@article{darwin1839journal12,
    author = "Darwin, C",
    title = "Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle",
    year = "1839",
    journal = "London, Henry Colbourn",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darwin, C., 1839, Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle: London, Henry Colbourn.}"
}

@article{darwin1845the13,
    author = "Darwin, C",
    title = "The Voyage of the Beagle.(Originally published as Journal of Researches, it has now appeared in numerous publications",
    year = "1845",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darwin, C., 1845, The Voyage of the Beagle.(Originally published as Journal of Researches, it has now appeared in numerous publications.}"
}

@book{darwin1859on14,
    author = "Darwin, C",
    title = "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London",
    year = "1859",
    publisher = "John Murray [Facsimile of 1st ed.]: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1964",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darwin, C., 1859, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray [Facsimile of 1st ed.]: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1964.}"
}

@article{jenkin1867review34,
    author = "Jenkin, F",
    title = "Review of the Origin of Species, in Hull, D. L., ed., Darwin and His Critics",
    year = "1867",
    journal = "Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press [1974]; The North British Review",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jenkin, F., 1867, Review of the Origin of Species, in Hull, D. L., ed., Darwin and His Critics: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press [1974]; The North British Review.}"
}

@misc{darwin1868the15,
    author = "Darwin, C",
    title = "The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication",
    year = "1868",
    howpublished = "London, John Murray; 2 volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darwin, C., 1868, The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication: London, John Murray; 2 volumes.}"
}

@misc{darwin1874the16,
    author = "Darwin, C",
    title = "The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Chicago",
    year = "1874",
    howpublished = "Rand McNally and Co [Republication of illustrated revised ed.]: Detroit, Michigan, Gale Research, 1974",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darwin, C., 1874, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Chicago: Rand McNally and Co [Republication of illustrated revised ed.]: Detroit, Michigan, Gale Research, 1974.}"
}

@misc{hodge1874what31,
    author = "Hodge, C",
    title = "What is Darwinism?",
    year = "1874",
    howpublished = "London",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hodge, C., 1874, What is Darwinism?: London.}"
}

@misc{darwin1876196917,
    author = "Darwin, C. and Barlow, N",
    title = "/1969, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin",
    year = "1876",
    howpublished = "New York, Norton",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darwin, C., and Barlow, N., 1876/1969, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin: New York, Norton.}"
}

@article{darwin1887the18,
    author = "Darwin, F",
    title = "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin",
    year = "1887",
    journal = "London, John Murray",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darwin, F., 1887, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin: London, John Murray.}"
}

@book{doi105962bhltitle50683,
    author = "Darwin, Charles and Darwin, Francis",
    title = "The life and letters of Charles Darwin: including an autobiographical chapter",
    year = "1887",
    booktitle = "D. Appleton eBooks",
    abstract = "1. The spread of evolution 'Variation of Animals and Plants' 1863-1866 2. The publication of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication' January 1867-June 1868 3. Work on 'Man' 1864-1870 4. The publication of the 'Descent of Man', the 'Expression of the Emotions' 1871-1873 5. Miscellanea, including second editions of 'Coral Reefs', the 'Descent of Man' and the 'Variation of Animals and Plants' 1874-1875 6. Miscellaneous letters 1876-1882 7. Fertilisation on flowers 1839-1880 8. The 'Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom' 1866-1877 9. 'Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species' 1860-1878 10. Climbing and insectivorous plants 1863-1875 11. The 'Power of Movement in Plants' 1878-1881 12. Miscellaneous botanical letters 1873-1882 13. Conclusion Appendices.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50683",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.50683",
    openalex = "W2115400095"
}

@article{huxley1900life33,
    author = "Huxley, L",
    title = "Life and Letters of Thomas H. Huxley",
    year = "1900",
    journal = "New York, D. Appleton and Co., v. 2",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huxley, L., 1900, Life and Letters of Thomas H. Huxley: New York, D. Appleton and Co., v. 2.}"
}

@misc{kellogg1907darwinism35,
    author = "Kellogg, V. L",
    title = "Darwinism to-day",
    year = "1907",
    howpublished = "London, England, Bell \& Sons",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kellogg, V. L., 1907, Darwinism to-day: London, England, Bell \& Sons.}"
}

@book{doi105962bhltitle27468,
    author = "Fisher, Ronald Aylmer",
    title = "The genetical theory of natural selection",
    year = "1930",
    booktitle = "Clarendon Press eBooks",
    abstract = "We need scarcely add that the contemplation in natural science of a wider domain than the actual leads to a far better understanding of the actual.' (p. 267,The, Nature of the Physical World.)x PREFACE evolutionary theory was thus chiefly retrogressive, the mighty body of Mendelian researches throughout the world has evidently out- grown the fallacies with which it was at first fostered.As a pioneer of genetics he has done more than enough to expiate the rash polemics of his early writings.To treat Natural Selection as an agency based independently on its own foundations is not to mimimize its importance in the theory of evolution.On the contrary, as soon as we require to form opinions by other means than by comparison and analogy, such an indepen- dent deductive basis becomes a necessity.This necessity is particu- larly to be noted for mankind; since we have some knowledge of the structure of society, of human motives, and of the vital statistics of this species, the use of the deductive method can supply a more intimate knowledge of the evolutionary processes than is elsewhere possible.In addition it will be of importance for our subject to call) attention to several consequences of the principle of Natural Selection!which, since they do not consist in the adaptive modification of specific I forms, have necessarily escaped attention.The genetic phenomena of I dominance and linkage seem to offer examples of this class, the future ' investigation of which may add greatly to the scope of our subject.No efforts of mine could avail to make the book easy reading.I have endeavoured to assist the reader by giving short summaries at the ends of all chapters, except Chapter IV, which is summarized conjointly with Chapter V.Those who prefer to do so may regardChapter IV as a mathematical appendix to the corresponding part of the summary.The deductions respecting Man are strictly in- separable from the more general chapters, but have been placed together in a group commencing with Chapter VIII.I believe no one will be surprised that a large number of the points considered demand a far fuller, more rigorous, and more comprehensive treat- ment.It seems impossible that full justice should be done to the subject in this way, until there is built up a tradition of mathematical work devoted to biological problems, comparable to the researches upon which a mathematical physicist can draw in the resolution of special difficulties.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.27468",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.27468",
    openalex = "W2004778468",
    references = "darwin2009the, doi101017cbo9780511693946006, doi101017cbo9780511702884, doi101038033529a0, doi101111j136523111908tb02141x, doi1023071929022, doi1023074345450, doi105962bhltitle121292, doi105962bhltitle61004, doi105962bhltitle87899, openalexw2163836228"
}

@book{lack1947darwins39,
    author = "Lack, D",
    title = "Darwin's Finches",
    year = "1947",
    publisher = "An essay on the General Biological Theory of Evolution: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lack, D., 1947, Darwin's Finches: An essay on the General Biological Theory of Evolution: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.}"
}

@misc{barlow1958the2,
    author = "Barlow, N",
    title = "The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-1882",
    year = "1958",
    howpublished = "London, Collins",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barlow, N., 1958, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-1882: London, Collins.}"
}

@misc{barnett1958a3,
    author = "Barnett, S. A",
    title = "A Century of Darwin",
    year = "1958",
    howpublished = "London, Heinemann",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barnett, S. A., 1958, A Century of Darwin: London, Heinemann.}"
}

@misc{ellegard1958darwin21,
    author = "Ellegard, A",
    title = "Darwin and the General Reader",
    year = "1958",
    howpublished = "Goteborg, Goteborgs Universitets Arsskrift",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ellegard, A., 1958, Darwin and the General Reader: Goteborg, Goteborgs Universitets Arsskrift.}"
}

@book{millhauser1959just48,
    author = "Millhauser, M",
    title = "Just Before Darwin",
    year = "1959",
    publisher = "Robert Chambers and Vestiges: Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Millhauser, M., 1959, Just Before Darwin: Robert Chambers and Vestiges: Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan University Press.}"
}

@article{crossref1960review,
    title = "Review: C. Charles Darwin: The Voyage of the Beagle",
    year = "1960",
    journal = "Practical Anthropology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/009182966000700518",
    doi = "10.1177/009182966000700518",
    number = "5",
    pages = "231-231",
    volume = "os-7"
}

