@techreport{trowbridge1930building5,
    author = "Trowbridge, A. C",
    title = "Building of the Mississippi delta",
    year = "1930",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 38, p. 167-192",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Trowbridge, A. C., 1930, Building of the Mississippi delta: Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 38, p. 167-192.}"
}

@article{doi102307211375,
    author = "Flint, Richard Foster and Fisk, H. N.",
    title = "Geological Investigation of the Alluvial Valley of the Lower Mississippi River",
    year = "1947",
    journal = "Geographical Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/211375",
    doi = "10.2307/211375",
    openalex = "W2327685420"
}

@article{doi101086625561,
    author = "Kidwell, Albert L.",
    title = "Fine-Grained Alluvial Deposits and Their Effects on Mississippi River Activity. Harold N. Fisk",
    year = "1948",
    journal = "The Journal of Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/625561",
    doi = "10.1086/625561",
    openalex = "W2511230724"
}

@misc{fisk1955late1,
    author = "Fisk, H. N. and McFarlan, E. and Jr",
    title = "Late Quaternary deltaic deposits of the Mississippi River",
    year = "1955",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America, Special Paper, v. 62, p. 279-302",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fisk, H. N., and McFarlan, E., Jr., 1955, Late Quaternary deltaic deposits of the Mississippi River: Geological Society of America, Special Paper, v. 62, p. 279-302.}"
}

@article{openalexw2097985193,
    author = "Coleman, James M. and Gagliano, Sherwood M.",
    title = "Cyclic Sedimentation in the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain",
    year = "1964",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT A major characteristic of modern Mississippi River sediments is the orderly repetition of depositional events. This cyclic repetition consists of alternations of detrital and nondetrital deposition. Each major deltaic lobe is composed of a detrital lens or complex of lenses bounded on all sides by essentially nondetrital sediments indigenous to the basin of deposition. Examples of major cycles are provided by the modern and pre-modern lobate deltas. A shift in the point source of sediment supply is responsible for the abandonment of an active delta and initiation of a second cycle related to the new point source. The abandoned delta, deprived of nourishment, undergoes coastal retreat and inundation due to continuing subsidence. During this process, reworked and in situ deposits accumulate over the detrital lens, forming the bounding component of the cycle. The pre-modern deltas, varying in time of abandonment, afford a natural laboratory for the study of these capping accumulations. Two such examples, the St. Bernard and Sale-Cypremort deltas, are presented. Subdeltas or crevasses are scaled down versions of the major deltaic cycle and can be used as a model. Because of their smaller size and shorter duration, the processes of deposition and facies relationships of the detrital component can be more easily studied than in the major deltaic lobes. Vertical and lateral distribution of environmentally controlled facies within a deltaic mass are the result of the cyclic nature of sedimentation and delta growth. Some possible facies relationships are explored in a hypothetical sequence of overlapping cycles and compared with an actual vertical section taken at Fort Jackson, Louisiana.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2097985193",
    openalex = "W2097985193"
}

@incollection{coleman1965sedimentary,
    author = "COLEMAN, JAMES M. and GAGLIANO, SHERWOOD M.",
    title = "SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES: MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTAIC PLAIN",
    year = "1965",
    booktitle = "Primary Sedimentary Structures and Their Hydrodynamic Interpretation",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.65.08.0133",
    doi = "10.2110/pec.65.08.0133",
    openalex = "W1557769085",
    pages = "133-148"
}

@article{doi101306a66337f616c011d78645000102c1865d,
    author = "Kolb, Charles R. and Lopik, Jack R. Van",
    title = "Depositional Environments of Mississippi River Deltaic Plain—Southeastern Louisiana",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Seaward progradation of the land surface by the present and former Mississippi River deltas has created the Recent deltaic plain of southeastern Louisiana. Each time the Mississippi has advanced a major deltaic lobe seaward, subsequent abandonment of the overly extended river course in favor of a shorter, more direct route to the Gulf has occurred. These course changes and accompanying shifts in centers of deposition have resulted in the distribution of deltaic sediments along a 200-mile arc in coastal Louisiana. As soon as a depositional center or delta is abandoned, marine transgression begins. This process is aided by subsidence of the deltaic plain resulting from tectonism and gradual consolidation of deltaic deposits. Nevertheless, the net result of the struggle between the advancing deltas and the encroaching sea has been an overall increase in the size of the Recent deltaic plain. The sediments of four major depositional environments are complexly interfingered in the deltaic plain: (1) fluvial—natural levee, point bar, abandoned course, and abandoned distributary sediments deposited in fresh to brackish water, principally in inland areas within and along streams; (2) fluvial-marine—prodelta, intradelta, and interdistributary sediments laid down near the mouths of distributary channels in brackish to marine water; (3) paludal—marsh, swamp, tidal channel, and lacustrine deposits formed primarily in situ; and (4) marine—bay-sound, reef, beach, and nearshore Gulf sediments formed by erosion and deposition in marine water. Processes active within each environment and the distribution and physical properties of associated deposits or soil types are of vital interest in investigations of engineering geologists.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/a66337f6-16c0-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/a66337f6-16c0-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    openalex = "W2027858708"
}

@misc{kolb1966depositional2,
    author = "Kolb, C. R. and Van Lopik, J. R",
    title = "Depositional Environments of the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain--Southeastern Louisiana, in Shirley, M. L., and Ragsdale, J. A., eds., Deltas in Their Geologic Framework",
    year = "1966",
    howpublished = "Houston, Texas, Houston Geological Society, p. 18-61",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kolb, C. R., and Van Lopik, J. R., 1966, Depositional Environments of the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain--Southeastern Louisiana, in Shirley, M. L., and Ragsdale, J. A., eds., Deltas in Their Geologic Framework: Houston, Texas, Houston Geological Society, p. 18-61.}"
}

@article{openalexw1592594904,
    author = "Frazier, David E.",
    title = "Recent Deltaic Deposits of the Mississippi River: Their Development and Chronology",
    year = "1967",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Sixteen separate delta lobes have been formed by the Mississippi River in the past 6,000 years. Fourteen are included in the Teche, St. Bernard, and Lafourche delta complexes; the remaining two include the present birdfoot delta, which is an extension of the earlier formed initial lobe of the Plaquemines-Modern complex. Each delta complex is genetically related to a major Mississippi River course. Individual delta lobes within each complex are the result of the successive distributary networks of a major river course. Delta lobes were defined by detailed facies analyses of sediment cores from hundreds of shallow borings combined with lithologic and faunal data from several hundred additional borings. Each lobe consists of a basal fine-grained prodelta facies, an overlying sandy delta-front facies, and uppermost fine-grained delta-plain facies. The latter deposits include peat accumulations and nonorganic floodplain and natural-levee deposits. More than one hundred radiocarbon age determinations made on discrete delta-plain peats have been used to establish the chronology of the 16 delta lobes. These data, together with the facies relationships, indicate that the development of each delta complex was not a continual process; instead, river shifting from one major course to another caused the temporary cessation of development in one delta complex as progradation occurred in another. Similar deltaic sequences, prevalent in Tertiary outcrops along the northern flank of the Gulf Coast geosyncline, extend basinward as massive subsurface clastic wedges which constitute a major portion of the peripheral basin fill.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1592594904",
    openalex = "W1592594904"
}

@article{doi101126science1894204681,
    author = "Belt, C. B.",
    title = "The 1973 Flood and Man's Constriction of the Mississippi River",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The progressive constriction of the Mississippi for navigation since 1837 has caused bottom erosion in some stretches. In others the bottom oscillates up and down with time. The high stages rise much more rapidly. Constriction of the river channel causes flooding and makes floods higher; thus navigation works degrade the protection afforded by levees. The combination of navigation works and levees causes significant rises in the stages of floods. Additional channel constriction and levee building will cause further problems. The 1973 flood's record was man-made.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.189.4204.681",
    doi = "10.1126/science.189.4204.681",
    openalex = "W2049662429"
}

@article{openalexw1604095676,
    author = "Galloway, William E.",
    title = "Process Framework for Describing the Morphologic and Stratigraphic Evolution of Deltaic Depositional Systems",
    year = "1975",
    abstract = "Abstract A delta is a partially subaerial, contiguous mass of sediment deposited around the point where a river enters a standing body of water. A deltaic system is a three-dimensional rock-stratigraphic unit composed of many adjacent delta lobes deposited as a part of a major cycle of terrigenous sediment influx. Delta morphology and internal stratigraphy are primarily the product of an interplay between fluvial sediment input and reworking of sediment by marine or lacustrine processes. Although sources of marine energy include oceanic and wind-generated currents, density currents, gravitational potential, tidal currents, storm surge, and wave surge, deltaic progradation is modified primarily by tidal currents and wave surge. Marine deltas can thus be characterized in terms of three end-member types: (1) fluvial-dominated deltas, (2) wave-dominated deltas, and (3) tide-dominated deltas. Modern fluvial-dominated deltas include the birdfoot lobe of the Holocene Mississippi Delta system and the Po and Danube deltas. The Rhone and Sao Francisco are typical wave-dominated deltas. The Ganges-Brahmaputra, Fly, and Colorado deltas are of the tide-dominated type. Gravity induced sediment transport tends to remove sediment basinward from the delta system into slope, submarine fan, and basin floor environments which are best considered separate depositional systems. Within deltaic depositional systems, longterm evolutionary trends can be recognized and interpreted in terms of response to changing process intensity. Pennsylvanian deltas of north-central Texas changed from fluvial-dominated elongate to wave-influenced or even wave-dominated lobate types as they prograded across a shallow platform into deeper, open marine water. Early Eocene (Wilcox) and Miocene clastic cycles of the Gulf Coast Tertiary basin evolved from fluvial-dominated elongate and lobate deltas of the regressive phase to wave-dominated deltas of the transgressive phase of the cycle.",
    openalex = "W1604095676"
}

@article{stuart1976form4,
    author = "Stuart, C. J. and Caughey, C. A",
    title = "Form and composition of the Mississippi fan",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 26, p. 333-343",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stuart, C. J., and Caughey, C. A., 1976, Form and composition of the Mississippi fan: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 26, p. 333-343.}"
}

@misc{moore1979investigation3,
    author = "Moore, G. T. and Woodbury, H. O. and Worzel, J. L. and Watkins, J. S. and Starke, G. W",
    title = "Investigation of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico, in Geological and Geophysical Investigations of Continental Margins, 29 of AAPG Memoirs",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "p. 383-402",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moore, G. T., Woodbury, H. O., Worzel, J. L., Watkins, J. S., and Starke, G. W., 1979, Investigation of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico, in Geological and Geophysical Investigations of Continental Margins, 29 of AAPG Memoirs: p. 383-402.}"
}

@article{doi101111j136530911980tb01155x,
    author = "Nanson, Gerald C.",
    title = "Point bar and floodplain formation of the meandering Beatton River, northeastern British Columbia, Canada",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Sedimentology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT This study examines the morphology, sedimentology and genesis of the point bars and floodplain of the Beatton River. The formation of point bars occurs in distinct stages. An initial point bar platform composed mainly of coarse sediment is formed adjacent to the convex bank of a migrating meander bend, and is the base on which develops a single scroll bar of fine traction and suspended load. With continued sedimentation, the scroll bar grows, eventually supporting vegetation and becoming a floodplain ridge. Scroll bars form with greatest size and frequency in rapidly migrating bends, and the shape of the meander bend appears to determine both the location of the initial bar deposit, and its direction of growth up or downstream. Approximately one‐half of the floodplain sediment is derived from suspended load, and the initiation of a scroll bar appears to be due to excessive deposition of suspended load in a zone of flow separation over a point bar platform. The critical flow condition for the initiation of a scroll bar does not occur with the same recurrence interval on different shaped meander bends, however, the average recurrence interval within the study reach is approximately every 30 years. Sedimentation rates on point bars and on the floodplain indicate two relatively distinct stages of floodplain alluviation. The most rapid is for surfaces less than 50 years old, although sediment accumulation still persists on surfaces up to 250 years in age. Although frequently flooded, surfaces older than this accumulate very little sediment. Despite 2–3 m of overbank deposition, the amplitude of floodplain ridges is maintained by secondary currents which sweep sediment from the swales towards the ridge crests.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1980.tb01155.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-3091.1980.tb01155.x",
    openalex = "W2060732325",
    references = "coleman1965sedimentary"
}

@article{openalexw1852367402,
    author = "Gagliano, Sherwood M. and Meyer‐Arendt, Klaus J. and Wicker, Karen M.",
    title = "Land loss in the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain",
    year = "1981",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Systematic measurements and comparisons of maps, black-and-white aerial photographs, and color infrared imagery taken at five periods within the interval from 1890-1978 have been used to document land loss and habitat change within the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain. The studies show that the long-term trend of net progradation, which persisted through most of the past 5000 years, was reversed during the late nineteenth century, and that during the twentieth century land-loss rates have accelerated geometrically. Within the 11,500 mi2 study area, land-loss rates have progressed from approximately 6.7 mi2/year in 1913 to a projected 39.4 mi2/year in 1980. The greatest loss has occurred in the wetlands, but barrier islands and natural-levee ridges are also disappearing at a very high rate. The data can be used not only to document past change, but also to project future conditions. The findings have great significance to fish and wildlife resources, flood-protection planning, and land ownership. Apparent causes of the high rates of land loss include the harnessing of the Mississippi River by levees and control structures which reduce tendencies toward natural diversion and funnel valuable sediments to deep, offshore waters. Additional factors include canal dredging and accelerated subsidence related to mineral extraction, both of which are often associated with saltwater intrusion. The net effect is a rapidly accelerating man-induced transgression of a major coastal system.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1852367402",
    openalex = "W1852367402"
}

