regimes of BH feedback. (1) Local, secular, episodic, and stochastic feeding of small BHs in largely bulgeless galaxies involves too little energy to result in coevolution. (2) Global feeding in major, wet galaxy mergers rapidly grows giant BHs in short-duration, quasar-like events whose energy feedback does affect galaxy evolution. The resulting hosts are classical bulges and coreless-rotating-disky ellipticals. (3) After these AGN phases and at the highest galaxy masses, maintenance-mode BH feedback into X-ray-emitting gas has the primarily negative effect of helping to keep baryons locked up in hot gas and thereby keeping galaxy formation from going to completion. This happens in giant, core-nonrotating-boxy ellipticals. Their properties, including their tight correlations between [Formula: see text] and core parameters, support the conclusion that core ellipticals form by dissipationless major mergers. They inherit coevolution effects from smaller progenitor galaxies. Also, (4) independent of any feedback physics, in BH growth modes 2 and 3, the averaging that results from successive mergers plays a major role in decreasing the scatter in [Formula: see text] correlations from the large values observed in bulgeless and pseudobulge galaxies to the small values observed in giant elliptical galaxies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811", doi = "10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811", openalex = "W2124811735", references = "doi101038nature03597, doi101046j13658711200104022x, doi101086304888, doi101086305772, doi101086312838, doi101086498708, doi1010880004637x7372103, doi101088006700491802330, doi101146annurevastro361189, doi1015159781400828722" } @article{doi101371journalpgen1003620, author = "Briscoe, Adriana D. and Macias-Muñoz, Aide and Kozak, Krzysztof M. and Walters, James R. and Yuan, Furong and Jamie, Gabriel A. and Martin, Simon H. and Dasmahapatra, Kanchon K. and Ferguson, Laura and Mallet, James and Jacquin‐Joly, Emmanuelle and Jiggins, Chris D.", title = "Female Behaviour Drives Expression and Evolution of Gustatory Receptors in Butterflies", year = "2013", journal = "PLoS Genetics", abstract = "Secondary plant compounds are strong deterrents of insect oviposition and feeding, but may also be attractants for specialist herbivores. These insect-plant interactions are mediated by insect gustatory receptors (Grs) and olfactory receptors (Ors). An analysis of the reference genome of the butterfly Heliconius melpomene, which feeds on passion-flower vines (Passiflora spp.), together with whole-genome sequencing within the species and across the Heliconius phylogeny has permitted an unprecedented opportunity to study the patterns of gene duplication and copy-number variation (CNV) among these key sensory genes. We report in silico gene predictions of 73 Gr genes in the H. melpomene reference genome, including putative CO2, sugar, sugar alcohol, fructose, and bitter receptors. The majority of these Grs are the result of gene duplications since Heliconius shared a common ancestor with the monarch butterfly or the silkmoth. Among Grs but not Ors, CNVs are more common within species in those gene lineages that have also duplicated over this evolutionary time-scale, suggesting ongoing rapid gene family evolution. Deep sequencing (∼1 billion reads) of transcriptomes from proboscis and labial palps, antennae, and legs of adult H. melpomene males and females indicates that 67 of the predicted 73 Gr genes and 67 of the 70 predicted Or genes are expressed in these three tissues. Intriguingly, we find that one-third of all Grs show female-biased gene expression (n = 26) and nearly all of these (n = 21) are Heliconius-specific Grs. In fact, a significant excess of Grs that are expressed in female legs but not male legs are the result of recent gene duplication. This difference in Gr gene expression diversity between the sexes is accompanied by a striking sexual dimorphism in the abundance of gustatory sensilla on the forelegs of H. melpomene, suggesting that female oviposition behaviour drives the evolution of new gustatory receptors in butterfly genomes.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003620", doi = "10.1371/journal.pgen.1003620", openalex = "W2118172195", references = "benson1975coevolution, doi101007s1088600692078, doi101111j155856461975tb00861x" } @article{doi103390ijms140510242, author = "Fürstenberg-Hägg, Joel and Zagrobelny, Mika and Bak, Søren", title = "Plant Defense against Insect Herbivores", year = "2013", journal = "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", abstract = "Plants have been interacting with insects for several hundred million years, leading to complex defense approaches against various insect feeding strategies. Some defenses are constitutive while others are induced, although the insecticidal defense compound or protein classes are often similar. Insect herbivory induce several internal signals from the wounded tissues, including calcium ion fluxes, phosphorylation cascades and systemic- and jasmonate signaling. These are perceived in undamaged tissues, which thereafter reinforce their defense by producing different, mostly low molecular weight, defense compounds. These bioactive specialized plant defense compounds may repel or intoxicate insects, while defense proteins often interfere with their digestion. Volatiles are released upon herbivory to repel herbivores, attract predators or for communication between leaves or plants, and to induce defense responses. Plants also apply morphological features like waxes, trichomes and latices to make the feeding more difficult for the insects. Extrafloral nectar, food bodies and nesting or refuge sites are produced to accommodate and feed the predators of the herbivores. Meanwhile, herbivorous insects have adapted to resist plant defenses, and in some cases even sequester the compounds and reuse them in their own defense. Both plant defense and insect adaptation involve metabolic costs, so most plant-insect interactions reach a stand-off, where both host and herbivore survive although their development is suboptimal.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140510242", doi = "10.3390/ijms140510242", openalex = "W2103353162", references = "doi10100797814684264651, doi101016c20090007363, doi10103835081161, doi101038nature05960, doi101038nature06006, doi101093nargkv1164, doi101111j14698137200702330x, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101146annurevarplant481251, doi101146annurevarplant59032607092825, doi101146annurevecolsys110308120307, doi105860choice383895" } @article{doi101086677928, author = "Hembry, David H. and Yoder, Jeremy B. and Goodman, Kari Roesch", title = "Coevolution and the Diversification of Life", year = "2014", journal = "The American Naturalist", abstract = "Coevolution, reciprocal adaptation between two or more taxa, is commonly invoked as a primary mechanism responsible for generating much of Earth's biodiversity. This conceptually appealing hypothesis is incredibly broad in evolutionary scope, encompassing diverse patterns and processes operating over timescales ranging from microbial generations to geological eras. However, we have surprisingly little evidence that large-scale associations between coevolution and diversity reflect a causal relationship at smaller timescales, in which coevolutionary selection is directly responsible for the formation of new species. In this synthesis, we critically evaluate evidence for the often-invoked hypothesis that coevolution is an important process promoting biological diversification. We conclude that the lack of widespread evidence for coevolutionary diversification may be best explained by the fact that coevolution's importance in diversification varies depending on the type of interaction and the scale of the diversification under consideration.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/677928", doi = "10.1086/677928", openalex = "W2083313949", references = "doi101016jtree201311003" } @article{doi101098rspb20140555, author = "Turcotte, Martin M. and Davies, T. Jonathan and Thomsen, Christina J. M. and Johnson, Marc T. J.", title = "Macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of leaf herbivory across vascular plants", year = "2014", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "The consumption of plants by animals underlies important evolutionary and ecological processes in nature. Arthropod herbivory evolved approximately 415 Ma and the ensuing coevolution between plants and herbivores is credited with generating much of the macroscopic diversity on the Earth. In contemporary ecosystems, herbivory provides the major conduit of energy from primary producers to consumers. Here, we show that when averaged across all major lineages of vascular plants, herbivores consume 5.3\% of the leaf tissue produced annually by plants, whereas previous estimates are up to 3.8× higher. This result suggests that for many plant species, leaf herbivory may play a smaller role in energy and nutrient flow than currently thought. Comparative analyses of a diverse global sample of 1058 species across 2085 populations reveal that models of stabilizing selection best describe rates of leaf consumption, and that rates vary substantially within and among major plant lineages. A key determinant of this variation is plant growth form, where woody plant species experience 64\% higher leaf herbivory than non-woody plants. Higher leaf herbivory in woody species supports a key prediction of the plant apparency theory. Our study provides insight into how a long history of coevolution has shaped the ecological and evolutionary relationships between plants and herbivores.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0555", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2014.0555", openalex = "W2024643470", references = "doi101016jtree201311003" } @article{doi1011111574697612072, author = "Koskella, Britt and Brockhurst, Michael A.", title = "Bacteria–phage coevolution as a driver of ecological and evolutionary processes in microbial communities", year = "2014", journal = "FEMS Microbiology Reviews", abstract = "Bacteria-phage coevolution, the reciprocal evolution between bacterial hosts and the phages that infect them, is an important driver of ecological and evolutionary processes in microbial communities. There is growing evidence from both laboratory and natural populations that coevolution can maintain phenotypic and genetic diversity, increase the rate of bacterial and phage evolution and divergence, affect community structure, and shape the evolution of ecologically relevant bacterial traits. Although the study of bacteria-phage coevolution is still in its infancy, with open questions regarding the specificity of the interaction, the gene networks of coevolving partners, and the relative importance of the coevolving interaction in complex communities and environments, there have recently been major advancements in the field. In this review, we sum up our current understanding of bacteria-phage coevolution both in the laboratory and in nature, discuss recent findings on both the coevolutionary process itself and the impact of coevolution on bacterial phenotype, diversity and interactions with other species (particularly their eukaryotic hosts), and outline future directions for the field.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6976.12072", doi = "10.1111/1574-6976.12072", openalex = "W2070190014", references = "doi101073pnas1014353108, doi101111j155856461980tb04849x" } @article{doi101111evo12524, author = "Finkbeiner, Susan D. and Briscoe, Adriana D. and Reed, Robert D.", title = "Warning signals are seductive: Relative contributions of color and pattern to predator avoidance and mate attraction in Heliconius butterflies", year = "2014", journal = "Evolution", abstract = "Visual signaling in animals can serve many uses, including predator deterrence and mate attraction. In many cases, signals used to advertise unprofitability to predators are also used for intraspecific communication. Although aposematism and mate choice are significant forces driving the evolution of many animal phenotypes, the interplay between relevant visual signals remains little explored. Here, we address this question in the aposematic passion-vine butterfly Heliconius erato by using color- and pattern-manipulated models to test the contributions of different visual features to both mate choice and warning coloration. We found that the relative effectiveness of a model at escaping predation was correlated with its effectiveness at inducing mating behavior, and in both cases wing color was more predictive of presumptive fitness benefits than wing pattern. Overall, however, a combination of the natural (local) color and pattern was most successful for both predator deterrence and mate attraction. By exploring the relative contributions of color versus pattern composition in predation and mate preference studies, we have shown how both natural and sexual selection may work in parallel to drive the evolution of specific animal color patterns.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12524", doi = "10.1111/evo.12524", openalex = "W1873020453", references = "doi101007s1088600692078, doi1010160022519375901113, doi101017cbo9781139087759, doi10108000031305199810480559, doi10108001621459199510476572, doi101086285308, doi101098rspb20111932, doi1018637jssv027i08, doi1023071437762, doi1023072965438, openalexw68436435" } @article{doi101371journalpone0086995, author = "Hammer, Tobin J. and McMillan, W. Owen and Fierer, Noah", title = "Metamorphosis of a Butterfly-Associated Bacterial Community", year = "2014", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Butterflies are charismatic insects that have long been a focus of biological research. They are also habitats for microorganisms, yet these microbial symbionts are little-studied, despite their likely importance to butterfly ecology and evolution. In particular, the diversity and composition of the microbial communities inhabiting adult butterflies remain uncharacterized, and it is unknown how the larval (caterpillar) and adult microbiota compare. To address these knowledge gaps, we used Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes from internal bacterial communities associated with multiple life stages of the neotropical butterfly Heliconius erato. We found that the leaf-chewing larvae and nectar- and pollen-feeding adults of H. erato contain markedly distinct bacterial communities, a pattern presumably rooted in their distinct diets. Larvae and adult butterflies host relatively small and similar numbers of bacterial phylotypes, but few are common to both stages. The larval microbiota clearly simplifies and reorganizes during metamorphosis; thus, structural changes in a butterfly's bacterial community parallel those in its own morphology. We furthermore identify specific bacterial taxa that may mediate larval and adult feeding biology in Heliconius and other butterflies. Although male and female Heliconius adults differ in reproductive physiology and degree of pollen feeding, bacterial communities associated with H. erato are not sexually dimorphic. Lastly, we show that captive and wild individuals host different microbiota, a finding that may have important implications for the relevance of experimental studies using captive butterflies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086995", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0086995", openalex = "W2045178952", references = "doi101007s1088600692078, doi101098rsif20130304" } @article{doi101093aobmcv054, author = "Kant, Merijn R. and Jonckheere, Wim and Knegt, Bram and Lemos, Felipe and Liu, J. and Schimmel, Bernardus C. J. and Villarroel, Carlos A. and Ataíde, Lívia M. S. and Dermauw, Wannes and Glas, Joris J. and Egas, Martijn and Janssen, Arne and Leeuwen, Thomas Van and Schuurink, Robert C. and Sabelis, Maurice W. and Alba, Juan M.", title = "Mechanisms and ecological consequences of plant defence induction and