@article{doi1023073040342,
    author = "Greene, John C. and Ellegård, Alvar",
    title = "Darwin and the General Reader. The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution in the British Periodical Press, 1859-1872.",
    year = "1960",
    journal = "Modern Language Notes",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3040342",
    doi = "10.2307/3040342",
    openalex = "W4243634495"
}

@book{openalexw645218623,
    author = "Tax, Sol",
    title = "Evolution after Darwin",
    year = "1960",
    openalex = "W645218623"
}

@book{greene1961darwin30,
    author = "Greene, J. C",
    title = "Darwin and the Modern World View",
    year = "1961",
    publisher = "Baton Rouge, La., Louisiana State University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Greene, J. C., 1961, Darwin and the Modern World View: Baton Rouge, La., Louisiana State University Press.}"
}

@article{hindle1964charles,
    author = "Hindle, Edward and de Beer, Gavin",
    title = "Charles Darwin: Evolution by Natural Selection",
    year = "1964",
    journal = "The Geographical Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1794329",
    doi = "10.2307/1794329",
    number = "1",
    pages = "161",
    volume = "130"
}

@book{mayr1964introduction43,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "Introduction, in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (Darwin, C. 1859) [Facsimile of 1 ed.]",
    year = "1964",
    publisher = "London, John Murray, p. vii-xxvii; Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1964",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1964, Introduction, in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (Darwin, C. 1859) [Facsimile of 1 ed.]: London, John Murray, p. vii-xxvii; Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1964.}"
}

@book{medawar1967mathematical47,
    author = "Medawar, P",
    title = "Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution",
    year = "1967",
    publisher = "Philadelphia, Wistar Institute Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Medawar, P., 1967, Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution: Philadelphia, Wistar Institute Press.}"
}

@article{beddall1968wallace4,
    author = "Beddall, B. G",
    title = "Wallace, Darwin, and the theory of natural selection",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Journal of Historical Biology, v. 1, p. 261-323",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Beddall, B. G., 1968, Wallace, Darwin, and the theory of natural selection: Journal of Historical Biology, v. 1, p. 261-323.}"
}

@misc{decamp1968the19,
    author = "de Camp, L. S",
    title = "The Great Monkey Trial",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "New York, Doubleday",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {de Camp, L. S., 1968, The Great Monkey Trial: New York, Doubleday.}"
}

@misc{moorehead1969darwin50,
    author = "Moorehead, A",
    title = "Darwin and the Beagle",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "London, Hamish Hamilton",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moorehead, A., 1969, Darwin and the Beagle: London, Hamish Hamilton.}"
}

@misc{appleman1970darwin1,
    author = "Appleman, P",
    title = "Darwin",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "A Norton Critical Edition: New York, W.W. Norton",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Appleman, P., 1970, Darwin: A Norton Critical Edition: New York, W.W. Norton.}"
}

@book{kuhn1970the38,
    author = "Kuhn, T",
    title = "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions",
    year = "1970",
    publisher = "Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kuhn, T., 1970, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press.}"
}

@misc{macbeth1971darwin40,
    author = "Macbeth, N",
    title = "Darwin Retried",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Boston, Mass., Gambit Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Macbeth, N., 1971, Darwin Retried: Boston, Mass., Gambit Books.}"
}

@misc{matthews1971introduction41,
    author = "Matthews, L. H",
    title = "Introduction to The Origin of Species",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "London, Dent",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Matthews, L. H., 1971, Introduction to The Origin of Species: London, Dent.}"
}

@book{mckinney1971lamarck46,
    author = "McKinney, H. L",
    title = "Lamarck to Darwin",
    year = "1971",
    publisher = "Contributions to Evolutionary Biology, 1809-1859: Lawrence, Kansas, Coronado Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McKinney, H. L., 1971, Lamarck to Darwin: Contributions to Evolutionary Biology, 1809-1859: Lawrence, Kansas, Coronado Press.}"
}

@phdthesis{morison1971george51,
    author = "Morison, W. J",
    title = "George Fredrick Wright",
    year = "1971",
    publisher = "in Defense of Darwinism and Fundamentalism, 1838-1921 [PhD dissert.]: Vanderbilt",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morison, W. J., 1971, George Fredrick Wright: in Defense of Darwinism and Fundamentalism, 1838-1921 [PhD dissert.]: Vanderbilt.}"
}

@misc{mayr1972the44,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "The nature of the Darwinian revolution. Acceptance of evolution by natural selection required the rejection of many previously held concepts",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 176, p. 981-989",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1972, The nature of the Darwinian revolution. Acceptance of evolution by natural selection required the rejection of many previously held concepts: Science, v. 176, p. 981-989.}"
}

@book{hull1974darwin32,
    author = "Hull, D. L",
    title = "Darwin and His Critics",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hull, D. L., 1974, Darwin and His Critics: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.}"
}

@misc{popper1974darwinism53,
    author = "Popper, K. R",
    title = "Darwinism as a metaphysical research programme, in Schlipp, P. A., ed., The Philosophy of Karl Popper",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "La Salle, Ill., Open Court",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Popper, K. R., 1974, Darwinism as a metaphysical research programme, in Schlipp, P. A., ed., The Philosophy of Karl Popper: La Salle, Ill., Open Court.}"
}

@misc{colloms1975charles11,
    author = "Colloms, B",
    title = "Charles Kingsley",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "London and New York, Constable and Barnes \& Noble",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Colloms, B., 1975, Charles Kingsley: London and New York, Constable and Barnes \& Noble.}"
}

@misc{bethell1976darwins6,
    author = "Bethell, T",
    title = "Darwin's Mistake",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Harper's",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bethell, T., 1976, Darwin's Mistake: Harper's.}"
}

@misc{gould1977ever26,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Ever Since Darwin",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Reflections in Natural History: New York, W.W. Norton \& Co., 285 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1977, Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History: New York, W.W. Norton \& Co., 285 p.}"
}

@book{gillespie1979charles25,
    author = "Gillespie, N. C",
    title = "Charles Darwin and the Problem of Creation",
    year = "1979",
    publisher = "Chicago, Illinois, University of Chicago Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gillespie, N. C., 1979, Charles Darwin and the Problem of Creation: Chicago, Illinois, University of Chicago Press.}"
}

@book{keynes1979the36,
    author = "Keynes, R. D",
    title = "The Beagle Record",
    year = "1979",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Cambridge University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Keynes, R. D., 1979, The Beagle Record: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.}"
}

@book{moore1979the49,
    author = "Moore, J. R",
    title = "The Post-Darwinian Controversies",
    year = "1979",
    publisher = "A Study of the Protestant Struggle to come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870- 1900: Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moore, J. R., 1979, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870- 1900: Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press.}"
}

@techreport{raup1979conflicts54,
    author = "Raup, D. M",
    title = "Conflicts between Darwin and Paleontology",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the Field Museum of Natural History, v. 50, p. 22-29; Chicago",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Raup, D. M., 1979, Conflicts between Darwin and Paleontology: Bulletin of the Field Museum of Natural History, v. 50, p. 22-29; Chicago.}"
}

@book{ruse1979the55,
    author = "Ruse, M",
    title = "The Darwinian Revolution",
    year = "1979",
    publisher = "Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Chicago, Ill, University of Chicago Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ruse, M., 1979, The Darwinian Revolution: Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Chicago, Ill, University of Chicago Press.}"
}

@misc{brackman1980a7,
    author = "Brackman, A. C",
    title = "A Delicate Arrangement",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "The Strange Case of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace: New York, Times Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brackman, A. C., 1980, A Delicate Arrangement: The Strange Case of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace: New York, Times Books.}"
}

@misc{brent1981charles8,
    author = "Brent, P",
    title = "Charles Darwin",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "A Man of Enlarged Curiosity: New York, Harper and Row",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brent, P., 1981, Charles Darwin: A Man of Enlarged Curiosity: New York, Harper and Row.}"
}

@book{gillespie1981charles24,
    author = "Gillespie, C. S",
    title = "Charles Darwin and the Problem of Creation",
    year = "1981",
    publisher = "Chicago, Illinois, University of Chicago Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gillespie, C. S., 1981, Charles Darwin and the Problem of Creation: Chicago, Illinois, University of Chicago Press.}"
}

