@article{doi101103physrev40718,
    author = "Kovářík, Alois F. and Adams, Norman I.",
    title = "A New Determination of the Disintegration Constant of Uranium by the Method of Counting α -Particles",
    year = "1932",
    journal = "Physical Review",
    abstract = "Alpha-particles emitted by a known amount of pure ${\mathrm{U}}\_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}\_{8}$ in the form of thin films were restricted in their passage into an ionization vessel by cylindrical channels of a grid placed over the material. The method of counting $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles alone was that of Greinacher. All $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles entering the ionization chamber automatically registered on a mechanical counter, for which an elaborate electrical and mechanical arrangement of apparatus was used. Over 100,000 counts were made from two specimens differing in surface density in the ratio of nearly 5 to 1. The ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}\_{\mathrm{UI}}$ obtained is ${1.53}\_{2}$${(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ ${\mathrm{yr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ or $T={4.52}\_{4}{(10)}^{9}$ yr, a value consistent with Gleditsch's ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}\_{\mathrm{Ra}}=4.11{(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{yr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, Boltwood's radium to uranium ratio of 7.40${(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ and branching ratio between 0.96 and 0.97.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.40.718",
    doi = "10.1103/physrev.40.718",
    openalex = "W1972515613"
}

@article{doi101007bf02288916,
    author = "Torgerson, Warren S.",
    title = "Multidimensional Scaling: I. Theory and Method",
    year = "1952",
    journal = "Psychometrika",
    abstract = "Multidimensional scaling can be considered as involving three basic steps. In the first step, a scale of comparative distances between all pairs of stimuli is obtained. This scale is analogous to the scale of stimuli obtained in the traditional paired comparisons methods. In this scale, however, instead of locating each stimulus-object on a given continuum, the distances between each pair of stimuli are located on a distance continuum. As in paired comparisons, the procedures for obtaining a scale of comparative distances leave the true zero point undetermined. Hence, a comparative distance is not a distance in the usual sense of the term, but is a distance minus an unknown constant. The second step involves estimating this unknown constant. When the unknown constant is obtained, the comparative distances can be converted into absolute distances. In the third step, the dimensionality of the psychological space necessary to account for these absolute distances is determined, and the projections of stimuli on axes of this space are obtained. A set of analytical procedures was developed for each of the three steps given above, including a least-squares solution for obtaining comparative distances by the complete method of triads, two practical methods for estimating the additive constant, and an extension of Young and Householder's Euclidean model to include procedures for obtaining the projections of stimuli on axes from fallible absolute distances.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02288916",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02288916",
    openalex = "W1993436046"
}

@article{doi101146annurevns08120158001353,
    author = "Aldrich, L. T. and Wetherill, G. W.",
    title = "Geochronology by Radioactive Decay",
    year = "1958",
    journal = "Annual Review of Nuclear Science",
    abstract = "The developments which have occurred in recent years in geological dating by radioactive decay are discussed. The developments have been most striking in the fields of potassium --argon and rubidium --strontium dating. Decay constants are given for the elements used in measurements. The nature of the agreement of mineral ages is considered. Finally, discordant uranium--lead ages are discussed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ns.08.120158.001353",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ns.08.120158.001353",
    openalex = "W2110922280"
}

@article{doi10113000167606196172175doteis20co2,
    author = "Turekian, Karl K. and Wedepohl, K. H.",
    title = "Distribution of the Elements in Some Major Units of the Earth's Crust",
    year = "1961",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "This paper presents a table of abundances of the elements in the various major units of the Earth's lithic crust with a documentation of the sources and a discussion of the choice of units and data.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:doteis]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:doteis]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2059245554"
}

@article{doi10108011035896909453669,
    title = "Radiometric dating for geologists",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar",
    abstract = "Abstract E. Hamilton and R. M. Farquilar [Editors]: Radiometric dating for geologists. Interscience Publishers, London, New York and Sydney 1968. 506 pp. Pris 147 shillings. Reviewed by Eric Welin Fritz Machatschek: Geomorphology. Ninth edition, translated by D. J. Davies, edited by K. M. Clayton. X+212 sid., 87 textfig. Oliver \& Boyd. Edinburgh 1969. Pris 75 s. Reviewed by Jan Lundqvist E-An Zen, Walter White, Jarvis Hadley, and James Thompson [Editors]: Studies of Appalachian geology: Northern and Maritime. 475 pp. Interscience Publisher, John Wiley \& Sons, New York — London — Sydney — Toronto, 1968. Janschn, A. L., Chain, W. E., \& Muratov, M. W.: Regionalbau und Entwicklungsgesetze Eurasiens. 127 p och 1 kol. karta med nyckel. Fortschritte den sowjetischer Geologie H. 8. Akademieverlag, Berlin 1968. Reviewed by Otto Brotzen “The Structural and Metamorphic History of the Langstrand-Finfjord Area, Söröy, Northern Norway.” By D. Roberts, N. G. U. 253. Reviewed by Anders Martinsson Bruton, David. L. Oslo. A revision of the Odontopleuridae (Trilobita) from the Palaeozoic of Bohemia. Oslo 1968. Reviewed by Birger Bohlin Otto H. Schindewolf: Studien zur Stammesgeschichte der Ammoniten. Lieferung VII. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur (Mainz), 181 pp. (1968). DM 28.40. Reviewed by R. A. Reyment R. G. Wyckoff: Crystal Structures, 2nd edition, Vol. 4, 566 sidor, samt vol. 5, 785 sidor. Interscience Publishers (John Wiley \& Sons) New York. London. Sydney. Toronto. Reviewed by Olof Gabrielson",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/11035896909453669",
    doi = "10.1080/11035896909453669",
    openalex = "W1515376817"
}

@article{doi101111j215334901969tb00466x,
    author = "Budyko, M. I.",
    title = "The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the Earth",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "Tellus",
    abstract = "It follows from the analysis of observation data that the secular variation of the mean temperature of the Earth can be explained by the variation of short-wave radiation, arriving at the surface of the Earth. In connection with this, the influence of long-term changes of radiation, caused by variations of atmospheric transparency on the ther-mal regime is being studied. Taking into account the influence of changes of planetary albedo of the Earth under the development of glaciations on the thermal regime, it is found that comparatively small variations of atmospheric transparency could be suffi-cient for the development of quaternary glaciations. As paleogeographical research including ma-terials on paleotemperature analyses has shown (Bowen, 1966, et al), the Earth\'s climate has long differed from the present one. During the last two hundred million years the temperature difference between the poles and equator has been comparatively small and there were no zones of cold climate on the Earth. By the end of the Tertiary period the temperature at tem-perate and high latitudes had decreased ap-preciably, and in the Quaternary time subse-quent increase in the thermal contrast between the poles and equator took place, that waa fol-lowed by the development of ice cover on the land and o c e m a t temperate and high latitudes. The size of Quaternary glaciations changed several times, the present epoch correspbnding to the moment of a decrease in the area of gla-ciations that still occupy a considerable part of the Earth\'s surface. To answer the question of in what way the climate will change in future, it is necessary to establish the causes of Quaternary glaciations initiation and to determine the direction of their development. Numerous studies on this problem contain various and often contradic-tory hypotheses on the causes of glaciations. The absence of the generally accepted view-point as regards this seems to be explained by the fact that the existing hypotheses were based mainly on qualitative consideratiow allowing different interpretation. Tellus XXI (1969), 6",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00466.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00466.x",
    openalex = "W2118222708",
    references = "doi1011751520046919670240241teotaw20co2"
}

@book{york1972the2,
    author = "York, D. and Farquar, R. M",
    title = "The Earth's Age and Geochronology",
    year = "1972",
    publisher = "Oxford, Pergamon Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {York, D., and Farquar, R. M., 1972, The Earth's Age and Geochronology: Oxford, Pergamon Press.}"
}

@article{doi101126science19442701121,
    author = "Hays, James D and Imbrie, John and Shackleton, N. J.",
    title = "Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "1) Three indices of global climate have been monitored in the record of the past 450,000 years in Southern Hemisphere ocean-floor sediments. 2) Over the frequency range 10(-4) to 10(-5) cycle per year, climatic variance of these records is concentrated in three discrete spectral peaks at periods of 23,000, 42,000, and approximately 100,000 years. These peaks correspond to the dominant periods of the earth's solar orbit, and contain respectively about 10, 25, and 50 percent of the climatic variance. 3) The 42,000-year climatic component has the same period as variations in the obliquity of the earth's axis and retains a constant phase relationship with it. 4) The 23,000-year portion of the variance displays the same periods (about 23,000 and 19,000 years) as the quasi-periodic precession index. 5) The dominant, 100,000-year climatic [See table in the PDF file] component has an average period close to, and is in phase with, orbital eccentricity. Unlike the correlations between climate and the higher-frequency orbital variations (which can be explained on the assumption that the climate system responds linearly to orbital forcing), an explanation of the correlation between climate and eccentricity probably requires an assumption of nonlinearity. 6) It is concluded that changes in the earth's orbital geometry are the fundamental cause of the succession of Quaternary ice ages. 7) A model of future climate based on the observed orbital-climate relationships, but ignoring anthropogenic effects, predicts that the long-term trend over the next sevem thousand years is toward extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4270.1121",
    doi = "10.1126/science.194.4270.1121",
    openalex = "W2022545034",
    references = "crossref1977the, doi1010160033589473900525, doi1010160033589474900076, doi101029rg008i001p00169, doi101038215015a0, doi101086626295, doi101086627150, doi101086627434, doi10111513269865, doi101126science1593812297, doi101126science1673919862, doi101126science1834128959, doi101126science19142321131, doi101130mem145p449, doi1023071907241, doi1023072423416, doi103402tellusav28i611316, openalexw2088079069"
}

@article{doi101029jc086ic10p09776,
    author = "Walker, James C. G. and Hays, P. B. and Kasting, James F.",
    title = "A negative feedback mechanism for the long‐term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "We suggest that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is buffered, over geological time scales, by a negative feedback mechanism in which the rate of weathering of silicate minerals (followed by deposition of carbonate minerals) depends on surface temperature, and surface temperature, in turn, depends on carbon dioxide partial pressure through the greenhouse effect. Although the quantitative details of this mechanism are speculative, it appears able partially to stabilize earth's surface temperature against the steady increase of solar luminosity believed to have occurred since the origin of the solar system.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/jc086ic10p09776",
    doi = "10.1029/jc086ic10p09776",
    openalex = "W2097828895",
    references = "doi1010160016703772901196, doi1010160016703779900590, doi101016b0080437516071036, doi101029jc085ic10p05529, doi101038277640a0, doi101126science177404352, doi1011751520045019690080392agcmbo20co2, doi1011751520046919750322033toebcm20co2, doi1011751520046919750322044teocts20co2, openalexw1564144063"
}

@book{openalexw2025327988,
    author = "McDougall, Ian and Harrison, T. Mark",
    title = "Geochronology and thermochronology by the [40]Ar/[39]Ar method",
    year = "1988",
    abstract = "1. Historical introduction 2. Basis of the 40AR/39AR dating method 3. Technical aspects 4. 40AR/39AR data presentation and interpretation App.4.1 Isochron analysis 5. Diffusion theory and measurements: App.5.1 Derivation ofthe diffusion equation App.5.2 Separation of the variables solution for a plane sheet App.5.3 Translation to spherical coordinates App.5.4 Sample diffusion calculation 6. 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology App.6.1 Closure temperature of first-order loss 7. Application and case histories References",
    openalex = "W2025327988"
}

@article{doi101139e90152,
    author = "Parrish, Randall R.",
    title = "U–Pb dating of monazite and its application to geological problems",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "Monazite is an underutilized mineral in U–Pb geochronological studies of crustal rocks. It occurs as an accessory mineral in a wide variety of rocks, including granite, pegmatite, felsic volcanic ash, felsic gneiss, pelitic schist and gneiss of medium to high metamorphic grade, and low-grade metasedimentary rocks, and as a detrital mineral in clastic and metaclastic sediments.In geochronological applications, it can be used to date the crystallization of igneous rocks, determine the age of metamorphism in metamorphic rocks of variable metamorphic grade, and determine the age and neodymium isotopic characteristics of source materials of both igneous and sedimentary rocks. It is particularly useful in the dating of peraluminous granitic rocks where zircon inheritance often precludes a precise U–Pb age for magmatic zircon. The U–Pb systematics of the mineral are not without complexity, however. Being a mineral that favors incorporation of Th relative to U, it can contain considerable amounts of excess 206 Pb derived from initially incorporated 230 Th, an intermediate decay product of 238 U. Corrections for this effect can be made using the Th/U ratio of the host rock, but these corrections may not always be valid. Monazite is known to be capable of preserving inheritance in a manner similar to that of zircon, and it can lose Pb during episodic or prolonged heating events of uppermost amphibolite and granulite facies metamorphic grades. Monazite is less retentive of Pb than zircon during high-temperature igneous and metamorphic processes, and a few studies of its behavior suggest that its closure temperature is approximately 725 ± 25 °C. Examples of U–Pb systematics from most of the above situations are presented in this paper to illustrate both the utility and complexity of monazite in geochronological studies in an attempt to encourage more widespread application of this dating method.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e90-152",
    doi = "10.1139/e90-152",
    openalex = "W2091184061"
}

@book{openalexw650984938,
    author = "Ivanovich, Μ. and Harmon, R. S.",
    title = "Uranium-series disequilibrium: applications to earth, marine, and environmental sciences. 2. ed",
    year = "1992",
    booktitle = "Oxford University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "The phenomenon of radioactivity geochemistry of actinides and their daughters uranium-series desequilibrium applications applications in geochronology chemical procedures spectroscopic methods mass spectrometry and applications to uranium-series disequilibrium igneous rocks uranium-series mobilization and surface hydrology ground water the oceanic chemistry of the uranium and thorium series nuclides radionuclides of the uranium and thorium decay series in the estuarine environment carbonate and sulphate precipitates marine sediments and sedimatentation processes uranium-series studies of marine phosphates and carbonates archaeological applications palaeclimatology and palaeoclimate records applications to radioactive waste disposal studies decay-series disequilibria applied to the study of rock-water interactions and geothermal systems applications od dating to denudation chronology and landscape evolution uranium-series disequilibrium in exploration geology applications of lead-210 to sedimentation studies.",
    openalex = "W650984938"
}

@book{doi102110pec9504,
    author = "Berggren, William A. and Kent, Dennis V. and Aubry, Marie‐Pierre and Hardenbol, Jan",
    title = "Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation",
    year = "1995",
    booktitle = "SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) eBooks",
    abstract = "Abstract Geochronology, Time Scales, and Global Stratigraphic Correlation - The last decade has witnessed significant advances in analytic techniques and methodologic approaches to understanding earth history. This publication is a well-constructed geochronologic framework that allows estimation of rates of geologic processes, correlation of stratigraphies, and placement of discrete events in temporal order. Resulting from a research symposium at the 67th Annual SEPM meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, April 1993, the 16 papers of this volume represent a broad spectrum of approaches to understanding earth history and the passage of geologic time.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.95.04",
    doi = "10.2110/pec.95.04",
    openalex = "W1799003920"
}