suppression in herbivore communities", year = "2015", journal = "Annals of Botany", abstract = {BACKGROUND: Plants are hotbeds for parasites such as arthropod herbivores, which acquire nutrients and energy from their hosts in order to grow and reproduce. Hence plants are selected to evolve resistance, which in turn selects for herbivores that can cope with this resistance. To preserve their fitness when attacked by herbivores, plants can employ complex strategies that include reallocation of resources and the production of defensive metabolites and structures. Plant defences can be either prefabricated or be produced only upon attack. Those that are ready-made are referred to as constitutive defences. Some constitutive defences are operational at any time while others require activation. Defences produced only when herbivores are present are referred to as induced defences. These can be established via de novo biosynthesis of defensive substances or via modifications of prefabricated substances and consequently these are active only when needed. Inducibility of defence may serve to save energy and to prevent self-intoxication but also implies that there is a delay in these defences becoming operational. Induced defences can be characterized by alterations in plant morphology and molecular chemistry and are associated with a decrease in herbivore performance. These alterations are set in motion by signals generated by herbivores. Finally, a subset of induced metabolites are released into the air as volatiles and function as a beacon for foraging natural enemies searching for prey, and this is referred to as induced indirect defence. SCOPE: The objective of this review is to evaluate (1) which strategies plants have evolved to cope with herbivores and (2) which traits herbivores have evolved that enable them to counter these defences. The primary focus is on the induction and suppression of plant defences and the review outlines how the palette of traits that determine induction/suppression of, and resistance/susceptibility of herbivores to, plant defences can give rise to exploitative competition and facilitation within ecological communities "inhabiting" a plant. CONCLUSIONS: Herbivores have evolved diverse strategies, which are not mutually exclusive, to decrease the negative effects of plant defences in order to maximize the conversion of plant material into offspring. Numerous adaptations have been found in herbivores, enabling them to dismantle or bypass defensive barriers, to avoid tissues with relatively high levels of defensive chemicals or to metabolize these chemicals once ingested. In addition, some herbivores interfere with the onset or completion of induced plant defences, resulting in the plant's resistance being partly or fully suppressed. The ability to suppress induced plant defences appears to occur across plant parasites from different kingdoms, including herbivorous arthropods, and there is remarkable diversity in suppression mechanisms. Suppression may strongly affect the structure of the food web, because the ability to suppress the activation of defences of a communal host may facilitate competitors, whereas the ability of a herbivore to cope with activated plant defences will not. Further characterization of the mechanisms and traits that give rise to suppression of plant defences will enable us to determine their role in shaping direct and indirect interactions in food webs and the extent to which these determine the coexistence and persistence of species.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv054", doi = "10.1093/aob/mcv054", openalex = "W1930167759", references = "doi101007s0004900900186, doi1010160022519364900384, doi101016jfoodchem200507042, doi10103835081161, doi101038nature07890, doi101038nrm1746, doi101086282146, doi101086417659, doi101111j14698137201104049x, doi101126science2304728895, doi101146annurevarplant54031902134938, doi101146annureves11110180001003, doi101146annurevphyto43040204135923" } @article{doi101093jxberu526, author = "Neilson, Elizabeth Heather Jakobsen and Edwards, Aaron M. and Blomstedt, Cecilia K. and Berger, Bettina and Møller, Birger Lindberg and Gleadow, Roslyn M.", title = "Utilization of a high-throughput shoot imaging system to examine the dynamic phenotypic responses of a C4 cereal crop plant to nitrogen and water deficiency over time", year = "2015", journal = "Journal of Experimental Botany", abstract = "The use of high-throughput phenotyping systems and non-destructive imaging is widely regarded as a key technology allowing scientists and breeders to develop crops with the ability to perform well under diverse environmental conditions. However, many of these phenotyping studies have been optimized using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, The Plant Accelerator(®) at The University of Adelaide, Australia, was used to investigate the growth and phenotypic response of the important cereal crop, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench and related hybrids to water-limited conditions and different levels of fertilizer. Imaging in different spectral ranges was used to monitor plant composition, chlorophyll, and moisture content. Phenotypic image analysis accurately measured plant biomass. The data set obtained enabled the responses of the different sorghum varieties to the experimental treatments to be differentiated and modelled. Plant architectural instead of architecture elements were determined using imaging and found to correlate with an improved tolerance to stress, for example diurnal leaf curling and leaf area index. Analysis of colour images revealed that leaf 'greenness' correlated with foliar nitrogen and chlorophyll, while near infrared reflectance (NIR) analysis was a good predictor of water content and leaf thickness, and correlated with plant moisture content. It is shown that imaging sorghum using a high-throughput system can accurately identify and differentiate between growth and specific phenotypic traits. R scripts for robust, parsimonious models are provided to allow other users of phenomic imaging systems to extract useful data readily, and thus relieve a bottleneck in phenotypic screening of multiple genotypes of key crop plants.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru526", doi = "10.1093/jxb/eru526", openalex = "W2115796666", references = "doi101146annurevarplant050213040027" } @article{doi101093sysbiosyv007, author = "Kozak, Krzysztof M. and Wahlberg, Niklas and Neild, Andrew F. E. and Dasmahapatra, Kanchon K. and Mallet, James and Jiggins, Chris D.", title = "Multilocus Species Trees Show the Recent Adaptive Radiation of the Mimetic Heliconius Butterflies", year = "2015", journal = "Systematic Biology", abstract = "Müllerian mimicry among Neotropical Heliconiini butterflies is an excellent example of natural selection, associated with the diversification of a large continental-scale radiation. Some of the processes driving the evolution of mimicry rings are likely to generate incongruent phylogenetic signals across the assemblage, and thus pose a challenge for systematics. We use a data set of 22 mitochondrial and nuclear markers from 92\% of species in the tribe, obtained by Sanger sequencing and de novo assembly of short read data, to re-examine the phylogeny of Heliconiini with both supermatrix and multispecies coalescent approaches, characterize the patterns of conflicting signal, and compare the performance of various methodological approaches to reflect the heterogeneity across the data. Despite the large extent of reticulate signal and strong conflict between markers, nearly identical topologies are consistently recovered by most of the analyses, although the supermatrix approach failed to reflect the underlying variation in the history of individual loci. However, the supermatrix represents a useful approximation where multiple rare species represented by short sequences can be incorporated easily. The first comprehensive, time-calibrated phylogeny of this group is used to test the hypotheses of a diversification rate increase driven by the dramatic environmental changes in the Neotropics over the past 23 myr, or changes caused by diversity-dependent effects on the rate of diversification. We find that the rate of diversification has increased on the branch leading to the presently most species-rich genus Heliconius, but the change occurred gradually and cannot be unequivocally attributed to a specific environmental driver. Our study provides comprehensive comparison of philosophically distinct species tree reconstruction methods and provides insights into the diversification of an important insect radiation in the most biodiverse region of the planet.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syv007", doi = "10.1093/sysbio/syv007", openalex = "W2134077503", references = "doi101111j155856461975tb00861x, doi101111j2041210x201200223x, doi101146annureven26010181002235" } @article{doi101111jeb12672, author = "Merrill, Richard M. and Dasmahapatra, Kanchon K. and Davey, John W. and Dell’Aglio, Denise Dalbosco and Hanly, Joseph J. and Huber, Bárbara and Jiggins, Chris D. and Joron, Mathieu and Kozak, Krzysztof M. and Llaurens, Violaine and Martin, Simon H. and Montgomery, Stephen H. and Morris, Jake and Nadeau, Nicola J. and Pinharanda, Ana and Rosser, Neil and Thompson, Martin and Vanjari, Sohini and Wallbank, Richard W. R. and Yu, Qiuhan", title = "The diversification of Heliconius butterflies: what have we learned in 150 years?", year = "2015", journal = "Journal of Evolutionary Biology", abstract = "Research into Heliconius butterflies has made a significant contribution to evolutionary biology. Here, we review our understanding of the diversification of these butterflies, covering recent advances and a vast foundation of earlier work. Whereas no single group of organisms can be sufficient for understanding life's diversity, after years of intensive study, research into Heliconius has addressed a wide variety of evolutionary questions. We first discuss evidence for widespread gene flow between Heliconius species and what this reveals about the nature of species. We then address the evolution and diversity of warning patterns, both as the target of selection and with respect to their underlying genetic basis. The identification of major genes involved in mimetic shifts, and homology at these loci between distantly related taxa, has revealed a surprising predictability in the genetic basis of evolution. In the final sections, we consider the evolution of warning patterns, and Heliconius diversity more generally, within a broader context of ecological and sexual selection. We consider how different traits and modes of selection can interact and influence the evolution of reproductive isolation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12672", doi = "10.1111/jeb.12672", openalex = "W1738689544", references = "doi101007s1088600692078, doi101086285072, doi101111evo12524, doi105962p203304, doi105962p203427" } @article{doi101111nph13312, author = "Vandenkoornhuyse, Philippe and Quaiser, Achim and Duhamel, Marie and Van, Amandine Lê and Dufresne, Alexis", title = "The importance of the microbiome of the plant holobiont", year = "2015", journal = "New Phytologist", abstract = "Plants can no longer be considered as standalone entities and a more holistic perception is needed. Indeed, plants harbor a wide diversity of microorganisms both inside and outside their tissues, in the endosphere and ectosphere, respectively. These microorganisms, which mostly belong to Bacteria and Fungi, are involved in major functions such as plant nutrition and plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Hence, the microbiota impact plant growth and survival, two key components of fitness. Plant fitness is therefore a consequence of the plant per se and its microbiota, which collectively form a holobiont. Complementary to the reductionist perception of evolutionary pressures acting on plant or symbiotic compartments, the plant holobiont concept requires a novel perception of evolution. The interlinkages between the plant holobiont components are explored here in the light of current ecological and evolutionary theories. Microbiome complexity and the rules of microbiotic community assemblage are not yet fully understood. It is suggested that the plant can modulate its microbiota to dynamically adjust to its environment. To better understand the level of plant dependence on the microbiotic components, the core microbiota need to be determined at different hierarchical scales of ecology while pan-microbiome analyses would improve characterization of the functions displayed.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13312", doi = "10.1111/nph.13312", openalex = "W2082376470", references = "doi101016b9780123705266x50016, doi101016jtplants201204001, doi101086383541, doi101146annurevarplant050312120106, doi101146annurevcellbio092910154055, doi1023072259756" } @article{doi101111nph13325, author = "Piasecka, Anna and Jedrzejczak‐Rey, Nicolas and Bednarek, Paweł", title = "Secondary metabolites in plant innate immunity: conserved function of divergent chemicals", year = "2015", journal = "New Phytologist", abstract = "Plant secondary metabolites carry out numerous functions in interactions between plants and a broad range of other organisms. Experimental evidence strongly supports the indispensable contribution of many constitutive and pathogen-inducible phytochemicals to plant innate immunity. Extensive studies on model plant species, particularly Arabidopsis thaliana, have brought significant advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning pathogen-triggered biosynthesis and activation of defensive secondary metabolites. However, despite the proven significance of secondary metabolites in plant response to pathogenic microorganisms, little is known about the precise mechanisms underlying their contribution to plant immunity. This insufficiency concerns information on the dynamics of cellular and subcellular localization of defensive phytochemicals during the encounters with microbial pathogens and precise knowledge on their mode of action. As many secondary metabolites are characterized by their in vitro antimicrobial activity, these compounds were commonly considered to function in plant defense as in planta antibiotics. Strikingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that at least some of these compounds alternatively may be involved in controlling several immune responses that are evolutionarily conserved in the plant kingdom, including callose deposition and programmed cell death.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13325", doi = "10.1111/nph.13325", openalex = "W1968883627", references = "doi101146annurevarplant050213040027" } @article{doi101111nph13560, author = "Speed, Michael P. and Fenton, Andy and Jones, Meriel G. and Ruxton, Graeme D. and Brockhurst, Michael A.", title = "Coevolution can explain defensive secondary metabolite diversity in plants", year = "2015", journal = "New Phytologist", abstract = "Many plant species produce defensive compounds that are often highly diverse within and between populations. The genetic and cellular mechanisms by which metabolite diversity is produced are increasingly understood, but the evolutionary explanations for persistent diversification in plant secondary metabolites have received less attention. Here we consider the role of plant-herbivore coevolution in the maintenance and characteristics of diversity in plant secondary metabolites. We present a simple model in which plants can evolve to invest in a range of defensive toxins, and herbivores can evolve resistance to these toxins. We allow either single-species evolution or reciprocal coevolution. Our model shows that coevolution maintains toxin diversity within populations. Furthermore, there is a fundamental coevolutionary asymmetry between plants and their herbivores, because herbivores must resist all plant toxins, whereas plants need to challenge and nullify only one resistance trait. As a consequence, average plant fitness increases and insect fitness decreases as number of toxins increases. When costs apply, the model showed both arms race escalation and strong coevolutionary fluctuation in toxin concentrations across time. We discuss the results in the context of other evolutionary explanations for secondary metabolite diversification.