@techreport{bornhauser1948possible9,
    author = "Bornhauser, M",
    title = "Possible ancient submarine canyon in southwestern Louisiana",
    year = "1948",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 32, p. 2287-2290",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bornhauser, M., 1948, Possible ancient submarine canyon in southwestern Louisiana: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 32, p. 2287-2290.}"
}

@article{kuenen1950turbidity26,
    author = "Kuenen, P. H. and Migliorini, C",
    title = "Turbidity currents as a cause of graded bedding",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "Journal of Geology, v. 58, p. 91-127",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kuenen, P. H., and Migliorini, C., 1950, Turbidity currents as a cause of graded bedding: Journal of Geology, v. 58, p. 91-127.}"
}

@techreport{bornhauser1960depositional10,
    author = "Bornhauser, M",
    title = "Depositional and structural history of Northwest Hartburg Field, Newton County, Texas",
    year = "1960",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 44, p. 458-470",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bornhauser, M., 1960, Depositional and structural history of Northwest Hartburg Field, Newton County, Texas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 44, p. 458-470.}"
}

@misc{sullwold1961turbidites48,
    author = "Sullwold, H. H. and Jr",
    title = "Turbidites in Oil Exploration, in Peterson, J. A., and Osmond, J. C., eds., Geometry of Sand Bodies",
    year = "1961",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 63-81",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sullwold, H. H., Jr., 1961, Turbidites in Oil Exploration, in Peterson, J. A., and Osmond, J. C., eds., Geometry of Sand Bodies: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 63-81.}"
}

@book{bouma1962sedimentology11,
    author = "Bouma, A. H",
    title = "Sedimentology of some flysch deposits",
    year = "1962",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, 168 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bouma, A. H., 1962, Sedimentology of some flysch deposits: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 168 p.}"
}

@article{walker1967turebidite50,
    author = "Walker, R. G",
    title = "Turebidite sedimentary structures and their relationship to proximal and distal depositional environments",
    year = "1967",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 37, p. 25-43",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, R. G., 1967, Turebidite sedimentary structures and their relationship to proximal and distal depositional environments: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 37, p. 25-43.}"
}

@techreport{paine1968stratigraphy43,
    author = "Paine, R",
    title = "Stratigraphy and sedimentation of subsurface Hackberry wedge and associated beds of southwestern Louisiana",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 52, p. 322-342",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Paine, R., 1968, Stratigraphy and sedimentation of subsurface Hackberry wedge and associated beds of southwestern Louisiana: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 52, p. 322-342.}"
}

@techreport{bandy1969middle1,
    author = "Bandy, O. L. and Arnal, R. E",
    title = "Middle Tertiary Basin development, San Joaquin Valley, California",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, p. 783-820",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bandy, O. L., and Arnal, R. E., 1969, Middle Tertiary Basin development, San Joaquin Valley, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, p. 783-820.}"
}

@techreport{normark1970growth40,
    author = "Normark, W. R",
    title = "Growth patterns of deep sea fans",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 54, p. 2170-2195",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Normark, W. R., 1970, Growth patterns of deep sea fans: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 54, p. 2170-2195.}"
}

@article{benson1971geology4,
    author = "Benson, P. H",
    title = "Geology of the Oligocene Hackberry trend, Gillis English Bayou - Manchester area, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 21, p. 1-14",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Benson, P. H., 1971, Geology of the Oligocene Hackberry trend, Gillis English Bayou - Manchester area, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 21, p. 1-14.}"
}

@techreport{walker1971nondeltaic51,
    author = "Walker, R. G",
    title = "Nondeltaic depositional environments in the Catskill clastic wedge (Upper Devonian) of central Pennsylvania",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 1305-1326",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, R. G., 1971, Nondeltaic depositional environments in the Catskill clastic wedge (Upper Devonian) of central Pennsylvania: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 1305-1326.}"
}

@misc{bazeley1972san2,
    author = "Bazeley, W",
    title = "San Emidio Nose Field",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 16, p. 297-312",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bazeley, W., 1972, San Emidio Nose Field: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 16, p. 297-312.}"
}

@techreport{davies1972deep17,
    author = "Davies, D. K",
    title = "Deep sea sediments and their sedimentation, Gulf of Mexico",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 56, p. 2212-2239",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Davies, D. K., 1972, Deep sea sediments and their sedimentation, Gulf of Mexico: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 56, p. 2212-2239.}"
}

@book{fisher1972clastic19,
    author = "Fisher, W. L. and Brown, L. F. and Jr",
    title = "Clastic depositional systems - a genetic approach to facies analysis",
    year = "1972",
    publisher = "Bureau of Economic Geology: University of Texas at Austin, p. 161-183",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fisher, W. L., and Brown, L. F., Jr., 1972, Clastic depositional systems - a genetic approach to facies analysis: Bureau of Economic Geology: University of Texas at Austin, p. 161-183.}"
}

@misc{mutti1972le33,
    author = "Mutti, E. and Ricci Lucchi, F",
    title = "Le torbiditi dell'Appennino settentrionale",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "introduzione all'ananisi di facies: Memoirs Soc. Geol. Italiana, v. 11, p. 161-199",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mutti, E., and Ricci Lucchi, F., 1972, Le torbiditi dell'Appennino settentrionale: introduzione all'ananisi di facies: Memoirs Soc. Geol. Italiana, v. 11, p. 161-199.}"
}

@misc{mutti1972un32,
    author = "Mutti, E. and Ghibaudo, G",
    title = "Un esempio di torbiditi di conoide sottomarina estern",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "le Arenarie di San Salvatore (Formazione di Bobbio, Miocene) nell'Appennino de Piacenza. Memorie dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Mathematiche e Naturali, Series 4, No.16, 40 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mutti, E., and Ghibaudo, G., 1972, Un esempio di torbiditi di conoide sottomarina estern: le Arenarie di San Salvatore (Formazione di Bobbio, Miocene) nell'Appennino de Piacenza. Memorie dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Mathematiche e Naturali, Series 4, No.16, 40 p.}"
}

@article{berg1973deepwater5,
    author = "Berg, R. R. and Findley, R",
    title = "Deep-water interpretation of Upper Wilcox sandstones from core study, Katy Field, Texas",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 23, p. 259-265",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Berg, R. R., and Findley, R., 1973, Deep-water interpretation of Upper Wilcox sandstones from core study, Katy Field, Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 23, p. 259-265.}"
}

@article{bouma1973leveedchannel12,
    author = "Bouma, A. H",
    title = "Leveed-channel deposits, turbidites and contourites in the deeper parts of the Gulf of Mexico",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, p. 368-376",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bouma, A. H., 1973, Leveed-channel deposits, turbidites and contourites in the deeper parts of the Gulf of Mexico: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, p. 368-376.}"
}

@article{crossref1973turbidites,
    title = "Turbidites and Deep-Water Sedimentation",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(73)90033-0",
    doi = "10.1016/0012-8252(73)90033-0",
    number = "4",
    pages = "389",
    volume = "9"
}

@misc{nelsom1973submarine36,
    author = "Nelsom, C. H. and Kulm, L. D",
    title = "Submarine fans and deep-sea channels, in Middleton, G. V., and Bouma, A. H., eds., Turbidites and deep-water sedimentation",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 39-78",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nelsom, C. H., and Kulm, L. D., 1973, Submarine fans and deep-sea channels, in Middleton, G. V., and Bouma, A. H., eds., Turbidites and deep-water sedimentation: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 39-78.}"
}

@book{walker1973moppingup52,
    author = "Walker, R. G",
    title = "Mopping-up the turbidite mess, in Ginsburg, R. N., ed., Evolving Concepts in Sedimentology",
    year = "1973",
    publisher = "Baltimore, John Hopkins Press, p. 1-37",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, R. G., 1973, Mopping-up the turbidite mess, in Ginsburg, R. N., ed., Evolving Concepts in Sedimentology: Baltimore, John Hopkins Press, p. 1-37.}"
}

@misc{walker1973turbidite55,
    author = "Walker, R. G. and Mutti, E",
    title = "Turbidite Facies and Facies Associations, in Turbidites and Deep-Water Sedimentation",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "SEPM, p. 119-157",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, R. G., and Mutti, E., 1973, Turbidite Facies and Facies Associations, in Turbidites and Deep-Water Sedimentation: SEPM, p. 119-157.}"
}

@incollection{nelson1974depositional,
    author = "NELSON, C. HANS and NILSEN, TOR H.",
    title = "DEPOSITIONAL TRENDS OF MODERN AND ANCIENT DEEP-SEA FANS",
    year = "1974",
    booktitle = "Modern and Ancient Geosynclinal Sedimentation",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.74.19.0069",
    doi = "10.2110/pec.74.19.0069",
    openalex = "W2253584636",
    pages = "69-91"
}