@article{doi10102995tc02552,
    author = "Ames, Leslie and Gaozhi, Zhou and Baocheng, Xiong",
    title = "Geochronology and isotopic character of ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism with implications for collision of the Sino‐Korean and Yangtze cratons, central China",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Tectonics",
    abstract = "The collision zone between the Sino‐Korean and Yangtze cratons in central China is marked by subduction‐related metamorphic rocks composed of crustal protoliths. These range in metamorphic grade from ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite to low‐greenschist facies. The paragenesis of the ultrahigh‐pressure rocks (coesite and diamond‐bearing) indicates subduction to depths greater than ∼120 km as a result of continental collision. Despite extreme metamorphic conditions, zircons have not undergone Pb loss but rather illustrate two periods of growth: crystallization between 700 and 800 Ma and ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism at 218 ± 2.5 Ma. Previous studies have predicted a time‐transgressive collision, but age data presented in this study indicate that the collision was approximately coeval along the length of the suture. U‐Pb zircon ages of these ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks are 218.4 ± 2.5 Ma and 217.1 ± 8.7 Ma for the Dabie Mountains and Shandong peninsula, respectively. The similar ages imply that the Tan‐Lu fault, which offsets the ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks, is a secondary feature not related to collision or subduction. Whole rock isotopic data show that both Rb‐Sr and U‐Pb were open systems during metamorphism but that Sm‐Nd probably remained closed. Nd initial isotopes display crustal signatures, indicating that the crust subducted as a coherent slab rather than becoming intercalated with mantle material at depth. Sm‐Nd data in conjunction with U‐Pb zircon dating indicate that the ultrahigh‐pressure rocks are not typical Yangtze craton basement (2.9 Ga) but that they originally crystallized in a rift environment between ∼700 and 800 Ma. Discrepancies between 40 Ar/ 39 Ar plateaus, Sm‐Nd isochrons, and U‐Pb zircon ages render calculation of a P‐T‐t path unrealistic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/95tc02552",
    doi = "10.1029/95tc02552",
    openalex = "W2028642961",
    references = "doi101126science256505380"
}

@incollection{doi105382rev0701,
    author = "Williams, Ian S.",
    title = "U-Th-Pb Geochronology by Ion Microprobe",
    year = "1997",
    abstract = "There would be few geological studies in which, at some stage, there did not arise a question of timing. The answer is often to be found through direct observation; the principles of superposition and crosscutting relationships apply in determining the order of events on all scales from the microscopic to the macroscopic, from crystallization history to continental assembly. By augmenting those principles with the means to establish sequence and correlation provided by palaeontology, the geologist has the capability, through observation and logical reasoning alone, to determine the relative ages of a great range of geological processes. However, while these techniques make it possible to place geological events in time order, they do not provide an absolute measure of time itself.The measurement of absolute time in geology— geochronology—requires a quantifiable physical process that takes place continuously at a known rate from the time of the event to be dated to the present day. Some cyclic processes, such as the passage of the seasons, leave their imprint in parts of the geological record and can provide detailed, accurate measurements of elapsed time intervals, but they do not permit the measurement of absolute time (age) unless the record is unbroken to the present day or the age of one of the cycles is known by some independent means. The number of annual growth bands in a fossil coral, for example, tells how long that coral once lived, but not when. To measure absolute geologic time, one needs a process that is continuous and unidirectional. The most widely utilized of such processes is natural radioactivity.The concept behind radioisotope geochronology is quite simple. Some of the elements in rocks and minerals have isotopes (atoms of the same atomic number but different mass numbers) that are naturally radioactive-the nuclei of those isotopes are unstable, and liable to break down spontaneously (decay) to an isotope of a different element. If the newly-formed isotope is also unstable, the process continues until a stable nucleus forms.Radioactive decay occurs at rates characteristic of each element and isotope. As far as is known, those rates are independent of any chemical or physical parameters (e.g., pressure, temperature, chemical state etc.). The probability that a given nucleus of a given isotope will decay in any given time period is a constant, so the number of decays occurring per unit time is proportional to the number of atoms of that",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5382/rev.07.01",
    doi = "10.5382/rev.07.01",
    openalex = "W3094394634",
    references = "doi1010160012821x75900886, doi101016jchemgeo200401003, doi101016jchemgeo200711005, doi1010292007gc001805, doi101111j1751908x1995tb00147x, openalexw2797914455"
}

@article{doi101126science28153811342,
    author = "Hoffman, Paul F. and Kaufman, Alan J. and Halverson, Galen P. and Schrag, Daniel P.",
    title = "A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Negative carbon isotope anomalies in carbonate rocks bracketing Neoproterozoic glacial deposits in Namibia, combined with estimates of thermal subsidence history, suggest that biological productivity in the surface ocean collapsed for millions of years. This collapse can be explained by a global glaciation (that is, a snowball Earth), which ended abruptly when subaerial volcanic outgassing raised atmospheric carbon dioxide to about 350 times the modern level. The rapid termination would have resulted in a warming of the snowball Earth to extreme greenhouse conditions. The transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide to the ocean would result in the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate in warm surface waters, producing the cap carbonate rocks observed globally.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5381.1342",
    doi = "10.1126/science.281.5381.1342",
    openalex = "W2100634462",
    references = "doi101016000925419500049r, doi1010160012821x84900177, doi1010160016703788903134, doi101016030442039500008f, doi101017s0094837300016808, doi10102994pa01455, doi101038321832a0, doi101038356673a0, doi101038382127a0, doi101126science1585174, doi101126science25250111409, doi101126science2735274452, doi101146annurevearth241191"
}

@article{doi101137s1052623496303470,
    author = "Lagarias, Jeffrey C. and Reeds, James A. and Wright, Margaret H. and Wright, Paul E.",
    title = "Convergence Properties of the Nelder--Mead Simplex Method in Low Dimensions",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "SIAM Journal on Optimization",
    abstract = "Abstract. The Nelder–Mead simplex algorithm, first published in 1965, is an enormously popular direct search method for multidimensional unconstrained minimization. Despite its widespread use, essentially no theoretical results have been proved explicitly for the Nelder–Mead algorithm. This paper presents convergence properties of the Nelder–Mead algorithm applied to strictly convex functions in dimensions 1 and 2. We prove convergence to a minimizer for dimension 1, and various limited convergence results for dimension 2. A counterexample of McKinnon gives a family of strictly convex functions in two dimensions and a set of initial conditions for which the Nelder–Mead algorithm converges to a nonminimizer. It is not yet known whether the Nelder–Mead method can be proved to converge to a minimizer for a more specialized class of convex functions in two dimensions. Key words. direct search methods, Nelder–Mead simplex methods, nonderivative optimization AMS subject classifications. 49D30, 65K05",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1137/s1052623496303470",
    doi = "10.1137/s1052623496303470",
    openalex = "W2024991751"
}

@book{doi101093oso97801951092070010001,
    author = "McDougall, Ian and Harrison, T. Mark",
    title = "Geochronology and Theromochronology By The 40 Ar/39 Ar Method",
    year = "1999",
    abstract = "Abstract Argon isotopic dating is one of the most important techniques for estimating the ages of rocks and can be used on very small samples. It has been used to assign reliable ages to the Earth and numerous meteorites. This second edition covers the standard principles and methods and incorporates many of new developments from the last decade. It covers the basis of the method, technical aspects, data presentation, diffusion theory, thermochronology, and many applications and case studies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195109207.001.0001",
    doi = "10.1093/oso/9780195109207.001.0001",
    openalex = "W4388285179"
}

@article{doi101111j147547541999tb00987x,
    author = "Galbraith, R. F. and Roberts, Richard G. and Laslett, G.M. and Yoshida, Hiroyuki and Olley, Jon",
    title = "OPTICAL DATING OF SINGLE AND MULTIPLE GRAINS OF QUARTZ FROM JINMIUM ROCK SHELTER, NORTHERN AUSTRALIA: PART I, EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND STATISTICAL MODELS*",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Archaeometry",
    abstract = "Jinmium rock shelter is famous for the claims made by Fullagar et al. (1996) for the early human colonization and ancient rock art of northern Australia. These claims were based on thermo‐luminescence ages obtained for the artefact‐bearing quartz sediments that form the floor deposit at the site. In this paper, we outline the background to the optical dating programme at Jinmium, and describe the experimental design and statistical methods used to obtain optical ages from single grains of quartz sand. The results, interpretations, and implications of this dating programme are reported in a companion paper (Roberts et al. 7999, this volume).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1999.tb00987.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1475-4754.1999.tb00987.x",
    openalex = "W2109269291"
}

@article{doi101046j13653121200200408x,
    author = "Hoffman, Paul F. and Schrag, Daniel P.",
    title = "The snowball Earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global change",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Terra Nova",
    abstract = "The gradual discovery that late Neoproterozoic ice sheets extended to sea level near the equator poses a palaeoenvironmental conundrum. Was the Earth's orbital obliquity > 60° (making the tropics colder than the poles) for 4.0 billion years following the lunar‐forming impact, or did climate cool globally for some reason to the point at which runaway ice‐albedo feedback created a `snowball' Earth? The high‐obliquity hypothesis does not account for major features of the Neoproterozoic glacial record such as the abrupt onsets and terminations of discrete glacial events, their close association with large (> 10‰) negative δ 13 C shifts in seawater proxies, the deposition of strange carbonate layers (`cap carbonates') globally during post‐glacial sea‐level rise, and the return of large sedimentary iron formations, after a 1.1 billion year hiatus, exclusively during glacial events. A snowball event, on the other hand, should begin and end abruptly, particularly at lower latitudes. It should last for millions of years, because outgassing must amass an intense greenhouse in order to overcome the ice albedo. A largely ice‐covered ocean should become anoxic and reduced iron should be widely transported in solution and precipitated as iron formation wherever oxygenic photosynthesis occurred, or upon deglaciation. The intense greenhouse ensures a transient post‐glacial regime of enhanced carbonate and silicate weathering, which should drive a flux of alkalinity that could quantitatively account for the world‐wide occurrence of cap carbonates. The resulting high rates of carbonate sedimentation, coupled with the kinetic isotope effect of transferring the CO 2 burden to the ocean, should drive down the δ 13 C of seawater, as is observed. If cap carbonates are the `smoke' of a snowball Earth, what was the `gun'? In proposing the original Neoproterozoic snowball Earth hypothesis, Joe Kirschvink postulated that an unusual preponderance of land masses in the middle and low latitudes, consistent with palaeomagnetic evidence, set the stage for snowball events by raising the planetary albedo. Others had pointed out that silicate weathering would most likely be enhanced if many continents were in the tropics, resulting in lower atmospheric CO 2 and a colder climate. Negative δ 13 C shifts of 10–20‰ precede glaciation in many regions, giving rise to speculation that the climate was destabilized by a growing dependency on greenhouse methane, stemming ultimately from the same unusual continental distribution. Given the existing palaeomagnetic, geochemical and geological evidence for late Neoproterozoic climatic shocks without parallel in the Phanerozoic, it seems inevitable that the history of life was impacted, perhaps profoundly so.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00408.x",
    doi = "10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00408.x",
    openalex = "W2120852101",
    references = "doi101016001670379290064p, doi101016004019519090116p, doi1010160301926894000708, doi101016s0009254199000819, doi101016s0301926899000820, doi101017s0022336000059977, doi101017s0094837300016808, doi101029jc086ic10p09776, doi101029jd090id01p02167, doi101029rg027i004p00471, doi101038231498a0, doi10103824839, doi101038321832a0, doi10103835036572, doi101038356673a0, doi101111j215334901969tb00466x, doi101126science28153811342, doi101126science28454232129, doi101126science2895480756, doi101130001676061974851869gsaavt20co2, doi101130b250661, doi101130spe70, doi101130spe70p1, doi101144gsjgs14940607, doi1015159780691220239, doi1015159781400864874, doi1016660094837320000260386bpngns20co2, doi10182618200376494199401, doi102110pec88010039, openalexw45631376, wright1978algal"
}

@article{doi101039b304365g,
    author = "Horstwood, Matthew and Foster, Gavin L. and Parrish, Randall R. and Noble, Stephen R. and Nowell, Geoff",
    title = "Common-Pb corrected in situ U–Pb accessory mineral geochronology by LA-MC-ICP-MS",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry",
    abstract = "LA-MC-ICP-MS is shown to be a rapid, precise and accurate method for determination of U–Pb ages of accessory minerals. For the protocol described, total analysis time is <3 min with a main acquisition sequence of only 30 s. Using a raster ablation protocol, within-run inter-element fractionation can be effectively eliminated and an external ablation standard used to quantify an overall error for the analysis. Reproducibilities of 206Pb/238U = ca. 3\% and 207Pb/206Pb = <1\% (2 σ) are achieved, with the resulting age accurate to within 1\% as determined using in-house samples previously characterised by TIMS. A key control on the Pb/Pb reproducibility is shown to be the size of the 207Pb peak and an error propagation curve is determined for the accurate representation of this data. Propagation of these errors allows each individual sample analysis to be considered a stand-alone result, removing the need for statistical averaging of multiple data points. Simultaneous collection of flat-topped peaks enables precise measurement and correction of isobaric interference from 204Hg and a procedure for the consistent correction of common-Pb using 204Pb is described. Determination and correction of the common-Pb component is shown to be critical to the reliable interpretation of the data for certain minerals including those phases where a correction is often deemed unnecessary. Combined with time-resolved analysis of the data, this allows the Pb-loss history and nature of discordance within individual crystal domains to be ascertained. Successful analyses of zircons using a non-matrix matched (monazite) standard are also demonstrated suggesting that particle size distribution, ionisation efficiency and plasma loading, are more important issues in controlling inter-element fractionation in the plasma than absolute matrix matching.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/b304365g",
    doi = "10.1039/b304365g",
    openalex = "W1987030227"
}

@article{doi1010510004636120041335,
    author = "Laskar, J. and Robutel, Philippe and Joutel, F. and Gastineau, Mickaël and Correia, A. C. M. and Levrard, B.",
    title = "A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Astronomy and Astrophysics",
    abstract = "We present here a new solution for the astronomical computation of the insolation quantities on Earth spanning from -250 Myr to 250 Myr. This solution has been improved with respect to La93 (Laskar et al. [CITE]) by using a direct integration of the gravitational equations for the orbital motion, and by improving the dissipative contributions, in particular in the evolution of the Earth–Moon System. The orbital solution has been used for the calibration of the Neogene period (Lourens et al. [CITE]), and is expected to be used for age calibrations of paleoclimatic data over 40 to 50 Myr, eventually over the full Palaeogene period (65 Myr) with caution. Beyond this time span, the chaotic evolution of the orbits prevents a precise determination of the Earth's motion. However, the most regular components of the orbital solution could still be used over a much longer time span, which is why we provide here the solution over 250 Myr. Over this time interval, the most striking feature of the obliquity solution, apart from a secular global increase due to tidal dissipation, is a strong decrease of about 0.38 degree in the next few millions of years, due to the crossing of the resonance (Laskar et al. [CITE]). For the calibration of the Mesozoic time scale (about 65 to 250 Myr), we propose to use the term of largest amplitude in the eccentricity, related to, with a fixed frequency of /yr, corresponding to a period of 405 000 yr. The uncertainty of this time scale over 100 Myr should be about, and over the full Mesozoic era.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041335",
    doi = "10.1051/0004-6361:20041335",
    openalex = "W2140477756",
    references = "doi1010079783540489269, doi101016001910359090084m, doi1010160370157379900231, doi101016jicarus200404005, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101017cbo9780511569579, doi101126science1059412, doi101126science19442701121, doi1011751520046919780352362ltvodi20co2, doi104095215638, openalexw2989049194"
}