@article{doi101086628741,
    author = "Milliman, John D. and Meade, Robert H.",
    title = "World-Wide Delivery of River Sediment to the Oceans",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "The Journal of Geology",
    abstract = "New data and new estimates from old data show that rivers with large sediment loads (annual discharges greater than about tons) contribute about tons of suspended sediment to the ocean yearly. Extrapolating available data for all drainage basins, the total suspended sediment delivered by all rivers to the oceans is about tons annually; bedload and flood discharges may account for an additional tons. About 70\% of this total is derived from southern Asia and the larger islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, where sediment yields are much greater than for other drainage basins.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/628741",
    doi = "10.1086/628741",
    openalex = "W2041158780",
    references = "doi1010160025322781901663, doi101029wr004i004p00737, doi101038278161a0, doi1010970001069419610800000029, doi101130001676061967781203tgotar20co2, doi1011300091761319764105dotist20co2, doi101130gsabp2911, doi101306m20377, doi102110pec7203, doi102110pec7217"
}

@article{doi101126science22446531093,
    author = "Baumann, Robert H. and Day, John W. and Miller, Carolyn A.",
    title = "Mississippi Deltaic Wetland Survival: Sedimentation Versus Coastal Submergence",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Seasonal sedimentation, measured with the aid of artificial marker horizons, was markedly different in deteriorating as compared with stable marshes in the Mississippi River deltaic plain. Deteriorating marshes receive most sediment during storm events, whereas stable marshes receive substantial amounts of sediments during the spring river flood. The deteriorating marshes are accreting at a faster rate (1.5 centimeters per year at streamside, 0.9 centimeter per year at inland areas) than the stable marshes (1.3 centimeters per year at streamside, 0.6 centimeter per year at inland areas). However, relative to local apparent sea-level rise as measured by tide gauges in each area, the deteriorating marshes are not maintaining their intertidal elevation as well as the stable marshes. These results indicate the importance of considering accretion relative to submergence.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4653.1093",
    doi = "10.1126/science.224.4653.1093",
    openalex = "W2026702170"
}

@article{delaune1986methane,
    author = "DeLaune, Ronald D. and Smith, Christopher J. and Patrick, William H.",
    title = "Methane production in Mississippi River deltaic plain peat",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Organic Geochemistry",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(86)90069-0",
    doi = "10.1016/0146-6380(86)90069-0",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2063192081",
    pages = "193-197",
    volume = "9",
    references = "doi1010160038071781900456, doi101029jc086ic08p07203, doi101038275532a0, doi101111j160008891983tb00002x, doi101128aem311991071976, doi101128aem476126612711984, doi101306212f81752b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi101306a66337f616c011d78645000102c1865d, doi103402tellusbv35i114581, doi104319lo19671210163"
}

@article{doi101007bf02574816,
    author = "Kesel, Richard H.",
    title = "The decline in the suspended load of the Lower Mississippi River and its influence on adjacent wetlands",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Environmental Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02574816",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02574816",
    openalex = "W2090412418"
}

@article{doi1011300016760619881000999dcapit23co2,
    author = "Coleman, James M.",
    title = "Dynamic changes and processes in the Mississippi River delta",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<0999:dcapit>2.3.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<0999:dcapit>2.3.co;2",
    openalex = "W1996309262"
}

@article{doi101306212f8ec22b2411d78648000102c1865d,
    author = "Penland, Shea",
    title = "Transgressive Depositional Systems of the Mississippi Delta Plain: A Model for Barrier Shoreline and Shelf Sand Development",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Research",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Depositional sequences generated in the Mississippi River delta plain consist of a regressive and a transgressive component. The transgressive component has been considerably less studied but accounts for the majority of the surface area on the lower Mississippi River delta plain and up to 50 percent of the total sequence thickness in shallow-water deltas. The development and preservation of transgressive depositional systems in abandoned delta complexes follows the process of transgressive submergence in which the horizontal component of reworking occurs during shoreface retreat, combined with a vertical component of submergence acting to preserve the sequence. The evolution of transgressive depositional systems in each of the abandoned Holocene Mississippi River delta complex s can be summarized in a three-stage model beginning with stage 1, an erosional headland and flanking barriers. In this stage, regressive sand deposits contained within abandoned deltaic headlands are reworked by the eroding shoreface and dispersed longshore into contiguous flanking barriers enclosing restricted interdistributary bays. Submergence of the delta plain during relative sea-level rise generates an intradeltaic lagoon separating the former stage 1 sand body from the shoreline, forming stage 2, a transgressive barrier island arc. The landward-migrating barrier island arc is unable to keep pace with relative sea-level rise and the retreating mainland shoreline, resulting in submergence and the formation of stage 3, an inner-shelf shoal. Following submergence the former barrier island arc sand body continues to be reworked into a marine sand body on the inner continental shelf during stage 3. This sequence of coastal evolution provides direct evidence of barrier island formation, with each stage producing a distinctive stratigraphic signature. The current sea-level-rise models of shoreface retreat and in-place drowning developed for the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf do not adequately explain either the morphology or the stratigraphy of transgressive Mississippi River delta sand bodies. Current models of Mississippi deltaic stratigraphy emphasize the deep-water, artificially maintained Balize delta, which differs considerably from the shallow-water, shelf-phase delta complexes that are the primary depositional constituents of he Holocene Mississippi River delta plain.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/212f8ec2-2b24-11d7-8648000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/212f8ec2-2b24-11d7-8648000102c1865d",
    openalex = "W2116610327"
}

@article{doi10108000221689009499058,
    author = "Parker, G.",
    title = "Surface-based bedload transport relation for gravel rivers",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Journal of Hydraulic Research",
    abstract = "Bedload transport in gravel-bed rivers is accomplished by means of the mobilization of grains exposed on the bed surface. This mobilization is due to the action of fluid forces on the exposed grains. Substrate particles can participate in the bedload only to the extent that local or global scour results in their exposure on the surface. It follows that a calculation of the bedload transport rate of mixtures should be based on the availability of each size range in the surface layer. Herein an existing empirical substrate-based bedload relation for gravel mixtures, developed solely with reference to field data, is transformed into a surface-based relation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00221689009499058",
    doi = "10.1080/00221689009499058",
    openalex = "W2021299669"
}

@article{doi1023071311453,
    author = "Turner, R. Eugene and Rabalais, Nancy N.",
    title = "Changes in Mississippi River Water Quality This Century",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "BioScience",
    abstract = "Journal Article Changes in Mississippi River Water Quality this Century: Implications for coastal food webs Get access R. Eugene Turner, R. Eugene Turner Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Nancy N. Rabalais Nancy N. Rabalais Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 41, Issue 3, March 1991, Pages 140–147, https://doi.org/10.2307/1311453 Published: 01 March 1991",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1311453",
    doi = "10.2307/1311453",
    openalex = "W1973728731",
    references = "doi1010079781441985361"
}

@article{doi101016027843439290065r,
    author = "Dortch, Quay and Whitledge, Terry E.",
    title = "Does nitrogen or silicon limit phytoplankton production in the Mississippi River plume and nearby regions?",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Continental Shelf Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(92)90065-r",
    doi = "10.1016/0278-4343(92)90065-r",
    openalex = "W2047015783"
}

@article{doi101086629606,
    author = "Milliman, John D. and Syvitski, James P. M.",
    title = "Geomorphic/Tectonic Control of Sediment Discharge to the Ocean: The Importance of Small Mountainous Rivers",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "The Journal of Geology",
    abstract = "Analysis of data from 280 rivers discharging to the ocean indicates that sediment loads/yields are a log-linear function of basin area and maximum elevation of the river basin. Other factors controlling sediment discharge (e.g., climate, runoff) appear to have secondary importance. A notable exception is the influence of human activity, climate, and geology on the rivers draining southern Asia and Oceania. Sediment fluxes from small mountainous rivers, many of which discharge directly onto active margins (e.g., western South and North America and most high-standing oceanic islands), have been greatly underestimated in previous global sediment budgets, perhaps by as much as a factor of three. In contrast, sediment fluxes to the ocean from large rivers (nearly all of which discharge onto passive margins or marginal seas) have been overestimated, as some of the sediment load is subaerially sequestered in subsiding deltas. Before the proliferation of dam construction in the latter half of this century, rivers probably discharged about 20 billion tons of sediment annually to the ocean. Prior to widespread farming and deforestation (beginning 2000-2500 yr ago), however, sediment discharge probably was less than half the present level. Sediments discharged by small mountainous rivers are more likely to escape to the deep sea during high stands of sea level by virtue of a greater impact of episodic events (i.e., flash floods and earthquakes) on small drainage basins and because of the narrow shelves associated with active margins. The resulting delta/fan deposits can be distinctly different than the sedimentary deposits derived from larger rivers that discharge onto passive margins.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/629606",
    doi = "10.1086/629606",
    openalex = "W2026886308",
    references = "doi10100797814612378841, doi10102991rg00969, doi101029tr039i006p01076, doi101029wr004i004p00737, doi101086628741, doi101126science2284698488, doi101126science23547931156, doi101130001676061967781203tgotar20co2, doi102307635458, doi102475ajs2683243, openalexw2338892475"
}

@article{doi101111j136530911993tb01347x,
    author = "Orton, Geoff and Reading, H. G.",
    title = "Variability of deltaic processes in terms of sediment supply, with particular emphasis on grain size",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Sedimentology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Short term variability in delta form and process can be partly explained by the relative strength of hydraulic parameters such as river discharge, discharge variability, wave energy flux and tidal range. However, the calibre or grain size is also important. The amount, mode of transport and grain size of the sediment load delivered to a delta front have a considerable effect on the facies, formative physical processes, related depositional environments and morphology of the deltaic depositional system. The available grain size influences (1) the gradient and channel pattern of the fluvial system on the delta plain; (2) the mixing behaviour of sediment as it discharges into the ambient basin waters at the river mouth; (3) the type of shoreline, whether reflective or dissipative, and its response to both wave energy and tidal regime; and (4) the deformation and resedimentation processes on the subaqueous delta front. Long term aspects of deltaic sedimentation, including a few generalized relationships between sediment supply and physiographic setting, are briefly introduced. The need for further detailed research on modern and ancient deltaic dispersal systems is emphasized, and specific suggestions are given for future research.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1993.tb01347.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-3091.1993.tb01347.x",
    openalex = "W2070821133",
    references = "doi1010160012825285900017, doi1010160022169483902172, doi1010160025322784900082, doi1010160025322789901278, doi101029jc086ic11p10938, doi101086628741, doi101306703c9af5170711d78645000102c1865d, doi102307211375, flint1947geological, openalexw1912927042, openalexw645095896"
}

@article{doi101038368619a0,
    author = "Turner, R. Eugene and Rabalais, Nancy N.",
    title = "Coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi river delta",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/368619a0",
    doi = "10.1038/368619a0",
    openalex = "W2071436107",
    references = "doi1010160016703781900065, doi1010160025322779900392, doi1010160198014984900864, doi101016027843439290065r, doi101086628741, doi1023071311453, doi1023073515153, doi103354meps003083, doi103354meps083281, openalexw657870130"
}

@article{doi101306d4267dde2b2611d78648000102c1865d,
    author = "Blair, John G. McPhe Terence C.",
    title = "Alluvial Fans and their Natural Distinction from Rivers Based on Morphology, Hydraulic Processes, Sedimentary Processes, and Facies Assemblages",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Research",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Contrary to common contemporary usage, alluvial fans are a naturally unique phenomenon readily distinguishable from other sedimentary environments, including gravel-bed rivers, on the basis of morphology, hydraulic processes, sedimentologic processes, and facies assemblages. The piedmont setting of alluvial fans where the feeder channel of an upland drainage basin intersects the mountain front assures that catastrophic fluid gravity flows and sediment gravity flows, including sheetfloods, rock falls, rock slides, rock avalanches, and debris flows, are major constructional processes, regardless of climate. The unconfinement of these flows at the mountain front gives rise to the high-sloping, semiconical form that typifies fans. The plano-convex cross-profile geometry inherent in this f rm is the inverse of the troughlike cross-sectional form of river systems, and precludes the development of floodplains that characterize rivers. The relatively high slope of alluvial fans creates unique hydraulic conditions where passing fluid gravity flows attain high capacity, high competency, and upper flow regime, resulting in sheetfloods that deposit low-angle antidune or surface-parallel planar-stratified sequences. These waterlaid facies contrast with the typically lower-flow-regime thick-bedded, cross-bedded, and lenticular channel facies, and associated floodplain sequences, of rivers. The unconfinement of flows on fans causes a swift decrease in velocity, competency, and capacity as they attenuate, inducing rapid deposition that leads to the angular, poorly sorted textures and short radii typical of fans. This condition is markedly different than for rivers, where sediment gravity flows are rare and water flows remain confined by channel walls or spill into floodplains, and increase in depth downstream. The distinctive processes that construct alluvial fans, coupled with the secondary surficial reworking of their deposits, yield unique facies assemblages that permit the easy differentiation of fan sequences even where the geomorphic context has been lost, including in the rock record. The fault-proximal piedmont setting critical for their preservation makes properly identified alluvial-fan deposits in the rock record an invaluable tool for reconstructing and interpreting the tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of ancient sedimentary basins and their contained register of Earth history.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/d4267dde-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/d4267dde-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d",
    openalex = "W2156154267"
}