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13560", doi = "10.1111/nph.13560", openalex = "W2133928433", references = "doi101016jtree201311003" } @article{doi101146annurevarplant043014114759, author = "Al‐Babili, Salim and Bouwmeester, Harro J.", title = "Strigolactones, a Novel Carotenoid-Derived Plant Hormone", year = "2015", journal = "Annual Review of Plant Biology", abstract = "Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived plant hormones and signaling molecules. When released into the soil, SLs indicate the presence of a host to symbiotic fungi and root parasitic plants. In planta, they regulate several developmental processes that adapt plant architecture to nutrient availability. Highly branched/tillered mutants in Arabidopsis, pea, and rice have enabled the identification of four SL biosynthetic enzymes: a cis/trans-carotene isomerase, two carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases, and a cytochrome P450 (MAX1). In vitro and in vivo enzyme assays and analysis of mutants have shown that the pathway involves a combination of new reactions leading to carlactone, which is converted by a rice MAX1 homolog into an SL parent molecule with a tricyclic lactone moiety. In this review, we focus on SL biosynthesis, describe the hormonal and environmental factors that determine this process, and discuss SL transport and downstream signaling as well as the role of SLs in regulating plant development.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114759", doi = "10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114759", openalex = "W2117164391" } @article{doi101534genetics114172387, author = "Kronforst, Marcus R. and Papa, Riccardo", title = "The Functional Basis of Wing Patterning in Heliconius Butterflies: The Molecules Behind Mimicry", year = "2015", journal = "Genetics", abstract = "Wing-pattern mimicry in butterflies has provided an important example of adaptation since Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace proposed evolution by natural selection >150 years ago. The neotropical butterfly genus Heliconius played a central role in the development of mimicry theory and has since been studied extensively in the context of ecology and population biology, behavior, and mimicry genetics. Heliconius species are notable for their diverse color patterns, and previous crossing experiments revealed that much of this variation is controlled by a small number of large-effect, Mendelian switch loci. Recent comparative analyses have shown that the same switch loci control wing-pattern diversity throughout the genus, and a number of these have now been positionally cloned. Using a combination of comparative genetic mapping, association tests, and gene expression analyses, variation in red wing patterning throughout Heliconius has been traced back to the action of the transcription factor optix. Similarly, the signaling ligand WntA has been shown to control variation in melanin patterning across Heliconius and other butterflies. Our understanding of the molecular basis of Heliconius mimicry is now providing important insights into a variety of additional evolutionary phenomena, including the origin of supergenes, the interplay between constraint and evolvability, the genetic basis of convergence, the potential for introgression to facilitate adaptation, the mechanisms of hybrid speciation in animals, and the process of ecological speciation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.172387", doi = "10.1534/genetics.114.172387", openalex = "W2165614639", references = "doi101007s1088600692078, doi101111evo12524, doi105962p203304" } @article{doi103389fpls201500544, author = "Kishor, P. B. Kavi", title = "Role of proline in cell wall synthesis and plant development and its implications in plant ontogeny", year = "2015", journal = "Frontiers in Plant Science", abstract = "Proline is a proteogenic amino acid and accumulates both under stress and non-stress conditions as a beneficial solute in plants. Recent discoveries point out that proline plays an important role in plant growth and differentiation across life cycle. It is a key determinant of many cell wall proteins that plays important roles in plant development. The role of extensins, arabinogalactan proteins and hydroxyproline- and proline-rich proteins as important components of cell wall proteins that play pivotal roles in cell wall signal transduction cascades, plant development and stress tolerance is discussed in this review. Molecular insights are also provided here into the plausible roles of proline transporters modulating key events in plant development. In addition, the roles of proline during seed developmental transitions including storage protein synthesis are discussed.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00544", doi = "10.3389/fpls.2015.00544", openalex = "W1509492762", references = "doi101007s0011400500621" } @article{doi101111bij12838, author = "Stålhandske, Sandra and Olofsson, Martin and Gotthard, Karl and Ehrlén, Johan and Wiklund, Christer and Leimar, Olof", title = "Phenological matching rather than genetic variation in host preference underlies geographical variation in host plants used by orange tip butterflies", year = "2016", journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "An insect species that shows variation in host species association across its geographical range may do so either because of local adaptation in host plant preference of the insect or through environmentally or genetically induced differences in the plants, causing variation in host plant suitability between regions. In the present study, we experimentally investigate the host plant preference of Anthocharis cardamines (orange tip butterfly) in two populations from the UK and two from Sweden. Previous reports indicate that A. cardamines larvae are found on different host plant species in different regions of the UK, and some variation has been reported in Sweden. Host plant choice trials showed that females prefer to oviposit on plants in an earlier phenological stage, as well as on larger plants. When controlling for plant phenological stage and size, the host species had no statistically significant effect on the choice of the females. Moreover, there were no differences in host plant species preference among the four butterfly populations. Based on our experiment, the oviposition choice by A. cardamines mainly depends on the phenological stage and the size of the host plant. This finding supports the idea that the geographical patterns of host–plant association of A. cardamines in the UK and Sweden are consequences of the phenology and availability of the local hosts, rather than regional genetic differences in the host species preference of the butterfly.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12838", doi = "10.1111/bij.12838", openalex = "W2441188813", references = "doi10100797814684264651, doi101007bf00379780, doi101017cbo9781107415324, doi101098rspb20053356, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101146annureves19110188001231, doi1018637jssv033i02, doi1018637jssv067i01, doi1023073546884, ehrlich1964butterflies, openalexw1592882905" } @article{doi101111nph14178, author = "Pichersky, Eran and Raguso, Robert A.", title = "Why do plants produce so many terpenoid compounds?", year = "2016", journal = "New Phytologist", abstract = "All plants synthesize a suite of several hundred terpenoid compounds with roles that include phytohormones, protein modification reagents, anti-oxidants, and more. Different plant lineages also synthesize hundreds of distinct terpenoids, with the total number of such specialized plant terpenoids estimated in the scores of thousands. Phylogenetically restricted terpenoids are implicated in defense or in the attraction of beneficial organisms. A popular hypothesis is that the ability of plants to synthesize new compounds arose incrementally by selection when, as a result of gradual changes in their biotic partners and enemies, the 'old' plant compounds were no longer effective, a process dubbed the 'coevolutionary arms race'. Another hypothesis posits that often the sheer diversity of such compounds provides benefits that a single compound cannot. In this article, we review the unique features of the biosynthetic apparatus of terpenes in plants that facilitate the production of large numbers of distinct terpenoids in each species and how facile genetic and biochemical changes can lead to the further diversification of terpenoids. We then discuss evidence relating to the hypotheses that given ecological functions may be enhanced by the presence of mixtures of terpenes and that the acquisition of new functions by terpenoids may favor their retention once the original functions are lost.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14178", doi = "10.1111/nph.14178", openalex = "W2509940547", references = "doi101016jforeco200808008, doi101016jphytochem200709017, doi101016jtplants201601008, doi101111j14698137201104049x, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi101126science1096931, doi101126science1118510, doi101126science12933611466, doi101146annurevarplant043014114759, doi101146annurevecolsys110308120307, doi101146annurevmarine010908163708, doi10189000129658200687132pds20co2" } @article{doi101146annurevecolsys121415032123, author = "Aschehoug, Erik T. and Brooker, Rob W. and Atwater, Daniel Z. and Maron, John L. and Callaway, Ragan M.", title = "The Mechanisms and Consequences of Interspecific Competition Among Plants", year = "2016", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics", abstract = "During the past 100 years, studies spanning thousands of taxa across almost all biomes have demonstrated that competition has powerful negative effects on the performance of individuals and can affect the composition of plant communities, the evolution of traits, and the functioning of whole ecosystems. In this review, we highlight new and important developments that have the potential to greatly improve our understanding of how plants compete and the consequences of competition from individuals to communities in the following major areas of research: (a) mechanisms of competition, (b) competitive effect and response, (c) direct and indirect effects of competition, (d) population-level effects of competition, (e) biogeographical differences in competition, and (f) conditionality of competition. Ecologists have discovered much about competition, but the mechanisms of competition and how competition affects the organization of communities in nature still require both theoretical and empirical exploration.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032123", doi = "10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032123", openalex = "W2340872654", references = "doi101111j13653040200801910x" } @article{doi1011111365265612770, author = "Posledovich, Diana and Toftegaard, Tenna and Wiklund, Christer and Ehrlén, Johan and Gotthard, Karl", title = "Phenological synchrony between a butterfly and its host plants: Experimental test of effects of spring temperature", year = "2017", journal = "Journal of Animal Ecology", abstract = "Climate-driven changes in the relative phenologies of interacting species may potentially alter the outcome of species interactions. Phenotypic plasticity is expected to be important for short-term response to new climate conditions, and differences between species in plasticity are likely to influence their temporal overlap and interaction patterns. As reaction norms of interacting species may be locally adapted, any such climate-induced change in interaction patterns may vary among localities. However, consequences of spatial variation in plastic responses for species interactions are understudied. We experimentally explored how temperature affected synchrony between spring emergence of a butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, and onset of flowering of five of its host plant species across a latitudinal gradient. We also studied potential effects on synchrony if climate-driven northward expansions would be faster in the butterflies than in host plants. Lastly, to assess how changes in synchrony influence host use we carried out an experiment to examine the importance of the developmental stage of plant reproductive structures for butterfly oviposition preference. In southern locations, the butterflies were well-synchronized with the majority of their local host plant species across temperatures, suggesting that thermal plasticity in butterfly development matches oviposition to host plant development and that thermal reaction norms of insects and plants result in similar advancement of spring phenology in response to warming. In the most northern region, however, relative phenology between the butterfly and two of its host plant species changed with increased temperature. We also show that the developmental stage of plants was important for egg-laying, and conclude that temperature-induced changes in synchrony in the northernmost region are likely to lead to shifts in host use in A. cardamines if spring temperatures become warmer. Northern expansion of butterfly populations might possibly have a positive effect on keeping up with host plant phenology with more northern host plant populations. Considering that the majority of insect herbivores exploit multiple plant species differing in their phenological response to spring temperatures, temperature-induced changes in synchrony might lead to shifts in host use and changes in species interactions in many temperate communities.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12770", doi = "10.1111/1365-2656.12770", openalex = "W2766237007", references = "doi101111bij12838" } @article{doi1011111744791712456, author = "Klockmann, Michael and Wallmeyer, Leonard and Fischer, Klaus", title = "Variation in adult stress resistance does not explain vulnerability to climate change in copper butterflies", year = "2017", journal = "Insect Science", abstract = "Ongoing climate change is a major threat to biodiversity. However, although many species clearly suffer from ongoing climate change, others benefit from it, for example, by showing range expansions. However, which specific features determine a species' vulnerability to climate change? Phenotypic plasticity, which has been described as the first line of defence against environmental change, may be of utmost importance here. Against this background, we here compare plasticity in stress tolerance in 3 copper butterfly species, which differ arguably in their vulnerability to climate change. Specifically, we investigated heat, cold and desiccation resistance after acclimatization to different temperatures in the adult stage. We demonstrate that acclimation at a higher temperature increased heat but decreased cold tolerance and desiccation resistance. Contrary to our predictions, species did not show pronounced variation in stress resistance, though plastic capacities in temperature stress resistance did vary across species. Overall, our results seemed to reflect population-rather than species-specific patterns. We conclude that the geographical origin of the populations used should be considered even in comparative studies. However, our results suggest that, in the 3 species studied here, vulnerability to climate change is not in the first place determined by stress resistance in the adult stage. As entomological studies focus all too often on adults only, we argue that more research effort should be dedicated to other developmental stages when trying to understand insect responses to environmental change.