@article{doi1011440016764904166,
    author = "McDougall, Ian and Brown, Francis H.",
    title = "Precise 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology for the upper Koobi Fora Formation, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Journal of the Geological Society",
    abstract = "The Plio-Pleistocene Koobi Fora Formation, about 560 m thick, crops out east of Lake Turkana and is part of the much larger depositional system of the Omo–Turkana Basin. The upper half of the Koobi Fora Formation from just below the KBS Tuff to above the Chari Tuff is particularly notable for its wealth of hominid fossils and archaeological sites. Silicic tuffaceous horizons have provided the basis for stratigraphic subdivision and correlation. Pumice clasts within the tuffs contain anorthoclase phenocrysts, ideal for 40 Ar/ 39 Ar single-crystal dating. Feldspars from pumice clasts in about 15 tephra within the stratigraphic interval from the KBS Tuff to the Silbo Tuff have yielded precise ages that allow much finer definition of the numerical time framework for the sedimentary sequence between the KBS Tuff (1.869 ± 0.021 Ma) and the Chari Tuff (1.383 ± 0.028 Ma) and to yet higher in the sequence to the SilboTuff (0.751 ± 0.022 Ma). These results provide a precise and accurate time scale for the upper part of the sequence in the whole of the Omo–Turkana Basin. A number of these tuffs are recognized elsewhere in East Africa; thus ages determined at Koobi Fora also apply to the wider region.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764904-166",
    doi = "10.1144/0016-764904-166",
    openalex = "W2071409210",
    references = "doi101093oso97801951092070010001"
}

@article{doi101126science1154339,
    author = "Kuiper, Klaudia F. and Deino, Alan L. and Hilgen, F.J. and Krijgsman, Wout and Renne, Paul R. and Wijbrans, J.R.",
    title = "Synchronizing Rock Clocks of Earth History",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Calibration of the geological time scale is achieved by independent radioisotopic and astronomical dating, but these techniques yield discrepancies of approximately 1.0\% or more, limiting our ability to reconstruct Earth history. To overcome this fundamental setback, we compared astronomical and 40Ar/39Ar ages of tephras in marine deposits in Morocco to calibrate the age of Fish Canyon sanidine, the most widely used standard in 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. This calibration results in a more precise older age of 28.201 +/- 0.046 million years ago (Ma) and reduces the 40Ar/39Ar method's absolute uncertainty from approximately 2.5 to 0.25\%. In addition, this calibration provides tight constraints for the astronomical tuning of pre-Neogene successions, resulting in a mutually consistent age of approximately 65.95 Ma for the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1154339",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1154339",
    openalex = "W2063091092",
    references = "doi1010160012821x77900607, doi101016s0009254197001599, doi101016s0012821x03005570, doi101016s0016703799002045, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi10102992jb01202, doi10103823231, doi101038nature03814, doi1010510004636120041335, doi101126science1133822, doi101126science2575072954, openalexw2989049194"
}

@article{doi101111j1751908x200900023x,
    author = "Stern, Richard A. and Bodorkos, S. and Kamo, Sandra L. and Hickman, Arthur H. and Corfú, Fernando",
    title = "Measurement of SIMS Instrumental Mass Fractionation of Pb Isotopes During Zircon Dating",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research",
    abstract = "An igneous zircon reference material (OG1) was characterised for U‐Pb isotopes by ID‐TIMS, and utilised to evaluate SIMS (SHRIMP) instrumental mass fractionation (IMF) of radiogenic Pb isotopes (207 Pb*/ 206 Pb*). The TIMS 207 Pb*/ 206 Pb* reference value for OG1 was 0.29907 ± 0.00011 (95\% confidence limit), 3465.4 ± 0.6 Ma. The high 207 Pb* (∼ 30 μg g −1), negligible common Pb, and isotopic homogeneity permitted precise (± 1–2‰) 207 Pb*/ 206 Pb* measurements within the analytical sessions. External reproducibility of mean 207 Pb*/ 206 Pb* ratios between sessions was demonstrated for one instrument, yielding a mean IMF of +0.87 ± 0.49‰. The mean 207 Pb*/ 206 Pb* ratios between instruments were dispersed beyond uncertainties, with session IMF values from +3.6 ± 1.7‰ to −2.4 ± 1.3‰, and a grand mean IMF value (twenty‐six sessions) of +0.70 ± 0.52‰, indicating a tendency towards elevated 207 Pb*/ 206 Pb*. The specific causes of variability in IMF are unclear, but generally reflect subtle differences in analytical conditions. The common practice in SIMS of assuming that IMF for Pb + is insignificant could result in systematic age biases and underestimated uncertainties, of critical importance for precise correlation of Precambrian events. Nevertheless, a zircon RM such as OG1 can be readily incorporated into routine dating to improve 207 Pb*/ 206 Pb* accuracy and external reproducibility.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908x.2009.00023.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1751-908x.2009.00023.x",
    openalex = "W1986702671",
    references = "doi1010292009gc002400"
}

@article{doi1010292009gc002618,
    author = "Paton, Chad and Woodhead, Jon and Hellström, John and Hergt, Janet and Greig, Alan and Maas, Roland",
    title = "Improved laser ablation U‐Pb zircon geochronology through robust downhole fractionation correction",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems",
    abstract = "Elemental fractionation effects during analysis are the most significant impediment to obtaining precise and accurate U‐Pb ages by laser ablation ICPMS. Several methods have been proposed to minimize the degree of downhole fractionation, typically by rastering or limiting acquisition to relatively short intervals of time, but these compromise minimum target size or the temporal resolution of data. Alternatively, other methods have been developed which attempt to correct for the effects of downhole elemental fractionation. A common feature of all these techniques, however, is that they impose an expected model of elemental fractionation behavior; thus, any variance in actual fractionation response between laboratories, mineral types, or matrix types cannot be easily accommodated. Here we investigate an alternate approach that aims to reverse the problem by first observing the elemental fractionation response and then applying an appropriate (and often unique) model to the data. This approach has the versatility to treat data from any laboratory, regardless of the expression of downhole fractionation under any given set of analytical conditions. We demonstrate that the use of more complex models of elemental fractionation such as exponential curves and smoothed cubic splines can efficiently correct complex fractionation trends, allowing detection of spatial heterogeneities, while simultaneously maintaining data quality. We present a data reduction module for use with the Iolite software package that implements this methodology and which may provide the means for simpler interlaboratory comparisons and, perhaps most importantly, enable the rapid reduction of large quantities of data with maximum feedback to the user at each stage.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gc002618",
    doi = "10.1029/2009gc002618",
    openalex = "W1888997480",
    references = "doi101016jchemgeo200401003, doi101016jchemgeo200406017, doi101016jchemgeo200711005, doi1010292006gc001492, doi1010292007gc001805"
}

@article{doi101039b923444f,
    author = "Li, Qiuli and Li, Xian‐Hua and Liu, Yu and Tang, Guoqiang and Yang, Jin‐Hui and Zhu, Weiguang",
    title = "Precise U–Pb and Pb–Pb dating of Phanerozoic baddeleyite by SIMS with oxygen flooding technique",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry",
    abstract = "Baddeleyite has long been recognized as one of the most important U-bearing minerals for dating silica undersaturated igneous rocks. Age determination of baddeleyite calls for analysis within small volumes using high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) because of its minuscule grain size as well as potential altered domains or micro-inclusions. However, precise SIMS U–Pb dating has been hampered for baddeleyite owing to crystal orientation effects that bias Pb/U ratio measured in baddeleyite. In this study we carried out a series of tests of U–Pb and Pb–Pb measurements on Phanerozoic baddeleyite using a multi-collector Cameca 1280 IMS with oxygen flooding technique. Our results demonstrate that the oxygen flooding can not only enhance secondary Pb+ ion yield by a fact of 7 for baddeleyite, but also depress the baddeleyite U/Pb orientation effect down to ∼2\% (1 RSD). Therefore, Phanerozoic (as young as Cenozoic) baddeleyite can be precisely dated by SIMS Pb–Pb and/or U–Pb measurements with precision of 1–3\% (2 RSE).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/b923444f",
    doi = "10.1039/b923444f",
    openalex = "W2138656134",
    references = "doi1010292009gc002400"
}

@article{doi10105100046361201116836,
    author = "Laskar, J. and Fienga, A. and Gastineau, Mickaël and Manche, H.",
    title = "La2010: a new orbital solution for the long-term motion of the Earth",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Astronomy and Astrophysics",
    abstract = "We present here a new solution for the astronomical computation of the orbital motion of the Earth spanning from 0 to −250 Myr. The main improvement with respect to our previous numerical solution La2004 is an improved adjustment of the parameters and initial conditions through a fit over 1 Myr to a special version of the highly accurate numerical ephemeris INPOP08 (Intégration Numérique Planétaire de l’Observatoire de Paris). The precession equations have also been entirely revised and are no longer averaged over the orbital motion of the Earth and Moon. This new orbital solution is now valid over more than 50 Myr in the past or into the future with proper phases of the eccentricity variations. Owing to the chaotic behavior, the precision of the solution decreases rapidly beyond this time span, and we discuss the behavior of various solutions beyond 50 Myr. For paleoclimate calibrations, we provide several different solutions that are all compatible with the most precise planetary ephemeris. We have thus reached the time where geological data are now required to discriminate between planetary orbital solutions beyond 50 Myr.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116836",
    doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/201116836",
    openalex = "W2096334509",
    references = "doi101016001910359090084m, doi1010160031018295001719, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101038338237a0, doi101038nature03814, doi101038nature05163, doi1010510004636120041335, doi101086115978, doi101126science1058288, doi101126science1133822, doi101126science19442701121, openalexw3134016230"
}

@article{doi10247503201103,
    author = "Qin, Kezhang and Su, Baopeng and Sakyi, Patrick Asamoah and Tang, Dongmei and Li, X-J and Sun, Hai‐Jian and Xiao, Qi-Bing and Liu, Patricia Pingping",
    title = "SIMS zircon U-Pb geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopes of Ni-Cu-Bearing Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions in Eastern Tianshan and Beishan in correlation with flood basalts in Tarim Basin (NW China): Constraints on a ca. 280 Ma mantle plume",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    abstract = "Zircon SIMS U-Pb dating of the Poshi, Hongshishan, Bijiashan, and Huangshan Ni-Cu-bearing and Xiangshan Ni-Cu-Ti-Fe-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Eastern Tianshan and Beishan Rift yields a relatively restricted range of 278.6 Ma to 284.0 Ma. The histogram of compiled age data of basalts in the Tarim Basin and mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Eastern Tianshan and Beishan Rift has a peak of 280 Ma, which probably represents the time of mantle plume activity. The basalts have lower ε\textasciitilde Nd\textasciitilde (t) values in the range of −9.2 ∼ −1.7 and Mg\# of \ 2 wt.\%), indicating that they were generated directly from a peripheral zone of the mantle plume by low degree of melting. The mafic-ultramafic intrusions have higher ε\textasciitilde Nd\textasciitilde (t) of −1.3 ∼ 11.2 and Mg\# of 33 ∼ 90, and lower TiO\textasciitilde 2\textasciitilde\ \< 1.8 weight percent, suggesting that their parental magmas were produced from lithospheric mantle source by high degree of melting due to higher temperature of the mantle plume head. A possible mantle plume model beneath lithospheric mantle of the Tarim Basin, Tianshan and Beishan and its spatial framework is suggested.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/03.2011.03",
    doi = "10.2475/03.2011.03",
    openalex = "W2138150662",
    references = "doi1010292009gc002400"
}

@article{doi101111j1751908x201200158x,
    author = "Petrus, Joseph A. and Kamber, Balz S.",
    title = "VizualAge: A Novel Approach to Laser Ablation ICP‐MS U‐Pb Geochronology Data Reduction",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research",
    abstract = "VizualAge, a new computer software tool for analysing U‐Pb data obtained by laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry, was developed. It consists of a data reduction scheme (DRS) for Iolite (a general mass spectrometry data analysis tool) as well as visualisation routines. In addition to the U/Pb and Th/Pb ages calculated by Iolite’s U‐Pb geochronology DRS, VizualAge also calculates 207 Pb/ 206 Pb ages and common Pb corrections for each time‐slice of raw data. Importantly, VizualAge allows one to display a live concordia diagram for visualising data on such a diagram as an integration interval is being adjusted. This provides instantaneous feedback regarding discordance, uncertainty, error correlation and common Pb. Several zircon data sets were used to illustrate how the live concordia could be used as a powerful inspection tool, revealing a single analysis to consist of zones of concordance, metamict areas, as well as inherited cores or younger overgrowths. VizualAge also constructs histograms, conventional and Tera‐Wasserburg type concordia diagrams, as well as 3D U‐Th‐Pb and total U‐Pb concordia diagrams. The precision and accuracy of data reduced with VizualAge are demonstrated with examples of the Plešovice, Temora‐2 and Penglai zircon reference materials. Data for zircon from the Long Lake Batholith (Wyoming craton) were used to illustrate how VizualAge calculated common Pb corrections and helped to expose as yet unexplained difficulties with accurately determining 204 Pb.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908x.2012.00158.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1751-908x.2012.00158.x",
    openalex = "W1979480381",
    references = "doi1010160016703787903619, doi101016jchemgeo200711005, doi101016s000925410200195x, doi101039c1ja10172b"
}

@article{doi101126science1234204,
    author = "Blackburn, Terrence and Olsen, Paul E. and Bowring, Samuel A. and McLean, Noah M. and Kent, Dennis V. and Puffer, John H. and McHone, G. and Rasbury, E. Troy and Et‐Touhami, Mohammed",
    title = "Zircon U-Pb Geochronology Links the End-Triassic Extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The end-Triassic extinction is characterized by major losses in both terrestrial and marine diversity, setting the stage for dinosaurs to dominate Earth for the next 136 million years. Despite the approximate coincidence between this extinction and flood basalt volcanism, existing geochronologic dates have insufficient resolution to confirm eruptive rates required to induce major climate perturbations. Here, we present new zircon uranium-lead (U-Pb) geochronologic constraints on the age and duration of flood basalt volcanism within the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. This chronology demonstrates synchroneity between the earliest volcanism and extinction, tests and corroborates the existing astrochronologic time scale, and shows that the release of magma and associated atmospheric flux occurred in four pulses over about 600,000 years, indicating expansive volcanism even as the biologic recovery was under way.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1234204",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1234204",
    openalex = "W2166913044",
    references = "doi101007s0041000600854, doi1010160031018295001719, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jgca201106021, doi101016s0009254199001576, doi101016s0016703799002045, doi101016s1631071303000063, doi1010291998rg000054, doi101093petrology3251021, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1208277, doi101126science1215507, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science7701342, doi1011300091761320020300251tameat20co2, doi101130g306831"
}