@book{ospovat1981the52,
    author = "Ospovat, D",
    title = "The Development of Darwin's Theory",
    year = "1981",
    publisher = "Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural Selection, 1838-1859: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ospovat, D., 1981, The Development of Darwin's Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural Selection, 1838-1859: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.}"
}

@misc{ruse1981darwinism56,
    author = "Ruse, M",
    title = "Darwinism Defended",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Dordrecht, Reidel",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ruse, M., 1981, Darwinism Defended: Dordrecht, Reidel.}"
}

@article{doi101007bf00132004,
    author = "Sulloway, Frank J.",
    title = "Darwin and his finches: The evolution of a legend",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00132004",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00132004",
    openalex = "W2020068972",
    references = "doi101007bf00133143, doi10106313050879, doi1023071421785, doi1023071868881, doi1023072217783, doi1023072412932, doi105962bhltitle4489, doi105962bhltitle50683, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303, openalexw1973833797, openalexw645218623"
}

@misc{flew1982darwin22,
    author = "Flew, A",
    title = "Darwin, Evolution and Creationism",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Free Inquiry, v. 2, no. 3, p. 46-49",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Flew, A., 1982, Darwin, Evolution and Creationism: Free Inquiry, v. 2, no. 3, p. 46-49.}"
}

@misc{gould1982darwinism27,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Darwinism and the expansion of evolutionary theory",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 216, p. 380-387",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1982, Darwinism and the expansion of evolutionary theory: Science, v. 216, p. 380-387.}"
}

@misc{ruse1982darwinism57,
    author = "Ruse, M",
    title = "Darwinism Defended",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "A Guide to the Evolution Controversies: Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ruse, M., 1982, Darwinism Defended: A Guide to the Evolution Controversies: Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley.}"
}

@misc{stebbins1982darwin60,
    author = "Stebbins, C. L",
    title = "Darwin to DNA, Molecules to Humanity",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "San Francisco, W.H. Freeman",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stebbins, C. L., 1982, Darwin to DNA, Molecules to Humanity: San Francisco, W.H. Freeman.}"
}

@misc{stebbins1982darwin61,
    author = "Stebbins, G. L",
    title = "Darwin to DNA, Molecules to Humanity",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 491 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stebbins, G. L., 1982, Darwin to DNA, Molecules to Humanity: San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 491 p.}"
}

@article{sulloway1982darwin62,
    author = "Sulloway, F",
    title = "Darwin and his finches",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "the evolution of a legend: Journal of Historical Biology, v. 15, p. 1-53",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sulloway, F., 1982, Darwin and his finches: the evolution of a legend: Journal of Historical Biology, v. 15, p. 1-53.}"
}

@misc{gould1983hens28,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "New York, W.W. Norton \& Co., 413 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1983, Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes: New York, W.W. Norton \& Co., 413 p.}"
}

@book{mayr1983darwin45,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "Darwin, Intellectual Revolutionary, in Bendall, D. S., ed., Evolution from Molecules to Man",
    year = "1983",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Mass., Cambridge University Press, p. 23-41",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1983, Darwin, Intellectual Revolutionary, in Bendall, D. S., ed., Evolution from Molecules to Man: Cambridge, Mass., Cambridge University Press, p. 23-41.}"
}

@book{wilson1983did63,
    author = "Wilson, D. B",
    title = "Did the Devil Make Darwin Do It? Modern Perspectives on the Creation-Evolution Controversy",
    year = "1983",
    publisher = "Ames, Iowa, Iowa University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wilson, D. B., 1983, Did the Devil Make Darwin Do It? Modern Perspectives on the Creation-Evolution Controversy: Ames, Iowa, Iowa University Press.}"
}

@book{brooks1984just9,
    author = "Brooks, J. L",
    title = "Just Before the Origin",
    year = "1984",
    publisher = "Alfred Russel Wallace's Theory of Evolution: New York, Columbia University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brooks, J. L., 1984, Just Before the Origin: Alfred Russel Wallace's Theory of Evolution: New York, Columbia University Press.}"
}

@misc{clark1984the10,
    author = "Clark, R. W",
    title = "The Survival of Charles Darwin",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "A Biography of Man and Idea: London, Weidenfield and Nicholson",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Clark, R. W., 1984, The Survival of Charles Darwin: A Biography of Man and Idea: London, Weidenfield and Nicholson.}"
}

@article{doi101086284196,
    author = "Schluter, Dolph and Grant, Peter R.",
    title = "Determinants of Morphological Patterns in Communities of Darwin's Finches",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "The American Naturalist",
    abstract = "A procedure is developed and applied to evaluate alternative explanations for morphological patterns in communities of Darwin's ground finches. The first step in the procedure is the computation of expected population density for a hypothetical solitary finch species on an island, as a function of beak depth. This was done for 15 Galapagos islands where food characteristics have been measured. The second step involves construction of hypothetical finch communities for these islands using five different models. Models differ in the extent to which processes of assembly and/or evolution favor species of high expected density, and in the extent to which interspecific competition influences these processes. By comparing predictions of models to actual communities, the roles of food supply and competition could be assessed. Results reveal that expected density is usually a polymodal function of beak depth. Islands differ substantially in the shapes of their density functions. Mean beak sizes of species actually present on each island correspond to local maxima in expected density. However, two species never occupy the same or closely adjacent local maxima. Simple models incorporating the effects of both food supply and interspecific competition on assembly/evolution are shown to accurately predict observed morphological patterns. The results support the hypothesis that both food supply and interspecific competition have determined morphological properties in communities of these finches.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/284196",
    doi = "10.1086/284196",
    openalex = "W2015341730",
    references = "doi10100797814899732526, doi101007bf00132004, doi101016004058097690054x, doi101093auk972321, doi101111j155856461976tb00911x, doi1023071937166, doi1023072288753, doi1023072405671, doi1023072984653, openalexw1973833797"
}

@incollection{doi101016b9780127817804500082,
    author = "Montgomery, William",
    title = "Charles Darwin's Thought on Expressive Mechanisms in Evolution",
    year = "1985",
    booktitle = "Elsevier eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-781780-4.50008-2",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-12-781780-4.50008-2",
    openalex = "W2895830950",
    references = "doi101007bf00133143"
}

@misc{eldredge1985time20,
    author = "Eldredge, N",
    title = "Time Frames",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibria: New York, Simon and Schuster",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eldredge, N., 1985, Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibria: New York, Simon and Schuster.}"
}

@book{kohn1985the37,
    author = "Kohn, D",
    title = "The Darwinian Heritage",
    year = "1985",
    publisher = "Princeton, Princeton University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kohn, D., 1985, The Darwinian Heritage: Princeton, Princeton University Press.}"
}

@book{speilberg1985seven59,
    author = "Speilberg, N. and Anderson, B. D",
    title = "Seven Ideas that Shook the World",
    year = "1985",
    publisher = "New York, John Wiley and Sons",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Speilberg, N., and Anderson, B. D., 1985, Seven Ideas that Shook the World: New York, John Wiley and Sons.}"
}

@misc{ruse1986taking58,
    author = "Ruse, M",
    title = "Taking Darwin Seriously",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy: Oxford, Basil Blackwell",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ruse, M., 1986, Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy: Oxford, Basil Blackwell.}"
}

@misc{gould1987darwinism29,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Darwinism Defined",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "The Difference Between Fact and Theory: Discover, v. 8, p. 64-70",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1987, Darwinism Defined: The Difference Between Fact and Theory: Discover, v. 8, p. 64-70.}"
}

@article{beddall1988darwin5,
    author = "Beddall, B. G",
    title = "Darwin and divergence",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "the Wallace connection: Journal of Historical Biology, v. 21, p. 1-68",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Beddall, B. G., 1988, Darwin and divergence: the Wallace connection: Journal of Historical Biology, v. 21, p. 1-68.}"
}

@article{doi1023074785,
    author = "Snow, D. W. and Grant, Peter R.",
    title = "Ecology and Evolution of Darwin's Finches",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Journal of Animal Ecology",
    abstract = "After his famous visit to the Galapagos Islands, Darwin speculated that might fancy that, from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different ends. This book is the classic account of how much we have since learned about the evolution of these remarkable birds. Based upon over a decade's research, Grant shows how interspecific competition and natural selection act strongly enough on contemporary populations to produce observable and measurable evolutionary change. In this new edition, Grant outlines new discoveries made in the thirteen years since the book's publication. Ecology and Evolution of Darwin's Finches is an extraordinary account of evolution in action.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/4785",
    doi = "10.2307/4785",
    openalex = "W2005862991"
}