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12456", doi = "10.1111/1744-7917.12456", openalex = "W2595567838", references = "doi101111bij12838" } @article{doi101038s41467018064291, author = "Kong, Chui‐Hua and Zhang, Songzhu and Li‐Beisson, Yonghua and Xia, Zhichao and Yang, Xuefang and Meiners, Scott J. and Wang, Peng", title = "Plant neighbor detection and allelochemical response are driven by root-secreted signaling chemicals", year = "2018", journal = "Nature Communications", abstract = "Plant neighbor detection and response strategies are important mediators of interactions among species. Despite increasing knowledge of neighbor detection and response involving plant volatiles, less is known about how soil-borne signaling chemicals may act belowground in plant-plant interactions. Here, we experimentally demonstrate neighbor detection and allelopathic responses between wheat and 100 other plant species via belowground signaling. Wheat can detect both conspecific and heterospecific neighbors and responds by increasing allelochemical production. Furthermore, we show that (-)-loliolide and jasmonic acid are present in root exudates from a diverse range of species and are able to trigger allelochemical production in wheat. These findings suggest that root-secreted (-)-loliolide and jasmonic acid are involved in plant neighbor detection and allelochemical response and may be widespread mediators of belowground plant-plant interactions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06429-1", doi = "10.1038/s41467-018-06429-1", openalex = "W2891293973", references = "doi101111j13653040200801910x" } @article{doi101111oik05720, author = "Toftegaard, Tenna and Posledovich, Diana and Navarro‐Cano, José A. and Wiklund, Christer and Gotthard, Karl and Ehrlén, Johan", title = "Butterfly–host plant synchrony determines patterns of host use across years and regions", year = "2018", journal = "Oikos", abstract = "Variation in the degree of synchrony among host plants and herbivores can disrupt or intensify species interactions, alter the strength of natural selection on traits associated with phenological timing, and drive novel host plant associations. We used field observations from three regions during four seasons to examine how timing of the butterfly herbivore Anthocharis cardamines relative to six host plant species (Arabis hirsuta, Cardamine pratensis, Arabis glabra, Arabidopsis thaliana, Thlaspi caerulescens and Capsella bursa‐pastoris) influenced host species use and the choice of host plant individuals within populations. Butterflies laid a larger fraction of their eggs on species that were closer to the butterfly's preferred stage of development than on other host species. Within host plant populations, butterflies showed a stronger preference for individuals with a late phenology when plants within the population were on average more developed at the time of butterfly flight. Our results suggest that changes in synchrony between herbivores and their host plants are associated with changes in both host species use and the choice of host plant individuals differing in phenology within populations. This is likely to be an important mechanism generating variation in interaction intensities and trait selection in the wild, and therefore also relevant for understanding how anthropogenic induced changes, such as global warming, will influence natural communities.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.05720", doi = "10.1111/oik.05720", openalex = "W2897498368", references = "doi101111bij12838" } @article{doi101146annurevecolsys110617062406, author = "Keßler, André and Kalske, Aino", title = "Plant Secondary Metabolite Diversity and Species Interactions", year = "2018", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics", abstract = "Ever since the first plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) were isolated and identified, questions about their ecological functions and diversity have been raised. Recent advances in analytical chemistry and complex data computation, as well as progress in chemical ecology from mechanistic to functional and evolutionary questions, open a new box of hypotheses. Addressing these hypotheses includes the measurement of complex traits, such as chemodiversity, in a context-dependent manner and allows for a deeper understanding of the multifunctionality and functional redundancy of PSMs. Here we review a hypothesis framework that addresses PSM diversity on multiple ecological levels (α, β, and γ chemodiversity), its variation in space and time, and the potential agents of natural selection. We use the concept of chemical information transfer as mediator of antagonistic and mutualistic interaction to interpret functional and microevolutionary studies and create a hypothesis framework for understanding chemodiversity as a factor driving ecological processes.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062406", doi = "10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062406", openalex = "W2842718607", references = "doi101111j001438202002tb00145x, doi101111j13652435201001794x" } @article{doi103390molecules23040762, author = "Li, Yang and Wen, Kuishan and Ruan, Xiao and Zhao, Yingxian and Wei, Feng and Wang, Qiang", title = "Response of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Environmental Factors", year = "2018", journal = "Molecules", abstract = "Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) are not only a useful array of natural products but also an important part of plant defense system against pathogenic attacks and environmental stresses. With remarkable biological activities, plant SMs are increasingly used as medicine ingredients and food additives for therapeutic, aromatic and culinary purposes. Various genetic, ontogenic, morphogenetic and environmental factors can influence the biosynthesis and accumulation of SMs. According to the literature reports, for example, SMs accumulation is strongly dependent on a variety of environmental factors such as light, temperature, soil water, soil fertility and salinity, and for most plants, a change in an individual factor may alter the content of SMs even if other factors remain constant. Here, we review with emphasis how each of single factors to affect the accumulation of plant secondary metabolites, and conduct a comparative analysis of relevant natural products in the stressed and unstressed plants. Expectantly, this documentary review will outline a general picture of environmental factors responsible for fluctuation in plant SMs, provide a practical way to obtain consistent quality and high quantity of bioactive compounds in vegetation, and present some suggestions for future research and development.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040762", doi = "10.3390/molecules23040762", openalex = "W2794597140", references = "doi101111j13653040200801910x" } @article{doi101002ecy2612, author = "Davies, W. James", title = "Multiple temperature effects on phenology and body size in wild butterflies predict a complex response to climate change", year = "2019", journal = "Ecology", abstract = "Temperature-induced alterations in phenology and body size are the cumulative outcome of sequential effects impacting development and are universal responses to climate change. Most studies have so far focused on phenological responses to warming in multiple taxa across space and time, or the ontogenetic effects of temperature in the laboratory. I here complement this work by investigating shifts in phenology and body size (wing length) attributable to temperature changes operating over the entire lifespan of the univoltine orange-tip butterfly Anthocharis cardamines in a single wild population over 14 generations. Phenology was affected by temperatures during three discrete periods in the year prior to emergence, corresponding to late larval/early pupal life, the onset of the chilling period required to break pupal diapause, and postdiapause pupal development prior to eclosion. Higher temperatures during late larval/early pupal life and postdiapause pupal development advanced the subsequent emergence of the butterflies, whereas higher temperatures at the onset of the chilling period retarded it. The synchronization of the butterflies' emergence schedule increased when pupae were exposed to milder midwinter temperatures. Wing length increased with warmer temperatures at distinct points in the early and midpupal periods; such direct effects of temperature on body size could complement season length effects in explaining the reversal of the temperature-size rule in univoltine insects. The periods during which temperature affected the phenology of the butterfly only partially overlapped those affecting the first flowering date of its host plants lady's smock (Cardamine pratensis) and garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata). Observed thermal effects on flowering time, emergence timing, and emergence synchronization indicate that phenological convergence as well as phenological mismatching could affect host-plant availability and diet breadth; thermal effects on body size imply that important population-level processes could be impacted through correlated changes in fecundity and dispersal rate. In general, the combined effects of phenological and ontogenetic responses to temperature changes across the whole lifespan will likely be important in modeling the demographic responses of interacting species to climate change.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2612", doi = "10.1002/ecy.2612", openalex = "W2909956747", references = "doi101111bij12838" } @article{doi1011111365265613151, author = "Ekholm, Adam and Tack, Ayco J. M. and Pulkkinen, Pertti and Roslin, Tomas", title = "Host plant phenology, insect outbreaks and herbivore communities – The importance of timing", year = "2019", journal = "Journal of Animal Ecology", abstract = "Climate change may alter the dynamics of outbreak species by changing the phenological synchrony between herbivores and their host plants. As host plant phenology has a genotypic component that may interact with climate, infestation levels among genotypes might change accordingly. When the outbreaking herbivore is active early in the season, its infestation levels may also leave a detectable imprint on herbivores colonizing the plant later in the season. In this study, we first investigated how the spring phenology and genotype of Quercus robur influenced the density of the spring-active, outbreaking leaf miner Acrocercops brongniardellus. We then assessed how intraspecific density affected the performance of A. brongniardellus and how oak genotype and density of A. brongniardellus affected the insect herbivore community. We found that Q. robur individuals of late spring phenology were more strongly infested by A. brongniardellus. Conspecific pupae on heavily infested oaks tended to be lighter, and fewer heterospecific insect herbivores colonized the oak later in the season. Beyond its effects through phenology, plant genotype left an imprint on herbivore species richness and on two insect herbivores. Our results suggest a chain of knock-on effects from plant phenology, through the outbreaking species to the insect herbivore community. Given the finding of how phenological synchrony between the outbreak species and its host plant influences infestation levels, a shift in synchrony may then change outbreak dynamics and cause cascading effects on the insect community.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13151", doi = "10.1111/1365-2656.13151", openalex = "W2989980784", references = "doi101111bij12838" } @article{doi101111tpj14496, author = "Bouwmeester, Harro J. and Schuurink, Robert C. and Bleeker, Petra and Schiestl, Florian P.", title = "The role of volatiles in plant communication", year = "2019", journal = "The Plant Journal", abstract = "Volatiles mediate the interaction of plants with pollinators, herbivores and their natural enemies, other plants and micro-organisms. With increasing knowledge about these interactions the underlying mechanisms turn out to be increasingly complex. The mechanisms of biosynthesis and perception of volatiles are slowly being uncovered. The increasing scientific knowledge can be used to design and apply volatile-based agricultural strategies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14496", doi = "10.1111/tpj.14496", openalex = "W2968374930", references = "doi101093aobmcv054, doi101111nph14178" } @article{doi101126scienceaaw2090, author = "Edelman, Nathaniel B. and Frandsen, Paul B. and Miyagi, Miriam and Clavijo, Bernardo and Davey, John W. and Dikow, Rebecca B. and Accinelli, Gonzalo Garcia and Belleghem, Steven M. Van and Patterson, Nick and Neafsey, Daniel E. and Challis, Richard and Kumar, Sujai and Moreira, Gilson R. P. and Salazar, Camilo and Chouteau, Mathieu and Counterman, Brian A. and Papa, Riccardo and Blaxter, Mark and Reed, Robert D. and Dasmahapatra, Kanchon K. and Kronforst, Marcus R. and Joron, Mathieu and Jiggins, Chris D. and McMillan, W. Owen and Palma, Federica Di and Blumberg, Andrew J. and Wakeley, John and Jaffe, David B. and Mallet, James", title = "Genomic architecture and introgression shape a butterfly radiation", year = "2019", journal = "Science", abstract = "We used 20 de novo genome assemblies to probe the speciation history and architecture of gene flow in rapidly radiating Heliconius butterflies. Our tests to distinguish incomplete lineage sorting from introgression indicate that gene flow has obscured several ancient phylogenetic relationships in this group over large swathes of the genome. Introgressed loci are underrepresented in low-recombination and gene-rich regions, consistent with the purging of foreign alleles more tightly linked to incompatibility loci. Here, we identify a hitherto unknown inversion that traps a color pattern switch locus. We infer that this inversion was transferred between lineages by introgression and is convergent with a similar rearrangement in another part of the genus. These multiple de novo genome sequences enable improved understanding of the importance of introgression and selective processes in adaptive radiation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw2090", doi = "10.1126/science.aaw2090", openalex = "W2982348757", references = "doi101038ncomms14363, doi101371journalpbio1002379" } @article{doi101146annurevarplant050718095910, author = "Erb, Matthias and Reymond, Philippe", title = "Molecular Interactions Between Plants and Insect Herbivores", year = "2019", journal = "Annual Review of Plant Biology", abstract = ", reactive oxygen species, and MAP kinases. Specific defense reprogramming proceeds via signaling networks that include phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors. Local and systemic regulation of toxins, defense proteins, physical barriers, and tolerance traits protect plants against herbivores. Herbivores counteract plant defenses through biochemical defense deactivation, effector-mediated suppression of defense signaling, and chemically controlled behavioral changes. The molecular basis of plant-herbivore interactions is now well established for model systems. Expanding molecular approaches to unexplored dimensions of plant-insect interactions should be a future priority.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-095910", doi = "10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-095910", openalex = "W2916551902", references = "doi101038nplants2015206" } @article{doi101186s4065901902463, author = "Isah, Tasiu", title = "Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites production", year = "2019", journal = "Biological Research", abstract = "In the growth condition(s) of plants, numerous secondary metabolites (SMs) are produced by them to serve variety of cellular functions essential for physiological processes, and recent increasing evidences have implicated stress and defense response signaling in their production. The type and concentration(s) of secondary molecule(s) produced by a plant are determined by the species, genotype, physiology, developmental stage and environmental factors during growth. This suggests the physiological adaptive responses employed by various plant taxonomic groups in coping with the stress and defensive stimuli. The past recent decades had witnessed renewed interest to study abiotic factors that influence secondary metabolism during in vitro and in vivo growth of plants. Application of molecular biology tools and techniques are facilitating understanding the signaling processes and pathways involved in the SMs production at subcellular, cellular, organ and whole plant systems during in vivo and in vitro growth, with application in metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathways intermediates.