@article{doi101144sp37815,
    author = "Jourdan, Fred and Renne, Paul R.",
    title = "Neutron-induced 37 Ar recoil ejection in Ca-rich minerals and implications for 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating technique requires the transformation of 39 K into 39 Ar by neutron activation. Neutron activation has undesirable secondary effects such as interfering isotope production, and recoil of 39 Ar and 37 Ar atoms from their (dominant) targets of K and Ca. In most cases, the grains analysed are large enough (>50 μm) such that the amount of target atoms ejected from the grains is small and has a negligible effect on the ages obtained. However, increasing needs to date fine-grained rocks requires constraining, and in some cases correcting for, the effect of nuclear recoil. Previous quantitative studies of recoil loss focus mostly on 39 Ar. However, 37 Ar loss can affect the ages of Ca-rich minerals via interference corrections on 36 Ar (and, to a lesser extent, 39 Ar), yielding lower 40 Ar*/ 39 Ar K and, thus, an age spuriously too young. New results focused on 37 Ar recoil by measuring the apparent age of multi-grain populations of Ca-rich minerals including Fish Canyon plagioclase (FCp) and Hb3gr hornblende, with discrete sizes ranging from 210 to <5 µm. We use previous result on sanidine grains to correct for the 39 Ar recoil loss. For the finest fractions, FCp and Hb3gr apparent ages are younger than the 39 Ar recoil-corrected ages expected for these minerals, with a maximum deviation of −40\% (FCp) and −21\% (Hb3gr) reached for grains below 5 μm. We calculate 37 Ar-depletion values ranging from approximately 30 to 91\% and from approximately 28 to 98\% for plagioclase and hornblende, respectively. This results in x 0 values (mean thickness of the partial depletion layer) of 3.3±0.4 μm (2σ; FCp) and 3.6±1.4 μm (Hb3gr), significantly higher than suggested by current models. The reason for the substantial 37 Ar loss is not well understood, but might be related to the radiation damage caused to the mineral during irradiation. x 0 (39 Ar) and x 0 (37 Ar) values obtained in this study, along with crystal dimensions, can be used for correcting 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages from 39 Ar and 37 Ar recoil loss. We also discuss the relevance of our results to vacuum-encapsulation studies and isotopic redistribution in fine-grained minerals. Supplementary material: Annex 1, 2 and 3 are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18610. Annex 1 and 2: Raw argon data corrected for blank, mass discrimination and radioactive decay for Fish Canyon plagioclase (Annex 1) and Hb3gr hornblende (Annex 2). Annex 3: Step-heating 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age spectra for FCp (Fig. A3.1) and Hb3gr (Fig. A3.2).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp378.15",
    doi = "10.1144/sp378.15",
    openalex = "W2000207212"
}

@article{doi102113gselements9119,
    author = "Schoene, Blair and Condon, Daniel J. and Morgan, Leah E. and McLean, Noah M.",
    title = "Precision and Accuracy in Geochronology",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Elements",
    abstract = "Geochronology in Earth and Solar System science is increasingly in demand, and this demand is not only for more results, but for more precise, more accurate, and more easily interpreted temporal constraints. Because modern research often requires multiple dating methods, scrupulous inter- and intramethod calibration in absolute time is required. However, improved precision has highlighted systematic analytical biases and uncovered geologic complexity that affects mineral dates. At the same time, both enhanced spatial resolution through microbeam geochronology and creative uses of disparate data sets to inform age interpretations have helped explain complexities in age data. Quantifying random and systematic sources of instrumental and geological uncertainty is vital, and requires transparency in methodology, data reduction, and reporting. Community efforts toward inter- and intracalibration of chronometers will continue to help achieve the highest possible resolving power for integrative geochronology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.9.1.19",
    doi = "10.2113/gselements.9.1.19",
    openalex = "W2119707658",
    references = "doi101016s0009254199001576, doi101016s0016703799002045, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101111j1751908x1995tb00147x, doi10111911632486, doi101126science1061372, doi101126science1154339, openalexw2025327988, openalexw286951878"
}

@article{doi101126scienceaaa0118,
    author = "Schoene, Blair and Samperton, Kyle M. and Eddy, Michael P. and Keller, Gerta and Adatte, Thierry and Bowring, Samuel A. and Khadri, S. and Gertsch, B.",
    title = "U-Pb geochronology of the Deccan Traps and relation to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The Chicxulub asteroid impact (Mexico) and the eruption of the massive Deccan volcanic province (India) are two proposed causes of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, which includes the demise of nonavian dinosaurs. Despite widespread acceptance of the impact hypothesis, the lack of a high-resolution eruption timeline for the Deccan basalts has prevented full assessment of their relationship to the mass extinction. Here we apply uranium-lead (U-Pb) zircon geochronology to Deccan rocks and show that the main phase of eruptions initiated \textasciitilde 250,000 years before the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and that >1.1 million cubic kilometers of basalt erupted in \textasciitilde 750,000 years. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the Deccan Traps contributed to the latest Cretaceous environmental change and biologic turnover that culminated in the marine and terrestrial mass extinctions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0118",
    doi = "10.1126/science.aaa0118",
    openalex = "W2009674195",
    references = "doi101007s0041000203647, doi1010160009254194001404, doi1010160012821x8390211x, doi1010160016703773902135, doi101016b9780080959757003107, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jepsl200902019, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016s0009254197001599, doi101016s0012821x0000159x, doi101016s1631071303000063, doi1010292006gc001492, doi1010292008jb005644, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101126science1097329, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science1215507, doi101126science1230492, doi101126science1234204, doi1011300091761319980260995adswat23co2, doi1011302014250315, doi101130b309291, doi101130g306831, doi101144gsjgs15420265"
}

@article{doi101146annurevearth050212124012,
    author = "Gehrels, George E.",
    title = "Detrital Zircon U-Pb Geochronology Applied to Tectonics",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
    abstract = "Detrital zircon geochronology is rapidly developing into an essential tool in Earth science research because of the widespread occurrence of zircon in sedimentary systems; the wide range of information that can be extracted from zircon crystals; the ability to determine ages with reasonable precision, accuracy, and efficiency; and the wide range of new ideas about how to use detrital zircon geochronologic information. The U-Pb system is particularly powerful because three chronometers are available (238 U→ 206 Pb, 235 U→ 207 Pb, and 232 Th→ 208 Pb), but challenges arise because of complexities from inheritance and Pb loss. Ages can be used to constrain the age of deposition of the host sediment, reconstruct provenance, characterize a sedimentary unit, and characterize many different aspects of source regions. Detrital zircon geochronology has an exciting future given the growth history recorded in individual crystals; the variety of detrital minerals that can provide complementary information; and the large number of geochemical, isotopic, and chronologic systems that can be applied to these minerals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124012",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124012",
    openalex = "W2126352160",
    references = "doi101002tect20065, doi101016b9780080959757003107, doi101016jchemgeo200411013, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jchemgeo201204021, doi101016jepsl200405037, doi101016jepsl200909013, doi1010292007gc001805, doi101126science1215507, doi101130b302741, doi101130g329451, doi1021130530469, openalexw2094255421"
}

@article{doi101016jgca201505026,
    author = "Condon, Daniel J. and Schoene, Blair and McLean, Noah M. and Bowring, Samuel A. and Parrish, R.R.",
    title = "Metrology and traceability of U–Pb isotope dilution geochronology (EARTHTIME Tracer Calibration Part I)",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta",
    abstract = "Mixed 235U–233U–205Pb(–202Pb) tracers for U–Pb isotope-dilution isotope ratio mass spectrometry have been prepared under the auspices of the EARTHTIME Initiative. The methods and results for the preparation and calibration of the U/Pb ratio and isotopic abundances are given, and the various sources of uncertainty are discussed and quantified. The accuracy of the EARTHTIME U–Pb tracer isotopic composition can be traced back to SI units via a series of assay and isotopic composition reference materials combined with the experiments described herein. The parameters used in calculating U/Pb ratios (and inferentially U–Pb dates) have correlated uncertainties that result in a total uncertainty contribution to 206Pb/238U dates of ± < 0.03\% (95\% confidence). For suitable terrestrial materials such as zircon, when other sources of uncertainty have been minimised (e.g., open-system behaviour, 238U/235U variation, intermediate daughter product disequilibrium, common Pb, etc.) the U–Pb tracer calibration uncertainty is a limiting factor in the accuracy of U–Pb geochronology – but less so than the uncertainty in the 238U and 235U decay constants (±0.11 and 0.14\% 2σ). The calibration approach of the mixed EARTHTIME 235U–233U–205Pb(–202Pb) tracers, in addition to updated values for reference materials (e.g., mixed gravimetric reference solutions), and parameters (e.g., Pb reference material assay), can be applied to other laboratory-specific U–Pb tracers and will facilitate the generation of accurate and directly inter-comparable U–Pb data.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.05.026",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gca.2015.05.026",
    openalex = "W1898112109",
    references = "doi1010160016703773902135, doi101016001670378290165x, doi101016001670379290334f, doi101016b9780080959757003107, doi101016c20091284735, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jepsl201304006, doi101016s0012821x04000123, doi1010292006gc001492, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101126science1061372, doi101126science1213454, doi101126science1215507, doi101130b309291, doi102113gselements9119, doi105382rev0701"
}

@article{doi101016jgsf201511006,
    author = "Spencer, Christopher J. and Kirkland, Christopher L. and Taylor, Richard",
    title = "Strategies towards statistically robust interpretations of in situ U–Pb zircon geochronology",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Geoscience Frontiers",
    abstract = "Zircon U–Pb geochronology has become a keystone tool across Earth science, arguably providing the gold standard in resolving deep geological time. The development of rapid in situ analysis of zircon (via laser ablation and secondary ionization mass spectrometry) has allowed for large amounts of data to be generated in a relatively short amount of time and such large volume datasets offer the ability to address a range of geological questions that would otherwise remain intractable (e.g. detrital zircons as a sediment fingerprinting method). The ease of acquisition, while bringing benefit to the Earth science community, has also led to diverse interpretations of geochronological data. In this work we seek to refocus U–Pb zircon geochronology toward best practice by providing a robust statistically coherent workflow. We discuss a range of data filtering approaches and their inherent limitations (e.g. discordance and the reduced chi-squared; MSWD). We evaluate appropriate mechanisms to calculate the most geologically appropriate age from both 238U/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb ratios and demonstrate the cross over position when chronometric power swaps between these ratios. As our in situ analytical techniques become progressively more precise, appropriate statistical handing of U–Pb datasets will become increasingly pertinent.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2015.11.006",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gsf.2015.11.006",
    openalex = "W2195287487",
    references = "doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jchemgeo201204021, doi101016jepsl200909013, doi101016jgr201212009, doi101016s0009254100002333, doi101016s0016703798000593, doi1010292007gc001805, doi101126science1215507, doi10121410aos799, doi1021130530277, openalexw3104298728"
}

@article{doi101126sciadv1500470,
    author = "Burgess, Seth D. and Bowring, Samuel A.",
    title = "High-precision geochronology confirms voluminous magmatism before, during, and after Earth’s most severe extinction",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Science Advances",
    abstract = "The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe in the Phanerozoic, extinguishing more than 90\% of marine and 75\% of terrestrial species in a maximum of 61 ± 48 ky. Because of broad temporal coincidence between the biotic crisis and one of the most voluminous continental volcanic eruptions since the origin of animals, the Siberian Traps large igneous province (LIP), a causal connection has long been suggested. Magmatism is hypothesized to have caused rapid injection of massive amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, driving climate change and subsequent destabilization of the biosphere. Establishing a causal connection between magmatism and mass extinction is critically dependent on accurately and precisely knowing the relative timing of the two events and the flux of magma. New U/Pb dates on Siberian Traps LIP lava flows, sills, and explosively erupted rocks indicate that (i) about two-thirds of the total lava/pyroclastic volume was erupted over \textasciitilde 300 ky, before and concurrent with the end-Permian mass extinction; (ii) eruption of the balance of lavas continued for at least 500 ky after extinction cessation; and (iii) massive emplacement of sills into the shallow crust began concomitant with the mass extinction and continued for at least 500 ky into the early Triassic. This age model is consistent with Siberian Traps LIP magmatism as a trigger for the end-Permian mass extinction and suggests a role for magmatism in suppression of post-extinction biotic recovery.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500470",
    doi = "10.1126/sciadv.1500470",
    openalex = "W1770113505",
    references = "doi1010292007gc001805, doi101126science1097023, doi101126science1234204, doi101126scienceaaa0118, doi101130g327071, doi105860choice435903"
}

@article{doi101111j1751908x201600379x,
    author = "Horstwood, Matthew and Košler, Jan and Gehrels, George E. and Jackson, Simon E. and McLean, Noah M. and Paton, Chad and Pearson, Norman J. and Sircombe, Keith and Sylvester, Paul and Vermeesch, Pieter and Bowring, James F. and Condon, Daniel J. and Schoene, Blair",
    title = "Community‐Derived Standards for LA ‐ ICP ‐ MS U‐(Th‐)Pb Geochronology – Uncertainty Propagation, Age Interpretation and Data Reporting",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research",
    abstract = "The LA ‐ ICP ‐ MS U‐(Th‐)Pb geochronology international community has defined new standards for the determination of U‐(Th‐)Pb ages. A new workflow defines the appropriate propagation of uncertainties for these data, identifying random and systematic components. Only data with uncertainties relating to random error should be used in weighted mean calculations of population ages; uncertainty components for systematic errors are propagated after this stage, preventing their erroneous reduction. Following this improved uncertainty propagation protocol, data can be compared at different uncertainty levels to better resolve age differences. New reference values for commonly used zircon, monazite and titanite reference materials are defined (based on ID ‐ TIMS) after removing corrections for common lead and the effects of excess 230 Th. These values more accurately reflect the material sampled during the determination of calibration factors by LA ‐ ICP ‐ MS analysis. Recommendations are made to graphically represent data only with uncertainty ellipses at 2 s and to submit or cite validation data with sample data when submitting data for publication. New data‐reporting standards are defined to help improve the peer‐review process. With these improvements, LA ‐ ICP ‐ MS U‐(Th‐)Pb data can be considered more robust, accurate, better documented and quantified, directly contributing to their improved scientific interpretation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908x.2016.00379.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1751-908x.2016.00379.x",
    openalex = "W2342124398",
    references = "doi1010079789400941090, doi101007s1143401030524, doi1010160012821x75900886, doi101016b9780080959757003107, doi101016jchemgeo200406017, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jchemgeo200711005, doi101016jchemgeo201502028, doi101016jgca201505026, doi1010292006gc001492, doi1010292007gc001805, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101111j1751908x1995tb00147x, doi101126science1215507, doi102113gselements9119, doi1023071270335, openalexw2797914455"
}