@misc{fox1988the23,
    author = "Fox, S. W",
    title = "The Emergence of Life",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Darwinian Evolution from the Inside: New York, Basic Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fox, S. W., 1988, The Emergence of Life: Darwinian Evolution from the Inside: New York, Basic Books.}"
}

@misc{maynardsmith1988did42,
    author = "Maynard Smith, J",
    title = "Did Darwin Get It Right? Essays on Games, Sex and Evolution",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "New York, Chapman and Hall",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Maynard Smith, J., 1988, Did Darwin Get It Right? Essays on Games, Sex and Evolution: New York, Chapman and Hall.}"
}

@article{doi101017s0007087400026005,
    author = "Kohn, David H.",
    title = "Darwin's Ambiguity: The Secularization of Biological Meaning",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "The British Journal for the History of Science",
    abstract = "Darwin is well known for his wondrously ambiguous rhetoric. The author who used an ‘entangled bank’ as his metaphor for Nature and its complex relationships built up the substance of his text from a corresponding entanglement of unresolved theoretical relations. Ambiguous positions, arguments that seem to fold in on themselves, vacillations, contradictions, and pluralities of explanation suffuse Darwin's science and its constituent metascience. The Origin abounds in ambiguities with regard to the technical features of evolutionary biology. But the domain of ambiguity I wish to address is Darwin's metaphysical stance. I want to approach the question of Darwin and secularization through what might be called the trope of ambiguity. My principle concern is with the origins of that ambiguity. These lie in the conflicting cultural and ideological resources Darwin used to construct the theory of natural selection.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400026005",
    doi = "10.1017/s0007087400026005",
    openalex = "W2134431578",
    references = "darwin2009the, doi101007bf00125354, doi101007bf00125744, doi101007bf00133143, doi101017cbo9780511755101, doi101017cbo9781107280403, doi10103711845000, doi101177007327538202000301, doi1023071857970, doi102307429625, doi105962bhltitle46292, doi105962bhltitle68064, doi107208chicago97802261495160010001"
}

@article{doi101017s0140525x00081061,
    author = "Pinker, Steven and Bloom, Paul",
    title = "Natural language and natural selection",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Behavioral and Brain Sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract Many people have argued that the evolution of the human language faculty cannot be explained by Darwinian natural selection. Chomsky and Gould have suggested that language may have evolved as the by-product of selection for other abilities or as a consequence of as-yet unknown laws of growth and form. Others have argued that a biological specialization for grammar is incompatible with every tenet of Darwinian theory – that it shows no genetic variation, could not exist in any intermediate forms, confers no selective advantage, and would require more evolutionary time and genomic space than is available. We examine these arguments and show that they depend on inaccurate assumptions about biology or language or both. Evolutionary theory offers clear criteria for when a trait should be attributed to natural selection: complex design for some function, and the absence of alternative processes capable of explaining such complexity. Human language meets these criteria: Grammar is a complex mechanism tailored to the transmission of propositional structures through a serial interface. Autonomous and arbitrary grammatical phenomena have been offered as counterexamples to the position that language is an adaptation, but this reasoning is unsound: Communication protocols depend on arbitrary conventions that are adaptive as long as they are shared. Consequently, language acquisition in the child should systematically differ from language evolution in the species, and attempts to analogize them are misleading. Reviewing other arguments and data, we conclude that there is every reason to believe that a specialization for grammar evolved by a conventional neo-Darwinian process.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00081061",
    doi = "10.1017/s0140525x00081061",
    openalex = "W2162471372",
    references = "caplan1983morality, doi1010160010027789900231, doi1010160022283668903926, doi1010160022519364900384, doi1010160162309589900137, doi101016s109051380100068x, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101017s0094837300005224, doi101017s0140525x00047695, doi101017s0305004100015644, doi101038369716c0, doi101086276408, doi101086284064, doi101086406755, doi101098rspb19790086, doi101126science1090005, doi101126science6107993, doi101126science7455683, doi101126science7466396, doi101126science860134, doi101159000156428, doi1015159783110884166, doi1023071423235, doi1023072103745, doi1023072260026, doi1023072803365, doi1023073037993, doi102307414947, doi104159harvard9780674184404, doi105962bhltitle27468, doi107208chicago97802263088830010001, falk1983cerebral, openalexw1577806554, openalexw2171582839, openalexw2624262714, openalexw3038830718, openalexw3135630760"
}

@article{doi101073pnas87124576,
    author = "Woese, C R and Kandler, O. and Wheelis, Mark L.",
    title = "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = {Molecular structures and sequences are generally more revealing of evolutionary relationships than are classical phenotypes (particularly so among microorganisms). Consequently, the basis for the definition of taxa has progressively shifted from the organismal to the cellular to the molecular level. Molecular comparisons show that life on this planet divides into three primary groupings, commonly known as the eubacteria, the archaebacteria, and the eukaryotes. The three are very dissimilar, the differences that separate them being of a more profound nature than the differences that separate typical kingdoms, such as animals and plants. Unfortunately, neither of the conventionally accepted views of the natural relationships among living systems--i.e., the five-kingdom taxonomy or the eukaryote-prokaryote dichotomy--reflects this primary tripartite division of the living world. To remedy this situation we propose that a formal system of organisms be established in which above the level of kingdom there exists a new taxon called a "domain." Life on this planet would then be seen as comprising three domains, the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eucarya, each containing two or more kingdoms. (The Eucarya, for example, contain Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and a number of others yet to be defined). Although taxonomic structure within the Bacteria and Eucarya is not treated herein, Archaea is formally subdivided into the two kingdoms Euryarchaeota (encompassing the methanogens and their phenotypically diverse relatives) and Crenarchaeota (comprising the relatively tight clustering of extremely thermophilic archaebacteria, whose general phenotype appears to resemble most the ancestral phenotype of the Archaea.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576",
    openalex = "W2166865790",
    references = "doi101007bf00425185, doi101007bf01796132, doi1010160303264778900230, doi101016s0079660308603487, doi101073pnas74115088, doi101073pnas86239355, doi101086402733, doi101126science202030, doi101126science6771870, doi101128mr5111351771987, doi101128mr5122212711987"
}

@book{openalexw179752181,
    author = "Moore, James and Desmond, Adrian",
    title = "Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist",
    year = "1991",
    openalex = "W179752181"
}

@article{doi101093icb36136,
    author = "Wagner, Günter P.",
    title = "Homologues, Natural Kinds and the Evolution of Modularity",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "American Zoologist",
    abstract = ": The fact that phenotypic evolution can be studied on a character by character basis suggests that the body is composed of locally integrated units. These units can be considered as modular parts of the body which integrate functionally related characters into units of evolutionary transformation. These units may either emerge spontaneously by self-organization, or may be the product of natural selection. A selection scenario that could explain the origin of modular units needs to explain the differential suppression of pleiotropic effects between different modules and the augmentation of pleiotropic effects among the elements within the module. Four scenarios are discussed: selection for adaptation rate, constructional selection, stabilizing selection and a combination of directional and stabilizing selection. It is concluded that a combination of directional and stabilizing selection is a prevalent mode of selection and a likely explain for the evolution of modularity. 1 Introduct...",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/36.1.36",
    doi = "10.1093/icb/36.1.36",
    openalex = "W2123257600"
}

@article{doi105860choice341536,
    title = "The shape of life: genes, development, and the evolution of animal form",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "In the book, Embryos, Genes, and Evolution, Raff and co-author Thomas Kaufman proposed a synthesis of developmental and evolutionary biology. In The Shape of Life, Raff analyzes the rise of this experimental discipline and lays out research questions, hypotheses and approaches to guide its development. Raff uses the evolution of animal body plans to exemplify the interplay between developmental mechanisms and evolutionary patterns. Animal body plans emerged half a billion years ago. Evolution within these body plans during this span of time has resulted in the tremendous diversity of living animal forms. Raff argues for an integrated approach to the study of the intertwined roles of development and evolution involving phylogenetic, comparative and functional biology. This synthesis should interest not only scientists working in these areas, but also paleontologists, zoologists, morphologists, molecular biologists and geneticists.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.34-1536",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.34-1536",
    openalex = "W1493346936"
}