@misc{nelson1974depositional37,
    author = "Nelson, C. H. and Nilsen, T. H",
    title = "Depositional trends of modern and ancient deep-sea fans, in Modern and Ancient Geosynclinal Sedimentation",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "SEPM Special Publication 19, p. 69-91",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nelson, C. H., and Nilsen, T. H., 1974, Depositional trends of modern and ancient deep-sea fans, in Modern and Ancient Geosynclinal Sedimentation: SEPM Special Publication 19, p. 69-91.}"
}

@book{whitaker1974ancient56,
    author = "Whitaker, J. H. McD",
    title = "Ancient submarine canyons and fan valleys, in Modern and Ancient Geosynclinal Sedimentation, 19 of SEPM Special Publications",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 106-125",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whitaker, J. H. McD., 1974, Ancient submarine canyons and fan valleys, in Modern and Ancient Geosynclinal Sedimentation, 19 of SEPM Special Publications: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 106-125.}"
}

@misc{biddle1975channel8,
    author = "Biddle, K. T. and Maher, J. C. and Carter, P. D",
    title = "Channel Turbidite Sandstones in the Elk Hills Member of the Monterey Shale, in Maher, J. C., ed., Petroleum Geology of the Naval Peeetroleum Reserve No.1, Elk Hills, Kern County, California, 912 of USGS Professional Paper",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "United States Geological Survey, p. 79-85",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Biddle, K. T., Maher, J. C., and Carter, P. D., 1975, Channel Turbidite Sandstones in the Elk Hills Member of the Monterey Shale, in Maher, J. C., ed., Petroleum Geology of the Naval Peeetroleum Reserve No.1, Elk Hills, Kern County, California, 912 of USGS Professional Paper: United States Geological Survey, p. 79-85.}"
}

@techreport{bennetts1976characteristics3,
    author = "Bennetts, K. R. W. and Pilkey, O. H",
    title = "Characteristics of three turbidites, Hispaniola-Caicos Basin",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, no. 87, p. 1291-1300",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bennetts, K. R. W., and Pilkey, O. H., 1976, Characteristics of three turbidites, Hispaniola-Caicos Basin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, no. 87, p. 1291-1300.}"
}

@article{berg1976densityflow6,
    author = "Berg, R. R. and Powell, R. R",
    title = "Density-flow origin for Frio reservoir sandstones, Nine Mile Point Field, Aransas County, Texas",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 26, p. 310-319",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Berg, R. R., and Powell, R. R., 1976, Density-flow origin for Frio reservoir sandstones, Nine Mile Point Field, Aransas County, Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 26, p. 310-319.}"
}

@article{chnelson1976thinbedded,
    author = "C. H. Nelson, W. R. Normark, A. H.",
    title = "Thin-Bedded Turbidites in Modern Submarine Canyons and Fans: ABSTRACT",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/83d927f8-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/83d927f8-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    volume = "60"
}

@misc{embley1976new18,
    author = "Embley, R. W",
    title = "New evidence for occurrence of debris flow deposits in the deep sea",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Geology, v. 4, p. 371-374",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Embley, R. W., 1976, New evidence for occurrence of debris flow deposits in the deep sea: Geology, v. 4, p. 371-374.}"
}

@article{stuart1976form47,
    author = "Stuart, C. J. and Caughey, C. A",
    title = "Form and composition of the Mississippi fan",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 26, p. 333-343",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stuart, C. J., and Caughey, C. A., 1976, Form and composition of the Mississippi fan: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 26, p. 333-343.}"
}

@misc{walker1976facies53,
    author = "Walker, R. G",
    title = "Facies Models 2. Turbidites and associated coarse clastic deposits",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Geoscience Canada, v. 3, p. 25-36",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, R. G., 1976, Facies Models 2. Turbidites and associated coarse clastic deposits: Geoscience Canada, v. 3, p. 25-36.}"
}

@article{berg1977characteristics7,
    author = "Berg, R. R. and Tedford, F. J",
    title = "Characteristics of Wilcox gas reservoirs, Northeast Thompsonville Field, Jim Hogg and Webb Counties, Texas",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 27, p. 6-19",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Berg, R. R., and Tedford, F. J., 1977, Characteristics of Wilcox gas reservoirs, Northeast Thompsonville Field, Jim Hogg and Webb Counties, Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 27, p. 6-19.}"
}

@article{carlson1977submarine,
    author = "Carlson, Paul R.",
    title = "Submarine canyons and deep-sea fans",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(77)90101-5",
    doi = "10.1016/0012-8252(77)90101-5",
    number = "1",
    pages = "104-105",
    volume = "13"
}

@article{crossref1977submarine,
    title = "Submarine Canyons and Deep-Sea Fans, Modern and Ancient: ERRATUM",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "AAPG Bull., v. 60, no. 9 (Sept. 1976), p. 1579, Reviews and Recent Publications: publisher for the book reviewed, “Submarine Canyons and Deep-Sea Fans, Modern and Ancient,” is Dowden, Hutchinson \& Ross, Inc., Box 699, Stroudsburg, Pa. 18360, not Halsted Press, marketing agent.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/c1ea3db6-16c9-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/c1ea3db6-16c9-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W4249123786",
    pages = "639-640",
    volume = "61"
}

@book{parker1977deepsea44,
    author = "Parker, J. R",
    title = "Deep-sea sands, in Developments in Petroleum Geology",
    year = "1977",
    publisher = "Essex, England, Applied Science Publications, Limited, v. 1, p. 225-242",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parker, J. R., 1977, Deep-sea sands, in Developments in Petroleum Geology: Essex, England, Applied Science Publications, Limited, v. 1, p. 225-242.}"
}

@book{parker1977lower45,
    author = "Parker, J. R",
    title = "Lower Tertiary sand development in the central North Sea, in Developments in Petroleum Geology",
    year = "1977",
    publisher = "Essex, England, Applied Science Publications, Limited, v. 1, p. 447-453",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parker, J. R., 1977, Lower Tertiary sand development in the central North Sea, in Developments in Petroleum Geology: Essex, England, Applied Science Publications, Limited, v. 1, p. 447-453.}"
}

@misc{bouma1978intraslope13,
    author = "Bouma, A. H. and Smith, L. B. and Sidner, B. R. and McKee, T. R",
    title = "Intraslope basin in Northwest Gulf of Mexico, in, 7 of AAPG Studies in Geology",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 289-302",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bouma, A. H., Smith, L. B., Sidner, B. R., and McKee, T. R., 1978, Intraslope basin in Northwest Gulf of Mexico, in, 7 of AAPG Studies in Geology: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 289-302.}"
}

@article{lund1978preplatform29,
    author = "Lund, J. W. and King, J. S. and Berlitz, R. and Gilreath, J. A",
    title = "Pre-platform exploration of High Island, Blocks A-560 and A-561",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 28, p. 273-294",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lund, J. W., King, J. S., Berlitz, R., and Gilreath, J. A., 1978, Pre-platform exploration of High Island, Blocks A-560 and A-561: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 28, p. 273-294.}"
}

@article{nilsen1978turbidites38,
    author = "Nilsen, T. H",
    title = "Turbidites of the Northern Appennines",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Introduction to facies analysis: International Geology Review, v. 20, p. 125-166",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nilsen, T. H., 1978, Turbidites of the Northern Appennines: Introduction to facies analysis: International Geology Review, v. 20, p. 125-166.}"
}

@techreport{normark1978fan41,
    author = "Normark, W. R",
    title = "Fan valleys, channels, and depositional lobes on modern submarine fans",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "characters for recognition of sandy turbidite environments: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, p. 912-931",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Normark, W. R., 1978, Fan valleys, channels, and depositional lobes on modern submarine fans: characters for recognition of sandy turbidite environments: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, p. 912-931.}"
}

@misc{stanley1978sedimentation46,
    author = "Stanley, D. J. and Kelling, G",
    title = "Sedimentation in Submarine Canyons, Fans, and Trenches",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., 395 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stanley, D. J., and Kelling, G., 1978, Sedimentation in Submarine Canyons, Fans, and Trenches: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., 395 p.}"
}

@techreport{walker1978deepwater54,
    author = "Walker, R. G",
    title = "Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "models for exploration for stratigraphic traps: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, p. 932-966",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, R. G., 1978, Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans: models for exploration for stratigraphic traps: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, p. 932-966.}"
}

@misc{woodbury1978gulf57,
    author = "Woodbury, H. O. and Spotts, J. H. and Akers, W. H",
    title = "Gulf of Mexico continental-slope sediments and sedimentation, in, 7 of AAPG Studies in Geology",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "p. 117-137",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Woodbury, H. O., Spotts, J. H., and Akers, W. H., 1978, Gulf of Mexico continental-slope sediments and sedimentation, in, 7 of AAPG Studies in Geology: p. 117-137.}"
}