@article{doi101126sciadv1600134,
    author = "Luo, Genming and Ono, Shuhei and Beukes, Nicolas J. and Wang, David T. and Xie, Shucheng and Summons, Roger E.",
    title = "Rapid oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere 2.33 billion years ago",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Science Advances",
    abstract = {Molecular oxygen (O2) is, and has been, a primary driver of biological evolution and shapes the contemporary landscape of Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Although "whiffs" of oxygen have been documented in the Archean atmosphere, substantial O2 did not accumulate irreversibly until the Early Paleoproterozoic, during what has been termed the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE). The timing of the GOE and the rate at which this oxygenation took place have been poorly constrained until now. We report the transition (that is, from being mass-independent to becoming mass-dependent) in multiple sulfur isotope signals of diagenetic pyrite in a continuous sedimentary sequence in three coeval drill cores in the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. These data precisely constrain the GOE to 2.33 billion years ago. The new data suggest that the oxygenation occurred rapidly-within 1 to 10 million years-and was followed by a slower rise in the ocean sulfate inventory. Our data indicate that a climate perturbation predated the GOE, whereas the relationships among GOE, "Snowball Earth" glaciation, and biogeochemical cycling will require further stratigraphic correlation supported with precise chronologies and paleolatitude reconstructions.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600134",
    doi = "10.1126/sciadv.1600134",
    openalex = "W2371051551",
    references = "doi101126science1258410"
}

@article{doi1010022016gc006784,
    author = "Roberts, Nick M.W. and Rasbury, E. Troy and Parrish, Randall R. and Smith, Chris and Horstwood, Matthew and Condon, Daniel J.",
    title = "A calcite reference material for LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb geochronology",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems",
    abstract = "Abstract U‐Pb dating of calcite is an emerging but rapidly growing field of application in geochronology with great potential to inform problems in landscape, basin, and mountain belt evolution, through age determination of diagenetic cements, vein mineralization, and geological formations difficult to date otherwise. In this brief, we present isotope dilution U‐Pb isotope measurements on a sample of calcite (WC‐1) that has been and will continue to be used as a reference material for in situ U‐Pb Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) dating, and which is suitable to be distributed to the geochronological community. We present in situ measurements using LA‐ICP‐MS to demonstrate the suitability of WC‐1 for use as a U‐Pb dating reference material, in spite of it not being isotopically homogeneous. The WC‐1 calcite sample is 254.4 ± 6.4 Ma old and comprised 85–98\% radiogenic lead. It presents a suitable reference material that can facilitate dating of calcite ranging in age from Precambrian to late Neogene age.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gc006784",
    doi = "10.1002/2016gc006784",
    openalex = "W2619244064",
    references = "doi1010160012821x75900886, doi101016jchemgeo201311006, doi101016jchemgeo201403020, doi1010292006gc001492, doi1010292007rg000246, doi101039c1ja10172b, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101111j1751908x201100120x, doi101111j1751908x201600379x, doi101126science1215507, doi101130g372121, doi101130g378681, doi1018814epiiugs2013v36i3002, openalexw2797914455"
}

@article{doi101126sciadv1600983,
    author = "Hoffman, Paul F. and Abbot, Dorian S. and Ashkenazy, Yosef and Benn, Douglas I. and Brocks, Jochen J. and Cohen, Phoebe and Cox, Grant M. and Creveling, Jessica R. and Donnadieu, Yannick and Erwin, Douglas H. and Fairchild, Ian J. and Ferreira, David and Goodman, Jason and Halverson, Galen P. and Jansen, Malte and Hir, Guillaume Le and Love, Gordon D. and Macdonald, Francis A. and Maloof, Adam C. and Partin, Camille A. and Ramstein, Gilles and Rose, Brian E. J. and Rose, Catherine and Sadler, Peter M. and Tziperman, Eli and Voigt, Aiko and Warren, Stephen G.",
    title = "Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Science Advances",
    abstract = "Geological evidence indicates that grounded ice sheets reached sea level at all latitudes during two long-lived Cryogenian (58 and ≥5 My) glaciations. Combined uranium-lead and rhenium-osmium dating suggests that the older (Sturtian) glacial onset and both terminations were globally synchronous. Geochemical data imply that CO 2 was 10 2 PAL (present atmospheric level) at the younger termination, consistent with a global ice cover. Sturtian glaciation followed breakup of a tropical supercontinent, and its onset coincided with the equatorial emplacement of a large igneous province. Modeling shows that the small thermal inertia of a globally frozen surface reverses the annual mean tropical atmospheric circulation, producing an equatorial desert and net snow and frost accumulation elsewhere. Oceanic ice thickens, forming a sea glacier that flows gravitationally toward the equator, sustained by the hydrologic cycle and by basal freezing and melting. Tropical ice sheets flow faster as CO 2 rises but lose mass and become sensitive to orbital changes. Equatorial dust accumulation engenders supraglacial oligotrophic meltwater ecosystems, favorable for cyanobacteria and certain eukaryotes. Meltwater flushing through cracks enables organic burial and submarine deposition of airborne volcanic ash. The subglacial ocean is turbulent and well mixed, in response to geothermal heating and heat loss through the ice cover, increasing with latitude. Terminal carbonate deposits, unique to Cryogenian glaciations, are products of intense weathering and ocean stratification. Whole-ocean warming and collapsing peripheral bulges allow marine coastal flooding to continue long after ice-sheet disappearance. The evolutionary legacy of Snowball Earth is perceptible in fossils and living organisms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600983",
    doi = "10.1126/sciadv.1600983",
    openalex = "W2752695001",
    references = "doi101002jame20015, doi101016030442039500008f, doi101016b9780123705181500096, doi101016jchemgeo200606016, doi101016jprecamres200704021, doi101016s0009254103001992, doi10102993pa02200, doi101029jc086ic10p09776, doi101038231498a0, doi101038nature05682, doi101038nature09810, doi101038nature11445, doi101038ngeo934, doi101046j13653121200200408x, doi101073pnas0400522101, doi101073pnas0600999103, doi101086628623, doi101111brv12090, doi101111gbi12165, doi101111j215334901969tb00466x, doi101126science1107765, doi101126science1183325, doi101126science1206375, doi101126science1208336, doi101126science28153811342, doi101130001676061974851869gsaavt20co2, doi101130b263281, doi101130b302811, doi101130b307891, doi101130g205191, doi101146annurevfluid36050802122121, doi1011751520046919670240241teotaw20co2, doi1013060bda5c3616bd11d78645000102c1865d, doi102110jsr2008058, doi102110palo2003p0396, doi102113gselements9119, doi10247510200701, openalexw45631376, wright1978algal"
}

@article{doi102138am20176130,
    author = "Ague, Jay J.",
    title = "Element mobility during regional metamorphism in crustal and subduction zone environments with a focus on the rare earth elements (REE)",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "American Mineralogist",
    abstract = {This paper explores bulk-rock geochemical data for a wide array of metamorphosed mafic, quartzo-feldspathic, pelitic, and metacarbonate rocks using a quantitative mass-balance approach to assess fluid-driven element mobility—particularly of the rare earth elements (REE)—in regional metamorphic and some high-pressure subduction zone environments (40 examples; over 240 individual analyses). Most examples are from focused fluid flow settings, such as veins and lithologic contacts, where fluxes are large and metasomatic signals are thus strong. A variety of REE behaviors are observed, including little or no REE mobility (roughly a third of the data set); light REE (LREE), mid-REE (MREE), and/or heavy (HREE) mobility; europium "anomalies"; overall REE losses; and local REE redistribution. The REE are typically fractionated by mass transfer, with the exception of several examples that underwent fairly uniform overall losses of REE. The fractionation reflects strong mineralogical controls on REE uptake/loss by a comparatively small number of phases. Examples include: HREE mass changes associated with garnet, xenotime, and sphene; LREE and MREE changes associated with apatite, monazite, and allanite; and Eu changes associated with plagioclase and lawsonite. As mineralogy is a dominant control, the nature of the metasomatism is not strongly correlated with metamorphic grade, other than obvious mineralogical differences between settings (e.g., plagioclase in Barrovian metamorphism, lawsonite in subduction zones). Extensive mobilization of non-REE major and trace elements can happen without significant open-system transport of the REE. If REE mobility occurs, it is always accompanied by mobilization of other non-REE. When mobile, neighboring REE (e.g., Sm and Nd) typically have strongly correlated mass changes indicating that both were mobilized to about the same degree. Although individual examples of metasomatism can show correlations between patterns of mass transfer for the REE and the non-REE, little such correlation is evident across the entire data set, with the exception of P. Once again, this highlights the importance of individual minerals in controlling REE systematics. Broad correlations of REE and P mobility suggest REE transport by P complexes, or REE and P transport together by some other complexing agent. Mass changes for REE and Y are more strongly coupled, reflecting the geochemical similarity of these elements and perhaps indicating a role for Y complexing as well.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-6130",
    doi = "10.2138/am-2017-6130",
    openalex = "W2752473788",
    references = "doi102113gselements96433"
}

@article{doi105382econgeo20174515,
    author = "Li, Yang and Selby, David and Condon, Daniel J. and Tapster, Simon",
    title = "Cyclic Magmatic-Hydrothermal Evolution in Porphyry Systems: High-Precision U-Pb and Re-Os Geochronology Constraints on the Tibetan Qulong Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit*",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Economic Geology",
    abstract = "We present high-precision chemical abrasion-isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-IDTIMS) U-Pb zircon and isotope dilution-negative-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-N-TIMS) Re-Os molybdenite geochronology of the world-class Tibetan Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo deposit. The data is used to constrain the timing, duration, and to yield implications for the ore-forming processes. The U-Pb data suggest that the preore Rongmucuola pluton crystallized at 17.142 ± 0.014/0.014/0.023 Ma (uncertainties presented as analytical/+ tracer/+ decay constant uncertainties), with emplacements of the synore P porphyry and postore quartz diorite occurring at 16.009 ± 0.016/0.017/0.024 and 15.166 ± 0.010/0.011/0.020 Ma, respectively. The Re-Os analysis of multiple independent molybdenite separations from single molybdenite-bearing quartz veins yields sub-‰ level analytical precision (<1‰), which is comparable with that of modern CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon geochronology. The new Re-Os data indicate that the majority of the metals at Qulong were deposited over a minimum duration of 266 ± 13 k.y., between 16.126 ± 0.008/0.060/0.077 and 15.860 ± 0.010/0.058/0.075 Ma, with the main phase of mineralization being broadly synchronous with the emplacement of the P porphyry. However, our Re-Os data of molybdenite hosted within the Rongmucuola pluton imply that a portion of mineralization also predated the P porphyry and suggest that the P porphyry is an intermineral porphyry stock, although mineralization cut by P porphyry has not been previously documented or observed in this study. Correlating the Re-Os ages with vein types (A-B-D veins) demonstrates that the mineralization process was cyclical, with the presence of at least three short-lived (38 ± 11 to 59 ± 10 k.y.) mineralization pulses between 16.126 ± 0.008 and 16.050 ± 0.005, 16.040 ± 0.007 and 15.981 ± 0.007, and \textasciitilde 15.981 ± 0.007 and 15.860 ± 0.010 Ma. Coupling the Re-Os molybdenite ages and quartz (coprecipitated with the dated molybdenite) fluid inclusion data suggests that the cooling history was also cyclic, and implies a rapid cooling rate during the entire mineralization process (0.55° ± 0.11°C/k.y.), with much faster cooling rates (1.19° ± 0.82° to 1.27° ± 0.53°C/k.y.) for the individual mineralization pulses. The cyclic and rapid cooling process requires an additional cooling mechanism rather than the inefficient conduction, which we attribute to meteoric water circulation. \n \nThe presence of mineralization predating the intermineral P porphyry stock and the absence of evidence of an early porphyry stock at Qulong suggest that mineralization potentially can take place without contemporaneous magmatism at mineralization levels. As a result, dating magmatic events may not necessarily bracket the entire mineralization duration of a porphyry system. This highlights the importance of dating ore minerals to reveal a comprehensive picture of the magma-hydrothermal process. In addition, the absence of contemporaneous magmatism during mineralization has broad implications for the classification of porphyry copper deposits and mineral exploration. The timescales of mineralization cycles constrained here via direct dating of ore minerals (tens of k.y.) are comparable with those recently proposed through high-precision U-Pb zircon dating, diffusion modeling, and numerical simulation. We propose that the cyclic mineralization pulses are linked with the periodic release of volatiles from the lower crustal magma chamber, which are common for porphyry copper systems worldwide. The episodic/cyclic metal enrichment process potentially is one of the controlling factors of porphyry copper ore formation and is the key to differentiate the formation of economic and subeconomic porphyry deposits. \n \nFinally, direct comparison of molybdenite Re-Os dates from different laboratories and with the zircon U-Pb system needs to account for the much larger uncertainties from tracer calibration and decay constants, respectively. As a result, we lose the necessary resolution to investigate the ore-forming process at the k.y. level. Therefore, to reduce these uncertainties, calibration between the two chronometers, using shared tracer solutions and a transparent data reduction platform within the community is required.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2017.4515",
    doi = "10.5382/econgeo.2017.4515",
    openalex = "W2756245867",
    references = "doi101016jchemgeo201502028"
}

@article{doi101016jgsf201804001,
    author = "Vermeesch, Pieter",
    title = "IsoplotR: A free and open toolbox for geochronology",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Geoscience Frontiers",
    abstract = "This paper reviews the basic principles of radiometric geochronology as implemented in a new software package called IsoplotR, which was designed to be free, flexible and future-proof. IsoplotR is free because it is written in non-proprietary languages (R, Javascript and HTML) and is released under the GPL license. The program is flexible because its graphical user interface (GUI) is separated from the command line functionality, and because its code is completely open for inspection and modification. To increase future-proofness, the software is built on free and platform-independent foundations that adhere to international standards, have existed for several decades, and continue to grow in popularity. IsoplotR currently includes functions for U-Pb, Pb-Pb, 40Ar/39Ar, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf, Re-Os, U-Th-He, fission track and U-series disequilibrium dating. It implements isochron regression in two and three dimensions, visualises multi-aliquot datasets as cumulative age distributions, kernel density estimates and radial plots, and calculates weighted mean ages using a modified Chauvenet outlier detection criterion that accounts for the analytical uncertainties in heteroscedastic datasets. Overdispersion of geochronological data with respect to these analytical uncertainties can be attributed to either a proportional underestimation of the analytical uncertainties, or to an additive geological scatter term. IsoplotR keeps track of error correlations of the isotopic ratio measurements within aliquots of the same samples. It uses a statistical framework that will allow it to handle error correlations between aliquots in the future. Other ongoing developments include the implementation of alternative user interfaces and the integration of IsoplotR with other data reduction software.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.04.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gsf.2018.04.001",
    openalex = "W2796600848",
    references = "doi1010079789400941090, doi101007bf02288916, doi1010160012821x75900886, doi101016jchemgeo201204021, doi101016jepsl201304006, doi101016jgca200901015, doi101016s0012821x68800597, doi101038ngeo1475, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101111j147547541999tb00987x, doi101111j1751908x201600379x, doi101111j251761611982tb01195x, doi10111911632486, doi101126science1215507, doi1023071270335, openalexw2025327988, openalexw2797914455, openalexw2912219260"
}

@article{doi101039c7ja00357a,
    author = "Thompson, J. M. and Meffre, Sebastién and Danyushevsky, L",
    title = "Impact of air, laser pulse width and fluence on U–Pb dating of zircons by LA-ICPMS",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry",
    abstract = "The accuracy of zircon U–Pb dating by LA-ICPMS is limited by matrix effects related to differences in U–Pb fractionation between an unknown and the calibration standard.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ja00357a",
    doi = "10.1039/c7ja00357a",
    openalex = "W2782268880",
    references = "doi101111j1751908x201600379x"
}