@article{bizzo1997charles,
    author = "Bizzo, Nélio",
    title = "Charles Darwin e o mundo acadêmico- I aproximações baconianas, ontem e hoje",
    year = "1997",
    publisher = "Zenodo",
    abstract = "<strong>Resumo:</strong> O trabalho que Charles Darwin desenvolveu durante toda a vida é comentado a partir de uma perspectiva baconiana, tomando dois destacados pesquisadores dedicados à história da biologia. A obra de Emanuel Radl <em>Geschichte der biologischen Theorien</em> publicada originalmente entre 1905 e 1909 é analisada, da mesma forma que os principais trabalhos de Ernst Mayr, celebrado acadêmico que se dedica ao estudo do darwinismo. Este artigo tenta mostrar como é possível que uma mesma orientação filosófica possa dar origem a relatos diferentes a respeito das teorias e idéas darwinistas. É possível encontrar divergências com relação a aspectos lógicos e históricos, tais como a orientação política da teoria, sua relação com o contexto social e sua concordância com a herança das características adquiridas. <strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>Darwin; darwinismo; evolução; seleção natural. <strong>Charles Darwin and the Academic World: The Baconian Approaches in the Past and Nowadays</strong> <strong>Abstract</strong>: Charles Darwin's life-long work is commented from a baconian perspective, taking into account two major historians of biology. Emanuel Radl's <em>Geschichte der biologischen Theorien</em>, originally published between 1905- 1909, is analysed, as well as the major works of Ernst Mayr, a celebrated Darwin scholar. This article is aimed at showing how the same philosophical orientation can give rise to two different accounts of Darwinian theories and ideas. There may be divergence on logical and historical grounds, such as the political orientation of the theory, its relation to the social context, and its agreement with the inheritance of acquired characters. <strong>Keywords</strong>: Darwin; Darwinism; evolution; natural selection.",
    url = "https://zenodo.org/record/6476364",
    doi = "10.5281/zenodo.6476364"
}

@article{doi105860choice415285,
    title = "Life's solution: inevitable humans in a lonely universe",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "The Cambridge Sandwich 1. Looking for Easter Island 2. Can we break the great code? 3. Universal Goo: life as a cosmic principle? 4. The origin of life: straining the soup or our credulity? 5. Uniquely lucky? The strangeness of Earth 6. Converging on the extreme 7. Seeing convergence 8. Alien convergences? 9. The non-prevalence of humanoids? 10. Evolution bound: the ubiquity of convergence 11. Towards a theology of evolution 12. Last word.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-5285",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.41-5285",
    openalex = "W1606584452"
}

@book{doi1015159781400820108,
    author = "Williams, George C.",
    title = "Adaptation and Natural Selection",
    year = "2008",
    booktitle = "Princeton University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Biological evolution is a fact--but the many conflicting theories of evolution remain controversial even today. In 1966, simple Darwinism, which holds that evolution functions primarily at the level of the individual organism, was threatened by opposing concepts such as group selection, a popular idea stating that evolution acts to select entire species rather than individuals. George Williams's famous argument in favor of the Darwinists struck a powerful blow to those in opposing camps. His Adaptation and Natural Selection, now a classic of science literature, is a thorough and convincing essay in defense of Darwinism; its suggestions for developing effective principles for dealing with the evolution debate and its relevance to many fields outside biology ensure the timelessness of this critical work.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400820108",
    doi = "10.1515/9781400820108",
    openalex = "W2020289104"
}

@misc{darwin2009the,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin",
    year = "2009",
    abstract = "This book, the first of three-volumes detailing the life of Charles Darwin, published five years after his death, was edited by his son Francis, who was his father's collaborator in experiments in botany and who after his death took on the responsibility of overseeing the publication of his remaining manuscript works and letters. In the preface to the first volume, Francis Darwin explains his editorial principles: 'In choosing letters for publication I have been largely guided by the wish to illustrate my father's personal character. But his life was so essentially one of work, that a history of the man could not be written without following closely the career of the author.' Among the family history, anecdotes and reminiscences of scientific colleagues is a short autobiographical essay which Charles Darwin wrote for his children and grandchildren, rather than for publication. This account of Darwin the man has never been bettered.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511702884",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511702884",
    openalex = "W2159440094"
}

@article{doi101002tax581007,
    author = "Winsor, Mary P.",
    title = "Taxonomy was the foundation of Darwin's evolution",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Taxon",
    abstract = {Abstract Darwin's belief in branching evolution was based upon his familiarity with the taxonomy of his day. Facts from biogeography, embryology, and paleontology acquired deep significance because biologists had come to believe that natural classification expressed real relationships. Although Charles Darwin's presentation of his theory in the Origin of Species, as well as descriptions of Darwinism after the Modern Synthesis of the 1940s, imply that establishing the causal role of natural selection was essential to proving that evolution has occurred, this is contradicted by Darwin's personal experience and by his own words. It is helpful to compare the history and logical structure of Darwin's revolutionary theory to the Copernican Revolution, for the moving Earth was recognized long before Newton identified causes to explain its motion. Copernicus saw that fixing the Sun as the center of planetary motion explained the appearance of the heavens better than the Ptolemaic system did, and Darwin saw that branching evolution explains the "truly wonderful fact" that a hierarchy of nested groups appears natural.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.581007",
    doi = "10.1002/tax.581007",
    openalex = "W2399927024",
    references = "doi101007bf00133143, doi101007bf01734359, doi1010160006320792912013, doi101038369716c0, doi101086284325, doi101093oso97801985464120010001, doi101093sysbio274401, doi101146annureven10010165000525, doi1023072412923, doi105860choice396411"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511576799,
    author = "van Wyhe, John",
    title = "Charles Darwin's Shorter Publications, 1829–1883",
    year = "2009",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Charles Darwin's words first appeared in print as a student at Christ's College, Cambridge in 1829, and in almost every subsequent year of his life he published essays, articles, letters to editors, or other brief works. These shorter publications contain a wealth of valuable material. They represent an important part of the Darwin visible to the Victorian public, alongside his ever present sense of humour, and reveal an even wider variety of his scientific interests and abilities, which continued to his final days. This book brings together all known shorter publications and printed items Darwin wrote during his lifetime, including his first and his last publications, and the first publication, with A. R. Wallace, of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. With over seventy newly discovered items, the book is fully edited and annotated, and contains original illustrations and a comprehensive bibliography.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511576799",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511576799",
    openalex = "W2016657242",
    references = "doi101007s1033600400438, doi1010160039368174900247, openalexw1501278615"
}

@article{doi101073pnas0901404106,
    author = "Ayala, Francisco J.",
    title = "Darwin and the scientific method",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = {There is a contradiction between Darwin's methodology and how he described it for public consumption. Darwin claimed that he proceeded "on true Baconian [inductive] principles and without any theory collected facts on a wholesale scale." He also wrote, "How odd it is that anyone should not see that all observation must be for or against some view if it is to be of any service!" The scientific method includes 2 episodes. The first consists of formulating hypotheses; the second consists of experimentally testing them. What differentiates science from other knowledge is the second episode: subjecting hypotheses to empirical testing by observing whether or not predictions derived from a hypothesis are the case in relevant observations and experiments. A hypothesis is scientific only if it is consistent with some but not other possible states of affairs not yet observed, so that it is subject to the possibility of falsification by reference to experience. Darwin occupies an exalted place in the history of Western thought, deservedly receiving credit for the theory of evolution. In The Origin of Species, he laid out the evidence demonstrating the evolution of organisms. More important yet is that he discovered natural selection, the process that accounts for the adaptations of organisms and their complexity and diversification. Natural selection and other causal processes of evolution are investigated by formulating and testing hypotheses. Darwin advanced hypotheses in multiple fields, including geology, plant morphology and physiology, psychology, and evolution, and subjected them to severe empirical tests.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901404106",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.0901404106",
    openalex = "W2047214198",
    references = "doi1010382261209a0, doi1010382261211a0, doi1023071447682, doi1023072106169, doi1023072218271, doi1023072551371, doi10432497802030907329, doi105962bhltitle2092, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303, hindle1964charles, penrose1958the"
}