@techreport{buffler1979miocene15,
    author = "Buffler, R. T. and McMillen, K. J",
    title = "Miocene submarine fans in deep western Gulf of Mexico as interpreted from seismic reflection profiles",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 63, p. 426",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Buffler, R. T., and McMillen, K. J., 1979, Miocene submarine fans in deep western Gulf of Mexico as interpreted from seismic reflection profiles: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 63, p. 426.}"
}

@article{christina1979the16,
    author = "Christina, C. C. and Martin, K. G",
    title = "The Lower Tuscaloosa trend of south- central Louisiana",
    year = "1979",
    journal = {You ain't seen nothing till you've seen the Tuscaloosa": Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 29, p. 37-41},
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Christina, C. C., and Martin, K. G., 1979, The Lower Tuscaloosa trend of south- central Louisiana: "You ain't seen nothing till you've seen the Tuscaloosa": Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 29, p. 37-41.}}
}

@article{doi101111j136530911979tb00971x,
    author = "Normark, William R. and Piper, David J. W. and Hess, Gordon R.",
    title = "Distributary channels, sand lobes, and mesotopography of Navy Submarine Fan, California Borderland, with applications to ancient fan sediments",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Sedimentology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT The deep‐tow instrument package of Scripps Institution of Oceanography provides a unique opportunity to delineate small‐scale features of a size comparable to those features usually described from ancient deep‐sea fan deposits. On Navy Fan, the deep‐tow side‐scanning sonar readily detected steep channel walls and steps and terraces within channels. The most striking features observed in side‐scan are large crescentic depressions commonly occurring in groups. These appear to be large scours or flutes carved by turbidity currents. Four distinct acoustic facies were mapped on the basis of qualitative assessment of reflectivity of 4 kHz reflection profiles. There is a distinct increase in depth of acoustic penetration, number of sub‐bottom reflectors, and reflector continuity from the upper fan‐valley to the lower fan. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in surface relief. Navy Fan is made up of three active sectors. The active upper fan is dominated by a single channel with prominent levees that decrease in height downstream. The active mid‐fan region or suprafan is where sand is deposited. Well defined distributary channels with steps, terraces, and other mesotopography terminate in depositional lobes. Interchannel areas are rough, containing giant scours as well as other relief. The active lower fan accumulates mud and silt and is without resolvable surface morphology. The morphological features seen on Navy Fan other than levees, interchannel areas, and lobes are principally erosional. The distributary channels are up to 0.5 km wide and 5–15 m deep. Such features, because of their large size and low relief, are rarely completely exposed or easily detectable in ancient rock sequences. Some flute‐shaped scours are larger than channels in cross section but many are 5‐30 m across and 1‐2 m deep. If observed in ancient rocks transverse to palaeo‐current direction, they would perhaps be indistinguishable from channels. Surface sediment distribution combined with fan morphology can be used to relate modern sediments to facies models for ancient fan sediments. Gravel and sand occur in the upper valley, massive sand beds in the mid‐fan distributary channels, classical complete Bouma sequences on depositional lobes, incomplete Bouma sequences (lacking division a) on the lower mid‐fan, and Bouma sequence with lenticular shape or other limited extent on mid‐fan interchannel areas and on levees.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00971.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00971.x",
    openalex = "W2063746375",
    references = "doi101086627725, nelson1974depositional"
}

@article{foss1979depositional20,
    author = "Foss, D. C",
    title = "Depositional environment of Woodbine sandstones, Polk County, Texas",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 29, p. 83-94",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Foss, D. C., 1979, Depositional environment of Woodbine sandstones, Polk County, Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 29, p. 83-94.}"
}

@techreport{heritier1979frigg22,
    author = "Heritier, F. E. and Lossel, P. and Wathne, E",
    title = "Frigg Field - large submarine fan trap in lower Eocene rocks of the North Sea",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 63, p. 1999-2020",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Heritier, F. E., Lossel, P., and Wathne, E., 1979, Frigg Field - large submarine fan trap in lower Eocene rocks of the North Sea: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 63, p. 1999-2020.}"
}

@misc{moore1979investigation30,
    author = "Moore, G. T. and Woodbury, H. O. and Worzel, J. L. and Watkins, J. S. and Starke, G. W",
    title = "Investigation of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico, in Geological and Geophysical Investigations of Continental Margins, 29 of AAPG Memoirs",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "p. 383-402",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moore, G. T., Woodbury, H. O., Worzel, J. L., Watkins, J. S., and Starke, G. W., 1979, Investigation of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico, in Geological and Geophysical Investigations of Continental Margins, 29 of AAPG Memoirs: p. 383-402.}"
}

@book{mutti1979turbidites31,
    author = "Mutti, E",
    title = "Turbidites et cones sous-marins profonds, in Sedimemtation detritique (fluviatile, littorale et marine), 1979 of Institut de Geologie de l'University de Fribourg, Short Course",
    year = "1979",
    publisher = "Fribourg, Institut de Geologie de l'University de Fribourg, p. 353-419",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mutti, E., 1979, Turbidites et cones sous-marins profonds, in Sedimemtation detritique (fluviatile, littorale et marine), 1979 of Institut de Geologie de l'University de Fribourg, Short Course: Fribourg, Institut de Geologie de l'University de Fribourg, p. 353-419.}"
}

@article{nardin1979a35,
    author = "Nardin, T. R. and Hein, F. J. and Gorsline, D. S. and Edwards, B. D",
    title = "A review of mass movement processes, sediment and acoustic characteristics, and contrasts in slope and base-of-slope systems versus canyon-fan-basin floor systems, in Geology of Continental Slopes",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "SEPM Special Publication 27, p. 61-73",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nardin, T. R., Hein, F. J., Gorsline, D. S., and Edwards, B. D., 1979, A review of mass movement processes, sediment and acoustic characteristics, and contrasts in slope and base-of-slope systems versus canyon-fan-basin floor systems, in Geology of Continental Slopes: SEPM Special Publication 27, p. 61-73.}"
}

@article{openalexw1560313239,
    author = "Hendry, Hugh E.",
    title = "Sedimentation in Submarine Canyons, Fans and Trenches",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Geoscience Canada",
    openalex = "W1560313239"
}

@article{doi105479si019607684,
    author = "Stanley, Daniel Jean",
    title = "Submarine Canyon Wall Sedimentation and Lateral Infill: Some Ancient Examples",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences",
    abstract = {Canyon Wall Sedimentation and Lateral Infill: Some Ancient Examples. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, number 4, 32 pages, 17 figures, 1980.-Submarine canyon wall and tributary sequences at three Annot Sandstone localities in the French Maritime Alps record early-stage resedimentation events in proximal sectors of the Tertiary Annot Basin. Canyon margin lithofacies are distinctive in that they comprise a more variable suite of stratal types than intracanyon slope, canyon axis, distal fan and basin series of the same formation. Characteristic criteria include the highly variable geometry and spatial distribution of the series of strata, irregular bedding thickness, paleocurrent directions that diverge from the predominant regional patterns, and discontinuities within the formation and between the Annot Sandstone and the older marine shale series (Eocene Marnes bleues) forming the canyon margins. Three distinctive sandstone stratification types dominate the "grs d'Annot" canyon wall association: type 1 units, moderately to well-stratified and massive (often amalgamated), emplaced by debris flow and a continuum of sediment-fluid flow mechanism, not specifically identifiable in the field; some thick sand layers may represent deposition as 'quick' beds from high-concentration underflows, possibly gradational between liquified and turbidity current flows; type 2 units, displaying slightly to extensive deformed horizons within but not throughout the beds, probably are related to liquefied flow and post-depositional liquefaction processes; and type 3 units, emplaced 'en masse' and in some cases showing complete disruption of primary stratification (chaotic bedding), are identified as slides and slumps. In addition to the three above types, lower proportions of graded, generally thin 'classic' sandstone turbidites (T+, Tp, and Tp-.) and mudstone turbidites are recognized.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5479/si.01960768.4",
    doi = "10.5479/si.01960768.4",
    openalex = "W2088468668",
    references = "carlson1977submarine, doi101098rsta19560020, doi101111j136530911975tb00290x, doi1013062f9182e316ce11d78645000102c1865d, doi10130674d7262b2b2111d78648000102c1865d, doi101306c1ea4f7716c911d78645000102c1865d, doi102110scn8403, openalexw1560313239, openalexw2993540452, openalexw3120543430, openalexw580680426"
}