@article{openalexw1596287077,
    author = "Roberts, Harry H. and Bailey, A. M. and Kuecher, Gerald J.",
    title = "Subsidence in the Mississippi River Delta--Important Influences of Valley Filling by Cyclic Deposition, Primary Consolidation Phenomena, and Early Diagenesis",
    year = "1994",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Late Pleistocene fluvial entrenchment, cyclic deposition during the Holocene rise in sea level, and primary consolidation characteristics of valley-fill facies are key factors in understanding subsidence and land loss in the Mississippi River delta plain. Recent investigations complemented with seven continuous borings (to >60-m [197-ft] length) have emphasized the importance of Holocene sedimentation history, sediment type, early diagenetic changes, and consolidation characteristics of the Holocene sediment column. Radiocarbon dating of organic units in borings indicates a low rate of subsidence (\textasciitilde 9 cm [3.5 in]/100 yr) on the flanks of the alluvial valley where the Holocene sediments are thin and a high rate of subsidence (>40 cm [15.6 in]/100 yr) where these sediments are the thickest. Types of sediment and modes of Holocene deposition are also important. Upward-coarsening cycles of various dimensions (small crevasses to delta lobes) are nested in the valley-fill deposits. They reflect rapid depositional pulses separated by organic-rich deposits and surfaces of erosion associated with delta-lobe and subdelta abandonment. Individual facies of the Holocene valley fill contain unique pore space and thereby affect primary consolidation. Siderite and pyrite occur in delta-front and salt-marsh deposits where salt- and fresh-water environments interface. The following factors account for a significant proportion of delta-plain subsidence and land loss: (a) thickness of Holocene deposits, (b) facies type and stacking characteristics, (c) primary consolidation characteristics of fundamental facies units, and (d) early diagenetic history.",
    openalex = "W1596287077"
}

@article{doi101126science27352821693,
    author = "Törnqvist, Torbjörn E. and Kidder, Tristram R. and Autin, Whitney J. and van der Borg, Klaas and de Jong, Arie F. M. and Klerks, Cornelis J. W. and Snijders, Els M. A. and Storms, J.E.A. and Dam, Remke L. Van and Wiemann, Michael C.",
    title = "A Revised Chronology for Mississippi River Subdeltas",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Radiocarbon measurements by accelerator mass spectrometry relating to three of the four late Holocene Mississippi River subdeltas yielded consistent results and were found to differ by up to 2000 carbon-14 years from previously inferred ages. These geological data are in agreement with archaeological carbon-14 data and stratigraphic ages based on ceramic seriation and were used to develop a revised chronologic framework, which has implications for prehistoric human settlement patterns, coastal evolution and wetland loss, and sequence-stratigraphic interpretations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5282.1693",
    doi = "10.1126/science.273.5282.1693",
    openalex = "W2076266587"
}

@article{doi1023071353283,
    author = "Visser, Jenneke M. and Sasser, Charles E. and Chabreck, Robert H. and Linscombe, R. G.",
    title = "Marsh Vegetation Types of the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Estuaries",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1353283",
    doi = "10.2307/1353283",
    openalex = "W2041754278",
    references = "doi10108004353676198711880207, doi1023071307853, doi1023071942621, doi1023071943020, doi1023072806132, openalexw1537021446, openalexw1817640876, openalexw1852367402, openalexw1914341864, openalexw2751793438"
}

@article{openalexw1846023905,
    author = "Coleman, James M. and Roberts, Harry H. and Stone, Gregory W.",
    title = "Mississippi River Delta: an Overview",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Civil War Book Review",
    abstract = "Over the last century, the river-dominated Mississippi delta has received increasing attention from geoscientists, biologists, engineers, and environmental planners because of the importance of the river and its deltaic environments to the economic well-being of the state of Louisiana and the nation. Population growth, subsurface resource extraction, and increased land-water use have placed demands on the delta's natural geologic, biologic, and chemical systems, therefore modifying the time and spatial scales of natural processes within the delta and its lower alluvial valley. As a result, the combined effects of natural and human-induced processes, such as subsidence, eustatic sea level rise, salt water intrusion, and wetland loss, have produced a dynamically changing landscape and socioeconomic framework for this complex delta. Under natural conditions, the fundamental changes that result in land-building and land loss in the Holocene Mississippi River delta plain are rooted in the systematic diversion of water and sediment associated with major shifts in the river's course-the process of delta switching. Research over the last half century has shown that major relocations of the Mississippi's course have resulted in five Holocene delta complexes and a sixth one in an early stage of development as a product of the latest Atchafalaya River diversion. Collectively, these Holocene deltas have produced a delta plain that covers an area of \textasciitilde 30,000 km and accounts for 41\% of the coastal wetlands in the United States. After a river diversion takes place, the resulting delta evolves through a systematic and semipredictable set of stages generally characterized by: (a) rapid progradation with increasing-to-stable discharge, (b) relative stability during initial stages of waning discharge, (c) abandonment by the river in favor of a higher gradient course to the receiving basin, and (d) marine reworking of a sediment-starved delta as it undergoes progressive submergence by the combined processes of subsidence. Delta switching has taken place every 1000 to 2000 years during Holocene times, and resulting deltas have an average thickness of approximately 35 m. Within a single delta there are subdeltas, bayfills, and crevasse-splays that have higher frequency delta cycles ranging from several hundred years to a few decades. These depositional features are usually less than 10 m thick, and some have produced marshland areas of over 300 km. The net result of these delta-building events is a low-lying landscape with components that are changing (building and deteriorating) at different rates. Geologically, these depositional cycles produce a thick accumulation of coarsening, upward deltaic deposits that have various thicknesses in response to development on a variety of temporal and spatial scales. In this river-dominated delta system, distributaries can prograde seaward at rates of over 100 m/year. The cumulative effect of the Holocene depository has been to depress the underlying Pleistocene surface. In a local setting, e.g., the modern Balize Lobe, differential loading causes the vertical displacement of underlying clay-rich facies (shale diapirs-mudlumps). The delta front of this lobe, which has prograded into deep water of the outer continental shelf, is characterized by rapid deposition of silt- and clay-rich sediments and slope instability, which results in seaward displacement of sediments by a variety of mass-movement processes. Superimposed on the natural processes and forms of the Mississippi deltaic plain and its associated estuarine environments, are human impacts, most of which have been imposed in this century. The most significant impacts have resulted from a decrease in sediment input to the river from its tributaries and the alteration of the river's natural sediment dispersal processes through the construction of levees. Measures are now being taken to reinstate some of the delta's natural processes, thereby mitigating landloss so that decline in animal and plant productivity can be mitigated. 2 2",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1846023905",
    openalex = "W1846023905",
    references = "doi101016s0967065397885973, doi101086625561, doi101126science27352821693, doi1011300016760619881000999dcapit23co2, doi101306212f8ec22b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi101306ad461b9216f711d78645000102c1865d, doi101306sv21353, doi102307211375, doi105724gcs91120034, openalexw1592594904, openalexw2971039300"
}

@article{doi101017s0956792500004198,
    author = "Swenson, J. B. and Voller, Vaughan R. and Paola, Chris and Parker, George A. and Marr, Jeffrey G.",
    title = "Fluvio-deltaic sedimentation: A generalized Stefan problem",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "European Journal of Applied Mathematics",
    abstract = "We present a model of sedimentation in a subsiding fluvio-deltaic basin with steady sediment supply and unsteady base level. We demonstrate that mass transfer in a fluvio-deltaic basin is analogous to heat transfer in a generalized Stefan problem, where the basin's shoreline represents the phase front. We obtain a numerical solution to the governing equations for sediment transport and deposition in this system via an extension of a deforming-grid technique from the phase-change literature. Through modification of the heat-balance integral method, we also develop a semi-analytical solution, which agrees well with the numerical solution. We construct a space of dimensionless groups for the basin and perform a systematic exploration of this space to illustrate the influence of each group on the shoreline trajectory. Our model results suggest that all subsiding fluvio-deltaic basins exhibit a standard autoretreat shoreline trajectory in which a brief period of shoreline advance is followed by an extended period of shoreline retreat. Base-level cycling produces a shoreline response that varies relative to the autoretreat signal. Contrary to previous studies, we fail to observe either a strong phase shift between shoreline and base level or a pronounced attenuation of the amplitude of shoreline response as the frequency of base-level cycling decreases. However, the amplitude of shoreline response to base-level cycling is a function of the basin's age.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956792500004198",
    doi = "10.1017/s0956792500004198",
    openalex = "W2010018893"
}

@article{doi1016410006356820010510373rnlttg20co2,
    author = "Mitsch, William J. and Day, John W. and Gilliam, J. W. and Groffman, Peter M. and Hey, Donald L. and Randall, G. W. and Wang, Naiming",
    title = "Reducing Nitrogen Loading to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River Basin: Strategies to Counter a Persistent Ecological Problem",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "BioScience",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0373:rnlttg]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0373:rnlttg]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2276914180",
    references = "openalexw1852367402"
}

@article{doi101007bf02691346,
    author = "Rybczyk, John and Cahoon, Donald R.",
    title = "Estimating the potential for submergence for two wetlands in the Mississippi River Delta",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Estuaries",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02691346",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02691346",
    openalex = "W1974226748",
    references = "doi101002esp3290180105, doi101002esp3290200103, doi101006ecss19990522, doi101016002532279500087f, doi101038357293a0, doi10211215515036si54fmi, doi1023071352382, doi104319lo19842951052, openalexw1927292367, openalexw2177590044"
}

@article{doi101306eg04040302007,
    author = "Morton, Robert A. and Tiling, Ginger and Ferina, Nicholas F.",
    title = "Causes of hot-spot wetland loss in the Mississippi delta plain",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Environmental Geosciences",
    abstract = "Abstract Field surveys and sediment cores were used to estimate marsh erosion and land subsidence at Madison Bay, a well-known wetland loss hot spot in coastal Louisiana. Former marshes of Madison Bay are under about 1 m of water. Nearly two-thirds of the permanent flooding was caused by rapid subsidence in the late 1960s, whereas the other third was caused by subsequent erosion. Subsidence rates near Madison Bay since the 1960s (∼20 mm/yr) are an order of magnitude greater than deltaic subsidence rates averaged for the past 400–4000 yr (∼2 mm/yr). The rapid acceleration and unexpected decline in wetland losses in the Mississippi delta plain are difficult to explain on the basis of most physical and biogeochemical processes. There are, however, close temporal and spatial correlations among regional wetland loss, high subsidence rates, and large-volume fluid production from nearby hydrocarbon fields. The decreased rates of wetland loss since the 1970s may be related to decreased rates of subsidence caused by significantly decreased rates of subsurface fluid withdrawal. Annual fluid production from the Lapeyrouse, Lirette, and Bay Baptiste fields that encompass Madison Bay accelerated in the 1960s, peaked about 1970, and then declined abruptly. Large decreases in pore pressure in the Lapeyrouse field have likely altered subsurface stresses and reactivated a major fault that coincides with the wetland loss hot spot. Therefore, wetland losses at Madison Bay can be closely linked to rapid subsidence and possible fault reactivation induced by long-term, large-volume hydrocarbon production.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/eg.04040302007",
    doi = "10.1306/eg.04040302007",
    openalex = "W2119246484",
    references = "doi101007bf01867025, doi101007bf01867123, doi101016096706539594262o, doi1023071353136, doi1023072260609, doi103354meps096269, doi105724gcs91120034, openalexw1586892756, openalexw1592594904, openalexw1852367402"
}

@article{doi101146annurevearth32101802120201,
    author = "Slingerland, Rudy and Smith, Norman D.",
    title = "RIVER AVULSIONS AND THEIR DEPOSITS",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
    abstract = "▪ Abstract Avulsion is the natural process by which flow diverts out of an established river channel into a new permanent course on the adjacent floodplain. Avulsions are primarily features of aggrading floodplains. Their recurrence interval varies widely among the few modern rivers for which such data exist, ranging from as low as 28 years for the Kosi River (India) to up to 1400 years for the Mississippi. Avulsions cause loss of life, property damage, destabilization of shipping and irrigation channels, and even coastal erosion as sediment is temporarily sequestered on the floodplain. They are also the main process that builds alluvial stratigraphy. Their causes remain relatively unknown, but stability analyses of bifurcating channels suggest that thresholds in the relative energy slope and Shields parameter of the bifurcating channel system are key factors.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120201",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120201",
    openalex = "W2139920049",
    references = "doi101002sici10969837199603213217aidesp61130co2u, doi101016001282527990059x, doi1010160037073869900104, doi101016s0012825200000386, doi101017s0022112081000451, doi101111j136530911965tb01561x, doi101111j136530911979tb00935x, doi101111j136530911989tb00817x, doi102307211375, doi10230740027956, flint1947geological"
}

@article{doi102110jsr2005053,
    author = "Aslan, Andres and Autin, W. J. and Blum, M. D.",
    title = "Causes of River Avulsion: Insights from the Late Holocene Avulsion History of the Mississippi River, U.S.A.",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Research",
    abstract = "Abstract The emphasis on gradient advantages in studies of avulsion is misleading. While gradient advantages are necessary for an avulsion to occur, the late Holocene avulsion history of the Mississippi River in Louisiana suggests that factors such as substrate composition and floodplain channel distributions are more important. Cross-valley to down-valley slope ratios of the modern floodplain range from 16 to 110 and are typically > 30. The slope ratio is 35 at the location of the Mississippi–Atchafalaya diversion (Old River) yet slope ratios are 83 to 110 immediately upvalley of Old River. All values of Mississippi River floodplain slope ratios are significantly larger than values of avulsion threshold calculated by numerical models. Shallow floodplain cores, 14C dating of organic remains, and geologic mapping show that the Mississippi River has avulsed only four times over the past 5 ky in the southern Lower Mississippi Valley (LMV). Gradient advantages are widespread, yet avulsions are rare. These observations indicate that factors other than gradient advantage control Mississippi River avulsion. Several examples of Mississippi and Red River avulsion by channel reoccupation support the idea that channel distributions and substrate compositions are primary influences on avulsion. Incipient Mississippi River avulsion and development of the Atchafalaya River involved reoccupation of abandoned Mississippi River channels and a Red River crevasse-splay complex. The modern Atchafalaya River also incises buried Mississippi River channel-belt sands. Abandoned channel belts and crevasse-splay complexes consist of sandy substrates that facilitate scour and the development of channels capable of capturing the Mississippi River. Abandoned channels provide ready-made conduits for Mississippi River flow that can efficiently develop into avulsive channels. Multi-storied sheet sandstones in ancient fluvial deposits may provide additional support for the idea that erodible substrates and floodplain channel distributions are critical influences on avulsion. These features record episodic reoccupation of channel belts, which at least in some cases, may simply reflect successive avulsions rather than major changes in aggradation rate or extrabasinal factors such as climate.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2005.053",
    doi = "10.2110/jsr.2005.053",
    openalex = "W2162597581",
    references = "doi102110jsr69800, openalexw1846023905"
}