@article{doi101098rsbl20090778,
    author = "Hoeck, Paquita E. A. and Beaumont, Mark and James, Karen E. and Grant, Rosemary B. and Grant, Peter R. and Keller, Lukas F.",
    title = "Saving Darwin's muse: evolutionary genetics for the recovery of the Floreana mockingbird",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "The distribution of mockingbird species among the Galápagos Islands prompted Charles Darwin to question, for the first time in writing, the 'stability of species'. Some 50 years after Darwin's visit, however, the endemic Floreana mockingbird (Mimus trifasciatus) had become extinct on Floreana Island and, today, only two small populations survive on two satellite islets. As Darwin noted, rarity often precedes extinction. To avert extinction, plans are being developed to reintroduce M. trifasciatus to Floreana. Here, we integrate evolutionary thinking and conservation practice using coalescent analyses and genetic data from contemporary and museum samples, including two collected by Darwin and Robert Fitzroy on Floreana in 1835. Our microsatellite results show substantial differentiation between the two extant populations, but our coalescence-based modelling does not indicate long, independent evolutionary histories. One of the populations is highly inbred, but both harbour unique alleles present on Floreana in 1835, suggesting that birds from both islets should be used to establish a single, mixed population on Floreana. Thus, Darwin's mockingbird specimens not only revealed to him a level of variation that suggested speciation following geographical isolation but also, more than 170 years later, return important information to their place of origin for the conservation of their conspecifics.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0778",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2009.0778",
    openalex = "W2146887266",
    references = "doi101007s1033600400438"
}

@article{doi10118617456150442,
    author = "Koonin, Eugene V. and Wolf, Yuri I.",
    title = "Is evolution Darwinian or/and Lamarckian?",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Biology Direct",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: The year 2009 is the 200th anniversary of the publication of Jean-Bapteste Lamarck's Philosophie Zoologique and the 150th anniversary of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Lamarck believed that evolution is driven primarily by non-randomly acquired, beneficial phenotypic changes, in particular, those directly affected by the use of organs, which Lamarck believed to be inheritable. In contrast, Darwin assigned a greater importance to random, undirected change that provided material for natural selection. THE CONCEPT: The classic Lamarckian scheme appears untenable owing to the non-existence of mechanisms for direct reverse engineering of adaptive phenotypic characters acquired by an individual during its life span into the genome. However, various evolutionary phenomena that came to fore in the last few years, seem to fit a more broadly interpreted (quasi)Lamarckian paradigm. The prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas system of defense against mobile elements seems to function via a bona fide Lamarckian mechanism, namely, by integrating small segments of viral or plasmid DNA into specific loci in the host prokaryote genome and then utilizing the respective transcripts to destroy the cognate mobile element DNA (or RNA). A similar principle seems to be employed in the piRNA branch of RNA interference which is involved in defense against transposable elements in the animal germ line. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), a dominant evolutionary process, at least, in prokaryotes, appears to be a form of (quasi)Lamarckian inheritance. The rate of HGT and the nature of acquired genes depend on the environment of the recipient organism and, in some cases, the transferred genes confer a selective advantage for growth in that environment, meeting the Lamarckian criteria. Various forms of stress-induced mutagenesis are tightly regulated and comprise a universal adaptive response to environmental stress in cellular life forms. Stress-induced mutagenesis can be construed as a quasi-Lamarckian phenomenon because the induced genomic changes, although random, are triggered by environmental factors and are beneficial to the organism. CONCLUSION: Both Darwinian and Lamarckian modalities of evolution appear to be important, and reflect different aspects of the interaction between populations and the environment.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6150-4-42",
    doi = "10.1186/1745-6150-4-42",
    openalex = "W2159322112",
    references = "doi101007s0023900400463, doi101016jcell200901035, doi101016jcell200901046, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101038227561a0, doi101126science1138140, doi101126science1159689, doi101126science15739260, doi1023071852361, doi105860choice396411, openalexw2624262714"
}

@article{doi10118617456150632,
    author = "O’Malley, Maureen A. and Koonin, Eugene V.",
    title = "How stands the Tree of Life a century and a half after The Origin?",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Biology Direct",
    abstract = {We examine the Tree of Life (TOL) as an evolutionary hypothesis and a heuristic. The original TOL hypothesis has failed but a new "statistical TOL hypothesis" is promising. The TOL heuristic usefully organizes data without positing fundamental evolutionary truth.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6150-6-32",
    doi = "10.1186/1745-6150-6-32",
    openalex = "W2123233911",
    references = "doi101073pnas0901404106"
}

@article{doi1011861759220821,
    author = "Pross, Addy",
    title = "Toward a general theory of evolution: Extending Darwinian theory to inanimate matter",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Journal of Systems Chemistry",
    abstract = "Though Darwinian theory dramatically revolutionized biological understanding, its strictly biological focus has resulted in a widening conceptual gulf between the biological and physical sciences. In this paper we strive to extend and reformulate Darwinian theory in physicochemical terms so it can accommodate both animate and inanimate systems, thereby helping to bridge this scientific divide. The extended formulation is based on the recently proposed concept of dynamic kinetic stability and data from the newly emerging area of systems chemistry. The analysis leads us to conclude that abiogenesis and evolution, rather than manifesting two discrete stages in the emergence of complex life, actually constitute one single physicochemical process. Based on that proposed unification, the extended theory offers some additional insights into life's unique characteristics, as well as added means for addressing the three central questions of biology: what is life, how did it emerge, and how would one make it?",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/1759-2208-2-1",
    doi = "10.1186/1759-2208-2-1",
    openalex = "W2128762442",
    references = "doi101007bf00132004, doi101007bf00450633, doi101126science13134091292, doi101146annurevbiochem671425, doi1023074444260, doi105962bhltitle27468, openalexw1548554945, openalexw1556913189, openalexw1759691579, openalexw2040525210, openalexw2074397232"
}

@article{doi103389fmicb201200001,
    author = "Martínez, José Luis",
    title = "Natural Antibiotic Resistance and Contamination by Antibiotic Resistance Determinants: The Two Ages in the Evolution of Resistance to Antimicrobials",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Frontiers in Microbiology",
    abstract = "Work in our laboratory is supported by grants BIO2008-00090 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and KBBE-227258 (BIOHYPO), HEALTH-F3-2011-282004 (EVOTAR), and HEALTH-F3-2010-241476 (PAR) from European Union.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00001",
    doi = "10.3389/fmicb.2012.00001",
    openalex = "W2026352429",
    references = "doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101128mmbr0001610, doi103929ethzb000667478"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511895555,
    author = "Capra, Fritjof and Luisi, Pier Luigi",
    title = "The Systems View of Life",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Over the past thirty years, a new systemic conception of life has emerged at the forefront of science. New emphasis has been given to complexity, networks, and patterns of organisation leading to a novel kind of 'systemic' thinking. This volume integrates the ideas, models, and theories underlying the systems view of life into a single coherent framework. Taking a broad sweep through history and across scientific disciplines, the authors examine the appearance of key concepts such as autopoiesis, dissipative structures, social networks, and a systemic understanding of evolution. The implications of the systems view of life for health care, management, and our global ecological and economic crises are also discussed. Written primarily for undergraduates, it is also essential reading for graduate students and researchers interested in understanding the new systemic conception of life and its implications for a broad range of professions - from economics and politics to medicine, psychology and law.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511895555",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511895555",
    openalex = "W654350894",
    references = "crossref2007scientists, doi1010161074552195900314, doi101016b9780750610490500095, doi101038416076a, doi101038nature08013, doi10106312820190, doi10106313050879, doi101111j155856461971tb01930x, doi10111911987158, doi101126science1173046528, doi101126science1185383, doi101126science2605108640, doi101126science7466396, doi1015159783110848281, doi101537ase188722495, doi1023072981858, doi104324978020382643011, doi104324978100306096359, doi105860choice396411, doi105962bhltitle27468, doi107208chicago97802264709930010001, doi107551mitpress97802625136780010001, miller1953a, openalexw1557693421, openalexw1882072473, openalexw1996657273, openalexw2492572670, openalexw2624262714"
}