@article{link1980the27,
    author = "Link, M. H. and Nilsen, T. H",
    title = "The Rocks Sandstone, an Eocene sand-rich deep-sea fan deposit, northern Santa Lucia range, California",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 50, p. 583-601",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Link, M. H., and Nilsen, T. H., 1980, The Rocks Sandstone, an Eocene sand-rich deep-sea fan deposit, northern Santa Lucia range, California: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 50, p. 583-601.}"
}

@techreport{nilsen1980modern39,
    author = "Nilsen, T. H",
    title = "Modern and ancient submarine fans",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Discussions of papers by R.G. Walker aand W.R. Normark: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, p. 1094-1101",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nilsen, T. H., 1980, Modern and ancient submarine fans: Discussions of papers by R.G. Walker aand W.R. Normark: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, p. 1094-1101.}"
}

@techreport{normark1980modern42,
    author = "Normark, W. R",
    title = "Modern and ancient submarine fans",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "reply: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, p. 1108-1112",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Normark, W. R., 1980, Modern and ancient submarine fans: reply: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, p. 1108-1112.}"
}

@article{hiscott1981deep23,
    author = "Hiscott, R. N",
    title = "Deep sea fan deposits in the Macigno Formation (Middle- Upper Oilgocene) of the Gordana Valley, Northern Appennines, Italy",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Discussion: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 51, p. 1015-1021",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hiscott, R. N., 1981, Deep sea fan deposits in the Macigno Formation (Middle- Upper Oilgocene) of the Gordana Valley, Northern Appennines, Italy: Discussion: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 51, p. 1015-1021.}"
}

@misc{kelts1981turbidites25,
    author = "Kelts, K. and Arthur, M. A",
    title = "Turbidites after ten years of deep-sea drilling - wringing out the mop?, in Warme, J. E., Douglas, R. G., and Winterer, E. L., eds., The Deep Sea Drilling Project",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "A decade of progress, 32 of SEPM Special Publication: SEPM, p. 91-127",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kelts, K., and Arthur, M. A., 1981, Turbidites after ten years of deep-sea drilling - wringing out the mop?, in Warme, J. E., Douglas, R. G., and Winterer, E. L., eds., The Deep Sea Drilling Project: A decade of progress, 32 of SEPM Special Publication: SEPM, p. 91-127.}"
}

@misc{harms1982structures21,
    author = "Harms, J. C. and Southard, J. B. and Walker, R. G",
    title = "Structures and sequences in clastic rocks",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course \#9. Variously paginated",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Harms, J. C., Southard, J. B., and Walker, R. G., 1982, Structures and sequences in clastic rocks. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course \#9. Variously paginated.}"
}

@misc{howell1982sedimentology24,
    author = "Howell, D. G. and Normark, W. R",
    title = "Sedimentology of submarine fans, in Scholle, P. A., and Spearing, D. R., eds., Sandstone depositional environments, 31 of AAPG Memoirs",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Tulsa, OK, AAPG, p. 365-404",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Howell, D. G., and Normark, W. R., 1982, Sedimentology of submarine fans, in Scholle, P. A., and Spearing, D. R., eds., Sandstone depositional environments, 31 of AAPG Memoirs: Tulsa, OK, AAPG, p. 365-404.}"
}

@techreport{link1982sedimentology28,
    author = "Link, M. H. and Welton, J. E",
    title = "Sedimentology and reservoir potential of Matilija Sandstone",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "an Eocene sand-rich deep-sea fan and shallow marine complex, southern California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, p. 1514-1534",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Link, M. H., and Welton, J. E., 1982, Sedimentology and reservoir potential of Matilija Sandstone: an Eocene sand-rich deep-sea fan and shallow marine complex, southern California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, p. 1514-1534.}"
}

@misc{tillman1982deep49,
    author = "Tillman, R. W. and Ali, S. A",
    title = "Deep water canyons, fans and facies",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "models for stratigraphic trap exploration, 26 of AAPG Reprint Series: Tulsa, OK, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 596 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Tillman, R. W., and Ali, S. A., 1982, Deep water canyons, fans and facies: models for stratigraphic trap exploration, 26 of AAPG Reprint Series: Tulsa, OK, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 596 p.}"
}

@article{doi101144gslsp19850180105,
    author = "Stow, D.A.V.",
    title = "Deep-sea clastics: where are we and where are we going?",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Summary The transition from our belief in a deep calm ocean to a recognition that deep-sea clastics other than pelagic clays exist in the oceans, spanned nearly a century. In the last three decades enormous strides have been made in understanding these sediments and their deposition. There is a continuum of processes that transfer material from shallow to deep water and rework sediments within the deep sea. These include: (1) resedimentation processes, ranging from giant rockfalls and slumps to low-density turbidity currents; (2) normal bottom currents; and (3) pelagic settling through the water column. More than fifty distinct facies have been described from the deep sea and these can be interpreted in terms of depositional process via ten standard facies models for resedimented, normal bottom current and pelagic sediments. Environmental models can be constructed for: (1) normal, faulted, carbonate and ridge-flank slope-aprons; (2) radial, elongate and fan-delta submarine fans; and (3) under- and oversupplied basin-plains. These show the generalized horizontal and vertical distribution of facies and the chief morphological elements in each of the three major deep-sea settings. Sedimentary, tectonic and sea-level changes are the main groups of factors that control deep-sea sedimentation within these separate environments. Part of the interest in deep-sea clastics stems from their demonstrable economic importance for the generation and entrapment of hydrocarbons. Many areas of deep-sea sedimentology remain to be investigated and earlier models to be refined; these advances will depend significantly on improvements in our methodology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1985.018.01.05",
    doi = "10.1144/gsl.sp.1985.018.01.05",
    openalex = "W2108821877",
    references = "nelson1974depositional"
}

@book{bouma1986submarine14,
    author = "Bouma, A. and Normark, W. R. and Barnes, N. E",
    title = "Submarine fans and related turbidite systems",
    year = "1986",
    publisher = "New York, Springer Verlag, 351 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bouma, A., Normark, W. R., and Barnes, N. E., 1986, Submarine fans and related turbidite systems: New York, Springer Verlag, 351 p.}"
}

@article{doi101306111302730367,
    author = "Posamentier, Henry W. and Kolla, V.",
    title = "Seismic Geomorphology and Stratigraphy of Depositional Elements in Deep-Water Settings",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Research",
    abstract = "Analyses of 3-D seismic data in predominantly basin-floor settings offshore Indonesia, Nigeria, and the Gulf of Mexico, reveal the extensive presence of gravity-flow depositional elements. Five key elements were observed: (1) turbidity-flow leveed channels, (2) channel-overbank sediment waves and levees, (3) frontal splays or distributary-channel complexes, (4) crevasse-splay complexes, and (5) debris-flow channels, lobes, and sheets. Each depositional element displays a unique morphology and seismic expression. The reservoir architecture of each of these depositional elements is a function of the interaction between sedimentary process, sea-floor morphology, and sediment grain-size distribution. (1) Turbidity-flow leveed-channel widths range from greater than 3 km to less than 200 m. Sinuosity ranges from moderate to high, and channel meanders in most instances migrate down-system. The high-amplitude reflection character that commonly characterizes these features suggests the presence of sand within the channels. In some instances, high-sinuosity channels are associated with (2) channel-overbank sediment-wave development in proximal overbank levee settings, especially in association with outer channel bends. These sediment waves reach heights of 20 m and spacings of 2-3 km. The crests of these sediment waves are oriented normal to the inferred transport direction of turbidity flows, and the waves have migrated in an up-flow direction. Channel-margin levee thickness decreases systematically down-system. Where levee thickness can no longer be resolved seismically, high-sinuosity channels feed (3) frontal splays or low-sinuosity, distributary-channel complexes. Low-sinuosity distributary-channel complexes are expressed as lobate sheets up to 5-10 km wide and tens of kilometers long that extend to the distal edges of these systems. They likely comprise sheet-like sandstone units consisting of shallow channelized and associated sand-rich overbank deposits. Also observed are (4) crevasse-splay deposits, which form as a result of the breaching of levees, commonly at channel bends. Similar to frontal splays, but smaller in size, these deposits commonly are characterized by sheet-like turbidites. (5) Debris-flow deposits comprise low-sinuosity channel fills, narrow elongate lobes, and sheets and are characterized seismically by contorted, chaotic, low-amplitude reflection patterns. These deposits commonly overlie striated or grooved pavements that can be up to tens of kilometers long, 15 m deep, and 25 m wide. Where flows are unconfined, striation patterns suggest that divergent flow is common. Debris-flow deposits extend as far basinward as turbidites, and individual debris-flow units can reach 80 m in thickness and commonly are marked by steep edges. Transparent to chaotic seismic reflection character suggest that these deposits are mud-rich. Stratigraphically, deep-water basin-floor successions commonly are characterized by mass-transport deposits at the base, overlain by turbidite frontal-splay deposits and subsequently by leveed-channel deposits. Capping this succession is another mass-transport unit ultimately overlain and draped by condensed-section deposits. This succession can be related to a cycle of relative sea-level change and associated events at the corresponding shelf edge. Commonly, deposition of a deep-water sequence is initiated with the onset of relative sea-level fall and ends with subsequent rapid relative sea-level rise.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/111302730367",
    doi = "10.1306/111302730367",
    openalex = "W1483157968",
    references = "doi101007978146848276818, doi10100797814684827684, doi101086629747, doi101086648221, doi101111j136530911983tb00702x, doi1013061d9bc5d9172d11d78645000102c1865d, doi1013062dc4091c0e4711d78643000102c1865d, doi1013062f9182e316ce11d78645000102c1865d, doi1013065d25cc7916c111d78645000102c1865d, doi101306a25fe3bf171b11d78645000102c1865d, doi101306m26490c5, doi102110csp9907, doi105724gcs00150782, nardin1979a, normark1978fan, openalexw1570283708, openalexw3120543430, openalexw362631153"
}