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-019-0246-3", doi = "10.1186/s40659-019-0246-3", openalex = "W2965574859", references = "doi101111j13653040200801910x" } @article{doi103389fevo201900310, author = "Miles, Lindsay S. and Breitbart, Sophie T. and Wagner, Helene H. and Johnson, Marc T. J.", title = "Urbanization Shapes the Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Arthropod Herbivore Interactions", year = "2019", journal = "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution", abstract = "Urbanization is quickly changing natural and agricultural landscapes, with consequences for the herbivorous arthropods dwelling in or near cities. Here, we review the evidence for the effects of urbanization on the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore interactions. We first summarize how abiotic factors associated with urbanization affect the ecology and evolution of herbivorous arthropods. Next, we explore how urbanization affects plant-herbivore interactions, by considering how urban environments may disrupt top-down and bottom-up ecological processes that affect herbivory. Abiotic changes in the urban environment, such as the urban heat island effect, have caused shifts in phenology for some herbivorous arthropods. Other abiotic changes in urban areas, including water availability, pollution, and habitat fragmentation, have resulted in changes to physiology, behavior, and population abundance. Native species richness tends to decline in urban areas, however, changes in abundance appear to be species specific. These shifts in ecology suggest that urbanization could affect both adaptive and non-adaptive evolution of herbivorous arthropods and their host plants in urban environments. However, plant-herbivore interactions may be dramatically altered if either arthropods or plants are unable to tolerate urban environments. Thus, while some species can physiologically acclimate or genetically adapt to the abiotic urban environment, the biotic interactions may cause many species to decline. We conclude with suggestions for future research to advance our understanding of how urbanization alters the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore interactions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00310", doi = "10.3389/fevo.2019.00310", openalex = "W2966492928", references = "doi101016jtree201311003" } @article{doi103390molecules24152737, author = "Kong, Chui‐Hua and Xuan, Tran Dang and Khanh, Tran Dang and Tran, Hoang-Dung and Trung, Nguyễn Thành", title = "Allelochemicals and Signaling Chemicals in Plants", year = "2019", journal = "Molecules", abstract = "Plants abound with active ingredients. Among these natural constituents, allelochemicals and signaling chemicals that are released into the environments play important roles in regulating the interactions between plants and other organisms. Allelochemicals participate in the defense of plants against microbial attack, herbivore predation, and/or competition with other plants, most notably in allelopathy, which affects the establishment of competing plants. Allelochemicals could be leads for new pesticide discovery efforts. Signaling chemicals are involved in plant neighbor detection or pest identification, and they induce the production and release of plant defensive metabolites. Through the signaling chemicals, plants can either detect or identify competitors, herbivores, or pathogens, and respond by increasing defensive metabolites levels, providing an advantage for their own growth. The plant-organism interactions that are mediated by allelochemicals and signaling chemicals take place both aboveground and belowground. In the case of aboveground interactions, mediated air-borne chemicals are well established. Belowground interactions, particularly in the context of soil-borne chemicals driving signaling interactions, are largely unknown, due to the complexity of plant-soil interactions. The lack of effective and reliable methods of identification and clarification their mode of actions is one of the greatest challenges with soil-borne allelochemicals and signaling chemicals. Recent developments in methodological strategies aim at the quality, quantity, and spatiotemporal dynamics of soil-borne chemicals. This review outlines recent research regarding plant-derived allelochemicals and signaling chemicals, as well as their roles in agricultural pest management. The effort represents a mechanistically exhaustive view of plant-organism interactions that are mediated by allelochemicals and signaling chemicals and provides more realistic insights into potential implications and applications in sustainable agriculture.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152737", doi = "10.3390/molecules24152737", openalex = "W2964537381", references = "doi101111j13653040200801910x" } @article{doi101016jpbi202001005, author = "Zhou, Fei and Pichersky, Eran", title = "More is better: the diversity of terpene metabolism in plants", year = "2020", journal = "Current Opinion in Plant Biology", abstract = "All plants synthesize a diverse array of terpenoid metabolites. Some are common to all, but many are synthesized only in specific taxa and presumably evolved as adaptations to specific ecological conditions. While the basic terpenoid biosynthetic pathways are common in all plants, recent discoveries have revealed many variations in the way plants synthesized specific terpenes. A major theme is the much greater number of substrates that can be used by enzymes belonging to the terpene synthase (TPS) family. Other recent discoveries include non-TPS enzymes that catalyze the formation of terpenes, and novel transport mechanisms.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2020.01.005", doi = "10.1016/j.pbi.2020.01.005", openalex = "W3007987127", references = "doi101111nph14178" } @article{doi101093jxberaa291, author = "Ahanger, Mohammad Abass and Bhat, Javaid Akhter and Siddiqui, Manzer H. and Rinklebe, Jörg and Ahmad, Parvaiz", title = "Integration of silicon and secondary metabolites in plants: a significant association in stress tolerance", year = "2020", journal = "Journal of Experimental Botany", abstract = "As sessile organisms, plants are unable to avoid being subjected to environmental stresses that negatively affect their growth and productivity. Instead, they utilize various mechanisms at the morphological, physiological, and biochemical levels to alleviate the deleterious effects of such stresses. Amongst these, secondary metabolites produced by plants represent an important component of the defense system. Secondary metabolites, namely phenolics, terpenes, and nitrogen-containing compounds, have been extensively demonstrated to protect plants against multiple stresses, both biotic (herbivores and pathogenic microorganisms) and abiotic (e.g. drought, salinity, and heavy metals). The regulation of secondary metabolism by beneficial elements such as silicon (Si) is an important topic. Silicon-mediated alleviation of both biotic and abiotic stresses has been well documented in numerous plant species. Recently, many studies have demonstrated the involvement of Si in strengthening stress tolerance through the modulation of secondary metabolism. In this review, we discuss Si-mediated regulation of the synthesis, metabolism, and modification of secondary metabolites that lead to enhanced stress tolerance, with a focus on physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects. Whilst mechanisms involved in Si-mediated regulation of pathogen resistance via secondary metabolism have been established in plants, they are largely unknown in the case of abiotic stresses, thus leaving an important gap in our current knowledge.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa291", doi = "10.1093/jxb/eraa291", openalex = "W3037209499", references = "doi101093aobmcv054, doi101111nph14178" } @article{doi101104pp2000433, author = "Erb, Matthias and Kliebenstein, Daniel J.", title = "Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defenses, Regulators, and Primary Metabolites: The Blurred Functional Trichotomy", year = "2020", journal = "PLANT PHYSIOLOGY", abstract = "The plant kingdom produces hundreds of thousands of low molecular weight organic compounds. Based on the assumed functions of these compounds, the research community has classified them into three overarching groups: primary metabolites, which are directly required for plant growth; secondary (or specialized) metabolites, which mediate plant-environment interactions; and hormones, which regulate organismal processes and metabolism. For decades, this functional trichotomy of plant metabolism has shaped theory and experimentation in plant biology. However, exact biochemical boundaries between these different metabolite classes were never fully established. A new wave of genetic and chemical studies now further blurs these boundaries by demonstrating that secondary metabolites are multifunctional; they can function as potent regulators of plant growth and defense as well as primary metabolites sensu lato. Several adaptive scenarios may have favored this functional diversity for secondary metabolites, including signaling robustness and cost-effective storage and recycling. Secondary metabolite multifunctionality can provide new explanations for ontogenetic patterns of defense production and can refine our understanding of plant-herbivore interactions, in particular by accounting for the discovery that adapted herbivores misuse plant secondary metabolites for multiple purposes, some of which mirror their functions in plants. In conclusion, recent work unveils the limits of our current functional classification system for plant metabolites. Viewing secondary metabolites as integrated components of metabolic networks that are dynamically shaped by environmental selection pressures and transcend multiple trophic levels can improve our understanding of plant metabolism and plant-environment interactions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.20.00433", doi = "10.1104/pp.20.00433", openalex = "W3040871428", references = "doi101007s0004900900186, doi101111nph14178, doi101146annurevento47091201145121, doi1023072406212, ehrlich1964butterflies" } @article{doi101098rsbl20200863, author = "de Castro, Érika C P and Musgrove, Jamie and Bak, Søren and McMillan, W Owen and Jiggins, Chris D", title = "Phenotypic plasticity in chemical defence of butterflies allows usage of diverse host plants.", year = "2021", journal = "Biology letters", abstract = "Host plant specialization is a major force driving ecological niche partitioning and diversification in insect herbivores. The cyanogenic defences of Passiflora plants keep most herbivores at bay, but not the larvae of Heliconius butterflies, which can both sequester and biosynthesize cyanogenic compounds. Here, we demonstrate that both Heliconius cydno chioneus and H. melpomene rosina have remarkable plasticity in their chemical defences. When feeding on Passiflora species with cyanogenic compounds that they can readily sequester, both species downregulate the biosynthesis of these compounds. By contrast, when fed on Passiflora plants that do not contain cyanogenic glucosides that can be sequestered, both species increase biosynthesis. This biochemical plasticity comes at a fitness cost for the more specialist H. m. rosina, as adult size and weight for this species negatively correlate with biosynthesis levels, but not for the more generalist H. c. chioneus. By contrast, H. m rosina has increased performance when sequestration is possible on its specialized host plant. In summary, phenotypic plasticity in biochemical responses to different host plants offers these butterflies the ability to widen their range of potential hosts within the Passiflora genus, while maintaining their chemical defences.", url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8086984/", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2020.0863", openalex = "W3142425381", pmcid = "PMC8086984", pmid = "33784874", references = "doi101007s0004900900186, doi101007s1088600692078, doi101016jtree201311003, doi101098rspb20161690, doi101098rstb20090263, doi101111j001438202002tb00145x, doi101111j13653040200801910x, doi101111j155856461975tb00861x, doi101146annurevarplant050213040027, doi101146annurevento47091201145121, doi107717peerj11523" } @article{doi101111brv12746, author = "Hill, Geena M. and Kawahara, Akito Y. and Daniels, Jaret C. and Bateman, Craig and Scheffers, Brett R.", title = "Climate change effects on animal ecology: butterflies and moths as a case study", year = "2021", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are one of the most studied, diverse, and widespread animal groups, making them an ideal model for climate change research. They are a particularly informative model for studying the effects of climate change on species ecology because they are ectotherms that thermoregulate with a suite of physiological, behavioural, and phenotypic traits. While some species have been negatively impacted by climatic disturbances, others have prospered, largely in accordance with their diversity in life-history traits. Here we take advantage of a large repertoire of studies on butterflies and moths to provide a review of the many ways in which climate change is impacting insects, animals, and ecosystems. By studying these climate-based impacts on ecological processes of Lepidoptera, we propose appropriate strategies for species conservation and habitat management broadly across animals.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12746", doi = "10.1111/brv.12746", openalex = "W3164668752", references = "doi101111bij12838" } @article{doi101111plb13343, author = "Venjakob, Christine and Ruedenauer, Fabian A. and Klein, Alexandra‐Maria and Leonhardt, Sara D.", title = "Variation in nectar quality across 34 grassland plant species", year = "2021", journal = "Plant Biology", abstract = "Floral nectar is considered the most important floral reward for attracting pollinators. It contains large amounts of carbohydrates besides variable concentrations of amino acids and thus represents an important food source for many pollinators. Its nutrient content and composition can, however, strongly vary within and between plant species. The factors driving this variation in nectar quality are still largely unclear. We investigated factors underlying interspecific variation in macronutrient composition of floral nectar in 34 different grassland plant species. Specifically, we tested for correlations between the phylogenetic relatedness and morphology of plants and the carbohydrate (C) and total amino acid (AA) composition and C:AA ratios of nectar. We found that compositions of carbohydrates and (essential) amino acids as well as C:AA ratios in nectar varied significantly within and between plant species. They showed no clear phylogenetic signal. Moreover, variation in carbohydrate composition was related to family-specific structural characteristics and combinations of morphological traits. Plants with nectar-exposing flowers, bowl- or parabolic-shaped flowers, as often found in the Apiaceae and Asteraceae, had nectar with higher proportions of hexoses, indicating a selective pressure to decelerate evaporation by increasing nectar osmolality. Our study suggests that variation in nectar nutrient composition is, among others, affected by family-specific combinations of morphological traits. However, even within species, variation in nectar quality is high. As nectar quality can strongly affect visitation patterns of pollinators and thus pollination success, this intra- and interspecific variation requires more studies to fully elucidate the underlying causes and the consequences for pollinator behaviour.