@article{openalexw13117371,
    author = "Chakrapani, G. J.",
    title = "Factors controlling variations in river sediment loads",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Current Science",
    abstract = "Sediment transfer from continents to oceans via rivers is one of the important processes regulating river-bank stabilization, soil formation, biogeochemical cycling of elements, crust evolution and many other earth-related processes. Due to changes in continental positions during the geologic past, water flow and sediment loads in rivers have also shown variations during different time periods. Recent estimations budget sediment flux from rivers to oceans of about 18 x 10 tons annually. However, it is estimated that the present-day sediment load in rivers has been greatly altered due to large-scale human perturbations. Factors such as relief, channel slope, basin size, seasonality of rains and tectonic activities control sediment loads in rivers. Human interventions in the form of reservoirs for water storage have impounded and trapped huge sediment loads on the continental parts. Similarly, land use patterns also had their effects on sediment flux to the oceans. Rivers flowing over the Pacific islands have large sediment yield as also the Himalayan rivers, Ganga and Brahmaputra, due to high relief and tectonic disturbances, whereas rivers in North America, China and Africa show decrease in sediment flux due to trapping of sediments in the reservoirs.",
    openalex = "W13117371"
}

@article{openalexw1499140216,
    author = "Morton, Robert A. and Bernier, Julie C. and Barras, John A. and Ferina, Nicholas F.",
    title = "Historical Subsidence and Wetland Loss in the Mississippi Delta Plain",
    year = "2005",
    abstract = "Five representative areas of the Mississippi River delta plain were investigated using remote images, marsh elevations, water depths, sediment cores, and radiocarbon dates to estimate the timing, magnitudes, and relative rates of marsh erosion and land subsidence at geological and historical time scales. In the Terrebonne-Lafourche region of rapid interior-wetland loss, former marshes are now submerged beneath water that averages 0.5 to 1.0 m deep. Most of the permanent historical flooding was caused by rapid subsidence and collapse of the delta plain that occurred during the late 1960s and 1970s. Subsequent erosion of the submerged delta-plain marsh was relatively minor at most of the coring sites. Widespread nearly simultaneous collapse of marshes across the Mississippi delta plain appears to be unprecedented and not repeated in the geological record of the past 1,000 years. Surface and subsurface data strongly indicate that the rapid subsidence and associated wetland loss were largely induced by extraction of hydrocarbons and associated formation water. Average historical rates of subsidence between 1965 and 1993 were about 8 to 12 mm/yr, whereas average geological rates of subsidence for the past 5,000 years were about 1 to 5 mm/yr. Natural processes such as deep-seated salt migration and fault movement cannot be discounted entirely, but there is no compelling evidence that these processes were responsible for the observed historical changes. Results of this study provide a basis for determining the relative importance of subsidence and shoreline erosion as causes of past wetland loss and for predicting sites and probable mechanisms of future wetland loss. This information should improve the selection of project sites and designs for wetland-loss mitigation and coastal restoration in south Louisiana.",
    openalex = "W1499140216",
    references = "doi101007bf00379369, doi101007bf02691346, doi1010160040195174900730, doi101046j15260984200182001x, doi101306eg04040302007, doi104319lo19832830494, doi105724gcs91120034, openalexw1516683093, openalexw1586892756, openalexw1596287077"
}

@article{doi102110jsr2006026,
    author = "Olariu, Cornel and Bhattacharya, Janok P.",
    title = "Terminal Distributary Channels and Delta Front Architecture of River-Dominated Delta Systems",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Research",
    abstract = "Abstract Using modern and ancient examples we show that river-dominated deltas formed in shallow basins have multiple coeval terminal distributary channels at different scales. Sediment dispersion through multiple terminal distributary channels results in an overall lobate shape of the river-dominated delta that is opposite to the digitate Mississippi type, but similar with deltas described as wave-dominated. The examples of deltas that we present show typical coarsening-upward delta-front facies successions but do not contain deep distributary channels, as have been routinely interpreted in many ancient deltas. We show that shallow-water river-dominated delta-front deposits are typically capped by small terminal distributary channels, the cross-sectional area of which represents a small fraction of the main fluvial trunk channel. Recognizing terminal distributary channels is critical in interpretation of river-dominated deltas. Terminal distributary channels are the most distal channelized features and can be both subaerial and subaqueous. Their dimensions vary between tens of meters to kilometers in width, with common values of 100–400 m and depths of 1–3 m, and are rarely incised. The orientation of the terminal distributary channels for the same system has a large variation, with values between 123° (Volga Delta) and 248° (Lena Delta). Terminal distributary channels are intimately associated with mouth-bar deposits and are infilled by aggradation and lateral or upstream migration of the mouth bars. Deposits of terminal distributary channels have characteristic sedimentary structures of unidirectional effluent flow but also show evidence of reworking by waves and tides.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2006.026",
    doi = "10.2110/jsr.2006.026",
    openalex = "W2132272817",
    references = "doi101306111302730367, doi1013065ceadd7616bb11d78645000102c1865d, openalexw101633874, openalexw1558464430, openalexw1592594904"
}

@article{doi1010292006jf000549,
    author = "Parker, Gary and Wilcock, Peter Richard and Paola, Chris and Dietrich, W. E. and Pitlick, John",
    title = "Physical basis for quasi‐universal relations describing bankfull hydraulic geometry of single‐thread gravel bed rivers",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "We examine relations for hydraulic geometry of alluvial, single‐thread gravel bed rivers with definable bankfull geometries. Four baseline data sets determine relations for bankfull geometry, i.e., bankfull depth, bankfull width, and down‐channel slope as functions of bankfull discharge and bed surface median sediment size. These relations show a considerable degree of universality. This universality applies not only within the four sets used to determine the forms but also to three independent data sets as well. We study the physical basis for this universality in terms of four relations, the coefficients and exponents of which can be back calculated from the data: (1) a Manning‐Strickler‐type relation for channel resistance, (2) a channel‐forming relation expressed in terms of the ratio of bankfull Shields number to critical Shields number, (3) a relation for critical Shields number as a function of dimensionless discharge, and (4) a “gravel yield” relation specifying the (estimated) gravel transport rate at bankfull flow as a function of bankfull discharge and gravel size. We use these underlying relations to explore why the dimensionless bankfull relations are only quasi‐universal and to quantify the degree to which deviation from universality can be expected. The analysis presented here represents an alternative to extremal formulations to predict hydraulic geometry.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000549",
    doi = "10.1029/2006jf000549",
    openalex = "W2085663892",
    references = "doi101061asce07339429199812410985"
}

@article{doi1010292006jf000574,
    author = "Edmonds, Douglas A. and Slingerland, Rudy",
    title = "Mechanics of river mouth bar formation: Implications for the morphodynamics of delta distributary networks",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "In this paper, we use observational data and numerical modeling to present a new explanation for the formation of river‐dominated delta networks. Observational data from deltas throughout the world show that distributary channel widths, depths, and lengths decrease nonlinearly with successive bifurcations. Trends in width and depth are an outcome of hydraulic geometry scaling. The trend in channel length is a consequence of delta growth. Analyses of serial maps show that the positions of bifurcations are the fossilized locations of river mouth bars (also called middle‐ground and distributary mouth bar) in front of old delta channel mouths. Therefore the trend in channel length can be explained through the mechanics of river mouth bar formation and evolution. We use Delft3D, a coupled hydrodynamic and morphodynamic model, to simulate the process of river mouth bar formation within an expanding turbulent jet in front of distributary channel mouths. Our results describe in detail the formation and evolution of a river mouth bar system and demonstrate that the distance to the river mouth bar is proportional to jet momentum flux and inversely proportional to grain size. Therefore channel length decreases down delta because with each successive bifurcation, the jet momentum flux decreases. These results can be used to predict the future evolution of river‐dominated deltas and can be used to aid in hydrocarbon exploration of these depositional environments.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000574",
    doi = "10.1029/2006jf000574",
    openalex = "W2614559685",
    references = "doi1013065ceadd7616bb11d78645000102c1865d"
}

@article{doi101126science1137030,
    author = "Day, John W. and Boesch, Donald F. and Clairain, Ellis J. and Kemp, G. Paul and Laska, Shirley and Mitsch, William J. and Orth, Kenneth and Mashriqui, Hassan and Reed, Denise J. and Shabman, Leonard and Simenstad, Charles A. and Streever, Bill and Twilley, Robert R. and Watson, Chester C. and Wells, John T. and Whigham, Dennis F.",
    title = "Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: Lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Hurricanes Katrina and Rita showed the vulnerability of coastal communities and how human activities that caused deterioration of the Mississippi Deltaic Plain (MDP) exacerbated this vulnerability. The MDP formed by dynamic interactions between river and coast at various temporal and spatial scales, and human activity has reduced these interactions at all scales. Restoration efforts aim to re-establish this dynamic interaction, with emphasis on reconnecting the river to the deltaic plain. Science must guide MDP restoration, which will provide insights into delta restoration elsewhere and generally into coasts facing climate change in times of resource scarcity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137030",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1137030",
    openalex = "W2126231593",
    references = "doi101016s0967065397885973, doi101126science1129116, doi105724gcs91120034, openalexw1846023905"
}

@incollection{crossref2008coastal,
    title = "Coastal Wetlands: Mississippi River Deltaic Plain Coastal Marshes, Louisiana",
    year = "2008",
    booktitle = "Biogeochemistry of Wetlands",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203491454-21",
    doi = "10.1201/9780203491454-21",
    openalex = "W2503471077",
    pages = "693-726"
}

@article{doi101111j13653091200800961x,
    author = "Parker, Gary and Muto, Tetsuji and AKAMATSU, Yoshihisa and Dietrich, W. E. and Lauer, J. W.",
    title = "Unravelling the conundrum of river response to rising sea‐level from laboratory to field. Part I: Laboratory experiments",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Sedimentology",
    abstract = "Abstract The most recent deglaciation resulted in a global sea‐level rise of some 120 m over approximately 12 000 years. In this Part I of two parts, a moving boundary numerical model is developed to predict the response of rivers to this rise. The model was motivated by experiments at small scale, which have identified two modes describing the transgression of a river mouth: autoretreat without abandonment of the river delta (no sediment starvation at the topset–foreset break) and sediment‐starved autoretreat with abandonment of the delta. In the latter case, transgression is far more rapid and its effects are felt much further upstream of the river mouth. The moving boundary numerical model is checked against experiments. The generally favourable results of the check motivate adaptation of the model to describe the response of the much larger Fly‐Strickland River system, Papua New Guinea to Holocene sea‐level rise; this is done in the companion paper, Part II.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.00961.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.00961.x",
    openalex = "W2055011781",
    references = "doi101016s0169555x00000209, doi101017s0956792500004198, doi101029jb094ib04p03851, doi101038382241a0, doi101046j13653091200000006x, doi101046j13653091200000008x, doi101130001676061978891389rbeass20co2, doi101306d42686a82b2611d78648000102c1865d, doi102110jsr2007005, doi102110pec88010047"
}

@article{doi101002hyp7477,
    author = "Meade, Robert H. and Moody, John A.",
    title = "Causes for the decline of suspended‐sediment discharge in the Mississippi River system, 1940–2007",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Hydrological Processes",
    abstract = "Abstract Before 1900, the Missouri–Mississippi River system transported an estimated 400 million metric tons per year of sediment from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana. During the last two decades (1987–2006), this transport has averaged 145 million metric tons per year. The cause for this substantial decrease in sediment has been attributed to the trapping characteristics of dams constructed on the muddy part of the Missouri River during the 1950s. However, reexamination of more than 60 years of water‐ and sediment‐discharge data indicates that the dams alone are not the sole cause. These dams trap about 100–150 million metric tons per year, which represent about half the decrease in sediment discharge near the mouth of the Mississippi. Changes in relations between water discharge and suspended‐sediment concentration suggest that the Missouri–Mississippi has been transformed from a transport‐limited to a supply‐limited system. Thus, other engineering activities such as meander cutoffs, river‐training structures, and bank revetments as well as soil erosion controls have trapped sediment, eliminated sediment sources, or protected sediment that was once available for transport episodically throughout the year. Removing major engineering structures such as dams probably would not restore sediment discharges to pre‐1900 state, mainly because of the numerous smaller engineering structures and other soil‐retention works throughout the Missouri–Mississippi system. Published in 2009 by John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7477",
    doi = "10.1002/hyp.7477",
    openalex = "W2146201073",
    references = "doi101038ngeo553"
}

@article{doi1010292009eo420001,
    author = "Kim, W. and Mohrig, David and Twilley, Robert R. and Paola, Chris and Parker, Gary",
    title = "Is It Feasible to Build New Land in the Mississippi River Delta?",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Eos",
    abstract = "What if the Mississippi River levees were cut below New Orleans? What if much of the water and sediment were allowed to flow out and build new deltas? Could deltaic land loss be reversed, and indeed restored? Using a conservative sediment supply rate and a range of rates of sea level rise and subsidence, a physically based model of deltaic river sedimentation [Kim et al., 2009] predicts that approximately 700–1200 square kilometers of new land (exposed surface and in‐channel freshwater habitat) could be built over a century (Figure 1).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2009eo420001",
    doi = "10.1029/2009eo420001",
    openalex = "W2015150949",
    references = "doi1010292006eo450001, doi1010292008wr007382, doi101038ngeo553, doi101038scientificamerican100176, doi101061asce07339429199812410985, doi10108000221680309499956, doi101111j13653091200800961x, doi101126science1129116, openalexw1499140216, openalexw2255943944"
}