@article{doi101111j13653091200801019x,
    author = "Mutti, Emiliano and Bernoulli, Daniel and Lucchi, Franco Ricci and Tinterri, Roberto",
    title = "Turbidites and turbidity currents from Alpine ‘flysch’ to the exploration of continental margins",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Sedimentology",
    abstract = "Abstract The concept of turbidite has evolved so much since its original definition by Kuenen and Migliorini in 1950 – i.e. the deposit of turbidity currents exemplified by the sandy flysch successions of the Northern Apennines – that it is now used to define a variety of deposits, some of which have little in common with sandy flysch formations in terms of facies, geometry and geological significance. The extension of the concept to other geodynamic settings and deposits of non‐siliciclastic composition is considered only briefly in the concluding sections. With the diffusion of the concept of turbidity current, in the 1950s and early 1960s, an entirely new branch of sedimentology came into being, concerned with the inventory of sedimentary structures, palaeocurrent measurements and bedding patterns. The most representative expression of this branch came from the ‘Dutch school’ of Philip H. Kuenen and his students. Between the late 1960s and the mid‐1970s, there was a new development: facies analysis, in terms of modern environments and depositional systems. This development led to the introduction and discussion of ‘fan models’ that became an increasingly thorny issue with the accumulation of data from modern deep‐marine settings. In particular, most researchers emphasized the importance of channel and lobe elements and their mutual relationships in space and time. These models may differ in terms of specific features, e.g. canyon‐fed versus delta‐fed ramp settings and terminology, but the basic distinction between channels (sediment pathways), lobes and basin plains (sheet‐like depositional features) was and still is widely retained – a model that simply refers to a system where a distributary channel passes downstream to a depositional zone, like in most fluvio‐deltaic systems. Great caution should, however, be exercised when comparing modern and ancient fans – a problem discussed at length in the Committee on Submarine Fans I convened by A.H. Bouma and held in Pittsburgh in 1982. Different data sets and geological contexts, scaling problems and terminology still cast doubt over how meaningful such a comparison may be. Despite the many problems encountered, the elemental approach provides an easy, essentially descriptive tool to significantly compare recent with ancient, recent with recent, and ancient with ancient systems. Beginning in the 1970s, process‐oriented facies analysis led to increasingly complex facies classification schemes, which showed substantial departures from the classic Bouma sequence and introduced many new concepts: proximal versus distal sedimentation, sediment bypass and flow efficiency, in addition to deflection, reflection and ponding of turbidity currents in confined basins. During the last two decades, there has been an increased interest in attempting to interpret the incredibly detailed submarine landscapes obtained through advances in marine geology, technology and high‐resolution three‐dimensional seismic data provided by the oil industry. Outcrop ‘analogues’ derived from orogenic belts are used commonly to improve the interpretation of seismic‐reflection facies, although their actual value may be questioned in many cases. Seismic–stratigraphic concepts are used routinely to describe and interpret turbidite systems of continental margin basins where cyclic sea‐level variations are thought to be essentially controlled by eustasy. These concepts are difficult to apply to flysch basins, where the tectonic control on the development of cycles of relative sea‐level variations appears to be dominant. In particular, the huge volumes of sediment involved in the infill of flysch basins imply amounts of uplift of the source areas and subsidence of the receiving basins that clearly outstrip those of divergent continental margins controlled by eustasy and thermal subsidence. Cycles of tectonic uplift and denudation (Davisian‐type cycles in the sense of Mutti et al., 1996) apparently play a major role here. Most recent attempts to understand turbidite deposition are related to the increased economic importance of turbidite sandbodies as hydrocarbon reservoirs in many offshore basins (e.g. Gulf of Mexico, West Africa, Brazil, the North Sea). The many problems inherent to this situation have been reviewed extensively in a workshop held in Parma in 2002; only some of these problems are reconsidered briefly in this paper. Sandy turbidite systems can be generated by the resedimentation of deltaic deposits through submarine slides or be derived directly from flood‐generated hyperpycnal flows; in the latter case, climatic variations must have played a fundamental role in controlling flood frequency and magnitude with time. Recognizing these two different types of system is not always easy and requires a good understanding of the geological context of the basin under consideration and particularly of the role of marginal fluvio‐deltaic systems from which turbidites are ultimately derived. Unfortunately, this kind of integrated analysis is still in its infancy. There are other types of turbidite deposits, such as the calcareous flysch of the Western Alps and the Northern Apennines, whose origin still remains a matter of debate in terms of sediment source and triggering mechanisms of large‐volume turbidity currents essentially loaded with fine‐grained biogenic sediment. Some authors have referred to these sediments either as ‘megaturbidites’ or ‘seismoturbidites’. The importance of tectonic control and geodynamic setting is stressed for turbidite systems of orogenic belt basins, which is justified both by historical reasons (turbidites were from their recognition included in the definition of flysch) and recent studies of thrust belts. The time is now ripe for reconsidering these sediments within a broader framework that takes into account the enormous quantity of data and concepts that have been developed in the last 50 years; this in itself raises a problem, and no small one: the accuracy and quality of data collected in the field and the training of young scientists. How many field geologists are being produced in these times of increasingly computerized geology; and how good are they?",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01019.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01019.x",
    openalex = "W2126274779",
    references = "doi1010160012825286900012, doi1010160012825289900020, doi101016jmargeo200410001, doi101016jmarpetgeo200309001, doi101016s0070457108709543, doi10102995rg03287, doi101086629606, doi101086629747, doi101111j13653091200801016x, doi101130001676061959701089tifotp20co2, doi101306212f7f312b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi101306mth7510, doi102110pec88010039, doi102110pec88010109, doi105860choice295709, openalexw1570283708, openalexw3160761443"
}

@incollection{posamentier2011deepwater,
    author = "POSAMENTIER, HENRY W. and WALKER, ROGER G.",
    title = "Deep-Water Turbidites and Submarine Fans",
    year = "2011",
    booktitle = "Facies Models Revisited",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.06.84.0399",
    doi = "10.2110/pec.06.84.0399",
    pages = "399-520"
}

@article{doi101002tect20013,
    author = "Ding, Lin and Yang, Di and Cai, Fulong and Pullen, Alex and Kapp, Paul and Gehrels, George E. and Zhang, Liyun and Zhang, Qinghai and Lai, Qingzhou and Yue, Yahui and Shi, R.",
    title = "Provenance analysis of the Mesozoic Hoh‐Xil‐Songpan‐Ganzi turbidites in northern Tibet: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Paleo‐Tethys Ocean",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Tectonics",
    abstract = "Mesozoic strata of the Hoh‐Xil‐Songpan‐Ganzi complex in northern Tibet are exposed in a vast (> 370,000 km 2) triangle‐shaped orogenic belt bound by the Longmen Shan thrust belt in the east, the Kunlun terrane and North China block in the north, and the Qiangtang terrane and Yidun arc in the south. These strata consist of Middle–Upper Triassic submarine fan and deep marine facies rocks that were deposited in the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean. Late Triassic–Early Jurassic contractional deformation in the eastern Hoh‐Xil‐Songpan‐Ganzi complex marks the demise of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean basin and the accretion of the Gondwana‐derived Qiangtang terrane to Eurasia. We conducted geological mapping, regional stratigraphic analyses, and U‐Pb geochronology of detrital zircons (n = 4128) on the Mesozoic sequences exposed in the Hoh‐Xil‐Songpan‐Ganzi complex, Kunlun terrane, and Qiangtang terrane. We identify for the first time marine silciclastic sandstone and shale of Jurassic age in the northwestern Hoh‐Xil‐Songpan‐Ganzi complex that unconformably overlie Upper Triassic turbidites. Zircon age data indicate that the Middle–Upper Triassic marine gravity‐flow deposits of the Hoh‐Xil‐Songpan‐Ganzi complex were shed from the North and South China blocks, and Middle–Late Triassic ultrahigh‐pressure Qinling–Dabie orogenic belt, as well as the Kunlun and Qiangtang terranes. In addition, the detrital zircon results suggest vast sediment source to sink distances (>1500 km) for the Middle–Upper Triassic Hoh‐Xil‐Songpan‐Ganzi strata, which is consistent with tectonic models for the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean basin that incorporate significant components of horizontal tectonic transport like opening of large back‐arc basins in response to oceanic slab rollback.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/tect.20013",
    doi = "10.1002/tect.20013",
    openalex = "W2116926271",
    references = "doi1010160012821x75900886, doi101016jprecamres200706005, doi101016s0012821x0100588x, doi1010292011tc002868, doi10102993tc00313, doi10102997eo00356, doi101098rsta19880135, doi101130spe195p1, doi101146annurevearth281211, openalexw2797914455"
}