@article{doi101126scienceaap7778,
    author = "Hoffmann, Dirk L. and Standish, Christopher D. and García-Diez, Marcos and Pettitt, Paul and Milton, James A. and Zilhão, Joào and Alcolea-González, Javier and Cantalejo-Duarte, Pedro and Giraldo, Hipólito Collado and de Balbín Behrmann, Rodrigo and Lorblanchet, Michel and Muñoz, José Ramos and Weniger, Gerd‐Christian and Pike, Alistair",
    title = "U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The extent and nature of symbolic behavior among Neandertals are obscure. Although evidence for Neandertal body ornamentation has been proposed, all cave painting has been attributed to modern humans. Here we present dating results for three sites in Spain that show that cave art emerged in Iberia substantially earlier than previously thought. Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates on carbonate crusts overlying paintings provide minimum ages for a red linear motif in La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in Maltravieso (Extremadura), and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andalucía). Collectively, these results show that cave art in Iberia is older than 64.8 thousand years (ka). This cave art is the earliest dated so far and predates, by at least 20 ka, the arrival of modern humans in Europe, which implies Neandertal authorship.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap7778",
    doi = "10.1126/science.aap7778",
    openalex = "W2789013877",
    references = "doi101016jjhevol200409002, doi101016s0009254199001576, doi101073pnas0914088107"
}

@article{doi101002rcm8385,
    author = "Wang, Fei and Shi, Wenbei and Guillou, Hervé and Zhang, Weibin and Yang, Liekun and Wu, Lin and Wang, Yinzhi and Zhu, Rixiang",
    title = "A new unspiked K‐Ar dating approach using laser fusion on microsamples",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry",
    abstract = {RATIONALE: Ar recoil effects during irradiation that affect fine-grained minerals (<50 μm), such as lunar rocks, glassy groundmass, supergene minerals (e.g., illite, glauconite, Mg-oxide, etc.). The second issue from neutron irradiation is the high radioactivity gain of iron-rich samples such as pyrite, and the third is the production of interference nuclides during irradiation. The inherent drawbacks of conventional K-Ar and current unspiked K-Ar dating make it difficult to assess the reliability of age results. METHODS: Ar. Fish Canyon sanidine (FCs), B4M muscovite and MMhb-1 hornblende, the widely used international standard minerals, were analyzed as unknowns to test the approach. Argon isotope analyses were carried out on a noble-gas mass spectrometer using laser fusion on microsamples (n × 0.01 to n × 0.2 mg). A new isochron - an "inverse isochron" for K-Ar dating - was designed. RESULTS: FCs and B4M yielded apparent and inverse isochron ages of 28.1 ± 0.1 and 28.0 ± 0.3 Ma, 18.2 ± 0.1 and 18.2 ± 0.5 Ma, which are consistent with the recommended ages, while the MMhb-1 presented lower apparent and inverse isochron ages (510.8 ± 4.8 and 512.3 ± 17.0 Ma) than the recommended ones. The initial argon compositions for the three standard minerals are 299.2 ± 205.3 (FCs), 294.0 ± 16.4 (B4M) and 290.9 ± 203.1 (MMhb-1), agreeing with that of air. CONCLUSIONS: Ar rising from irradiation and the drawbacks of K-Ar. By using laser fusion on multiple microaliquots from a same sample, this approach can produce accurate and precise K-Ar ages and give an inverse isochron. This new approach may provide an alternate dating method of geochronology based on argon isotopes.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8385",
    doi = "10.1002/rcm.8385",
    openalex = "W2910742947"
}

@article{doi101016jgsf201811002,
    author = "Coutts, Daniel S. and Matthews, W. A. and Hubbard, Stephen M.",
    title = "Assessment of widely used methods to derive depositional ages from detrital zircon populations",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Geoscience Frontiers",
    abstract = "The calculation of a maximum depositional age (MDA) from a detrital zircon sample can provide insight into a variety of geological problems. However, the impact of sample size and calculation method on the accuracy of a resulting MDA has not been evaluated. We use large populations of synthetic zircon dates (N ≈ 25,000) to analyze the impact of varying sample size (n), measurement uncertainty, and the abundance of near-depositional-age zircons on the accuracy and uncertainty of 9 commonly used MDA calculation methods. Furthermore, a new method, the youngest statistical population is tested. For each method, 500 samples of n synthetic dates were drawn from the parent population and MDAs were calculated. The mean and standard deviation of each method over the 500 trials at each n-value (50–1000, in increments of 50) were compared to the known depositional age of the synthetic population and used to compare the methods quantitatively in two simulation scenarios. The first simulation scenario varied the proportion of near-depositional-age grains in the synthetic population. The second scenario varied the uncertainty of the dates used to calculate the MDAs. Increasing sample size initially decreased the mean residual error and standard deviation calculated by each method. At higher n-values (>∼300 grains), calculated MDAs changed more slowly and the mean residual error increased or decreased depending on the method used. Increasing the proportion of near-depositional-age grains and lowering measurement uncertainty decreased the number of measurements required for the calculated MDAs to stabilize and decreased the standard deviation in calculated MDAs of the 500 samples. Results of the two simulation scenarios show that the most successful way to increase the accuracy of a calculated MDA is by acquiring a large number of low-uncertainty measurements (300 300) approach is used if the calculation of accurate MDAs are key to research goals. Other acquisition methods, such as high- to moderate-precision measurement methods (e.g., 1\%–5\%, 2σ) acquiring low- to moderate-n datasets (50 300). Additionally, they are most susceptible to producing erroneous MDAs due to contamination in the field or laboratory, or through disturbances of the youngest zircon's U–Pb systematics (e.g., lead loss). More conservative methods that still produce accurate MDAs and are less susceptible to contamination or lead loss include: youngest grain cluster at 1σ uncertainty (YGC 1σ), youngest grain cluster at 2σ uncertainty (YGC 2σ), and youngest statistical population (YSP). The ages calculated by these methods may be more useful and appealing when fitting calculated MDAs in to pre-existing chronostratigraphic frameworks, as they are less likely to be younger than the true depositional age. From the results of our numerical models we illustrate what geologic processes (i.e., tectonic or sedimentary) can be resolved using MDAs derived from strata of different ages. Keywords: Detrital zircon, Maximum depositional age, Geochronology, Basin chronology, LA-ICP-MS",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.11.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gsf.2018.11.002",
    openalex = "W2908923699",
    references = "doi10100797894009324181, doi101016jchemgeo200404026, doi101016jchemgeo200406017, doi101016jchemgeo200411013, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jchemgeo201502028, doi101016jepsl200405037, doi101016jepsl200909013, doi101016jgr201212009, doi101016jgsf201511006, doi101016s0016703798000593, doi1010292007gc001805, doi101111j1751908x201600379x, doi101130b264061, doi101130b310651, doi101130g329451, doi101146annurevearth050212124012, doi1021130530277"
}

@article{doi1010292018gb006061,
    author = "Isson, Terry T. and Planavsky, Noah J. and Coogan, L. A. and Stewart, Emily and Ague, Jay J. and Bolton, Edward W. and Zhang, Shuang and McKenzie, N. Ryan and Kump, Lee R.",
    title = "Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Global Biogeochemical Cycles",
    abstract = "Abstract The existence of stabilizing feedbacks within Earth's climate system is generally thought to be necessary for the persistence of liquid water and life. Over the course of Earth's history, Earth's atmospheric composition appears to have adjusted to the gradual increase in solar luminosity, resulting in persistently habitable surface temperatures. With limited exceptions, the Earth system has been observed to recover rapidly from pulsed climatic perturbations. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) regulation via negative feedbacks within the coupled global carbon‐silica cycles are classically viewed as the main processes giving rise to climate stability on Earth. Here we review the long‐term global carbon cycle budget, and how the processes modulating Earth's climate system have evolved over time. Specifically, we focus on the relative roles that shifts in carbon sources and sinks have played in driving long‐term changes in atmospheric pCO 2. We make the case that marine processes are an important component of the canonical silicate weathering feedback, and have played a much more important role in p CO 2 regulation than traditionally imagined. Notably, geochemical evidence indicate that the weathering of marine sediments and off‐axis basalt alteration act as major carbon sinks. However, this sink was potentially dampened during Earth's early history when oceans had higher levels of dissolved silicon (Si), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg), and instead likely fostered more extensive carbon recycling within the ocean‐atmosphere system via reverse weathering—that in turn acted to elevate ocean‐atmosphere CO 2 levels.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gb006061",
    doi = "10.1029/2018gb006061",
    openalex = "W2998006343",
    references = "doi101126sciadv1600983, doi101130g329451, doi101130g372121"
}

@article{doi101073pnas1905989116,
    author = "Henehan, Michael J. and Ridgwell, Andy and Thomas, Ellen and Zhang, Shuang and Alegret, Laia and Schmidt, Daniela N. and Rae, James and Witts, James D. and Landman, Neil H. and Greene, Sarah E. and Huber, Brian T. and Super, J. R. and Planavsky, Noah J. and Hull, Pincelli M.",
    title = "Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary coincides with the Chicxulub bolide impact and also falls within the broader time frame of Deccan trap emplacement. Critically, though, empirical evidence as to how either of these factors could have driven observed extinction patterns and carbon cycle perturbations is still lacking. Here, using boron isotopes in foraminifera, we document a geologically rapid surface-ocean pH drop following the Chicxulub impact, supporting impact-induced ocean acidification as a mechanism for ecological collapse in the marine realm. Subsequently, surface water pH rebounded sharply with the extinction of marine calcifiers and the associated imbalance in the global carbon cycle. Our reconstructed water-column pH gradients, combined with Earth system modeling, indicate that a partial ∼50\% reduction in global marine primary productivity is sufficient to explain observed marine carbon isotope patterns at the K-Pg, due to the underlying action of the solubility pump. While primary productivity recovered within a few tens of thousands of years, inefficiency in carbon export to the deep sea lasted much longer. This phased recovery scenario reconciles competing hypotheses previously put forward to explain the K-Pg carbon isotope records, and explains both spatially variable patterns of change in marine productivity across the event and a lack of extinction at the deep sea floor. In sum, we provide insights into the drivers of the last mass extinction, the recovery of marine carbon cycling in a postextinction world, and the way in which marine life imprints its isotopic signal onto the geological record.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905989116",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1905989116",
    openalex = "W2980427729",
    references = "doi101016jgloplacha201901020, doi101016jpalaeo200702037, doi101126scienceaau2422"
}

@article{doi101089ast20192085,
    author = "Schmieder, M. and Kring, D. A.",
    title = "Earth's Impact Events Through Geologic Time: A List of Recommended Ages for Terrestrial Impact Structures and Deposits",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Astrobiology",
    abstract = "= 46) sourced from the primary literature. High-precision impact ages can be used to (1) reconstruct and quantify the impact flux in the inner Solar System and, in particular, the Earth-Moon system, thereby placing constraints on the delivery of extraterrestrial mass accreted on Earth through geologic time; (2) utilize impact ejecta as event markers in the stratigraphic record and to refine bio- and magneto-stratigraphy; (3) test models and hypotheses of synchronous double or multiple impact events in the terrestrial record; (4) assess the potential link between large impacts, mass extinctions, and diversification events in the biosphere; and (5) constrain the duration of melt sheet crystallization in large impact basins and the lifetime of hydrothermal systems in cooling impact craters, which may have served as habitats for microbial life on the early Earth and, possibly, Mars.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2019.2085",
    doi = "10.1089/ast.2019.2085",
    openalex = "W2997502701",
    references = "doi101016jchemgeo201502028, doi101016jgca201306010, doi101016jpalaeo200702037, doi101016jpalaeo201703014, doi101073pnas1319253111, doi101130081372356655, doi101130b310761, doi101130b318901, openalexw1615946943"
}

@article{doi101093petrologyegaa107,
    author = "Scoates, James S. and Wall, Corey J. and Friedman, Richard M. and Weis, Dominique and Mathez, Edmond and VanTongeren, J. A.",
    title = "Dating the Bushveld Complex: Timing of Crystallization, Duration of Magmatism, and Cooling of the World’s Largest Layered Intrusion and Related Rocks",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Petrology",
    abstract = "Abstract The Paleoproterozoic Bushveld Complex, including the world’s largest layered intrusion and host to world-class stratiform chromium, platinum group element, and vanadium deposits, is a remarkable natural laboratory for investigating the timescales of magmatic processes in the Earth’s crust. A framework for the emplacement, crystallization, and cooling of the Bushveld Complex based on integrated U–Pb zircon–baddeleyite–titanite–rutile geochronology is presented for samples of different rock types from the Bushveld Complex, including ultramafic and mafic cumulates, mineralized horizons, granitic rocks from the roof, and a carbonatite from the nearby alkaline Phalaborwa Complex. The results indicate that (1) the Bushveld Complex was built incrementally over an ∼5 Myr interval from 2060 to 2055 Ma with a peak in magma flux at c. 2055–2056 Ma, (2) U–Pb zircon crystallization ages do not decrease in an uninterrupted systematic manner from the base to the top of the intrusion, indicating that the Bushveld Complex does not represent the crystallized products of a single progressively filled and cooled magma chamber, and (3) U–Pb rutile dates constrain cooling of the intrusion at the level of the Critical Zone through ∼500 °C by 2053 Ma. The c. 2060 Ma Phalaborwa Complex (pyroxenite, syenite, carbonatite + Cu–Fe-phosphate–vermiculite deposits) represents one of the earliest manifestations of widespread Bushveld-related magmatism in the northern Kaapvaal craton. The extended range and out-of-sequence U–Pb zircon dates determined for a harzburgite from the Lower Zone (c. 2056 Ma), an orthopyroxenite from the Lower Critical Zone (c. 2057 Ma), and orthopyroxenites from the Upper Critical Zone (c. 2057–2060 Ma) are interpreted to indicate that the lower part of the Bushveld Complex developed through successive intrusions and accretion of sheet-like intrusions (sills), some intruded at different stratigraphic levels. Crystallization of the main volume of the Bushveld Complex, as represented by the thick gabbroic sequences of the Main Zone and Upper Zone, is constrained to a relatively narrow interval of time (∼1 Myr) at c. 2055–2056 Ma. Granites and granophyres in the roof, and a diorite in the uppermost Upper Zone, constitute the youngest igneous activity in the Bushveld Complex at c. 2055 Ma. Collectively, these results contribute to an emerging paradigm shift for the assembly of some ultramafic–mafic magmatic systems from the conventional ‘big tank’ model to an ‘amalgamated sill’ model. The volume–duration relationship determined for magmatism in the Bushveld Complex, when compared with timescales established for the assembly of other layered intrusions and more silica-rich plutonic–volcanic systems worldwide, is distinct and equivalent to those determined for Phanerozoic continental and oceanic flood basalts that constitute large igneous provinces. Emplacement of the 2055–2060 Ma Bushveld Complex corresponds to the end of the Lomagundi–Jatuli Event, the largest magnitude positive carbon isotope excursion in Earth history, and this temporal correlation suggests that there may have been a contribution from voluminous Bushveld ultramafic–mafic–silicic magmatism to disruptions in the global paleoenvironment.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egaa107",
    doi = "10.1093/petrology/egaa107",
    openalex = "W3119818339",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev201310006, doi101093petrologyegy024"
}