@article{doi101073pnas0812878106,
    author = "Bianchi, Thomas S. and Allison, Mead A.",
    title = "Large-river delta-front estuaries as natural “recorders” of global environmental change",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = {Large-river delta-front estuaries (LDE) are important interfaces between continents and the oceans for material fluxes that have a global impact on marine biogeochemistry. In this article, we propose that more emphasis should be placed on LDE in future global climate change research. We will use some of the most anthropogenically altered LDE systems in the world, the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River and the Chinese rivers that enter the Yellow Sea (e.g., Huanghe and Changjiang) as case-studies, to posit that these systems are both "drivers" and "recorders" of natural and anthropogenic environmental change. Specifically, the processes in the LDE can influence ("drive") the flux of particulate and dissolved materials from the continents to the global ocean that can have profound impact on issues such as coastal eutrophication and the development of hypoxic zones. LDE also record in their rapidly accumulating subaerial and subaqueous deltaic sediment deposits environmental changes such as continental-scale trends in climate and land-use in watersheds, frequency and magnitude of cyclonic storms, and sea-level change. The processes that control the transport and transformation of carbon in the active LDE and in the deltaic sediment deposit are also essential to our understanding of carbon sequestration and exchange with the world ocean--an important objective in global change research. U.S. efforts in global change science including the vital role of deltaic systems are emphasized in the North American Carbon Plan (www.carboncyclescience.gov).},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812878106",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.0812878106",
    openalex = "W2079840823",
    references = "doi1011300016760619647563lqscac20co2, openalexw1852367402"
}

@article{doi1011752009mwr29061,
    author = "Bunya, Shintaro and Dietrich, J. C. and Westerink, Joannes J. and Ebersole, Bruce A. and Smith, Jane McKee and Atkinson, J. H. and Jensen, Robert E. and Resio, Donald T. and Luettich, Richard A. and Dawson, Clint and Cardone, V. J. and Cox, A. T. and Powell, Mark D. and Westerink, H. J. and Roberts, H.J.",
    title = "A High-Resolution Coupled Riverine Flow, Tide, Wind, Wind Wave, and Storm Surge Model for Southern Louisiana and Mississippi. Part I: Model Development and Validation",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Monthly Weather Review",
    abstract = "Abstract A coupled system of wind, wind wave, and coastal circulation models has been implemented for southern Louisiana and Mississippi to simulate riverine flows, tides, wind waves, and hurricane storm surge in the region. The system combines the NOAA Hurricane Research Division Wind Analysis System (H*WIND) and the Interactive Objective Kinematic Analysis (IOKA) kinematic wind analyses, the Wave Model (WAM) offshore and Steady-State Irregular Wave (STWAVE) nearshore wind wave models, and the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) basin to channel-scale unstructured grid circulation model. The system emphasizes a high-resolution (down to 50 m) representation of the geometry, bathymetry, and topography; nonlinear coupling of all processes including wind wave radiation stress-induced set up; and objective specification of frictional parameters based on land-cover databases and commonly used parameters. Riverine flows and tides are validated for no storm conditions, while winds, wind waves, hydrographs, and high water marks are validated for Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr2906.1",
    doi = "10.1175/2009mwr2906.1",
    openalex = "W2089231541"
}

@article{doi101016jjhydrol201004001,
    author = "Allison, Mead A. and Meselhe, Ehab",
    title = "The use of large water and sediment diversions in the lower Mississippi River (Louisiana) for coastal restoration",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Journal of Hydrology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.04.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.04.001",
    openalex = "W2005660697",
    references = "doi101002hyp7477, doi1010292009eo420001, doi101038ngeo129, doi101038ngeo553, doi101073pnas0812878106, doi10108004353676198711880207, doi101086628741, doi101086629606, doi101126science1109454, doi101126science1135456, doi101126science1137030, doi101306eg04040302007, doi1023071353136, openalexw1846023905"
}

@article{doi101146annurevmarine120709142856,
    author = "Paola, Chris and Twilley, Robert R. and Edmonds, Douglas A. and Kim, W. and Mohrig, David and Parker, Gary and Viparelli, E. and Voller, Vaughan R.",
    title = "Natural Processes in Delta Restoration: Application to the Mississippi Delta",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Annual Review of Marine Science",
    abstract = "Restoration of river deltas involves diverting sediment and water from major channels into adjoining drowned areas, where the sediment can build new land and provide a platform for regenerating wetland ecosystems. Except for local engineered structures at the points of diversion, restoration mainly relies on natural delta-building processes. Present understanding of such processes is sufficient to provide a basis for determining the feasibility of restoration projects through quantitative estimates of land-building rates and sustainable wetland area under different scenarios of sediment supply, subsidence, and sea-level rise. We are not yet to the point of being able to predict the evolution of a restored delta in detail. Predictions of delta evolution are based on field studies of active deltas, deltas in mine-tailings ponds, experimental deltas, and countless natural experiments contained in the stratigraphic record. These studies provide input for a variety of mechanistic delta models, ranging from radially averaged formulations to more detailed models that can resolve channels, topography, and ecosystem processes. Especially exciting areas for future research include understanding the mechanisms by which deltaic channel networks self-organize, grow, and distribute sediment and nutrients over the delta surface and coupling these to ecosystem processes, especially the interplay of topography, network geometry, and ecosystem dynamics.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142856",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142856",
    openalex = "W2129668185",
    references = "doi101007s1162500800433, doi101016jearscirev200906008, doi101016s0967065397885973, doi1010292008wr007382, doi1010292009eo420001, doi101038ngeo553, doi101038ngeo629, doi101038ngeo730, doi101061asce07339429199812410985, doi101126science1109769, doi101126science1137030, doi101146annurevmarine120308081105, doi1016410006356820010510373rnlttg20co2, doi1018901051076120060162091mfmdda20co2, doi102110jsr2009070, doi1023071353283, doi102307211375, doi103133ofr20051216, flint1947geological, openalexw1604095676, openalexw1846023905, openalexw1852367402, openalexw2255943944, openalexw645095896"
}

@article{doi1011770309133310365300,
    author = "Kleinhans, Maarten G.",
    title = "Sorting out river channel patterns",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment",
    abstract = "Rivers self-organize their pattern/planform through feedbacks between bars, channels, floodplain and vegetation, which emerge as a result of the basic spatial sorting process of wash load sediment and bed sediment. The balance between floodplain formation and destruction determines the width and pattern of channels. Floodplain structure affects the style and rate of channel avulsion once aggradation takes place. Downstream fining of bed sediment and the sediment balance of fines in the pores of the bed sediment provide the ‘template’ or sediment boundary conditions, from which sorting at smaller scales leads to the formation of distinct channel patterns. Bar patterns provide the template of bank erosion and formation as well as the dynamics of the channel network through bifurcation destabilization. However, so far we have been unable to obtain dynamic meandering in laboratory experiments and in physics-based models that can also produce braiding, which reflects our lack of understanding of what causes the different river patterns.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133310365300",
    doi = "10.1177/0309133310365300",
    openalex = "W2165317498",
    references = "doi101016jquascirev200707013, doi101046j13652117200100150x, doi101061asce07339429199812410985, doi101146annurevearth32101802120201"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511781247,
    author = "Milliman, John D. and Farnsworth, Katherine L.",
    title = "River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean: A Global Synthesis",
    year = "2011",
    abstract = "Rivers provide the primary link between land and sea. Utilizing the world's largest database, this book presents a detailed analysis and synthesis of the processes affecting fluvial discharge of water, sediment and dissolved solids. It also discusses the ways in which climatic variation, episodic events and anthropogenic activities - past, present and future - affect the quantity and quality of river discharge. The book contains more than 165 figures - many in full color - including global and regional maps. An extensive appendix presents the 1534-river database as a series of 44 tables that provide quantitative data regarding the discharge of water, sediment and dissolved solids. The complete database is also presented within a GIS-based package available online at www.cambridge.org/milliman. Now available in paperback, reprinted with corrections, this is an invaluable resource for researchers, professionals and graduate students in hydrology, oceanography, geology, geomorphology and environmental policy",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511781247",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511781247",
    openalex = "W94627035"
}

@article{doi1010292010jf001955,
    author = "Edmonds, Douglas A. and Paola, Chris and Hoyal, D. C. J. D. and Sheets, Ben",
    title = "Quantitative metrics that describe river deltas and their channel networks",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "[1] Densely populated river deltas are losing land at an alarming rate and to successfully restore these environments we must understand the details of their morphology. Toward this end we present a set of five metrics that describe delta morphology: (1) the fractal dimension, (2) the distribution of island sizes, (3) the nearest-edge distance, (4) a synthetic distribution of sediment fluxes at the shoreline, and (5) the nourishment area. The nearest-edge distance is the shortest distance to channelized or unchannelized water from a given location on the delta and is analogous to the inverse of drainage density in tributary networks. The nourishment area is the downstream delta area supplied by the sediment coming through a given channel cross section and is analogous to catchment area in tributary networks. As a first step, we apply these metrics to four relatively simple, fluvially dominated delta networks. For all these deltas, the average nearest-edge distances are remarkably constant moving down delta suggesting that the network organizes itself to maintain a consistent distance to the nearest channel. Nourishment area distributions can be predicted from a river mouth bar model of delta growth, and also scale with the width of the channel and with the length of the longest channel, analogous to Hack's law for drainage basins. The four delta channel networks are fractal, but power laws and scale invariance appear to be less pervasive than in tributary networks. Thus, deltas may occupy an advantageous middle ground between complete similarity and complete dissimilarity, where morphologic differences indicate different behavior.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jf001955",
    doi = "10.1029/2010jf001955",
    openalex = "W1970657381",
    references = "doi1010292008wr007382"
}

@article{doi1010292011jf002079,
    author = "Lamb, Michael P. and Nittrouer, Jeffrey A. and Mohrig, David and Shaw, John",
    title = "Backwater and river plume controls on scour upstream of river mouths: Implications for fluvio‐deltaic morphodynamics",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "Sediment flux from rivers to oceans is the fundamental driver of fluvio‐deltaic morphodynamics and continental margin sedimentation, yet sediment transport across the river‐to‐marine boundary is poorly understood. Coastal rivers typically are affected by backwater, a zone of spatially decelerating flow that is transitional between normal flow upstream and the offshore river plume. Flow deceleration in the backwater zone, as well as spreading of the offshore plume, should render rivers highly depositional near their mouths, leading to sedimentation and eventual elimination of the backwater zone at steady state. This reasoning is counter to observations of riverbed scour, erosional bed forms, and long‐lived backwater zones near the mouths of some coastal rivers (e.g., Mississippi River, United States). To explain these observations, we present a quasi‐2‐D model of a coupled fluvial backwater and offshore river plume system and apply it to the Mississippi River. Results show that during high‐discharge events the normal‐flow depth can become larger than the water depth at the river mouth resulting in drawdown of the water surface, spatial acceleration of flow, and erosion of the riverbed. As proposed by Lane (1957), the transition to drawdown and erosion is ultimately forced by spreading of the offshore river plume. This points to the need to model coupled river and river plume systems with a dynamic backwater zone under a suite of discharges to accurately capture fluvio‐deltaic morphodynamics and connectivity between fluvial sediment sources and marine depositional sinks.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jf002079",
    doi = "10.1029/2011jf002079",
    openalex = "W2038083194",
    references = "doi101016jgeomorph200601045, doi1010292008wr007382, doi1010292011gl050197, doi101111j13653091200800961x, doi101146annurevmarine120709142856"
}

@article{doi101111j13653091201101245x,
    author = "Nittrouer, Jeffrey A. and Mohrig, David and Allison, Mead A. and Peyret, Aymeric-Pierre Bernard",
    title = "The lowermost Mississippi River: a mixed bedrock‐alluvial channel",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Sedimentology",
    abstract = "Abstract In this study, the distribution of channel‐bed sediment facies in the lowermost Mississippi River is analysed using multibeam data, complemented by sidescan sonar and compressed high‐intensity radar pulse seismic data, as well as grab and core samples of bed material. The channel bed is composed of a discontinuous layer of alluvial sediment and a relict substratum that is exposed on the channel bed and sidewalls. The consolidated substratum is made up of latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene fluvio‐deltaic deposits and is preferentially exposed in the deepest thalweg segments and on channel sidewalls in river bends. The exposed substratum commonly displays a suite of erosional features, including flutes that are quantitatively similar in form to those produced under known laboratory conditions. A total of five bed facies are mapped, three of which include modern alluvial deposits and two facies that are associated with the relict substratum. A radius of curvature analysis applied to the Mississippi River centreline demonstrates that the reach‐scale distribution of channel‐bed facies is related to river planform. From a broader perspective, the distribution of channel‐bed facies is related to channel sinuosity — higher sinuosity promotes greater substratum exposure at the expense of alluvial sediment. For example, the ratio of alluvial cover to substratum is ca 1·5:1 for a 45 km segment of the river that has a sinuosity of 1·76 and this ratio increases to ca 3:1 for a 120 km segment of the river that has a sinuosity of 1·21. The exposed substratum is interpreted as bedrock and, given the relative coverage of alluvial sediment in the channel, the lowermost Mississippi River can be classified as a mixed bedrock‐alluvial channel. The analyses demonstrate that a mixed bedrock‐alluvial channel boundary can be associated with low‐gradient and sand‐bed rivers near their marine outlet.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2011.01245.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-3091.2011.01245.x",
    openalex = "W1487865095",
    references = "doi101016jgeomorph200601045, openalexw1499140216"
}