@article{doi105860choice185702,
    author = "Blackwell, Aaron D",
    title = "Evolution in four dimensions: genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic variation in the history of life",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Ideas about heredity and evolution are undergoing a revolutionary change. New findings in molecular biology challenge gene-centered version of Darwinian theory according to which adaptation occurs only through natural selection of chance DNA variations. In Evolution in Four Dimensions, Eva Jablonka and Marion Lamb argue that there is more to heredity than genes. They trace four dimensions in evolution -- four inheritance systems that play a role in evolution: genetic, epigenetic (or non-DNA cellular transmission of traits), behavioral, and symbolic (transmission through language and other forms of symbolic communication). These systems, they argue, can all provide variations on which natural selection can act. Evolution in Four Dimensions offers a richer, more complex view of evolution than gene-based, one-dimensional view held by many today. The new synthesis advanced by Jablonka and Lamb makes clear that induced and acquired changes also play a role in evolution. After discussing each of four inheritance systems in detail, Jablonka and Lamb put Humpty Dumpty together again by showing how all of these systems interact. They consider how each may have originated and guided evolutionary history and they discuss social and philosophical implications of four-dimensional view of evolution. Each chapter ends with a dialogue in which authors engage contrarieties of fictional (and skeptical) I.M., or Ifcha Mistabra -- Aramaic for the opposite conjecture -- refining their arguments against I.M.'s vigorous counterarguments. The lucid and accessible text is accompanied by artist-physician Anna Zeligowski's lively drawings, which humorously and effectively illustrate authors' points.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.185702",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.185702",
    openalex = "W1571255846"
}

@article{doi101038nmicrobiol201648,
    author = "Hug, Laura and Baker, Brett J. and Anantharaman, Karthik and Brown, Christopher T. and Probst, Alexander J. and Castelle, Cindy J. and Butterfield, Cristina N. and Hernsdorf, Alex W and Amano, Yuki and Ise, Kotaro and Suzuki, Yohey and Dudek, Natasha K. and Relman, David A. and Finstad, Kari and Amundson, Ronald and Thomas, Brian C. and Banfield, Jillian F.",
    title = "A new view of the tree of life",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Nature Microbiology",
    abstract = "The tree of life is one of the most important organizing principles in biology(1). Gene surveys suggest the existence of an enormous number of branches(2), but even an approximation of the full scale of the tree has remained elusive. Recent depictions of the tree of life have focused either on the nature of deep evolutionary relationships(3-5) or on the known, well-classified diversity of life with an emphasis on eukaryotes(6). These approaches overlook the dramatic change in our understanding of life's diversity resulting from genomic sampling of previously unexamined environments. New methods to generate genome sequences illuminate the identity of organisms and their metabolic capacities, placing them in community and ecosystem contexts(7,8). Here, we use new genomic data from over 1,000 uncultivated and little known organisms, together with published sequences, to infer a dramatically expanded version of the tree of life, with Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya included. The depiction is both a global overview and a snapshot of the diversity within each major lineage. The results reveal the dominance of bacterial diversification and underline the importance of organisms lacking isolated representatives, with substantial evolution concentrated in a major radiation of such organisms. This tree highlights major lineages currently underrepresented in biogeochemical models and identifies radiations that are probably important for future evolutionary analyses.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.48",
    doi = "10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.48",
    openalex = "W2315521535",
    references = "doi101038nature12352, doi101038nature14447, doi101038nature14486, doi101038nrmicro3330, doi101073pnas82206955, doi101073pnas87124576, doi101093bioinformaticsbtl446, doi101093bioinformaticsbts252, doi101093nargkh340, doi101093nargkm864, doi101093nargks808, doi101109gce20105676129, doi101126science7542800"
}

@incollection{doi10100797833196912377,
    author = "Delisle, Richard G.",
    title = "From Charles Darwin to the Evolutionary Synthesis: Weak and Diffused Connections Only",
    year = "2017",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69123-7\_7",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-319-69123-7\_7",
    openalex = "W2777333355",
    references = "doi101177007327536500400102, doi101177007327538402200401"
}

@book{doi103366edinburgh97814744457880010001,
    author = "Jenkins, Bill",
    title = "Evolution Before Darwin",
    year = "2019",
    booktitle = "Edinburgh University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "It was long believed that evolutionary theories received an almost universally cold reception in British natural history circles in the first half of the nineteenth century. But recently serious doubt has been cast on this assumption. This book will be the first major study of what was the most important centre or pre-Darwinian evolutionary thought in the British Isles. It shows that Edinburgh in the late 1820s and early 1830s was witness to a veritable ferment of radical new ideas on the natural world, including speculation on the origin and evolution of life, at just the time when Charles Darwin was studying medicine in the city. Those who were students in Edinburgh at the time could have hardly avoided coming into contact with these new ideas, espoused as they were by many of professors, fellow students and acquaintances in Edinburgh. This book sheds new light on the genesis and development of one of the most important scientific theories in the history of western thought.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474445788.001.0001",
    doi = "10.3366/edinburgh/9781474445788.001.0001",
    openalex = "W4247341602"
}

@article{doi101007s40656021003769,
    author = "Portera, Mariagrazia and Mandrioli, Mauro",
    title = "Who's afraid of epigenetics? Habits, instincts, and Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "History \& Philosophy of the Life Sciences",
    abstract = "Our paper aims at bringing to the fore the crucial role that habits play in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection. We have organized the paper in two steps: first, we analyse value and functions of the concept of habit in Darwin's early works, notably in his Notebooks, and compare these views to his mature understanding of the concept in the Origin of Species and later works; second, we discuss Darwin's ideas on habits in the light of today's theories of epigenetic inheritance, which describe the way in which the functioning and expression of genes is modified by the environment, and how these modifications are transmitted over generations. We argue that Darwin's lasting and multifaceted interest in the notion of habit, throughout his intellectual life, is both conceptually and methodologically relevant. From a conceptual point of view, intriguing similarities can be found between Darwin's (early) conception of habit and contemporary views on epigenetic inheritance. From a methodological point of view, we suggest that Darwin's plastic approach to habits, from his early writings up to the mature works, can provide today's evolutionary scientists with a viable methodological model to address the challenging task of extending and expanding evolutionary theory, with particular reference to the integration of epigenetic mechanisms into existing models of evolutionary change. Over his entire life Darwin has modified and reassessed his views on habits as many times as required by evidence: his work on this notion may represent the paradigm of a habit of good scientific research methodology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-021-00376-9",
    doi = "10.1007/s40656-021-00376-9",
    openalex = "W3127041822",
    references = "doi101007s406560150090x, doi1010160022519364900384, doi1010160022519364900396, doi101017cbo9781139171434, doi101038nature05913, doi101038nn3594, doi101073pnas0806560105, doi101086288419, doi101146annurevneuro29051605112851, doi1015159781400847266, doi103366edinburgh97814744457880010001, doi105860choice185702"
}

@article{doi101007s4065602200485z,
    author = "Bradley, Ben",
    title = "Natural selection according to Darwin: cause or effect?",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "History \& Philosophy of the Life Sciences",
    abstract = "In the 1940s, the 'modern synthesis' (MS) of Darwinism and genetics cast genetic mutation and recombination as the source of variability from which environmental events naturally select the fittest, such 'natural selection' constituting the cause of evolution. Recent biology increasingly challenges this view by casting genes as followers and awarding the leading role in the genesis of adaptations to the agency and plasticity of developing phenotypes-making natural selection a consequence of other causal processes. Both views of natural selection claim to capture the core of Darwin's arguments in On the Origin of Species. Today, historians largely concur with the MS's reading of Origin as a book aimed to prove natural selection the cause (vera causa) of adaptive change. This paper finds the evidence for that conclusion wanting. I undertake to examine the context and meaning of all Darwin's known uses of the phrase vera causa, documenting in particular Darwin's resistance to the pressure to prove natural selection a vera causa in letters written early in 1860. His resistance underlines the logical dependence of natural selection, an unobservable phenomenon, on the causal processes producing the observable events captured by the laws of inheritance, variation, and the struggle for existence, established in Chapters 1-3 of Origin.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-022-00485-z",
    doi = "10.1007/s40656-022-00485-z",
    openalex = "W4223493992",
    references = "doi1010160039368174900247"
}