@article{doi105194gchron2332020,
    author = "Roberts, Nick M.W. and Drost, Kerstin and Horstwood, Matthew and Condon, Daniel J. and Chew, David and Drake, Henrik and Milodowski, A. E. and McLean, Noah M. and Smye, Andrew J. and Walker, Richard J. and Haslam, Richard and Hodson, Keith R. and Imber, Jonathan B. and Beaudoin, Nicolas and Lee, Jack",
    title = "Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb carbonate geochronology: strategies, progress, and limitations",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Geochronology",
    abstract = "Abstract. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb geochronology of carbonate minerals, calcite in particular, is rapidly gaining popularity as an absolute dating method. The high spatial resolution of LA-ICP-MS U–Pb carbonate geochronology has benefits over traditional isotope dilution methods, particularly for diagenetic and hydrothermal calcite, because uranium and lead are heterogeneously distributed on the sub-millimetre scale. At the same time, this can provide limitations to the method, as locating zones of radiogenic lead can be time-consuming and “hit or miss”. Here, we present strategies for dating carbonates with in situ techniques, through imaging and petrographic techniques to data interpretation; our examples are drawn from the dating of fracture-filling calcite, but our discussion is relevant to all carbonate applications. We review several limitations to the method, including open-system behaviour, variable initial-lead compositions, and U–daughter disequilibrium. We also discuss two approaches to data collection: traditional spot analyses guided by petrographic and elemental imaging and image-based dating that utilises LA-ICP-MS elemental and isotopic map data.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-33-2020",
    doi = "10.5194/gchron-2-33-2020",
    openalex = "W3015492466",
    references = "doi1010022016gc006784, doi1010160012821x75900886, doi1010160016703778900017, doi101016016896229190010t, doi101016jchemgeo201302019, doi101016jchemgeo201403020, doi101016jchemgeo201704027, doi101016jepsl200708020, doi101016jjsg201207005, doi1010292007rg000246, doi1010292009gc002618, doi101038326865a0, doi101039c1ja10172b, doi101111j1751908x201600379x, doi101130g372121, doi101130g378681, doi101130g389031, doi101130g398221, doi101144jgs2017107"
}

@article{doi105382econgeo4711,
    author = "Deng, Jun and Qiu, Kunfeng and Wang, Qingfei and Goldfarb, Richard J. and Yang, Liqiang and Zi, Jian‐Wei and Geng, Jianzhen and Ma, Yao",
    title = "IN SITU DATING OF HYDROTHERMAL MONAZITE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GEODYNAMIC CONTROLS ON ORE FORMATION IN THE JIAODONG GOLD PROVINCE, EASTERN CHINA",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Economic Geology",
    abstract = "Abstract The Jiaodong gold province, the largest gold producer in China, formed in a setting dominated by a 30-m.y. episode of Izanagi plate rollback and widespread extension, concomitant with late Mesozoic craton destruction. This study presents new high precision in situ sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Th-Pb and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb ages for hydrothermal monazite from the largest of the Jiaodong gold deposits, which were previously dated as indicating ore formation over a few tens of millions of years when applying sericite Ar-Ar, zircon U-Pb, and less robust analytical techniques. Our U-Pb dating on monazite from the Jiaojia and Linglong deposits in western Jiaodong yielded consistent ages at ca. 120 Ma. The new geochronologic results, coupled with recently reported in situ monazite dates from smaller deposits in western Jiaodong, reveal that the deposits that host most of the ≥4,000-t Au resource formed during a relatively brief period at ca. 120 Ma. In eastern Jiaodong, the much smaller resource may have formed about 5 m.y. later, recorded by 114.2 ± 1.5 Ma gold mineralization at the Rushan deposit. The postsubduction opening of a slab gap at ca. 120 Ma is the most likely cause of the extensive gold mineralization in Jiaodong. The gap induced a local and rapid devolatilization of the hydrated mantle wedge at submelt temperatures. The transient event included release of a major volume of gold-transporting aqueous-carbonic fluid that was stored in the wedge into major NNE-trending structures in the overlying lithosphere.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4711",
    doi = "10.5382/econgeo.4711",
    openalex = "W3021733770",
    references = "doi101111j1751908x201600379x"
}

@article{doi101089ast20202418,
    author = "Lyons, Timothy W. and Diamond, Charles and Planavsky, Noah J. and Reinhard, Christopher T. and Li, Chao",
    title = "Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Astrobiology",
    abstract = "The long history of life on Earth has unfolded as a cause-and-effect relationship with the evolving amount of oxygen (O 2) in the oceans and atmosphere. Oxygen deficiency characterized our planet's first 2 billion years, yet evidence for biological O 2 production and local enrichments in the surface ocean appear long before the first accumulations of O 2 in the atmosphere roughly 2.4 to 2.3 billion years ago. Much has been written about this fundamental transition and the related balance between biological O 2 production and sinks coupled to deep Earth processes that could buffer against the accumulation of biogenic O 2. However, the relationship between complex life (eukaryotes, including animals) and later oxygenation is less clear. Some data suggest O 2 was higher but still mostly low for another billion and a half years before increasing again around 800 million years ago, potentially setting a challenging course for complex life during its initial development and ecological expansion. The apparent rise in O 2 around 800 million years ago is coincident with major developments in complex life. Multiple geochemical and paleontological records point to a major biogeochemical transition at that time, but whether rising and still dynamic biospheric oxygen triggered or merely followed from innovations in eukaryotic ecology, including the emergence of animals, is still debated. This paper focuses on the geochemical records of Earth's middle history, roughly 1.8 to 0.5 billion years ago, as a backdrop for exploring possible cause-and-effect relationships with biological evolution and the primary controls that may have set its pace, including solid Earth/tectonic processes, nutrient limitation, and their possible linkages. A richer mechanistic understanding of the interplay between coevolving life and Earth surface environments can provide a template for understanding and remotely searching for sustained habitability and even life on distant exoplanets.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2020.2418",
    doi = "10.1089/ast.2020.2418",
    openalex = "W3185738595",
    references = "doi101016jprecamres201710008, doi101016jtree201806003, doi101017jpa2016124, doi101038nature25009, doi101038s41467019088373, doi101111gbi12165, doi101111gbi12182, doi101111gbi12378, doi101111gbi12382, doi101111j14754983200700692x, doi101126sciadv1600983, doi101126sciadv1603076"
}

@article{doi1010292022rg000789,
    author = "Cawood, Peter A. and Chowdhury, Priyadarshi and Mulder, Jacob A. and Hawkesworth, Chris J. and Capitanio, Fabio A. and Gunawardana, Prasanna Mahesh and Nebel, Oliver",
    title = "Secular Evolution of Continents and the Earth System",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
    abstract = "Abstract Understanding of secular evolution of the Earth system is based largely on the rock and mineral archive preserved in the continental lithosphere. Based on the frequency and range of accessible data preserved in this record, we divide the secular evolution into seven phases: (a) “ Proto‐Earth ” (ca. 4.57–4.45 Ga); (b) “ Primordial Earth ” (ca. 4.45–3.80 Ga); (c) “ Primitive Earth ” (ca. 3.8–3.2 Ga); (d) “Juvenile Earth ” (ca. 3.2–2.5 Ga); (e) “ Youthful Earth ” (ca. 2.5–1.8 Ga); (f) “ Middle Earth ” (ca. 1.8–0.8 Ga); and (g) “ Contemporary Earth ” (since ca. 0.8 Ga). Integrating this record with knowledge of secular cooling of the mantle and lithospheric rheology constrains the changes in the tectonic modes that operated through Earth history. Initial accretion and the Moon forming impact during the Proto‐Earth phase likely resulted in a magma ocean. The solidification of this magma ocean produced the Primordial Earth lithosphere, which preserves evidence for intra‐lithospheric reworking of a rigid lid, but which also likely experienced partial recycling through mantle overturn and meteorite impacts. Evidence for craton formation and stabilization from ca. 3.8 to 2.5 Ga, during the Primitive and Juvenile Earth phases, likely reflects some degree of coupling between the convecting mantle and a lithosphere initially weak enough to favor an internally deformable, squishy‐lid behavior, which led to a transition to more rigid, plate like, behavior by the end of the early Earth phases. The Youthful to Contemporary phases of Earth, all occurred within a plate tectonic framework with changes between phases linked to lithospheric behavior and the supercontinent cycle.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2022rg000789",
    doi = "10.1029/2022rg000789",
    openalex = "W4311745509",
    references = "doi101016b0080437516030164, doi101016b9780080959757003016, doi101016jearscirev201510006, doi101016jgr202011001, doi101016jlithos200706016, doi101016jprecamres2019105347, doi10102995rg01302, doi101029jb075i014p02625, doi10103835051550, doi101038nature13068, doi101038s415590180644x, doi101080002068142014958579, doi101086628474, doi101111j1365246x1975tb00631x, doi101126sciadv1603076, doi101126science28153811342, doi101130g329451, doi101130g354021, doi101130g382451, doi10247509201003, doi105194gchron2332020, openalexw2883478268"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev2023104336,
    author = "Li, Zheng‐Xiang and Liu, Yebo and Ernst, Richard E.",
    title = "A dynamic 2000—540 Ma Earth history: From cratonic amalgamation to the age of supercontinent cycle",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    abstract = "Establishing how tectonic plates have moved since deep time is essential for understanding how Earth's geodynamic system has evolved and operates, thus answering longstanding questions such as what “drives” plate tectonics. Such knowledge is a key component of Earth System science, and has implications for wide ranging fields from core-mantle-crust interaction and evolution, geotectonic phenomena such as mountain building and magmatic and basin histories, the episodic formation and preservation of Earth resources, to global sea-level changes, climatic evolution, atmospheric oxygenation, and even the evolution of life. In this paper, we take advantage of the rapidly improving database and knowledge about the Precambrian world, and the conceptual breakthroughs, both regarding the presence of a supercontinent cycle and possible dynamic coupling between the supercontinent cycle and mantle dynamics, in order to establish a full-plate global reconstruction from 540 Ma back to 2000 Ma. We utilise a variety of global geotectonic databases to constrain our reconstruction, and use palaeomagnetically recorded true polar wander events and global plume records to help evaluate competing geodynamic models and also provide new constraints on the absolute longitude of continents and supercontinents. After revising the configuration and life span of both supercontinents Nuna (1600—1300 Ma) and Rodinia (900—720 Ma), we present a 2000—540 Ma animation, starting from the rapid assembly of large cratons and supercratons (or megacontinents) between 2000 Ma and 1800 Ma. This occurred after a billion years of dominance by small cratons, and kick-started the ensuing Nuna and Rodinia supercontinent cycles and the emergence of stable, hemisphere-scale (long-wavelength) degree-1/degree-2 mantle structures. We further use the geodynamicly-defined type-1 and type-2 inertia interchange true polar wander (IITPW) events, which likely occurred during Nuna (type-1) and Rodinia (type-2) times as shown by the palaeomagnetic record, to argue that Nuna assembled at about the same longitude as the latest supercontinent Pangaea (320—170 Ma), whereas Rodinia formed through introversion assembly over the legacy Nuna subduction girdle either ca. 90° to the west (our slightly preferred model) or to the east before the migrated subduction girdle surrounding it generated its own degree-2 mantle structure by ca. 780 Ma. Our interpretation is broadly consistent with the global LIP record. Using TPW and LIP observations and geodynamic model predictions, we further argue that the Phanerozoic supercontinent Pangaea assembled through extroversion on a legacy Rodinia subduction girdle with a geographic centre at around 0°E longitude before the formation of its own degree-2 mantle structure by ca. 250 Ma, the legacy of which is still present in present-day mantle.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104336",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104336",
    openalex = "W4319264917",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev2020103477, doi101016jgr201807007, doi101016jprecamres201606017, doi101126sciadv1600983"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev2023104551,
    author = "Huston, David L. and Doublier, Michael P. and Eglington, B. M. and Pehrsson, S J and Piercey, Steve and Mercier-Langevin, P",
    title = "Convergent margin metallogenic cycles: A window to secular changes in Earth's tectonic evolution",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    abstract = "Compilation of age and endowment data for deposits that commonly occur on convergent margins (volcanic-hosted massive sulfide, porphyry copper, orogenic gold, granite-related rare metal and pegmatite deposits: over 1000 deposits from 21 mineral provinces) indicate that metallogenic patterns have changed over time. For much of Earth's history, metallogenesis along convergent margins is marked by a relatively systematic temporal progression of deposits succeeding one-another, which we refer to as the convergent margin metallogenic cycle (CMMC): volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) and/or calc-alkalic porphyry copper → orogenic gold → alkalic porphyry copper, granite-related rare metals and/or pegmatite. Typically individual CMMCs last for 60–160 Myr, and the progression appears to be related to the convergent margin tectonic cycle. Prior to ca. 3000 Ma, however, CMMCs are not recognized. Rather, these old mineral provinces are characterized by long metallogenic histories (370–500 Myr) with no discernible pattern of deposit types. The Mesoarchean to Paleoproterozoic is characterized mostly by mineral provinces with relatively short (60–155 Myr) metallogenic histories and a single CMMC. Between 1950 Ma and 1700 Ma some convergent margin mineral provinces (e.g. Trans-Hudson and Svecofennian) are characterized by multiple CMMCs, with metallogenic histories that last up to 160 Myr. Between 1250 Ma and 750 Ma, longer-lived yet relatively poorly-constrained metallogenic histories (up to 320 Myr) appear, and after ca. 750 Ma, convergent margins are mostly long-lived (290–450 Myr) and are characterized by multiple CMMCs with complex metallogenic histories. These four periods in the metallogenesis of convergent margins appear to reflect secular changes in tectonic processes. Prior to ca. 3200–3000 Ma, stagnant lid tectonics, which did not involve modern-style subduction, dominated, resulting in non-cyclical mineralization. After the initiation of some early form of subduction between ca. 3200 Ma and ca. 3000 Ma, the metallogenic style changed. The dominance of provinces from 3000 to 1700 Ma with a single CMMC, and a relatively short metallogenic history suggests that convergent margins were shorter-lived. This is consistent with models of shallow-break-off subduction whereby the subducting slab breaks off at shallow levels due to lower plate strength beginning in the later Archean. We suggest that between ca. 3000 and ca. 1700 Ma a propensity for slab break-off could shut down individual subduction systems and produce short-lived metallogenic histories with a single CMMC. The change to longer metallogenic histories and dominant multiple CMMCs begins with Rodinia assembly: the length and complexity of metallogenesis systematically increases thereafter. The lengthening of convergent margin metallogenesis resulted from more stable convergence as continuous ridge push and the stronger density contrasts of the subducting slab causing re-initiation of subduction outboard rather than complete termination of subduction when the convergent margin was perturbed. As consequence of these driving factors, the metallogenic history of young convergent margins involves multiple CMMCs and/or complex temporal interleaving of deposit types.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104551",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104551",
    openalex = "W4386647205",
    references = "doi101016jgr202011001"
}