@article{doi101130b304971,
    author = "Nittrouer, Jeffrey A. and Shaw, John and Lamb, Michael P. and Mohrig, David",
    title = "Spatial and temporal trends for water-flow velocity and bed-material sediment transport in the lower Mississippi River",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "Where rivers near the coastline, the receiving basin begins to influence flow, and gradually varied, nonuniform flow conditions arise. The section of the river affected by nonuniform flow is typically referred to as the backwater segment, and for large lowland rivers, this portion of the river can extend many hundreds of kilometers above the outlet. River morphology and kinematics vary in the backwater segment; however, these channel properties have not been explicitly related to properties of the flow and sediment-transport fields. This study examines the influence of spatially and temporally varying flow velocity and sediment transport on channel properties for the lower 800 km of the Mississippi River, a section of the river that includes the backwater segment. Survey transects (n = 2650) were used to constrain the cross-sectional area of water flow every ∼312 m along the Mississippi River channel for eight successive intervals of water discharge. Assuming conservation of water discharge, the local flow velocity was calculated at each transect by dividing water discharge by the local measurement of cross-sectional flow area. Calculated flow velocity was converted to total bed stress using a dimensionless friction coefficient that was determined by optimizing the match between a predicted and a measured water-surface profile. Estimates for the skin-friction component of the total bed stress were produced from the values for total shear stress using a form-drag correction. These skin-friction bed-stress values were then used to model bed-material transport. Results demonstrate that in the lower Mississippi River, cross-sectional flow area increases downstream during low- and moderate-water discharge. This generates a decrease in calculated water-flow velocity and bed-material transport. During high-water discharge, the trend is reversed: Cross-sectional flow area decreases downstream, producing an increase in calculated water-flow velocity and bed-material transport. An important contribution of this work is the identification of a downstream reversal in the trend for channel cross-sectional area due to variable water discharge. By accounting for the spatial divergences in sediment transport predicted over an average annual hydrograph, we demonstrate the tendency for channel-bed aggradation in much of the backwater reach of the Mississippi River (150–600 km above the outlet); however, a region of channel-bed erosion is calculated for the final 150 km. These results help to explain the spatial variability of channel morphology and kinematics for the lower Mississippi River, and they can be extended to other lowland river systems near the coastline.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b30497.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b30497.1",
    openalex = "W2134412768",
    references = "doi101016jgeomorph200601045, doi101016jjhydrol201004001"
}

@article{doi101016jjhydrol201202020,
    author = "Allison, Mead A. and Demas, Charles R. and Ebersole, Bruce A. and Kleiss, Barbara A. and Little, Charles D. and Meselhe, Ehab and Powell, Nancy J. and Pratt, Thad C. and Vosburg, Brian M.",
    title = "A water and sediment budget for the lower Mississippi–Atchafalaya River in flood years 2008–2010: Implications for sediment discharge to the oceans and coastal restoration in Louisiana",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Journal of Hydrology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.02.020",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.02.020",
    openalex = "W1965580119",
    references = "doi101016jjhydrol201004001, doi10108004353676198711880207"
}

@article{doi101038ngeo1525,
    author = "Nittrouer, Jeffrey A. and Best, Jim and Brantley, Christopher G. and Cash, Ronald W. and Czapiga, Matthew J. and Kumar, Praveen and Parker, Gary",
    title = "Mitigating land loss in coastal Louisiana by controlled diversion of Mississippi River sand",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Nature Geoscience",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1525",
    doi = "10.1038/ngeo1525",
    openalex = "W2079864449",
    references = "doi101016jjhydrol201004001, openalexw1499140216, openalexw2255943944"
}

@article{doi101146annurevearth042711105248,
    author = "Blum, Michael D. and Roberts, Harry H.",
    title = "The Mississippi Delta Region: Past, Present, and Future",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
    abstract = "The Mississippi delta region of south Louisiana houses a wealth of resources within a dynamic, subsiding landscape. Foundations for the delta region reflect Neogene evolution of the depocenter, whereas details of the modern landscape reflect late Pleistocene to Holocene evolution of the alluvial-deltaic plain. The Holocene delta plain was constructed by cyclical growth of deltaic headlands, followed by avulsion and relocation of the fluvial sediment source. Abandoned headlands were then submerged and reworked while a new headland was created at the site of active fluvial sediment input. Historic-period levees have decoupled the delta plain from its fluvial sediment source at the same time global sea-level rise was accelerating, which has accelerated delta-plain submergence. Diversions of Mississippi River water and sediment are necessary to achieve delta plain sustainability, but upstream dams trap ∼50\% of the total sediment load, and there is not enough supply to keep pace with subsidence and accelerated sea-level rise. The future delta region will not resemble the recent past, and significant drowning is inevitable.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105248",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105248",
    openalex = "W2096613926",
    references = "crossref1995cenozoic, doi101007s1071201191191, doi1010160025322789901278, doi101016jjhydrol201004001, doi101016s0277379101001019, doi101016s0967065397885973, doi1010292005gl024826, doi1010292006eo450001, doi1010292009eo420001, doi101038ngeo553, doi101038ngeo629, doi101073pnas0907765106, doi101126science1135456, doi101130ges006471, doi101146annurevearth32082503144359, doi101146annurevmarine120709142856, doi1013068626c37f173b11d78645000102c1865d, doi102110jsr2009070, doi103133ofr20051216, doi104835025539, openalexw1520428197, openalexw1846023905, openalexw2106140657, openalexw2255943944"
}

@article{doi1010022013jf002806,
    author = "Pittaluga, Michele Bolla and Luchi, R. and Seminara, G.",
    title = "On the equilibrium profile of river beds",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface",
    abstract = "Despite the wide spectrum of perturbations of flow and sediment transport experienced by rivers as a result of hydrologic variations, the paradigm of morphodynamic equilibrium has long been present in the geomorphological literature where it is traditionally associated with the semiempirical notion of formative discharge, whereby the unsteady forcing is taken as morphologically equivalent to some effective steady forcing. Here we investigate the mechanisms responsible for maintaining a quasi‐equilibrium bed profile of a river reach sufficiently short to have no significant tributary inputs. More importantly, we assume the channel banks to be fixed, hence, the case we have in mind is that of rivers protected by levees which cannot respond to hydrologic forcing by changing their width like natural rivers. Employing a 1‐D model of river morphodynamics, we first determine the equilibrium profile of the river reach for given steady forcing conditions and discuss the capability of this approach for interpreting bed profiles observed in the field by applying it to the terminal reach of the Magra River, Italy. Field observations turn out to be reasonably well fitted by the equilibrium profile associated with a steady effective discharge, which however differs from the typical formative discharge (mean annual flood) for natural channels with erodible banks. Finally, we clarify how fluctuations of the hydrodynamic forcing associated with the recorded historical sequence of hydrologic events of variable intensities have acted to maintain the river equilibrium.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jf002806",
    doi = "10.1002/2013jf002806",
    openalex = "W1775445292",
    references = "doi101111j13653091200800961x"
}

@article{doi1010022013jf002896,
    author = "Schuurman, F. and Marra, Wouter A. and Kleinhans, Maarten G.",
    title = "Physics-based modeling of large braided sand-bed rivers: Bar pattern formation, dynamics, and sensitivity",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface",
    abstract = "[1] Braided rivers have complicated and dynamic bar patterns, which are challenging to fully understand and to predict both qualitatively and quantitatively. Linear theory ignores nonlinear processes that dominate fully developed bars, whereas natural river patterns are determined by the combined effects of boundary conditions, initial conditions such as planimetric forcing by fixed banks and the physical processes. Here we determine the capability of a state-of-the-art physics-based morphological model to reproduce morphology and dynamics characteristic of braided rivers and determine the model sensitivity to generally used constitutive relations for flow and sediment transport. We use the 2-D depth-averaged morphodynamic model Delft3D, which includes the necessary spiral flow and bed slope effects on morphology. We present idealized scenarios with the smallest possible number of enforced details in the planform and boundary conditions in order to allow free development of bars driven by the physical processes in the model. We analyze bar and channel shapes and dynamics quantified by a number of complementary metrics and compare these with imagery, field data captured in empirical relations, flume experiments, and predictions by linear analyses. The results show that the chosen set of boundary conditions and physics in the numerical model is sufficient to produce many morphological characteristics and dynamics of a braided river but insufficient for long-term modeling. Initially, braiding intensity with low-amplitude bars is high in agreement with linear analysis. In a second stage when bars merge, split, and increase amplitude up to the water surface, the shape, size, and dynamics of individual bars compare well to those in natural rivers. However, long-term modeling results in a reduction of bar and channel dynamics and formation of exaggerated bar height and length. This suggests that additional processes, such as physics-based bank erosion, or enforced fluctuations in boundary conditions, such as spatial-temporal discharge variation, are necessary for the simulation of a dynamic equilibrium river. The most important outcome is that the modeled pattern of bars and channels is highly sensitive to the constitutive relation for bed slope effects that is used in many morphological models. Regardless of this sensitivity and present model limitations of many models, this study shows that physics-based modeling of sand-bed braided improves our understanding and prediction of morphological patterns and dynamics in sand-bed braided rivers.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jf002896",
    doi = "10.1002/2013jf002896",
    openalex = "W2153522802",
    references = "doi101038ngeo730"
}

@article{doi101002wrcr20139,
    author = "Kenney, Melissa A. and Hobbs, Benjamin F. and Mohrig, David and Huang, Hongtai and Nittrouer, Jeffrey A. and Kim, W. and Parker, Gary",
    title = "Cost analysis of water and sediment diversions to optimize land building in the Mississippi River delta",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Water Resources Research",
    abstract = "Land loss in the Mississippi River delta caused by subsidence and erosion has resulted in habitat loss and increased exposure of settled areas to storm surge risks. There is debate over the most cost-efficient and geomorphologically feasible projects to build land by river diversions, namely, whether a larger number of small, or a lesser number of large, engineered diversions provide the most efficient outcomes. This study uses an optimization framework to identify portfolios of diversions that are efficient for three general restoration objectives: maximize land built, minimize cost, and minimize water diverted. The framework links the following models: (1) a hydraulic water and sediment diversion model that, for a given structural design for a diversion, estimates the volume of water and sediment diverted; (2) a geomorphological land-building model that estimates the amount of land built over a time period, given the volume of water and sediment; and (3) a statistical model of investment cost as a function of diversion depth and width. An efficient portfolio is found by optimizing one objective subject to constraints on achievement of the other two; then by permuting those constraints, we find distinct portfolios that represent trade-offs among the objectives. Although the analysis explores generic relationships among size, cost, and land building (and thus does not consider specific project proposals or locations), the results demonstrate that large-scale land building (>200 km 2) programs that operate over a time span of 50 years require deep diversions because of the enhanced efficiency of sand extraction per unit water. This conclusion applies whether or not there are significant scale economies or diseconomies associated with wider and deeper diversions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20139",
    doi = "10.1002/wrcr.20139",
    openalex = "W1593599363",
    references = "openalexw1499140216"
}

@article{doi1010022013jf002965,
    author = "Caldwell, Rebecca L. and Edmonds, Douglas A.",
    title = "The effects of sediment properties on deltaic processes and morphologies: A numerical modeling study",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface",
    abstract = "There is a pressing need to understand how different delta morphologies arise because morphology determines a delta's ecologic structure, resilience to relative sea-level rise, and stratigraphic architecture. We use numerical modeling (Delft3D) to explain how deltaic processes and morphology are controlled by the incoming sediment properties. We conducted 36 experiments of river-dominated delta formation varying the following sediment properties of the incoming grain-size distribution: the median, standard deviation, skewness, and percent cohesive sediment, which is a function of the first three properties. Changing standard deviation and skewness produces minimal morphological variation, whereas an increase in dominant grain size (D84) and decrease in percent cohesive sediment produce a transition from elongate deltas with few channels to semicircular deltas with many channels. This transition occurs because critical shear stresses for erosion and settling velocities of grains set the number of channel mouths and the dominant delta-building process. Together, the number of channel mouths and the dominant process—channel avulsion, mouth bar growth, or levee growth—set the delta morphology. Coarse-grained, noncohesive deltas have many channels dominated by avulsion, creating semicircular planforms with relatively smooth delta fronts. Intermediate-grained deltas have many channels dominated by mouth bar growth, creating semicircular planforms with rugose delta fronts. Fine-grained, cohesive deltas have a few channels, the majority of which are dominated by levee growth, creating elongate planforms with smooth delta fronts. The process-based model presented here provides a previously lacking mechanistic understanding of the effects of sediment properties on delta channel network and planform morphology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jf002965",
    doi = "10.1002/2013jf002965",
    openalex = "W2088808865",
    references = "doi1010292008wr007382, doi101061asce07339429199812410985"
}

@article{doi1010022014gl061918,
    author = "Ganti, Vamsi and Chu, Zhongxin and Lamb, Michael P. and Nittrouer, Jeffrey A. and Parker, Gary",
    title = "Testing morphodynamic controls on the location and frequency of river avulsions on fans versus deltas: Huanghe (Yellow River), China",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
    abstract = "Abstract A mechanistic understanding of river avulsion location and frequency is needed to predict the growth of alluvial fans and deltas. The Huanghe, China, provides a rare opportunity to test emerging theories because its high sediment load produces regular avulsions at two distinct nodes. Where the river debouches from the Loess Plateau, avulsions occur at an abrupt decrease in bed slope and reoccur at a time interval (607 years) consistent with a channel‐filling timescale set by the superelevation height of the levees. Downstream, natural deltaic avulsions reoccur at a timescale that is fast (7 years) compared to channel‐filling timescale due to large stage‐height variability during floods. Unlike the upstream node, deltaic avulsions cluster at a location influenced by backwater hydrodynamics and show evidence for episodic downstream migration in concert with progradation of the shoreline, providing new expectations for the interplay between avulsion location, frequency, shoreline rugosity, and delta morphology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl061918",
    doi = "10.1002/2014gl061918",
    openalex = "W1606982277",
    references = "doi1010292011gl050197"
}