@article{doi101016jjop201508011,
    author = "Shanmugam, G.",
    title = "Submarine fans: A critical retrospective (1950–2015)",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Journal of Palaeogeography",
    abstract = "When we look back the contributions on submarine fans during the past 65 years (1950–2015), the empirical data on 21 modern submarine fans and 10 ancient deep-water systems, published by the results of the First COMFAN (Committee on FANs) Meeting (Bouma et al., 1985a), have remained the single most significant compilation of data on submarine fans. The 1970s were the “heyday” of submarine fan models. In the 21st century, the general focus has shifted from submarine fans to submarine mass movements, internal waves and tides, and contourites. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the complexity of issues surrounding the origin and classification of submarine fans. The principal elements of submarine fans, composed of canyons, channels, and lobes, are discussed using nine modern case studies from the Mediterranean Sea, the Equatorial Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Pacific, the NE Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal), and the East Sea (Korea). The Annot Sandstone (Eocene–Oligocene), exposed at Peira-Cava area, SE France, which served as the type locality for the “Bouma Sequence”, was reexamined. The field details are documented in questioning the validity of the model, which was the basis for the turbidite-fan link. The 29 fan-related models that are of conceptual significance, developed during the period 1970–2015, are discussed using modern and ancient systems. They are: (1) the classic submarine fan model with attached lobes, (2) the detached-lobe model, (3) the channel-levee complex without lobes, (4) the delta-fed ramp model, (5) the gully-lobe model, (6) the suprafan lobe model, (7) the depositional lobe model, (8) the fan lobe model, (9) the ponded lobe model, (10) the nine models based on grain size and sediment source, (11) the four fan models based on tectonic settings, (12) the Jackfork debrite model, (13) the basin-floor fan model, (14) supercritical and subcritical fans, and (15) the three types of fan reservoirs. Each model is unique, and the long-standing belief that submarine fans are composed of turbidites, in particular, of gravelly and sandy high-density turbidites, is a myth. This is because there are no empirical data to validate the existence of gravelly and sandy high-density turbidity currents in the modern marine environments. Also, there are no experimental documentation of true turbidity currents that can transport gravels and coarse sands in turbulent suspension. Mass-transport processes, which include slides, slumps, and debris flows (but not turbidity currenrs), are the most viable mechanisms for transporting gravels and sands into the deep sea. The prevailing notion that submarine fans develop during periods of sea-level lowstands is also a myth. The geologic reality is that frequent short-term events that last for only a few minutes to several hours or days (e.g., earthquakes, meteorite impacts, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, etc.) are more important in controlling deposition of deep-water sands than sporadic long-term events that last for thousands to millions of years (e.g., lowstand systems tract). Submarine fans are still in a stage of muddled turbidite paradigm because the concept of high-density turbidity currents is incommensurable.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jop.2015.08.011",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jop.2015.08.011",
    openalex = "W2309593205",
    references = "behrmann2006rapid, crossref1978gulf, crossref1996the, doi1010160012825286900012, doi10102997rg00426, doi101046j144016142002t01501102ax, doi10108000288306196910420225, doi101111j13653091200700926x, doi101111j13653091200801019x, doi101130081372356655, doi101130g332171, doi101130spe65p1, doi101144gslsp19850180103, doi101306212f7f312b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi1013065ceae13616bb11d78645000102c1865d, doi1043249781912281589, doi105860choice295709, doi105860choice342173, doi105860choice444462, doi107208chicago97802264581060010001, openalexw2267844404"
}

@article{doi101111sed12483,
    author = "Dodd, Thomas J.H. and McCarthy, David and Richards, Philip C.",
    title = "A depositional model for deep‐lacustrine, partially confined, turbidite fans: Early Cretaceous, North Falkland Basin",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Sedimentology",
    abstract = "Abstract This paper presents a model of facies distribution within a set of early Cretaceous, deep‐lacustrine, partially confined turbidite fans (Sea Lion Fan, Sea Lion North Fan and Otter Fan) in the North Falkland Basin, South Atlantic. As a whole, ancient deep‐lacustrine turbidite systems are under‐represented in the literature when compared with those documented in marine basins. Lacustrine turbidite systems can form extensive, good quality hydrocarbon reservoirs, making the understanding of such systems crucial to exploration within lacustrine basins. An integrated analysis of seismic cross‐sections, seismic amplitude extraction maps and 455 m of core has enabled the identification of a series of turbidite fans. The deposits of these fans have been separated into lobe axis, lobe fringe and lobe distal fringe settings. Seismic architectures, observed in the seismic amplitude extraction maps, are interpreted to represent geologically associated heterogeneities, including: feeder systems, terminal mouth lobes, flow deflection, sinuous lobe axis deposits, flow constriction and stranded lobe fringe areas. When found in combination, these architectures suggest ‘partial confinement’ of a system, something that appears to be a key feature in the lacustrine turbidite setting of the North Falkland Basin. Partial confinement of a system occurs when depositionally generated topography controls the flow‐pathway and deposition of subsequent turbidite fan deposits. The term ‘partial confinement’ provides an expression for categorising a system whose depositional boundaries are unconfined by the margins of the basin, yet exhibit evidence of internal confinement, primarily controlled by depositional topography. Understanding the controls that dictate partial confinement; and the resultant distribution of sand‐prone facies within deep‐lacustrine turbidite fans, is important, particularly considering their recent rise as hydrocarbon reservoirs in rift and failed‐rift settings.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12483",
    doi = "10.1111/sed.12483",
    openalex = "W2797029103",
    references = "doi101111sed12376"
}

@article{doi101111sed12614,
    author = "Boulesteix, Kévin and Poyatos‐Moré, Miquel and Flint, Stephen S. and Taylor, Kevin G. and Hodgson, David M. and Hasiotis, Stephen T.",
    title = "Transport and deposition of mud in deep‐water environments: Processes and stratigraphic implications",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Sedimentology",
    abstract = "Abstract Deep‐water mudstones are often considered as background sediments, deposited by vertical suspension fallout, and the range of transport and depositional processes are poorly understood compared with their shallow‐marine counterparts. This study presents a dataset from a 538·50 m thick cored succession through the Permian muddy lower Ecca Group of the Tanqua depocentre (south‐west Karoo Basin, South Africa). This study aims to characterize the range of mudstone facies, transport and depositional processes, and stacking patterns recorded in deep‐water environments prior to deposition of the Tanqua Karoo sandy basin‐floor fans. A combination of macroscopic and microscopic description techniques and ichnological analysis has defined nine sedimentary facies that stack in a repeated pattern to produce 2 to 26 m thick depositional units. The lower part of each unit is characterized by bedded mudstone deposited by dilute, low‐density turbidity currents with evidence for hyperpycnal‐flow processes and sediment remobilization. The upper part of each unit is dominated by more organic‐rich bedded mudstone with common mudstone intraclasts, deposited by debris flows and transitional flows, with scarce indicators of suspension fallout. The intensity of bioturbation and burrow size increases upward through each depositional unit, consistent with a decrease in physicochemically stressed conditions, linked to a lower sediment accumulation rate. This vertical facies transition in the single well dataset can be interpreted to represent relative sea‐level variations; the hyperpycnal stressed conditions in the lower part of the units were driven by relative sea‐level fall, and the more bioturbated upper part of the units represent backstepping, related to relative sea‐level rise. Alternatively, this facies transition may represent autogenic compensational stacking. The prevalence of sediment density flow deposits, even in positions distal or lateral to the sediment entry point, challenges the idea that deep‐water mudstones are primarily the deposits of passive rainout along continental margins.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12614",
    doi = "10.1111/sed.12614",
    openalex = "W2937958085",
    references = "doi1010160012825286900012, doi101016jmarpetgeo201006008, doi10130613271349st613438, openalexw2247901322"
}