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13343", doi = "10.1111/plb.13343", openalex = "W3203231282", references = "doi101016jtree200508015" } @article{doi103389fmicb2021667257, author = "He, Baoyu and Chen, Xiaoyulong and Yang, Hong and Cernava, Tomislav", title = "Microbiome Structure of the Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Is Shaped by Different Solanaceae Plant Diets", year = "2021", journal = "Frontiers in Microbiology", abstract = "when compared with the other Solanaceae plant diets, which might be related to the adaptability of the host to this diet. Molecular quantifications of bacterial genera that were substantially affected by the different diets were implemented as an additional verification of the microbiome-based observations. Complementary experiments with bacteria isolated from aphids that were fed with different plants indicated that nicotine-tolerant strains occur in Solanaceae-fed specimens, but they were not restricted to them. Overall, our mechanistic approach conducted under controlled conditions provided strong indications that the aphid microbiome shows responses to different plant diets. This knowledge could be used in the future to develop environmentally friendly methods for the control of insect pests in agriculture.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.667257", doi = "10.3389/fmicb.2021.667257", openalex = "W3180318733", references = "doi101016bsaiip202003005" } @article{doi101002ece39041, author = "Mattila, Anniina L. K. and Jiggins, Chris D. and Saastamoinen, Marjo", title = "Condition dependence in biosynthesized chemical defenses of an aposematic and mimetic Heliconius butterfly", year = "2022", journal = "Ecology and Evolution", abstract = ". We find energetically costly life-history traits to be either unassociated or to show a general positive association with biosynthesized cyanogenic toxicity. More toxic individuals developed faster and had higher mass as adults and a tendency for increased lifespan and fecundity. These results thus indicate that toxicity level of adult butterflies may be dependent on individual condition, influenced by genetic background or earlier conditions, with maternal effects as one strong candidate mechanism. Additionally, toxicity was higher in older individuals, consistent with previous studies indicating accumulation of toxins with age. As toxicity level at death was independent of lifespan, cyanogenic glucoside compounds may have been recycled to release resources relevant for longevity in these long-living butterflies. Understanding the origins and maintenance of variation in defenses is necessary in building a more complete picture of factors shaping the evolution of aposematic and mimetic systems.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9041", doi = "10.1002/ece3.9041", openalex = "W4283364846", references = "doi107717peerj11523" } @article{doi101042etls20210270, author = "Jiang, Yuxiang and Moubayidin, Laila", title = "Floral symmetry: the geometry of plant reproduction", year = "2022", journal = "Emerging Topics in Life Sciences", abstract = "The flower is an astonishing innovation that arose during plant evolution allowing flowering plants - also known as angiosperms - to dominate life on earth in a relatively short period of geological time. Flowers are formed from secondary meristems by co-ordinated differentiation of flower organs, such as sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. The position, number and morphology of these flower organs impose a geometrical pattern - or symmetry type - within the flower which is a trait tightly connected to successful reproduction. During evolution, flower symmetry switched from the ancestral poly-symmetric (radial symmetry) to the mono-symmetric (bilateral symmetry) type multiple times, including numerous reversals, with these events linked to co-evolution with pollinators and reproductive strategies. In this review, we introduce the diversity of flower symmetry, trace its evolution in angiosperms, and highlight the conserved genetic basis underpinning symmetry control in flowers. Finally, we discuss the importance of building upon the concept of flower symmetry by looking at the mechanisms orchestrating symmetry within individual flower organs and summarise the current scenario on symmetry patterning of the female reproductive organ, the gynoecium, the ultimate flower structure presiding over fertilisation and seed production.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1042/etls20210270", doi = "10.1042/etls20210270", openalex = "W4292649659", references = "doi101007s00359019013504" } @article{doi101146annurevento062821062319, author = "Beran, Franziska and Petschenka, Georg", title = "Sequestration of Plant Defense Compounds by Insects: From Mechanisms to Insect–Plant Coevolution", year = "2022", journal = "Annual Review of Entomology", abstract = "Plant defense compounds play a key role in the evolution of insect-plant associations by selecting for behavioral, morphological, and physiological insect adaptations. Sequestration, the ability of herbivorous insects to accumulate plant defense compounds to gain a fitness advantage, represents a complex syndrome of adaptations that has evolved in all major lineages of herbivorous insects and involves various classes of plant defense compounds. In this article, we review progress in understanding how insects selectively accumulate plant defense metabolites and how the evolution of specific resistance mechanisms to these defense compounds enables sequestration. These mechanistic considerations are further integrated into the concept of insect-plant coevolution. Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses, combined with approaches based on analytical chemistry that are centered in phylogenetic frameworks, will help to reveal adaptations underlying the sequestration syndrome, which is essential to understanding the influence of sequestration on insect-plant coevolution.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-062821-062319", doi = "10.1146/annurev-ento-062821-062319", openalex = "W4206495906", references = "doi101007bf00317222, doi101007s1088600692078, doi101038s4158601916108" } @article{doi103389fphys20221001032, author = "Jeckel, Adriana M. and Beran, Franziska and Züst, Tobias and Younkin, Gordon C. and Petschenka, Georg and Pokharel, Prayan and Dreisbach, Domenic and Ganal‐Vonarburg, Stephanie C. and Robert, Christelle A. M.", title = "Metabolization and sequestration of plant specialized metabolites in insect herbivores: Current and emerging approaches", year = "2022", journal = "Frontiers in Physiology", abstract = "Herbivorous insects encounter diverse plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) in their diet, that have deterrent, anti-nutritional, or toxic properties. Understanding how they cope with PSMs is crucial to understand their biology, population dynamics, and evolution. This review summarizes current and emerging cutting-edge methods that can be used to characterize the metabolic fate of PSMs, from ingestion to excretion or sequestration. It further emphasizes a workflow that enables not only to study PSM metabolism at different scales, but also to tackle and validate the genetic and biochemical mechanisms involved in PSM resistance by herbivores. This review thus aims at facilitating research on PSM-mediated plant-herbivore interactions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1001032", doi = "10.3389/fphys.2022.1001032", openalex = "W4297314436", references = "doi101098rspb20220176" } @article{doi103390ijms23052690, author = "Divekar, Pratap A. and Srinivasa, N and Divekar, Bhupendra Adinath and Kumar, Rajeev and Gowda, G. Basana and Ray, Aishwarya and Singh, Achuit K. and Rani, Vijaya and Singh, Vikas and Singh, A. K. and Kumar, Amit and Singh, Rudra Pratap and Meena, Radhe Shyam and Behera, Tusar Kanti", title = "Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense Tools against Herbivores for Sustainable Crop Protection", year = "2022", journal = "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", abstract = "Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide defensive functions and regulate defense signaling pathways to safeguard plants against herbivores. Herbivore injury initiates complex reactions which ultimately lead to synthesis and accumulation of PSMs. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is regulated by the interplay of signaling molecules comprising phytohormones. Plant volatile metabolites are released upon herbivore attack and are capable of directly inducing or priming hormonal defense signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites enable plants to quickly detect herbivore attacks and respond in a timely way in a rapidly changing scenario of pest and environment. Several studies have suggested that the potential for adaptation and/or resistance by insect herbivores to secondary metabolites is limited. These metabolites cause direct toxicity to insect pests, stimulate antixenosis mechanisms in plants to insect herbivores, and, by recruiting herbivore natural enemies, indirectly protect the plants. Herbivores adapt to secondary metabolites by the up/down regulation of sensory genes, and sequestration or detoxification of toxic metabolites. PSMs modulate multi-trophic interactions involving host plants, herbivores, natural enemies and pollinators. Although the role of secondary metabolites in plant-pollinator interplay has been little explored, several reports suggest that both plants and pollinators are mutually benefited. Molecular insights into the regulatory proteins and genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites will pave the way for the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathway intermediates for improving plant tolerance to herbivores. This review throws light on the role of PSMs in modulating multi-trophic interactions, contributing to the knowledge of plant-herbivore interactions to enable their management in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052690", doi = "10.3390/ijms23052690", openalex = "W4214510073", references = "doi101007s0004900900186, doi101038nplants2015206, doi103390molecules24213961" } @article{doi103390molecules27010313, author = "Yeshi, Karma and Crayn, Darren M. and Ritmejerytė, Edita and Wangchuk, Phurpa", title = "Plant Secondary Metabolites Produced in Response to Abiotic Stresses Has Potential Application in Pharmaceutical Product Development", year = "2022", journal = "Molecules", abstract = {Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are vital for human health and constitute the skeletal framework of many pharmaceutical drugs. Indeed, more than 25\% of the existing drugs belong to PSMs. One of the continuing challenges for drug discovery and pharmaceutical industries is gaining access to natural products, including medicinal plants. This bottleneck is heightened for endangered species prohibited for large sample collection, even if they show biological hits. While cultivating the pharmaceutically interesting plant species may be a solution, it is not always possible to grow the organism outside its natural habitat. Plants affected by abiotic stress present a potential alternative source for drug discovery. In order to overcome abiotic environmental stressors, plants may mount a defense response by producing a diversity of PSMs to avoid cells and tissue damage. Plants either synthesize new chemicals or increase the concentration (in most instances) of existing chemicals, including the prominent bioactive lead compounds morphine, camptothecin, catharanthine, epicatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), quercetin, resveratrol, and kaempferol. Most PSMs produced under various abiotic stress conditions are plant defense chemicals and are functionally anti-inflammatory and antioxidative. The major PSM groups are terpenoids, followed by alkaloids and phenolic compounds. We have searched the literature on plants affected by abiotic stress (primarily studied in the simulated growth conditions) and their PSMs (including pharmacological activities) from PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE Ovid, Google Scholar, Databases, and journal websites. We used search keywords: "stress-affected plants," "plant secondary metabolites, "abiotic stress," "climatic influence," "pharmacological activities," "bioactive compounds," "drug discovery," and "medicinal plants" and retrieved published literature between 1973 to 2021. This review provides an overview of variation in bioactive phytochemical production in plants under various abiotic stress and their potential in the biodiscovery of therapeutic drugs. We excluded studies on the effects of biotic stress on PSMs.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010313", doi = "10.3390/molecules27010313", openalex = "W4206442306", references = "doi101038s4158601800056, doi101146annurevarplant050213040027" } @article{doi101007s00265023033993, author = "Young, Fletcher J. and Montgomery, Stephen H.", title = "Heliconiini butterflies as a case study in evolutionary cognitive ecology: behavioural innovation and mushroom body expansion", year = "2023", journal = "Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology", abstract = "Abstract The evolutionary relationships between ecology, cognition, and neurobiology remain elusive, despite important contributions from functional studies and comparative analyses. Recently, Heliconius butterflies and their Heliconiini allies have emerged as a promising system for investigating the evolution and ecology of cognition. In Heliconius, regions of the brain involved in learning and memory, called the mushroom bodies, have quadrupled in size and contain up to 8 times more neurons than closely related genera. This expansion, largely driven by increased dedication to processing visual input, occurred relatively recently (\textasciitilde 12–18 Ma) and coincides with the evolution of a novel foraging behaviour — trapline foraging between pollen resources, which provide an adult source of amino acids. Behavioural experiments show that, relative to other Heliconiini, Heliconius exhibit superior visual long-term memory and non-elemental learning, behaviours which have putative relevance for visual learning during traplining, while exhibiting no differences in shape learning or reversal learning. These cognitive differences are also associated with changes in the plastic response of the mushroom body to learning and experience. Heliconius thus constitute a clear example of a suite of neural adaptations that coincides with a novel behaviour reliant on distinct cognitive shifts. We highlight the Heliconiini as a well-positioned, developing case study in cognitive ecology and evolution, where there is the possibility of synthesising comparative neuroanatomical, developmental and behavioural data with extensive genomic resources. This would provide a rich dataset linking genes, brains, behaviour, and ecology, and offer key insights into the mechanisms and selective pressures shaping the evolution of interspecific cognitive variation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-023-03399-3", doi = "10.1007/s00265-023-03399-3", openalex = "W4389068808", references = "doi101038s41467023414125" } @article{doi101038s41467023414125, author = "Cicconardi, Francesco and Milanetti, Edoardo and de Castro, Érika C. Pinheiro and Mazo‐Vargas, Anyi and Belleghem, Steven M. Van and Ruggieri, Angelo Alberto and Rastas, Pasi and Hanly, Joseph J. and Evans, Elizabeth and Jiggins, Chris D. and McMillan, W. Owen and Papa, Riccardo and Marino, Daniele Di and Martin, Arnaud and Montgomery, Stephen H.", title = "Evolutionary dynamics of genome size and content during the adaptive radiation of Heliconiini butterflies", year = "2023", journal = "Nature Communications", abstract = "Heliconius butterflies, a speciose genus of Müllerian mimics, represent a classic example of an adaptive radiation that includes a range of derived dietary, life history, physiological and neural traits. However, key lineages within the genus, and across the broader Heliconiini tribe, lack genomic resources, limiting our understanding of how adaptive and neutral processes shaped genome evolution during their radiation. Here, we generate highly contiguous genome assemblies for nine Heliconiini, 29 additional reference-assembled genomes, and improve 10 existing assemblies. Altogether, we provide a dataset of annotated genomes for a total of 63 species, including 58 species within the Heliconiini tribe. We use this extensive dataset to generate a robust and dated heliconiine phylogeny, describe major patterns of introgression, explore the evolution of genome architecture, and the genomic basis of key innovations in this enigmatic group, including an assessment of the evolution of putative regulatory regions at the Heliconius stem. Our work illustrates how the increased resolution provided by such dense genomic sampling improves our power to generate and test gene-phenotype hypotheses, and precisely characterize how genomes evolve.