@article{doi101038ngeo2142,
    author = "Nittrouer, Jeffrey A. and Viparelli, E.",
    title = "Sand as a stable and sustainable resource for nourishing the Mississippi River delta",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Nature Geoscience",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2142",
    doi = "10.1038/ngeo2142",
    openalex = "W2003849608",
    references = "doi101002hyp7477, doi1010292008je003077, doi1010292009eo420001, doi1010292011gl049458, doi101038ngeo553, doi101038ngeo629, doi10108004353676198711880207, doi101126science22446531093, doi101130b304971, doi101146annurevmarine120709142856, doi102307211375, openalexw2255943944"
}

@article{doi1010022014jf003257,
    author = "Viparelli, E. and Nittrouer, Jeffrey A. and Parker, Gary",
    title = "Modeling flow and sediment transport dynamics in the lowermost Mississippi River, Louisiana, USA, with an upstream alluvial‐bedrock transition and a downstream bedrock‐alluvial transition: Implications for land building using engineered diversions",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface",
    abstract = "Abstract The lowermost Mississippi River, defined herein as the river segment downstream of the Old River Control Structure and hydrodynamically influenced by the Gulf of Mexico, extends for approximately 500 km. This segment includes a bedrock (or more precisely, mixed bedrock‐alluvial) reach that is bounded by an upstream alluvial‐bedrock transition and a downstream bedrock‐alluvial transition. Here we present a one‐dimensional mathematical formulation for the long‐term evolution of lowland rivers that is able to reproduce the morphodynamics of both the alluvial‐bedrock and the bedrock‐alluvial transitions. Model results show that the magnitude of the alluvial equilibrium bed slope relative to the bedrock surface slope and the depth of bedrock surface relative to the water surface base level strongly influence the mobile bed equilibrium of low‐sloping river channels. Using data from the lowermost Mississippi River, the model is zeroed and validated at field scale by comparing the numerical results with field measurements. The model is then applied to predict the influence on the stability of channel bed elevation in response to delta restoration projects. In particular, the response of the river bed to the implementation of two examples of land‐building diversions to extract water and sediment from the main channel is studied. In this regard, our model results show that engineered land‐building diversions along the lowermost Mississippi River are capable of producing equilibrated bed profiles with only modest shoaling or erosion, and therefore, such diversions are a sustainable strategy for mitigating land loss within the Mississippi River Delta.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jf003257",
    doi = "10.1002/2014jf003257",
    openalex = "W2126143662",
    references = "openalexw1499140216"
}

@article{doi1010022014rg000451,
    author = "Fagherazzi, Sergio and Edmonds, Douglas A. and Nardin, William and Leonardi, Nicoletta and Canestrelli, Alberto and Falcini, Federico and Jerolmack, D. J. and Mariotti, G. and Rowland, J. C. and Slingerland, Rudy",
    title = "Dynamics of river mouth deposits",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
    abstract = "Abstract Bars and subaqueous levees often form at river mouths due to high sediment availability. Once these deposits emerge and develop into islands, they become important elements of the coastal landscape, hosting rich ecosystems. Sea level rise and sediment starvation are jeopardizing these landforms, motivating a thorough analysis of the mechanisms responsible for their formation and evolution. Here we present recent studies on the dynamics of mouth bars and subaqueous levees. The review encompasses both hydrodynamic and morphological results. We first analyze the hydrodynamics of the water jet exiting a river mouth. We then show how this dynamics coupled to sediment transport leads to the formation of mouth bars and levees. Specifically, we discuss the role of sediment eddy diffusivity and potential vorticity on sediment redistribution and related deposits. The effect of waves, tides, sediment characteristics, and vegetation on river mouth deposits is included in our analysis, thus accounting for the inherent complexity of the coastal environment where these landforms are common. Based on the results presented herein, we discuss in detail how river mouth deposits can be used to build new land or restore deltaic shorelines threatened by erosion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2014rg000451",
    doi = "10.1002/2014rg000451",
    openalex = "W2164196208",
    references = "doi101002jgrf20123, doi1010079781461246503, doi101016jcoastaleng200407014, doi1010291998wr900069, doi1010292008wr007382, doi1010292009eo420001, doi1010292011gl050197, doi10102998jc02622, doi101038ngeo629, doi10106311692443, doi101126science1109454, doi107551mitpress30140010001, openalexw2540891886, openalexw3166868886"
}

@article{doi1010022014wr016149,
    author = "Hiatt, Matthew and Passalacqua, Paola",
    title = "Hydrological connectivity in river deltas: The first‐order importance of channel‐island exchange",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Water Resources Research",
    abstract = "Abstract Deltaic systems are composed of distributary channels and interdistributary islands. While previous work has focused either on the channels or on the islands, here we study the hydrological exchange between channels and islands and point at its important role in delta morphology and ecology. We focus our analysis on Wax Lake Delta in coastal Louisiana (USA) and characterize the surface water component of hydrological connectivity through measurements of water discharge and hydraulic tracer propagation. We find that deltaic islands are zones of significant water flux as 23–54\% of the incoming distributary channel flux enters the islands. A calculation of the travel times through a channel‐island complex shows travel times through the islands to be at least 3 times their channel counterparts. A dye release experiment also indicates that travel times in islands are much longer that those within channels as dye remained in the island for the 3.8 day duration of the experiment. Additionally, islands are more sensitive than channels to environmental forces such as tides, which cause flow reversal and thus can increase travel times through the islands. Our work defines the “hydrological network” of a river delta to include not only the distributary channel network but also the interdistributary islands, quantifies the implications of channel‐island hydrological connectivity to travel times through the system, and discusses the relevance of our findings to channel mouth dynamics at the delta front and the potential for denitrification in coastal systems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016149",
    doi = "10.1002/2014wr016149",
    openalex = "W1954943081",
    references = "doi101002jgrf20123, doi101016jjhydrol201004001, doi1010292011gl050197, openalexw2255943944"
}

@article{doi101038srep12581,
    author = "Yang, S.L. and Xu, Kehui and Milliman, J. D. and Yang, Hang and Wu, C. S.",
    title = "Decline of Yangtze River water and sediment discharge: Impact from natural and anthropogenic changes",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "The increasing impact of both climatic change and human activities on global river systems necessitates an increasing need to identify and quantify the various drivers and their impacts on fluvial water and sediment discharge. Here we show that mean Yangtze River water discharge of the first decade after the closing of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) (2003-2012) was 67 km(3)/yr (7\%) lower than that of the previous 50 years (1950-2002), and 126 km(3)/yr less compared to the relatively wet period of pre-TGD decade (1993-2002). Most (60-70\%) of the decline can be attributed to decreased precipitation, the remainder resulting from construction of reservoirs, improved water-soil conservation and increased water consumption. Mean sediment flux decreased by 71\% between 1950-1968 and the post-TGD decade, about half of which occurred prior to the pre-TGD decade. Approximately 30\% of the total decline and 65\% of the decline since 2003 can be attributed to the TGD, 5\% and 14\% of these declines to precipitation change, and the remaining to other dams and soil conservation within the drainage basin. These findings highlight the degree to which changes in riverine water and sediment discharge can be related with multiple environmental and anthropogenic factors.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12581",
    doi = "10.1038/srep12581",
    openalex = "W1018198118",
    references = "doi101038ngeo553"
}

@incollection{doi101130dnaggnao1255,
    author = "Meade, Robert H. and Yuzyk, Ted R. and Day, T J",
    title = "Movement and storage of sediment in rivers of the United States and Canada",
    year = "2015",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America eBooks",
    abstract = "Provides reviews of all major facets of hydrology. Topics covered include: influences of the atmosphere and of land and vegetation on stream flow; temporal and spatial variability of stream flow, with separate chapters on floods and on low flow and hydrologic drought; snow and ice, the frozen components of the hydrosphere; the hydrology of lakes and wetlands; hydrogeochemistry of rivers and lakes; the aquatic biota; sediment movement and storage; the riverscape for selected North American rivers; and the influence of Man on hydrologic systems. Accompanying color plates show histograms of river water chemistry, runoff and flow regimes, and the distribution of precipitation minus evaporation for North America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/dnag-gna-o1.255",
    doi = "10.1130/dnag-gna-o1.255",
    openalex = "W2477735327",
    references = "openalexw1592594904"
}

@article{doi1010022015gl067388,
    author = "Shields, Michael R. and Bianchi, Thomas S. and Gélinas, Yves and Allison, Mead A. and Twilley, Robert R.",
    title = "Enhanced terrestrial carbon preservation promoted by reactive iron in deltaic sediments",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
    abstract = "Abstract We examined the role of reactive iron (Fe R) in preserving organic carbon (OC) across a subaerial chronosequence of the Wax Lake Delta, a prograding delta within the Mississippi River Delta complex. We found that \textasciitilde 15.0\% of the OC was bound to Fe R, and the dominant binding mechanisms varied from adsorption in the youngest subaerial region to coprecipitation at the older, vegetated sites. The δ 13 C of the iron‐associated OC was more negative than the total OC (mean = −2.6‰), indicating greater preference for terrestrial material and/or compounds with more negative δ 13 C values. However, only the adsorbed OC displayed preferential binding of lignin phenols. We estimate that \textasciitilde 8\% of the OC initially deposited in deltaic systems is bound to Fe R (equivalent to 6 × 10 12 gC yr −1), and this percentage increases postdepositionally, as coprecipitation of Fe R and OC allows for an even greater amount of OC to be bound to Fe R.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl067388",
    doi = "10.1002/2015gl067388",
    openalex = "W2273604364",
    references = "openalexw2255943944"
}

@article{doi1010022015jf003780,
    author = "Nienhuis, Jaap H. and Ashton, Andrew D. and Nardin, William and Fagherazzi, Sergio and Giosan, Liviu",
    title = "Alongshore sediment bypassing as a control on river mouth morphodynamics",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface",
    abstract = "Abstract River mouths, shoreline locations where fluvial and coastal sediments are partitioned via erosion, trapping, and redistribution, are responsible for the ultimate sedimentary architecture of deltas and, because of their dynamic nature, also pose great management and engineering challenges. To investigate the interaction between fluvial and littoral processes at wave‐dominated river mouths, we modeled their morphologic evolution using the coupled hydrodynamic and morphodynamic model Delft3D‐SWAN. Model experiments replicate alongshore migration of river mouths, river mouth spit development, and eventual spit breaching, suggesting that these are emergent phenomena that can develop even under constant fluvial and wave conditions. Furthermore, we find that sediment bypassing of a river mouth develops though feedbacks between waves and river mouth morphology, resulting in either continuous bypassing pathways or episodic bar bypassing pathways. Model results demonstrate that waves refracting into the river mouth bar create a zone of low alongshore sediment transport updrift of the river mouth, which reduces sediment bypassing. Sediment bypassing, in turn, controls the river mouth migration rate and the size of the river mouth spit. As a result, an intermediate amount of river discharge maximizes river mouth migration. The fraction of alongshore sediment bypassing can be predicted from the balance between the jet and the wave momentum flux. Quantitative comparisons show a match between our modeled predictions of river mouth bypassing and migration rates observed in natural settings.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jf003780",
    doi = "10.1002/2015jf003780",
    openalex = "W2340576545",
    references = "doi1010022014rg000451"
}

@article{doi1010022015rg000507,
    author = "Hoitink, A.J.F. and Jay, David A.",
    title = "Tidal river dynamics: Implications for deltas",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
    abstract = "Abstract Tidal rivers are a vital and little studied nexus between physical oceanography and hydrology. It is only in the last few decades that substantial research efforts have been focused on the interactions of river discharge with tidal waves and storm surges into regions beyond the limit of salinity intrusion, a realm that can extend inland hundreds of kilometers. One key phenomenon resulting from this interaction is the emergence of large fortnightly tides, which are forced long waves with amplitudes that may increase beyond the point where astronomical tides have become extinct. These can be larger than the linear tide itself at more landward locations, and they greatly influence tidal river water levels and wetland inundation. Exploration of the spectral redistribution and attenuation of tidal energy in rivers has led to new appreciation of a wide range of consequences for fluvial and coastal sedimentology, delta evolution, wetland conservation, and salinity intrusion under the influence of sea level rise and delta subsidence. Modern research aims at unifying traditional harmonic tidal analysis, nonparametric regression techniques, and the existing understanding of tidal hydrodynamics to better predict and model tidal river dynamics both in single‐thread channels and in branching channel networks. In this context, this review summarizes results from field observations and modeling studies set in tidal river environments as diverse as the Amazon in Brazil, the Columbia, Fraser and Saint Lawrence in North America, the Yangtze and Pearl in China, and the Berau and Mahakam in Indonesia. A description of state‐of‐the‐art methods for a comprehensive analysis of water levels, wave propagation, discharges, and inundation extent in tidal rivers is provided. Implications for lowland river deltas are also discussed in terms of sedimentary deposits, channel bifurcation, avulsion, and salinity intrusion, addressing contemporary research challenges.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2015rg000507",
    doi = "10.1002/2015rg000507",
    openalex = "W2288842236",
    references = "doi1010022014rg000451, doi1010292011gl050197, doi101038ngeo730, doi101111j136530911993tb01347x, doi101146annurevearth32101802120201"
}