@article{doi103389feart201900080,
    author = "Kane, Ian and Clare, Michael",
    title = "Dispersion, Accumulation, and the Ultimate Fate of Microplastics in Deep-Marine Environments: A Review and Future Directions",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Frontiers in Earth Science",
    abstract = "An estimated 8.3 billion tonnes of non-biodegradable plastic has been produced over the last 65 years. Much of this is not recycled or disposed of ‘properly’, has a long environmental residence time and accumulates in sedimentary systems worldwide, posing a threat to important ecosystems and potentially human health. We synthesise existing knowledge of seafloor microplastic distribution, and integrate this with process-based sedimentological models of particle transport, to provide new insights, and critically, to identify future research challenges. Compilation of published data shows that microplastics pervade the global seafloor, from abyssal plains to submarine canyons and deep-sea trenches. However, few studies relate microplastic accumulation to sediment transport and deposition. Microplastics may enter directly into the sea as marine litter from shipping and fishing, or indirectly via fluvial and aeolian systems from terrestrial environments. The nature of the entry-point is critical to how terrestrially-sourced microplastics are transferred to offshore sedimentary systems. We present models for physiographic shelf connection types related to the tectono-sedimentary regime of the margin. Beyond the shelf, the principal agents for microplastic transport are: i) gravity-driven transport in sediment-laden flows; ii) settling, or conveyance through biological processes, of material that was formerly floating on the surface or suspended in the water column; iii) transport by thermohaline currents, either during settling or by reworking of deposited microplastics. We compare microplastic settling velocities to natural sediments to understand how appropriate existing sediment transport models are for explaining microplastic dispersal. Based on this analysis, and the relatively well-known behaviour or deep-marine flow types, we explore the expected distribution of microplastic particles, both in individual sedimentary event deposits and within deep-marine depositional systems. Residence time within certain deposit types and depositional environments is anticipated to be variable, which has implications for the likelihood of ingestion and incorporation into the food chain, further transport, or deeper burial. We conclude that integration of process-based sedimentological and stratigraphic knowledge with insights from modern sedimentary systems, and biological activity within them, will provide essential constraints on the transfer of microplastics to deep-marine environments, their distribution and ultimate fate, and the implications that these have for benthic ecosystems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00080",
    doi = "10.3389/feart.2019.00080",
    openalex = "W2942579012",
    references = "doi101016jenvpol201302031, doi101016jmarpetgeo200301003, doi101016jmarpolbul201105030, doi101016jmarpolbul201109025, doi101021es201811s, doi101038ncomms15611, doi101098rstb20080205, doi101111j13653091201201353x, doi101126sciadv1700782, doi101126science1094559, doi101126science1260352, doi1013062f9182e316ce11d78645000102c1865d, doi101371journalpone0111913, nardin1979a"
}

@article{doi101021acsest9b07527,
    author = "Pohl, Florian and Eggenhuisen, Joris T. and Kane, Ian and Clare, Michael",
    title = "Transport and Burial of Microplastics in Deep-Marine Sediments by Turbidity Currents",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Environmental Science \& Technology",
    abstract = "The threat posed by plastic pollution to marine ecosystems and human health is under increasing scrutiny. Much of the macro- and microplastic in the ocean ends up on the seafloor, with some of the highest concentrations reported in submarine canyons that intersect the continental shelf and directly connect to terrestrial plastic sources. Gravity-driven avalanches, known as turbidity currents, are the primary process for delivering terrestrial sediment and organic carbon to the deep sea through submarine canyons. However, the ability of turbidity currents to transport and bury plastics is essentially unstudied. Using flume experiments, we investigate how turbidity currents transport microplastics, and their role in differential burial of microplastic fragments and fibers. We show that microplastic fragments become relatively concentrated within the base of turbidity currents, whereas fibers are more homogeneously distributed throughout the flow. Surprisingly, the resultant deposits show an opposing trend, as they are enriched with fibers, rather than fragments. We explain this apparent contradiction by a depositional mechanism whereby fibers are preferentially removed from suspension and buried in the deposits as they are trapped between settling sand-grains. Our results suggest that turbidity currents potentially distribute and bury large quantities of microplastics in seafloor sediments.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07527",
    doi = "10.1021/acs.est.9b07527",
    openalex = "W3010378517",
    references = "doi101016jmarpetgeo201506007, doi101016jsedgeo201009010, doi101021acsest8b05297, doi101021acsest9b01517, doi101038ncomms15611, doi101088174893261012124006, doi101098rsos140317, doi101126sciadv1700782, doi101126science1094559, doi101126science1260352, doi101371journalpone0111913, doi102305iucnch201701en, doi103389feart201900080"
}

@article{doi101111sed12714,
    author = "Baker, Megan L. and Baas, Jaco H.",
    title = "Mixed sand–mud bedforms produced by transient turbulent flows in the fringe of submarine fans: Indicators of flow transformation",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Sedimentology",
    abstract = "Abstract The fringe of fine‐grained deep‐marine systems often exhibits complex sedimentary facies and facies associations, because the presence of clay promotes the development of transient turbulent flows with complex depositional properties. Relatively little is known about the variation of current‐induced sedimentary structures found within these facies. This study provides the first comprehensive description and interpretation of mixed sandstone–mudstone bedforms observed in the fringe of the mud‐rich submarine fan that makes up the Aberystwyth Grits Group and Borth Mudstone Formation (Wales, UK). Using textural and structural descriptions, 158 bedforms in sediment gravity flow deposits were characterized into three main types: ‘classic’ sandy current ripples, large current ripples and low‐amplitude bed‐waves. The sandy current ripples comprise clean sandstone, with average heights and lengths of 11 mm and 141 mm, respectively. The large current ripples are composed of mixed sandstone–mudstone and possess greater dimensions than the sandy current ripples, with an average height of 19 mm and an average length of 274 mm. The low‐amplitude bed‐waves are long thin bedforms composed commonly of mixed sandstone–mudstone, with an average height and length of 10 mm and 354 mm, respectively. The large current ripples and low‐amplitude bed‐waves are strikingly similar to experimental bedforms produced under decelerating mixed sand–mud flows and are interpreted to form beneath transitional flows with enhanced and attenuated near‐bed turbulence, respectively. From the fringe to the distal fringe of the fan, the dominant bedform type changed from sandy current ripples, via large current ripples, to low‐amplitude bed‐waves, suggesting that the flows changed from turbulent to increasingly turbulence‐modulated. It is proposed that the flow Reynolds number reduced, reflecting this flow transformation, from a combination of constant or decreasing flow height, flow deceleration from sediment deposition, and increasing flow viscosity due to the shear‐thinning nature of clay‐rich suspensions. Large current ripples and low‐amplitude bed‐waves are likely to be common in the fringe of other submarine fans. The presence and spatial trends in mixed sand–mud bedform types may be an important tool in interpreting fan fringe environments.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12714",
    doi = "10.1111/sed.12714",
    openalex = "W3003769838",
    references = "doi101111sed12376"
}

@article{doi103390geosciences10020068,
    author = "Stow, Dorrik A. V. and Smillie, Zeinab",
    title = "Distinguishing between Deep-Water Sediment Facies: Turbidites, Contourites and Hemipelagites",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Geosciences",
    abstract = "The distinction between turbidites, contourites and hemipelagites in modern and ancient deep-water systems has long been a matter of controversy. This is partly because the processes themselves show a degree of overlap as part of a continuum, so that the deposit characteristics also overlap. In addition, the three facies types commonly occur within interbedded sequences of continental margin deposits. The nature of these end-member processes and their physical parameters are becoming much better known and are summarised here briefly. Good progress has also been made over the past decade in recognising differences between end-member facies in terms of their sedimentary structures, facies sequences, ichnofacies, sediment textures, composition and microfabric. These characteristics are summarised here in terms of standard facies models and the variations from these models that are typically encountered in natural systems. Nevertheless, it must be acknowledged that clear distinction is not always possible on the basis of sedimentary characteristics alone, and that uncertainties should be highlighted in any interpretation. A three-scale approach to distinction for all deep-water facies types should be attempted wherever possible, including large-scale (oceanographic and tectonic setting), regional-scale (architecture and association) and small-scale (sediment facies) observations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10020068",
    doi = "10.3390/geosciences10020068",
    openalex = "W3006008006",
    references = "doi1010079783642684234, doi1010160037073880900524, doi101016jgloenvcha201605009, doi101016jmargeo201403011, doi101016jmarpetgeo200301003, doi101016s0025322799000687, doi10102994pa03039, doi101086625710, doi101111j136530911995tb00395x, doi101111j13653091201201353x, doi101306212f7f312b2411d78648000102c1865d"
}