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41412-5", doi = "10.1038/s41467-023-41412-5", openalex = "W4386692244", references = "doi101038nbt1621, doi101089cmb20120021, doi101093bioinformaticsbtm404, doi101093bioinformaticsbtp352, doi101093bioinformaticsbts635, doi101093bioinformaticsbtu170, doi101093bioinformaticsbty191, doi101093molbevmsaa015, doi101098rsbl20200863, doi101186gb2009103r25, doi101371journalpone0009490" } @article{doi101073pnas2216922120, author = "Lelio, Ilaria Di and Forni, Giobbe and Magoga, Giulia and Brunetti, Matteo and Bruno, Daniele and Becchimanzi, Andrea and Luca, Maria G. De and Sinno, Martina and Barra, Eleonora and Bonelli, M. and Frusciante, Sarah and Diretto, Gianfranco and Digilio, M. Cristina and Woo, Sheridan L. and Tettamanti, Gianluca and Rao, Rosa and Lorito, Matteo and Casartelli, Morena and Montagna, Matteo and Pennacchio, Francesco", title = "A soil fungus confers plant resistance against a phytophagous insect by disrupting the symbiotic role of its gut microbiota", year = "2023", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", abstract = "by altering the larval gut microbiota and its nutritional support to the host. Indeed, experiments aimed to restore the functional microbial community in the gut allow a complete rescue. Our results shed light on a novel role played by a soil microorganism in the modulation of plant-insect interaction, setting the stage for a more comprehensive analysis of the impact that biocontrol agents may have on ecological sustainability of agricultural systems.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216922120", doi = "10.1073/pnas.2216922120", openalex = "W4322421547" } @article{doi101111mec17138, author = "de Jong, M. and van Rensburg, Alexandra Jansen and Whiteford, Samuel and Yung, Carl J. and Beaumont, Mark and Jiggins, Chris D. and Bridle, Jon R.", title = "Rapid evolution of novel biotic interactions in the UK Brown Argus butterfly uses genomic variation from across its geographical range", year = "2023", journal = "Molecular Ecology", abstract = "Understanding the rate and extent to which populations can adapt to novel environments at their ecological margins is fundamental to predicting the persistence of biological communities during ongoing and rapid global change. Recent range expansion in response to climate change in the UK butterfly Aricia agestis is associated with the evolution of novel interactions with a larval food plant, and the loss of its ability to use an ancestral host species. Using ddRAD analysis of 61,210 variable SNPs from 261 females from throughout the UK range of this species, we identify genomic regions at multiple chromosomes that are associated with evolutionary responses, and their association with demographic history and ecological variation. Gene flow appears widespread throughout the range, despite the apparently fragmented nature of the habitats used by this species. Patterns of haplotype variation between selected and neutral genomic regions suggest that evolution associated with climate adaptation is polygenic, resulting from the independent spread of alleles throughout the established range of this species, rather than the colonization of pre-adapted genotypes from coastal populations. These data suggest that rapid responses to climate change do not depend on the availability of pre-adapted genotypes. Instead, the evolution of novel forms of biotic interaction in A. agestis has occurred during range expansion, through the assembly of novel genotypes from alleles from multiple localities.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17138", doi = "10.1111/mec.17138", openalex = "W4387392962", references = "doi101111bij12838" } @article{doi101371journalpone0291180, author = "Brueggemann, Leon and Tewes, Lisa Johanna and Müller, Caroline", title = "Characterisation and localisation of plant metabolites involved in pharmacophagy in the turnip sawfly", year = "2023", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Several herbivorous insects consume certain metabolites from plants for other purposes than nutrition, such as defence. Adults of the turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae take up specific terpenoids, called clerodanoids, from Ajuga reptans. These metabolites are slightly modified by the sawflies and influence their mating behaviour and defence against predators. We characterised these metabolites and investigated their localisation in the insect and the specificity of the uptake and metabolite modification. Therefore, we performed feeding assays with adults and larvae of A. rosae as well as larvae of Spodoptera exigua, followed by chemical analyses. Two main clerodanoid-derived metabolites were detected in the abdomen and thorax but also on the surface of the adults. Small amounts were also found in larvae of the sawfly, while they were not detectable in S. exigua. Our findings provide new insights into the peculiarities of pharmacophagy and specialised metabolism in A. rosae.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291180", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0291180", openalex = "W4387362874", references = "doi101098rspb20220176" } @article{doi107554elife906563, author = "Thawornwattana, Yuttapong and Seixas, Fernando and Yang, Ziheng and Mallet, James", title = "Major patterns in the introgression history of Heliconius butterflies", year = "2023", journal = "eLife", abstract = "Gene flow between species, although usually deleterious, is an important evolutionary process that can facilitate adaptation and lead to species diversification. It also makes estimation of species relationships difficult. Here, we use the full-likelihood multispecies coalescent (MSC) approach to estimate species phylogeny and major introgression events in Heliconius butterflies from whole-genome sequence data. We obtain a robust estimate of species branching order among major clades in the genus, including the ‘melpomene-silvaniform’ group, which shows extensive historical and ongoing gene flow. We obtain chromosome-level estimates of key parameters in the species phylogeny, including species divergence times, present-day and ancestral population sizes, as well as the direction, timing, and intensity of gene flow. Our analysis leads to a phylogeny with introgression events that differ from those obtained in previous studies. We find that Heliconius aoede most likely represents the earliest-branching lineage of the genus and that ‘silvaniform’ species are paraphyletic within the melpomene-silvaniform group. Our phylogeny provides new, parsimonious histories for the origins of key traits in Heliconius, including pollen feeding and an inversion involved in wing pattern mimicry. Our results demonstrate the power and feasibility of the full-likelihood MSC approach for estimating species phylogeny and key population parameters despite extensive gene flow. The methods used here should be useful for analysis of other difficult species groups with high rates of introgression.", url = "https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.90656.3", doi = "10.7554/elife.90656.3", openalex = "W4389916376", references = "doi101038s41467023414125" } @article{doi101002ece311002, author = "McLellan, Callum F. and Montgomery, Stephen H.", title = "Evolution of larval gregariousness is associated with host plant specialisation, but not host morphology, in Heliconiini butterflies", year = "2024", journal = "Ecology and Evolution", abstract = "Insect herbivores, such as lepidopteran larvae, often have close evolutionary relationships with their host plants, with which they may be locked in an evolutionary arms race. Larval grouping behaviour may be one behavioural adaptation that improves host plant feeding, but aggregation also comes with costs, such as higher competition and limited resource access. Here, we use the Heliconiini butterfly tribe to explore the impact of host plant traits on the evolution of larval gregariousness. Heliconiini almost exclusively utilise species from the Passifloraceae as larval host plants. Passifloraceae display incredible diversity in leaf shape and a range of anti-herbivore defences, suggesting they are responding to, and influencing, the evolution of Heliconiini larvae. By analysing larval social behaviour as both a binary (solitary or gregarious) and categorical (increasing larval group size) trait, we revisit the multiple origins of larval gregariousness across Heliconiini. We investigate whether host habitat, leaf defences and leaf size are important drivers of, or constraints on, larval gregariousness. Whereas our data do not reveal links between larval gregariousness and the host plant traits included in this study, we do find an interaction between host plant specialisation and larval behaviour, revealing gregarious larvae to be more likely to feed on a narrower range of host plant species than solitary larvae. We also find evidence that this increased specialisation typically precedes the evolutionary transition to gregarious behaviour. The comparatively greater host specialisation of gregarious larvae suggests that there are specific morphological and/or ecological features of their host plants that favour this behaviour.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11002", doi = "10.1002/ece3.11002", openalex = "W4391691251", references = "doi101002ece311002, doi101016s1369526602002649, doi10103844766, doi101093bioinformaticsbtu181, doi101093bioinformaticsbty633, doi101098rsbl20200863, doi101111j13652435201001789x, doi101111j14610248200901433x, doi101111j155856461975tb00861x, doi101146annureven26010181002235, doi1018637jssv033i02, doi103390ijms140510242" } @article{doi101016jcub202409069, author = "Farnworth, Max S. and Loupasaki, Theodora and Couto, Antoine and Montgomery, Stephen H.", title = "Mosaic evolution of a learning and memory circuit in Heliconiini butterflies", year = "2024", journal = "Current Biology", abstract = "How do neural circuits accommodate changes that produce cognitive variation? We explore this question by analyzing the evolutionary dynamics of an insect learning and memory circuit centered within the mushroom body. Mushroom bodies are composed of a conserved wiring logic, mainly consisting of Kenyon cells, dopaminergic neurons, and mushroom body output neurons. Despite this conserved makeup, there is huge diversity in mushroom body size and shape across insects. However, empirical data on how evolution modifies the function and architecture of this circuit are largely lacking. To address this, we leverage the recent radiation of a Neotropical tribe of butterflies, the Heliconiini (Nymphalidae), which show extensive variation in mushroom body size over comparatively short phylogenetic timescales, linked to specific changes in foraging ecology, life history, and cognition. To understand how such an extensive increase in size is accommodated through changes in lobe circuit architecture, we combined immunostainings of structural markers, neurotransmitters, and neural injections to generate new, quantitative anatomies of the Nymphalid mushroom body lobe. Our comparative analyses across Heliconiini demonstrate that some Kenyon cell sub-populations expanded at higher rates than others in Heliconius and identify an additional increase in GABA-ergic feedback neurons, which are essential for non-elemental learning and sparse coding. Taken together, our results demonstrate mosaic evolution of functionally related neural systems and cell types and identify that evolutionary malleability in an architecturally conserved parallel circuit guides adaptation in cognitive ability.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.069", doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.069", openalex = "W4403538267", references = "doi101038s41467023414125" } @article{doi101021acsjafc4c10038, author = "Li, Mengmeng and Pan, Canping and Zhang, Zhijia and Wang, Jialing and Wang, Shuai and Li, Wenzhuo and Zhou, Tianbing and Wang, Xiaoyi and Liu, Ziyi and Hu, Zhan and Sun, Ranfeng and Li, Dong", title = "Plant Coumarin Metabolism–Microbe Interactions: An Effective Strategy for Reducing Imidacloprid Residues and Enhancing the Nutritional Quality of Pepper", year = "2024", journal = "Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry", abstract = "Imidacloprid (IMI) stress positively correlates with the potential of coumarins to alleviate abiotic stress. However, little is known about the pathways and mechanisms by which coumarin reduces the IMI residue by regulating plant secondary metabolism and plant-microbe interactions. This study examined the impact of coumarin on the uptake, translocation, and metabolism of IMI in pepper plants by modulating the signal molecule levels and microbial communities in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere. Analysis of 2 h─28 d pesticide residue dynamics revealed that coumarin dramatically reduced IMI concentration in pepper fruits. Coumarin upregulated the phenylpropane pathway genes, which increased the levels of flavonoids, phenolic acids, phytohormones, and capsaicinoids. Importantly, phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbial diversity results showed that coumarin improved the abundance of beneficial microorganisms and positively correlated with secondary metabolite secretion. Therefore, coumarin exploited the interaction between the phenylpropane and coumarin synthesis pathways and beneficial microbes to enhance the nutritional quality and IMI degradation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c10038", doi = "10.1021/acs.jafc.4c10038", openalex = "W4405867784", references = "doi101016jtplants202405010" } @article{doi101093molbevmsae007, author = "Stone, Benjamin W. and Wessinger, Carolyn A.", title = "Ecological Diversification in an Adaptive Radiation of Plants: The Role of De Novo Mutation and Introgression", year = "2024", journal = "Molecular Biology and Evolution", abstract = "Adaptive radiations are characterized by rapid ecological diversification and speciation events, leading to fuzzy species boundaries between ecologically differentiated species. Adaptive radiations are therefore key systems for understanding how species are formed and maintained, including the role of de novo mutations versus preexisting variation in ecological adaptation and the genome-wide consequences of hybridization events. For example, adaptive introgression, where beneficial alleles are transferred between lineages through hybridization, may fuel diversification in adaptive radiations and facilitate adaptation to new environments. In this study, we employed whole-genome resequencing data to investigate the evolutionary origin of hummingbird-pollinated flowers and to characterize genome-wide patterns of phylogenetic discordance and introgression in Penstemon subgenus Dasanthera, a small and diverse adaptive radiation of plants. We found that magenta hummingbird-adapted flowers have apparently evolved twice from ancestral blue-violet bee-pollinated flowers within this radiation. These shifts in flower color are accompanied by a variety of inactivating mutations to a key anthocyanin pathway enzyme, suggesting that independent de novo loss-of-function mutations underlie the parallel evolution of this trait. Although patterns of introgression and phylogenetic discordance were heterogenous across the genome, a strong effect of gene density suggests that, in general, natural selection opposes introgression and maintains genetic differentiation in gene-rich genomic regions. Our results highlight the importance of both de novo mutation and introgression as sources of evolutionary change and indicate a role for de novo mutation in driving parallel evolution in adaptive radiations.