@article{doi101186s12932024000957,
    author = "Mansour, Sherif and Hasebe, Noriko and Abdelrahman, Kamal and Fnais, Mohammed S and Gharib, Mohamed A and Habou, Rabiou and Tamura, Akihiro",
    title = "Development of the Arabian-Nubian Shield along the Marsa Alam-Idfu transect, Central-Eastern Desert, Egypt: geochemical implementation of zircon U-Pb geochronology.",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Geochemical transactions",
    abstract = "The magmatic complex along the Marsa Alam-Idfu transect, Central-Eastern Desert of Egypt, represents the northern segment of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS), which developed within the framework of the East African Orogen. The basement rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield have been developed through three distinct phases of magmatic activity: the island-arc, the syn-orogenic, and the post-orogenic phases. Transitioning of the magmatic phases from the syn-orogenic to the post-orogenic, identifies changing the tectonic regime from a compressional to an extensional setting. The scarcity of comprehensive regional geochronological data that rely on precise isochron methods, such as the zircon U-Pb technique, could limit the comprehensive understanding of this region's geological and tectonic history. That would raise a number of uncertainties ranging from the timing of the different magmatic activities and timing of changes in the tectonic regime to the existence of the pre-Pan-African crust in the CED. Our study provides new insights into the aforementioned uncertainties through zircon U-Pb dating of different rock units along the Marsa Alam-Idfu transect, CED, Egypt. The resulting ages ranged from 729 ± 3 Ma to 570 ± 2 Ma, constraining the temporal evolution of the ANS in the studied region into (1) the island-arc phase, represented by a metamorphic sample with an age of 729 ± 3 Ma. (2) the syn-orogenic phase, represented by calc-alkaline and alkaline granitic samples with ages ranging from 699 ± 4 Ma to 646 ± 2 Ma. These two phases indicate initiation of the compressional subduction regime in the CED since 729 ± 3 Ma and being dominated till 646 ± 2 Ma. (3) the post-orogenic phase, represented by metavolcanics, volcanic rocks, and alkaline plutonic samples with ages ranging from 623 ± 3 Ma to 570 ± 2 Ma. This phase suggests dominance of the compressional-to-extensional tectonic transition setting from 623 ± 3 Ma to 600 ± 1 Ma along with the Dokhan volcanism and activation of post-collision tensional regime activated at 582 ± 3 Ma. Our findings discourage the proposed dominance of the island-arc and syn-orogenic phases in the CED and the classical restriction of older magmatic activity to calc-alkaline granitic rocks and younger magmatic activity to alkaline granitic rocks. Additionally, we identified evidence of local magmatic sources by dating five grains with Mesoproterozoic (pre-Arabian-Nubian Shield) xenocrysts with ages ranging from 1549 ± 4 to 1095 ± 25 Ma.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11520088/",
    doi = "10.1186/s12932-024-00095-7",
    openalex = "W4403836952",
    pmcid = "PMC11520088",
    pmid = "39466486",
    references = "doi101016jchemgeo200406017, doi101016jchemgeo200711005, doi101016jchemgeo200808004, doi101016jgsf201804001, doi101016s0009254101003552, doi101016s0040195102006297, doi10102993jb01159, doi101039ja9961100899, doi101111j1751908x1997tb00538x, doi101146annurevea22050194001535"
}

@article{doi101002jms5115,
    author = "Singhal, Saurabh and Singh, Sandeep and Singh, Dharmendra",
    title = "Minimizing Variable Downhole Fractionation in U-Pb Zircon Geochronology by LA-MC-ICP-MS at Smaller Spot Size.",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Journal of mass spectrometry: JMS",
    abstract = "The development of LA-ICPMS and LA-MC-ICPMS resulted in analytical methods for zircon geochronology using a 20- to 60-μm laser spot size. A high amount of complexly zoned zircons promotes the requirement of U-Pb dating at smaller spot sizes. When spot size reduces, downhole fractionation (DHF) increases, increasing the DHF discrepancy between zircon grains and the primary reference zircon standard and resulting in inaccurate results. With MC-ICPMS's high sensitivity and multi-collector capabilities, this work attempts to accurately determine age with spatial resolutions below 20 μm. Three well-characterized zircon standards (91500, GJ-1, and Plešovice) were tested at spot sizes of 35, 20, 15, and 10 μm. Laser and mass spectrometry tuning, laser shot count, and ablation time have been optimized to reduce the DHF effect on measurement accuracy. Static ablation of 35- to 15-μm spots with 150 laser shot counts (30 s) yielded precision of less than 1.5\% and age offset of less than 2\%. The DHF differs significantly from the reference standard and two test zircon samples used for validation, with an age offset of 4\% at 10-μm spot sizes. Masking shot counts from the end enhanced accuracy, notably for lower laser shot counts and shorter ablation times. At 75 laser shot counts, precision reached 1.4\% and age offsets reduced to 1.6\% for 206Pb/238U age. This method minimizes laser shot counts to avoid sampling two age groups. Higher zircon DHF variability at smaller spot sizes may influence a well-calibrated, sensitive LA-MC-ICP-MS analytical figure of merit.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39967398/",
    doi = "10.1002/jms.5115",
    openalex = "W4407756088",
    pmid = "39967398",
    references = "doi101016jchemgeo200401003, doi101016jchemgeo200406017, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jchemgeo200711005, doi101016s0009254100002333, doi1010292007gc001805, doi1010292009gc002400, doi101039c1ja10172b, doi101039ja9961100899, doi101111j1751908x1995tb00147x"
}

@article{doi101016jchemgeo2025122792,
    author = "Bermúdez-Chávez, Cynthia and Pi‐Puig, Teresa and Solé, Jesús",
    title = "Laser ablation K-Ar dating of illite on oriented aggregate mounts",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Chemical Geology",
    abstract = "Illite, a clay mineral formed during diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism, can be dated using the K-Ar method to reconstruct the chronological history of sedimentary basins, fault and fold formation, and hydrothermal alterations. However, conventional K-Ar and Ar-Ar dating of illite faces challenges due to the clay's small grain size, hygroscopicity, limited availability in finer fractions, and other analytical issues. This study proposes a modified K-Ar dating approach that uses a laser ablation technique to date small amounts of oriented clay aggregate mounts separated by grain size fractions and prepared on glass discs. Four groups of illite-bearing samples from various geological settings were analyzed, ranging in age from 350 Ma to 40 Ma. X-ray diffraction of the aggregate mounts revealed different mineral compositions, with illite proportions between 20 \% and 90 \%, along with kaolinite, chlorite, quartz, and feldspars in some samples. The K-Ar dating setup includes ultrahigh vacuum laser ablation of oriented clay mounts combined with LIBS spectroscopy for potassium measurement and noble gas mass spectrometry for argon quantification within the same experiment. Ages were obtained through various methods (single craters, lines, and multiple craters), making the isochron method utilizing multiple craters the most precise and accurate. This innovative K-Ar method simplifies the dating of clay fractions by avoiding problematic issues such as drying, weighing, homogeneity, and Ar recoil during irradiation while enabling mineralogical characterization through X-ray diffraction on the same sample preparation. This approach offers new insights into the geological history recorded by clay minerals. During this work, we identified unknown issues concerning sample preparation and geochronological data, including differential clay sedimentation during drying and the associated age dispersion in clays from detrital samples. • New K–Ar dating method for clay minerals using laser ablation on oriented aggregates. • X-ray diffraction and dating performed on the same mount, using milligrams of sample. • Simultaneous measurement of K using LIBS and Ar using noble gas mass spectrometry. • Isochrons based on multiple points provide the best accuracy and precision.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2025.122792",
    doi = "10.1016/j.chemgeo.2025.122792",
    openalex = "W4409323930"
}

@article{doi101093nsrnwaf141,
    author = "Li, Weiran and Costa, Fidel",
    title = "Leveraging radioisotope geochronology and diffusion chronometry to trace the thermal evolution of magmatic systems",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "National Science Review",
    abstract = "Time scales determined by radioisotope geochronology and diffusion chronometry for the same magmatic systems have shown variable degrees of discrepancy. We show in this paper that this could be due to the different temperature ranges that the two types of chronometers are effectively sampling, therefore combining them will help to trace the thermal evolution of magmatic systems on Earth and other planets.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaf141",
    doi = "10.1093/nsr/nwaf141",
    openalex = "W4409352817"
}

@article{doi101093nsrnwaf206,
    author = "Yang, Chuan and Bowyer, Fred and Condon, Daniel",
    title = "High-precision CA-ID-TIMS zircon U-Pb geochronology: a review of the Neoproterozoic time scale.",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "National science review",
    abstract = "The Neoproterozoic Era is a critical time interval when the Earth experienced fundamental changes, manifested as Snowball Earth climatic extremes, large fluctuations in oceanic and atmospheric compositions, and emergence and rapid diversification of animals. High-precision geochronology of Neoproterozoic stratigraphy is essential for constraining timings, durations, and rates of these major events, and for assessing the synchroneity and nature of interactions between them. Here we review recent advances in the CA-ID-TIMS zircon U-Pb dating method and discuss the factors that influence the choice of method used to date Neoproterozoic stratigraphy. Advances in the temporal calibration of major carbonate carbon isotope excursions, glaciations, and fossil assemblages of the Neoproterozoic using high-precision age constraints, are also reviewed. This enables us to construct a composite carbonate carbon isotope profile for the Neoproterozoic, which is anchored by radio-isotopic ages. Together with available biodiversity metrics, this provides critical insights into the co-evolution of life and environment in the Neoproterozoic.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12342614/",
    doi = "10.1093/nsr/nwaf206",
    openalex = "W4410551681",
    pmcid = "PMC12342614",
    pmid = "40809879",
    references = "doi101016001670378290165x, doi101016jchemgeo200401003, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101038s43247024016301, doi101093nsrnwaf300, doi101111j1751908x201600379x, doi101126sciadv1600983, doi101126science1107765, doi101126science1183325, doi101126science1215507, doi101126science1258410, doi101126scienceaau2422"
}

@article{doi101093nsrnwaf277,
    author = "Chang, Su-Chin and Shi, Wenbei and Wang, Yinzhi and Wang, Fei",
    title = "Argon-based geochronology: advances, limitations and perspectives.",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "National science review",
    abstract = "Given that K constitutes about 3 wt.\% of Earth's crust and is present in most rock-forming minerals, and that Ar diffusion in minerals is temperature-dependent, Ar-based geochronology (40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar dating) can date most rocks and also reveal their thermal history. This paper reviews recent advances and longstanding limitations in 40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar geochronology, and provides perspectives into future research on Ar-based geochronometers. Over the past two decades, multi-collector noble gas mass spectrometry has witnessed remarkable advancements in both sensitivity and resolution. Successive upgrades of mass spectrometer generations have significantly enhanced the precision of Ar isotope measurements, enabling a comprehensive revision and optimization of 40Ar/39Ar dating standard minerals. To achieve high-precision 40Ar/39Ar dating and minimize inter-laboratory discrepancies, researchers are focusing on refining the potassium decay constant, developing standardized mineral separation techniques, and harmonizing irradiation and data processing protocols. These efforts are pivotal for improving the analytical precision of low-K and young samples, thereby expanding the application frontiers of 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. For in situ planetary dating, the K/Ar method currently remains the only feasible radiometric technique among radioactive isotope systems. Addressing challenges in simultaneous K and Ar measurements will facilitate streamlined acquisition of reliable datasets. Moreover, research is advancing toward a deeper understanding of Ar diffusion behavior in minerals-beyond temperature-dependent volume diffusion-to clarify its impact on 40Ar/39Ar data interpretation and geological significance. To further advance argon-based geochronology, the scientific community is committed to continuous exploration and resolution of methodological limitations inherent in these dating approaches.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12395950/",
    doi = "10.1093/nsr/nwaf277",
    openalex = "W4412105667",
    pmcid = "PMC12395950",
    pmid = "40893428",
    references = "doi1010160012821x77900607, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jgca201106021, doi101016joregeorev200511001, doi101016s0016703799002045, doi101073pnas9673447, doi101093oso97801951092070010001, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1175802, doi101126scienceaao2646"
}

@article{doi101093nsrnwaf300,
    author = "Li, Yang and Glorie, Stijn and Selby, David",
    title = "Re–Os geochronology for sulfides and organic-rich sediments",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "National Science Review",
    abstract = "Re-Os dating method, and fully integrating the Re-Os geochronometer into the EarthTime initiative.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaf300",
    doi = "10.1093/nsr/nwaf300",
    openalex = "W4412612352",
    references = "doi1010160009254194001404, doi101016b0080437516030164, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016s0012821x02004892, doi101021ac00109a036, doi101038378571a0, doi101086628623, doi101093nsrnwaf206, doi10111911632486, doi101126science27152521099, doi101130b372941, doi101146annurevearth261423"
}

@article{doi103390min15050532,
    author = "Mansour, Sherif and Abu-Elsaoud, Abdelghafar M. and Haouala, Faouzi and Khedr, Mohamed Zaki and Tamura, Akihiro and Hasebe, Noriko",
    title = "Geochronological Evolution of the Safaga–Qena Transect, Northern Eastern Desert, Egypt: Implications of Zircon U-Pb Dating",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Minerals",
    abstract = "The granitic rocks and the Dokhan Volcanics at the transect between Safaga and Qena, the Egyptian Northern Eastern Desert represent the northern termination of the Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS), which, in turn, represents the northern part of the East African Orogeny (EAO). The geochronological development of the magmatic activities that constructed the ANS is critical in understanding these orogenies. The ANS was constructed through pre-collisional, syn-collisional, and post-collisional magmatic phases. The transition between these magmatic phases marks tectonic shifting from subduction to compressional and extensional tectonic settings, respectively. The chronological constraints of these tectonic–magmatic phases are still questionable. Our study aims to refine these chronological constraints through the dating of four calc-alkaline granitic rocks (722 ± 5 Ma–561 ± 4 Ma), five alkaline granitic rocks (758 ± 5 Ma–555 ± 4 Ma), and three Dokhan Volcanic rocks (618 ± 5 Ma–606 ± 5 Ma). Our results suggest the absence of any pre-collisional rocks. The syn-collisional magmatism extended here from 758 ± 5 Ma to 653 ± 7 Ma, demonstrating the chronological domination of the syn-orogenic compressional regime in the NED. The Dokhan Volcanic activity marked the shifting of the tectonic setting from a compressional to an extensional regime at 618 ± 5 Ma. Post-collisional plutonism dominated between 583 ± 5 Ma and 555 ± 4 Ma in the studied region, suggesting that ANS magmatic activity was extended to the Phanerozoic edge. These findings refute the classical interpretations of older magmatism as calc-alkaline granitoids and younger magmatism as alkaline granitoids. Pre-Neoproterozoic (pre-ANS) xenocrysts with ages of 1879 ± 22, 1401 ± 25, 1385 ± 12, 1232 ± 27, 1210 ± 18, and 1130 ± 15 Ma were yielded, which might support a local reworked ancient magmatic source.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/min15050532",
    doi = "10.3390/min15050532",
    openalex = "W4410495145",
    references = "doi101186s12932024000957"
}