@article{doi101111sed12891,
    author = "Chen, Peng and Xian, Benzhong and Li, Meijun and Liang, Xiaowei and Wu, Qianran and Zhang, Wenmiao and Wang, Junhui and Wang, Zhen and Liu, Jianping",
    title = "A giant lacustrine flood‐related turbidite system in the Triassic Ordos Basin, China: Sedimentary processes and depositional architecture",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Sedimentology",
    abstract = "Abstract Turbidites have been regarded as an important sedimentary infilling component in both oceans and lakes, but limited studies have been performed on the mechanisms governing the initiation and development of lacustrine turbidite systems. The present study offers unique insight into the controls and potential extent of ancient lacustrine turbidite systems by an investigation of the Triassic Ordos Lake, where a large turbidite system had been traced across >25 653 km 2. This article shows by comparison that the Triassic Ordos Lake turbidite system is larger than all known modern and ancient lacustrine counterparts. The exceptionally large intracontinental sag basin provided a relatively unconfined environment for the development of the turbidite system, explaining its vast extent. Extraordinary flood events formed during the Carnian Pluvial Episode facilitated continuous sediment supply into the turbidite system, supporting its accumulation. Lacustrine flood‐related turbidity currents travelled as sediment‐laden turbulent flows, showing an increase in the proportion of suspended‐load deposits and a decrease in the proportion of bed‐load deposits downstream from the river mouth. Five architectural elements have been revealed, reflecting a distinctive assemblage of erosional bedforms and depositional bedforms in channel‐lobe systems, and their recognition criteria were established. This study changes the traditional understanding of lacustrine turbidite systems, generally interpreted as having smaller sizes, and demonstrates likewise in the lacustrine realm, that extreme flood events can generate a world‐class deep‐water turbidite system, which can even be comparable with its submarine counterparts. This study also confirms that the combination of low‐gradient slopes and a long‐lived, mixed‐load, prograding fluvial feeder system can produce exceptionally large‐scale deep‐lake flood‐related turbidites. Furthermore, it has implications for the prediction of facies and reservoir quality in ancient lacustrine turbidite systems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12891",
    doi = "10.1111/sed.12891",
    openalex = "W3158573202",
    references = "doi101016jsedgeo201603008, doi101126sciadvaba0099"
}

@article{doi102110jsr2020104,
    author = "Baas, Jaco H. and Tracey, Niall D. and Peakall, Jeff",
    title = "Sole marks reveal deep-marine depositional process and environment: Implications for flow transformation and hybrid-event-bed models",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Research",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Deposits of sediment gravity flows in the Aberystwyth Grits Group (Silurian, west Wales, United Kingdom) display evidence that sole marks are suitable for reconstructing depositional processes and environments in deep-marine sedimentary successions. Based on drone imagery, 3D laser scanning, high-resolution sedimentary logging, and detailed descriptions of sole marks, an outcrop 1600 m long between the villages of Aberarth and Llannon was subdivided into seven lithological units, representing: a) mudstone-poor, coarse-grained and thick-bedded submarine channel fills, dominated by the deposits of erosive high-density turbidity currents with flute marks; b) mudstone-rich levee deposits with thin-bedded, fine-grained sandstones formed by low-density turbidity currents that scoured the bed to form flute marks; c) channel–lobe transition-zone deposits, dominated by thick beds, formed by weakly erosive, coarse-grained hybrid events, with pronounced mudstone-rich or sandstone-dominated debritic divisions and groove marks below basal turbiditic divisions, and with subordinate amounts of turbidites and debris-flow deposits; d) tabular, medium- to thick-bedded turbiditic sandstones with flute marks and mixed sandstone–mudstone hybrid event beds mainly with groove marks, interpreted as submarine lobe-axis (or off-axis) deposits; and e) tabular, thin- to medium-bedded, fine-grained, mainly turbiditic sandstones mostly with flute marks, formed in a lobe-fringe environment. Both lobe environments also comprised turbidites with low-amplitude bed waves and large ripples, which are interpreted to represent transient-turbulent flows. The strong relationship between flute marks and turbidites agrees with earlier predictions that turbulent shear flows are essential for the formation of flute marks. Moreover, the observation as part of this study that debris-flow deposits are exclusively associated with groove marks signifies that clay-charged, laminar flows are carriers for tools that are in continuous contact with the bed. A new process model for hybrid event beds, informed by the dominance of tool marks, in particular grooves, below the basal sand division (H1 division of Haughton et al. 2009) and by the rapid change from turbidites in the channel to hybrid event beds in the channel–lobe transition zone, is proposed. This model incorporates profound erosion of clay in the channel by the head of a high-density turbidity current and subsequent transformation of the head into a debris flow following rapid lateral flow expansion at the mouth of the channel. This debris flow forms the groove marks below the H1 division in hybrid event beds. A temporal increase in cohesivity in the body of the hybrid event is used to explain the generation of the H1, H2, and H3 divisions (sensuHaughton et al. 2009) on top of the groove surfaces, involving a combination of longitudinal segregation of bedload and vertical segregation of suspension load. This study thus demonstrates that sole marks can be an integral part of sedimentological studies at different scales, well beyond their traditional use as indicators of paleoflow direction or orientation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.104",
    doi = "10.2110/jsr.2020.104",
    openalex = "W3184323091",
    references = "doi101111sed12376"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev2022104014,
    author = "Rodrı́guez-Tovar, Francisco J.",
    title = "Ichnological analysis: A tool to characterize deep-marine processes and sediments",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    abstract = "The deep-marine environment is a complex setting in which numerous processes —settling of pelagic and hemipelagic particles in the water column, sediment gravity flows (downslope density currents; turbid flows), and bottom currents— determine sediment deposition, hence a variety of facies including pelagites/hemipelagites, contourites, turbidites and hyperpycnites. Characterization and differentiation among deep-sea facies is a challenge, and numerous features may be highlighted to this end: sedimentary structures, geochemical data, micropaleontological information, etc. Ichnological information has become a valuable, yet in some cases controversial, proxy, being in most of cases understudied. This paper gathers the existing ichnological information regarding the most frequent deep-sea facies —from those in which ichnological analyses are numerous and detailed (e.g. pelagites/hemipelagites and turbidites), to those for which ichnological information is lacking or imprecise (hyperpycnites and contourites). This review analyses palaeoenvironmental (i.e., ecological and depositional) conditions associated with deep-sea sedimentary processes, influence of these changes on the tracemaker community, and associated ichnological properties. A detailed characterization of trace fossil assemblages, ichnofabrics and ichnofacies is presented. Special attention is paid to variations in trace fossil features, approached through sedimentary facies models and the outcrop/core scale. Similarities and differences among deep-sea facies are underlined to facilitate differentiation. Pelagic/hemipelagic sediments are completely bioturbated, showing biodeformational structures and trace fossils, being characterized by composite ichnofabrics. The trace fossil assemblage of muddy pelagites and hemipelagites is mainly assigned to the Zoophycos ichnofacies, and locally to the distal expression of the Cruziana ichnofacies. Turbidites are colonized mostly from the top, determining an uppermost part that is entirely bioturbated, the spotty layer; below it lies the elite layer, characterized by deep-tier trace fossils. Turbidite beds pertain to two different groups of burrows, either “pre-depositional”, mainly graphogliptids, or “post-depositional” traces. Turbidite deposits are mostly characterized by the Nereites ichnofacies, with differentiation of three ichnosubfacies according to the different parts of the turbiditic systems and the associated palaeoenvironmental conditions. There are no major differences in the trace fossil content of the hyperpycnite facies and the classical post-depositional turbidite, nor in the pelagic/hemipelagic sediments, except for a lower ichnodiversity in the hyperpycnites. Trace fossil assemblages of distal hyperpycnites are mainly assigned to the Nereites ichnofacies, while graphogliptids are scarce or absent. Ichnological features vary within contourites, largely related to palaeoenvironmental conditions, depositional setting, and type of contourite. Ichnodiversity and abundance can be high, especially for mud-silty contourites. The ichnological features of mud-silty contourites are similar to those of the pelagic/hemipelagic sediments (the tiering structure probably being more complex in pelagic/hemipelagic) or to the upper part of the muddy turbidites (contourites probably being more continuously bioturbated). No single archetypal ichnofacies would characterize contourites, mainly assigned to the Zoophycos and Cruziana ichnofacies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104014",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104014",
    openalex = "W4220781689",
    references = "doi101016jmarpetgeo201402016, doi101016jsedgeo201603008, doi103390geosciences10020068"
}