@article{doi101073pnas2115644119,
    author = "Stephan, Taylorlyn and Burgess, Shawn M. and Cheng, Hans and Danko, Charles G. and Gill, Clare A. and Jarvis, Erich D. and Koepfli, Klaus-Peter and Koltes, James E. and Lyons, Eric and Ronald, Pamela and Ryder, Oliver A. and Schriml, Lynn M. and Soltis, Pamela and VandeWoude, Sue and Zhou, Huaijun and Ostrander, Elaine A. and Karlsson, Elinor K.",
    title = "Darwinian genomics and diversity in the tree of life",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Genomics encompasses the entire tree of life, both extinct and extant, and the evolutionary processes that shape this diversity. To date, genomic research has focused on humans, a small number of agricultural species, and established laboratory models. Fewer than 18,000 of ∼2,000,000 eukaryotic species (<1\%) have a representative genome sequence in GenBank, and only a fraction of these have ancillary information on genome structure, genetic variation, gene expression, epigenetic modifications, and population diversity. This imbalance reflects a perception that human studies are paramount in disease research. Yet understanding how genomes work, and how genetic variation shapes phenotypes, requires a broad view that embraces the vast diversity of life. We have the technology to collect massive and exquisitely detailed datasets about the world, but expertise is siloed into distinct fields. A new approach, integrating comparative genomics with cell and evolutionary biology, ecology, archaeology, anthropology, and conservation biology, is essential for understanding and protecting ourselves and our world. Here, we describe potential for scientific discovery when comparative genomics works in close collaboration with a broad range of fields as well as the technical, scientific, and social constraints that must be addressed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115644119",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.2115644119",
    openalex = "W4206342341",
    references = "doi101007s1033600400438, doi107554elife29944"
}

@article{openalexw4206985195,
    author = "Stephan, Taylorlyn and Karlsson, Elinor K.",
    title = "Darwinian genomics and diversity in the tree of life",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association)",
    abstract = "Genomics encompasses the entire tree of life, both extinct and extant, and the evolutionary processes that shape this diversity. To date, genomic research has focused on humans, a small number of agricultural species, and established laboratory models. Fewer than 18,000 of approximately 2,000,000 eukaryotic species (< 1\%) have a representative genome sequence in GenBank, and only a fraction of these have ancillary information on genome structure, genetic variation, gene expression, epigenetic modifications, and population diversity. This imbalance reflects a perception that human studies are paramount in disease research. Yet understanding how genomes work, and how genetic variation shapes phenotypes, requires a broad view that embraces the vast diversity of life. We have the technology to collect massive and exquisitely detailed datasets about the world, but expertise is siloed into distinct fields. A new approach, integrating comparative genomics with cell and evolutionary biology, ecology, archaeology, anthropology, and conservation biology, is essential for understanding and protecting ourselves and our world. Here, we describe potential for scientific discovery when comparative genomics works in close collaboration with a broad range of fields as well as the technical, scientific, and social constraints that must be addressed.",
    openalex = "W4206985195",
    references = "doi101007s1033600400438"
}

@incollection{doi10100797830313102325,
    author = "Vergata, Antonello La",
    title = "“Struggle for Life” Versus Evolution",
    year = "2023",
    booktitle = "Evolutionary Biology/Evolutionary biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31023-2\_5",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-031-31023-2\_5",
    openalex = "W4387359998",
    references = "doi101007s10739021096465, doi101017cbo9781139164856, doi101093bjpsxv60314, doi101177007327537601400301, doi1023072412825, doi103366edinburgh97814744457880010001, doi105860choice333293, doi105962bhltitle61216, doi105962bhltitle82303, doi107208chicago97802261582590010001, openalexw1580259316, openalexw3022919901"
}

@article{doi103390rel14070927,
    author = "Keas, Michael N.",
    title = "Christianity Cultivated Science with and without Methodological Naturalism",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Religions",
    abstract = "Many people assume ceaseless conflict between natural science and Christianity, but the real conflict has been between scientism and Christianity. Scientism is the view that only the sciences (especially not theology) generate knowledge or rational belief. I show how Christianity generated rational beliefs that contributed to the rise of science. This science-fostering rational belief included rationales for when to practice methodological naturalism, and when to study nature without that restriction. Both practices cultivated science, though in different ways. This historical difference is of enduring value for recent debates about metaphysical naturalism (atheism), creationism, theistic evolution, and intelligent design.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14070927",
    doi = "10.3390/rel14070927",
    openalex = "W4384827733",
    references = "doi103390rel12090694"
}

@article{doi1072021097590ar,
    author = "Yergensen, Brent",
    title = "Competition on the Origins of Life and the Scientific Oratory Tradition: Polarizing Evolution and Its Instinctual Faith in Prometheus",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "New Explorations",
    abstract = "Predating the current billionaire space race, Ridley Scott’s Prometheus explores an interplay of competing explanations of the origins of life as discoverable in the universe through space exploration. The film’s plot debates evolution versus faith as life’s origins, and demonstrates evolution as victorious over and utilizing faith. Accompanying this analysis is focus on the film’s previously released online prologue scene, a fictional TED Talk that intertwines technological advancements and religious themes that display a brutal Darwinian survival of the fittest hierarchy as the answer to life’s origins. In the age of re- emerging space exploration, Prometheus and its social media-released prologue oration demonstrate technological control over evolution and relegate faith to functioning as a survival mechanism in response to superior and hyperaggressive species. Faith’s value is in assisting humanity to continually seek transcendent answers when confronting life’s beginnings and violent endings.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7202/1097590ar",
    doi = "10.7202/1097590ar",
    openalex = "W4365446212",
    references = "doi103390rel12090694"
}

@incollection{doi1010179781009375719003,
    author = "Corsi, Pietro",
    title = "That Most European Naturalists Before Darwin Did Not Think That Species Change Was Possible",
    year = "2024",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = {Charles Darwin is often presented as the person who "discovered" evolution, sometimes along Alfred Russel Wallace. In some cases, references are made to the writings of Jean Baptiste Lamarck or Darwin's grandfather Erasmus, but these are quickly dismissed as speculative. It is thus Darwin who is left as the single individual who figured out that species emerge from natural evolutionary processes, rather than special creation. However, this is far from accurate. The history of the study of evolution before Darwin not only includes Lamarck but a much wider intellectual community in Europe that discussed the stability of species and produced many different views on the subject. The European scientific scene from the late eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century was complex, and debates about the transformation of species had already occurred around 1800. This milieu extended beyond naturalists in England and France to Italian geologists and botanists, German naturalists and anatomists, and Russian paleontologists and zoologists. This chapter calls attention upon a number of authors and readers engaging in broadly "evolutionary" conversations.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009375719.003",
    doi = "10.1017/9781009375719.003",
    openalex = "W4399195453",
    references = "doi101007s10739021096465"
}

@article{doi103390rel15101221,
    author = "Cross, Malcolm",
    title = "Doing Violence to Darwin: Conflicting Christian Evaluations of Darwinism and Violence",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Religions",
    abstract = "At issue is the degree to which Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by means of natural selection is to blame for violence caused by communism, Nazism, and other societal dysfunctions. Conservative Christian opponents claim Darwinism undermines Biblical authority and supports ideologies causing violence. Secular and Christian supporters of Darwinism argue that Darwinism has not promoted violence but has been used to provide a scientific rationale for violence that would have been caused anyway. Moreover, Christian supporters of Darwinism maintain that Darwinism is by no means incompatible with the Bible. This paper examines claims by both sides as well as the attempts by Darwinism’s Christian opponents to supplant Darwinism with theories which they hope will restore Biblical authority, including Creationism, Creation Science, and Intelligent Design theory. The paper concludes that despite the legal setbacks encountered by adherents to these alternative theories, the conflict continues.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15101221",
    doi = "10.3390/rel15101221",
    openalex = "W4403216515",
    references = "doi103390rel12090694"
}

@incollection{wilmNoneevolution,
    author = "Wilm, E. C.",
    title = "Evolution theories (continued): natural selection. Darwin and neo-Darwinism.",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "The theories of instinct: A study in the history of psychology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1037/13444-012",
    doi = "10.1037/13444-012",
    openalex = "W2479848707",
    pages = "168-181"
}