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msae007", doi = "10.1093/molbev/msae007", openalex = "W4390937010", references = "doi101038s41467023414125" } @misc{doi10110120240725605058, author = "Roy, Amit and Waschke, Nicole and Chattington, Sophie and Modlinger, Roman and Chakraborty, Amrita and Chirere, Thabani Chirere and Larsson, Mattias C. and Heckel, David G. and Anderson, Peter and Schlyter, Fredrik", title = "Diet breadth in two polyphagous Spodoptera moths in a wide range of host and non-host plants and the potential for range expansion", year = "2024", booktitle = "bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)", abstract = "Abstract Several polyphagous moths are severe crop pests. Diet breadth patterns and mechanisms among polyphagous insects provide an excellent system to study ecological and evolutionary processes in herbivores, driving dietary specialization. However, studies of diet breadth on more than a handful of crops are scarce. Here, we estimated the diet breadth in two species of lepidopteran herbivores from the genus Spodoptera: S. littoralis (SL), with host range including both mono- and dicotyledonous plants and S. frugiperda (SF) Corn strain, primarily adapted to different grass species. Larval performance on 23 crop and wild plant species from 17 families from terrestrial and wetland habitats was compared to an artificial diet in no-choice feeding bioassays. SL survived and performed better on most tested plants, particularly on the family level, except on two monocot plants (maize and leek), where SF performed well. There were five wild non-host plants where both generalists failed to survive. Nutrition indices assay corroborates the findings on a subset of plants. In a subset of plants, larval feeding preference correlated partly, and larval attraction correlated well with larval performance. Female oviposition choice showed a weak correlation with larval performance. This weak correlation implies that these traits are decoupled, and other factors are crucial for female host plant selection. During larval dispersal greenhouse experiments, SL and SF larvae strongly tended to migrate onto their suitable host plants, indicating that this is one factor that modulates female host plant selection. In summary, SL has a broader diet breath compared to SF, surviving on wild plants with no previous exposure. The present study provides the first comprehensive data on the diet breadth of two range-expanding and highly invasive polyphagous herbivores.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.25.605058", doi = "10.1101/2024.07.25.605058", openalex = "W4400973351", references = "doi101016jibmb2023104061" } @article{doi1011111365265614189, author = "Singh, Pragya and Brueggemann, Leon and Janz, Steven and Saidi, Yasmina and Baruah, Gaurav and Müller, Caroline", title = "Plant metabolites modulate social networks and lifespan in a sawfly", year = "2024", journal = "Journal of Animal Ecology", abstract = "Social interactions influence disease spread, information flow and resource allocation across species, yet heterogeneity in social interaction frequency and its fitness consequences are still poorly understood. Additionally, the role of exogenous chemicals, such as non-nutritive plant metabolites that are utilised by several animal species, in shaping social networks remains unclear. Here, we investigated how non-nutritive plant metabolites impact social interactions and the lifespan of the turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae. Adult sawflies acquire neo-clerodane diterpenoids ('clerodanoids') from non-food plants and this can serve as a defence against predation and increase mating success. We found intraspecific variation in clerodanoids in natural populations and laboratory-reared individuals. Clerodanoids could also be acquired from conspecifics that had prior access to the plant metabolites, which led to increased agonistic social interactions. Network analysis indicated increased social interactions in sawfly groups where some or all individuals had prior access to clerodanoids, while groups with no prior access had fewer interactions. The frequency of social interactions was influenced by the clerodanoid status of the focal individual and that of other conspecifics. Finally, we observed a shorter lifespan in adults with prior clerodanoid access when grouped with individuals without prior access, suggesting that social interactions to obtain clerodanoids have fitness costs. Our findings highlight the role of intraspecific variation in the acquisition of non-nutritional plant metabolites in shaping social networks. This variation influences individual fitness and social interactions, thereby shaping the individualised social niche.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.14189", doi = "10.1111/1365-2656.14189", openalex = "W4402723119", references = "doi101098rspb20220176, doi107717peerj11523" } @article{doi101111mec17479, author = "Schneider, Katharina and Steward, Rachel and de la Paz Celorio‐Mancera, Maria and Janz, Niklas and Moberg, Dick and Wheat, Christopher W. and Nylin, Sören", title = "Plasticity for the win: Flexible transcriptional response to host plant switches in the comma butterfly (Polygonia c‐album)", year = "2024", journal = "Molecular Ecology", abstract = "Generalist plant-feeding insects are characterised by a broad host repertoire that can comprise several families or even different orders of plants. The genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying the use of such a wide host range are still not fully understood. Earlier studies indicate that the consumption of different host plants is associated with host-specific gene expression profiles. It remained, however, unclear if and how larvae can alter these profiles in the case of a changing host environment. Using the polyphagous comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album) we show that larvae can adjust their transcriptional profiles in response to a new host plant. The switch to some of the host plants, however, resulted in a larger transcriptional response and, thus, seems to be more challenging. At a physiological level, no correspondence for these patterns could be found in larval performance. This suggests that a high transcriptional but also phenotypic flexibility are essential for the use of a broad and diverse host range. We furthermore propose that host switch tests in the laboratory followed by transcriptomic investigations can be a valuable tool to examine not only plasticity in host use but also subtle and/or transient trade-offs in the evolution of host plant repertoires.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17479", doi = "10.1111/mec.17479", openalex = "W4400870055", references = "doi101016jibmb2023104061" } @article{doi101093jebvoaf114, author = "Toh, Yi Peng and Cicconardi, Francesco and Bianchini, Giorgio and Merrill, Richard M. and Montgomery, Stephen H.", title = "Evolution of the olfactory system during the radiation of Heliconiini butterflies", year = "2025", journal = "Journal of Evolutionary Biology", abstract = "Sensory system evolution plays a crucial role in shaping species' interactions with their environment, yet the extent to which olfactory system diversity reflects ecological and evolutionary pressures at a macroevolutionary scale remains unclear. Here, we investigate the evolution of the olfactory system across the Heliconiini butterfly tribe, an ecologically diverse but closely related group. Using a comparative approach, we examined variation in antennal lobe morphology and its constituent structures, the glomeruli and antennal lobe hub, as well as odourant receptor repertoires across species. We found that antennal lobe size variation is driven by independent shifts in glomerular and antennal lobe hub volumes, with species-specific differences occurring against a backdrop of broader phylogenetic stability. While no direct associations with ecological traits were observed, certain species showed large expansions in total glomerular volume and odourant receptor numbers, warranting further investigation into unmeasured ecological or behavioural factors. Additionally, comparisons between wild-caught and insectary-reared individuals revealed a surprising pattern of developmental plasticity, with antennal lobe hub volumes increasing and glomeruli volumes decreasing in captivity, highlighting the influence of environmental conditions on neural development. These findings suggest that olfactory evolution in Heliconiini is shaped by both evolutionary divergence and developmental plasticity, emphasizing the need to integrate phylogenetic, ecological, and developmental perspectives to fully understand sensory system adaptation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/jeb/voaf114", doi = "10.1093/jeb/voaf114", openalex = "W4414509623", references = "doi101002ece311002" } @misc{doi10110120250406647427, author = "Toh, Yi Peng and Cicconardi, Francesco and Bianchini, Giorgio and Merrill, Richard M. and Montgomery, Stephen H.", title = "Evolution of the olfactory system during the radiation of Heliconiini butterflies", year = "2025", booktitle = "bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)", abstract = "Abstract Sensory system evolution plays a crucial role in shaping species’ interactions with their environment, yet the extent to which olfactory system diversity reflects ecological and evolutionary pressures at a macroevolutionary scale remains unclear. Here, we investigate the evolution of the olfactory system across the Heliconiini butterfly tribe, an ecologically diverse but closely related group. Using a comparative approach, we examined variation in antennal lobe morphology and its constituent structures, the glomeruli and antennal lobe hub, as well as olfactory receptor repertoires across species. We found that antennal lobe size variation is driven by independent shifts in glomerular and antennal lobe hub volumes, with species-specific differences occurring against a backdrop of broader phylogenetic stability. While no direct associations with ecological traits were observed, certain species showed large expansions in total glomerular volume and olfactory receptor numbers, warranting further investigation into unmeasured ecological or behavioural factors. Additionally, comparisons between wild-caught and insectary-reared individuals revealed a surprising pattern of developmental plasticity, with antennal lobe hub volumes increasing and glomeruli volumes decreasing in captivity, highlighting the influence of environmental conditions on neural development. These findings suggest that olfactory evolution in Heliconiini is shaped by both evolutionary divergence and developmental plasticity, emphasizing the need to integrate phylogenetic, ecological, and developmental perspectives to fully understand sensory system adaptation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.06.647427", doi = "10.1101/2025.04.06.647427", openalex = "W4409209433", references = "doi101002ece311002" } @article{doi101111eea13586, author = "Singh, Pragya and Müller, Caroline", title = "Pharmacophagy in insects: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on the non‐nutritional use of plant specialized metabolites", year = "2025", journal = "Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata", abstract = "Abstract Herbivorous insects can interact with plants in ways that go beyond nutrition, with plant specialized (secondary) metabolites (PSMs) mediating complex non‐nutritional relationships. While PSMs often function as anti‐herbivore defenses, many insects have evolved strategies to counteract and even exploit these compounds, using them for purposes such as their own defense against antagonists, enhanced mating success, or self‐medication. This review explores pharmacophagy, where insects actively seek and acquire specific PSMs from both food and non‐food plants for benefits unrelated to nutrition, across different insect orders such as Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Neuroptera. Key examples are provided for species taking up PSMs of different compound classes, including pyrrolizidine alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, neo‐clerodane diterpenoids, cucurbitacins, raspberry ketone, methyl eugenol, and other metabolites such as ethanol or resin. The insect species demonstrate unique adaptive uses of these non‐nutritional plant chemicals. We discuss the intra‐ and intergenerational transfer of pharmacophagously acquired PSMs among conspecifics and the methods for identifying and testing pharmacophagy, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that combine field observations, behavioral studies, and chemical analyses. The evolutionary pathways leading to pharmacophagy are considered, highlighting selective pressures such as predation, parasitism, and sexual selection. We also address the costs associated with pharmacophagy, including energetic demands and potential toxicity. Extending the discussion to non‐insect taxa suggests that pharmacophagy may be a broader ecological phenomenon. By establishing a comprehensive framework for understanding pharmacophagy, we aim to stimulate further research into this intriguing aspect of plant–insect interactions and highlight its potential applications in pest management, conservation, and human health.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13586", doi = "10.1111/eea.13586", openalex = "W4410251156", references = "doi101098rspb20220176" } @article{doi101111jipb70209, author = "Zhu, Liuhong and Yang, Hua and Li, Peixuan and Dong, Lina and Zhao, Shang and Lv, Honghao and Crickmore, Neil and Zhou, Xuguo and Zhang, Youjun and Guo, Zhaojiang", title = "Plant strategies against herbivorous insects", year = "2026", journal = "Journal of Integrative Plant Biology", abstract = "Plant growth and productivity are strongly constrained by herbivorous insects, which reduce both yield and quality. Over the past two centuries, extensive efforts have been devoted to identifying natural insect-resistant traits and genes that have evolved in plants. Here, we first review key milestones and advances, including empirical observation, mechanism onset, theoretical emergence, gene identification, and breeding application. Then, we categorize research on plant defenses for insect resistance into four major types: physical, chemical, ecological modulation, and behavioral defenses, and integrate them to highlight the coordination and synergy among different defenses. Finally, we propose priority areas and future directions for research to advance studies on plant-insect interactions and support effective and sustainable pest management.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.70209", doi = "10.1111/jipb.70209", openalex = "W7134190481", references = "doi101016jtplants202405010" }