@article{doi101007s1162501603744,
    author = "Twilley, Robert R. and Bentley, Samuel J. and Chen, Qin and Edmonds, Douglas A. and Hagen, Scott C. and Lam, Nina and Willson, Clinton S. and Xu, Kehui and Braud, DeWitt and Peele, R. Hampton and Mccall, A.",
    title = "Co-evolution of wetland landscapes, flooding, and human settlement in the Mississippi River Delta Plain",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Sustainability Science",
    abstract = ").",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0374-4",
    doi = "10.1007/s11625-016-0374-4",
    openalex = "W2395431295",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev201511001, doi101017cbo9780511781247, doi1010292009eo420001, doi101038ngeo553, doi101038ngeo629, doi101073pnas0710375105, doi101111154062378402002, doi101126science1137030, doi1012019781420064254, doi102202154773551732, doi104000rei3887, openalexw2255943944"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev201511001,
    author = "Bentley, S. and Blum, M. and Maloney, J. and Pond, L. and Paulsell, R.",
    title = "The Mississippi River source-to-sink system: Perspectives on tectonic, climatic, and anthropogenic influences, Miocene to Anthropocene",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0012825215300623",
    doi = "10.1016/J.EARSCIREV.2015.11.001",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "139-174",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "187",
    semanticscholar_id = "7b0b1a91358a562f905850981bc439bf6ecf395a",
    volume = "153",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev201510014, doi101130ges009171, doi101146annurevearth042711105248, doi101146annurevmarine120709142856"
}

@article{doi101016jmargeo201803001,
    author = "Maloney, Jillian and Bentley, Samuel J. and Xu, Kehui and Obelcz, Jeffrey and Georgiou, Ioannis Y. and Miner, Michael D.",
    title = "Mississippi River subaqueous delta is entering a stage of retrogradation",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Marine Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2018.03.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.margeo.2018.03.001",
    openalex = "W2792020470",
    references = "doi101007s1162501603744"
}

@article{doi1010292018gl079183,
    author = "Wright, Kyle and Hiatt, Matthew and Passalacqua, Paola",
    title = "Hydrological Connectivity in Vegetated River Deltas: The Importance of Patchiness Below a Threshold",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
    abstract = "Abstract Hydrological connectivity in coastal deltas is important for delivering flow, sediment, and nutrients to the island interiors. The roughness of island vegetation limits connectivity, but how important is the spatial distribution of vegetation? Using hydrodynamic modeling, we test the influence of vegetated percent cover, patch size, and stem density on the discharge‐fraction allocated to the islands of an idealized delta complex, modeled after Wax Lake Delta. We find that heterogeneity has negligible effects when vegetation is relatively sparse but is important when vegetation is relatively dense and covers less than a “disconnectivity” threshold of 40–50\% of the islands, near the theoretical percolation limit. Below this threshold, preferential flow paths develop in the islands, which alter the hydraulics and residence time distribution of the delta complex and enhance potential sediment transport with respect to model runs with uniform vegetation. Patchiness has hydrogeomorphic and biogeochemical implications, which should be considered when modeling deltaic systems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079183",
    doi = "10.1029/2018gl079183",
    openalex = "W2893693438",
    references = "openalexw1499140216"
}

@article{doi101111sed12558,
    author = "Stack, K. M. and Grotzinger, J. P. and Lamb, Michael P. and Gupta, Sanjeev and Rubin, David M. and Kah, Linda C. and Edgar, L. A. and Fey, Deirdra M. and Hurowitz, J. A. and McBride, Marie and Rivera‐Hernández, F. and Sumner, D. Y. and Beek, Jason Van and Williams, R. M. E. and Yingst, Robin Aileen",
    title = "Evidence for plunging river plume deposits in the Pahrump Hills member of the Murray formation, Gale crater, Mars",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Sedimentology",
    abstract = "Abstract Recent robotic missions to Mars have offered new insights into the extent, diversity and habitability of the Martian sedimentary rock record. Since the Curiosity rover landed in Gale crater in August 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory Science Team has explored the origins and habitability of ancient fluvial, deltaic, lacustrine and aeolian deposits preserved within the crater. This study describes the sedimentology of a ca 13 m thick succession named the Pahrump Hills member of the Murray formation, the first thick fine‐grained deposit discovered in situ on Mars. This work evaluates the depositional processes responsible for its formation and reconstructs its palaeoenvironmental setting. The Pahrump Hills succession can be sub‐divided into four distinct sedimentary facies: (i) thinly laminated mudstone; (ii) low‐angle cross‐stratified mudstone; (iii) cross‐stratified sandstone; and (iv) thickly laminated mudstone–sandstone. The very fine grain size of the mudstone facies and abundant millimetre‐scale and sub‐millimetre‐scale laminations exhibiting quasi‐uniform thickness throughout the Pahrump Hills succession are most consistent with lacustrine deposition. Low‐angle geometric discordances in the mudstone facies are interpreted as ‘scour and drape’ structures and suggest the action of currents, such as those associated with hyperpycnal river‐generated plumes plunging into a lake. Observation of an overall upward coarsening in grain size and thickening of laminae throughout the Pahrump Hills succession is consistent with deposition from basinward progradation of a fluvial‐deltaic system derived from the northern crater rim into the Gale crater lake. Palaeohydraulic modelling constrains the salinity of the ancient lake in Gale crater: assuming river sediment concentrations typical of floods on Earth, plunging river plumes and sedimentary structures like those observed at Pahrump Hills would have required lake densities near freshwater to form. The depositional model for the Pahrump Hills member presented here implies the presence of an ancient sustained, habitable freshwater lake in Gale crater for at least ca 10 3 to 10 7 Earth years.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12558",
    doi = "10.1111/sed.12558",
    openalex = "W2899995281",
    references = "doi10108000221680309499956"
}

@article{doi101126sciadvaar4740,
    author = "Chamberlain, Elizabeth L. and Törnqvist, Torbjörn E. and Shen, Zhixiong and Mauz, Barbara and Wallinga, Jakob",
    title = "Anatomy of Mississippi Delta growth and its implications for coastal restoration",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Science Advances",
    abstract = "of new land per year. This shows that robust rates of land building were sustained under preindustrial conditions. However, these rates are several times lower than rates of land loss over the past century, indicating that only a small portion of the Mississippi Delta may be sustainable in a future world with accelerated sea-level rise.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar4740",
    doi = "10.1126/sciadv.aar4740",
    openalex = "W2797467663",
    references = "doi1010292011gl050197, doi101111j13653091200800961x"
}

@article{doi101016jecss201903002,
    author = "Elsey‐Quirk, Tracy and Graham, Sean A. and Mendelssohn, Irving A. and Snedden, Gregg A. and Day, John W. and Twilley, Robert R. and Shaffer, Gary P. and Sharp, Leigh Anne and Pahl, James W. and Lane, Robert R.",
    title = "Mississippi river sediment diversions and coastal wetland sustainability: Synthesis of responses to freshwater, sediment, and nutrient inputs",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.03.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecss.2019.03.002",
    openalex = "W2921008337",
    references = "doi101007s1162501603744, doi101146annurevearth042711105248, openalexw2255943944"
}

@article{doi101016jecss201903017,
    author = "Bomer, Edwin J. and Bentley, Samuel J. and Hughes, J. Ethan T. and Wilson, Carol A. and Crawford, Frances and Xu, Kehui",
    title = "Deltaic morphodynamics and stratigraphic evolution of Middle Barataria Bay and Middle Breton Sound regions, Louisiana, USA: Implications for river-sediment diversions",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.03.017",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecss.2019.03.017",
    openalex = "W2924856400",
    references = "openalexw1499140216"
}

@article{doi101016jecss201904020,
    author = "Hiatt, Matthew and Snedden, Gregg A. and Day, John W. and Rohli, Robert V. and Nyman, John A. and Lane, Robert R. and Sharp, Leigh Anne",
    title = "Drivers and impacts of water level fluctuations in the Mississippi River delta: Implications for delta restoration",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science",
    abstract = "This review synthesizes the knowledge regarding the environmental forces affecting water level variability in the coastal waters of the Mississippi River delta and relates these fluctuations to planned river diversions. Water level fluctuations vary significantly across temporal and spatial scales, and are subject to influences from river flow, tides, vegetation, atmospheric forcing, climate change, and anthropogenic activities. Human impacts have strongly affected water level variability in the Mississippi River delta and other deltas worldwide. Collectively, the research reviewed in this article is important for enhancing environmental, economic, and social resilience and sustainability by assessing, mitigating, and adapting to geophysical changes that will cascade to societal systems in the coming decades in the economically and environmentally important Mississippi River delta. Specifically, this information provides a context within which to evaluate the impacts of diversions on the hydrology of the Mississippi delta and creates a benchmark for the evaluation of the impact of water level fluctuations on coastal restoration projects worldwide.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.04.020",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecss.2019.04.020",
    openalex = "W2940913036",
    references = "doi101007s1162501603744, openalexw2106140657"
}

@article{doi101016jecss201905023,
    author = "Xu, Kehui and Bentley, Samuel J. and Day, John W. and Freeman, Angelina M.",
    title = "A review of sediment diversion in the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.05.023",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecss.2019.05.023",
    openalex = "W2947347997",
    references = "doi101007s1162501603744, doi1010292018gl077933, doi101038ngeo2142, doi101371journalpone0050528"
}

@article{doi1010292019jf005220,
    author = "Moodie, Andrew J. and Nittrouer, Jeffrey A. and Ma, Hongbo and Carlson, Brandee and Chadwick, Austin J. and Lamb, Michael P. and Parker, Gary",
    title = "Modeling Deltaic Lobe‐Building Cycles and Channel Avulsions for the Yellow River Delta, China",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface",
    abstract = "River deltas grow by repeating cycles of lobe development punctuated by channel avulsions, so that over time, lobes amalgamate to produce a composite landform. Existing models have shown that backwater hydrodynamics are important in avulsion dynamics, but the effect of lobe progradation on avulsion frequency and location has yet to be explored. Herein, a quasi‐2‐D numerical model incorporating channel avulsion and lobe development cycles is developed. The model is validated by the well‐constrained case of a prograding lobe on the Yellow River delta, China. It is determined that with lobe progradation, avulsion frequency decreases, and avulsion length increases, relative to conditions where a delta lobe does not prograde. Lobe progradation lowers the channel bed gradient, which results in channel aggradation over the delta topset that is focused farther upstream, shifting the avulsion location upstream. Furthermore, the frequency and location of channel avulsions are sensitive to the threshold in channel bed superelevation that triggers an avulsion. For example, avulsions occur less frequently with a larger superelevation threshold, resulting in greater lobe progradation and avulsions that occur farther upstream. When the delta lobe length prior to avulsion is a moderate fraction of the backwater length (0.3–), the interplay between variable water discharge and lobe progradation together set the avulsion location, and a model capturing both processes is necessary to predict avulsion timing and location. While this study is validated by data from the Yellow River delta, the numerical framework is rooted in physical relationships and can therefore be extended to other deltaic systems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jf005220",
    doi = "10.1029/2019jf005220",
    openalex = "W2980326499",
    references = "doi101111j13653091200800961x"
}

@article{doi10108817489326ab4165,
    author = "Loucks, Daniel P.",
    title = "Developed river deltas: are they sustainable?",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Environmental Research Letters",
    abstract = "Abstract Background. Coastal river deltas provide multiple ecosystem services. Many deltas serve as major centers of agriculture, industry and commerce. The annual economic benefits derived from major deltas are often a substantial fraction of a country’s GDP. Yet, many deltas are losing land due to erosion, subsidence and subsequent flooding. Such vulnerabilities are often increased due to local land and water management decisions, relative sea-level rise, and increases in climate extremes. Aim of this review. Considerable literature exists addressing the formation of deltas and the effects of increasing urbanization, industrialization and crop and fish production, increases in relative sea level rise, and decreasing sediment deposition. This leads to the question: are the economic, environmental, ecological and social benefits derived from developed river deltas sustainable? This review focuses on this question. Methods/Design. Over 180 published documents were identified and reviewed using various search engines and key words. These key words included river deltas; delta sustainability, vulnerability, resilience, coasts, ecology, hazards, erosion, water management, urbanization, reclamation, agriculture, governance, pollution, geomorphology, economic development, socio-economic changes, and delta wetlands; relative sea level change; sediment trapping; sand mining; salinity intrusion; coastal restoration; estuarine engineering; shoreline evolution; estuarine processes; and the names of specific river basin deltas. Review Results/Synthesis and Discussion. Deltas provide humans important resources and ecosystem services leading to their intensive development. The impacts of this development, together with sea-level rise, threatens the sustainability of many river deltas. Various management and governance measures are available to help sustain deltas. Controls on land use, improved farming and transport technology, wetland habitat protection, and d improved governance are some that might help sustain the economic and ecological services provided by deltas. However, increased population growth and the impacts of climate change will put increased pressure on deltas and the benefits derived from them.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab4165",
    doi = "10.1088/1748-9326/ab4165",
    openalex = "W2971668496",
    references = "doi101007s1162501603744"
}

@article{doi1010292019jf005201,
    author = "Hoitink, A.J.F. and Nittrouer, Jeffrey A. and Passalacqua, Paola and Shaw, John and Langendoen, Eddy J. and Huismans, Ymkje and van Maren, D.S.",
    title = "Resilience of River Deltas in the Anthropocene",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface",
    abstract = "At a global scale, delta morphologies are subject to rapid change as a result of direct and indirect effects of human activity. This jeopardizes the ecosystem services of deltas, including protection against flood hazards, facilitation of navigation, and biodiversity. Direct manifestations of delta morphological instability include river bank failure, which may lead to avulsion, persistent channel incision or aggregation, and a change of the sedimentary regime to hyperturbid conditions. Notwithstanding the in‐depth knowledge developed over the past decades about those topics, existing understanding is fragmented, and the predictive capacity of morphodynamic models is limited. The advancement of potential resilience analysis tools may proceed from improved models, continuous observations, and the application of novel analysis techniques. Progress will benefit from synergy between approaches. Empirical and numerical models are built using field observations, and, in turn, model simulations can inform observationists about where to measure. Information theory offers a systematic approach to test the realism of alternative model concepts. Once the key mechanism responsible for a morphodynamic instability phenomenon is understood, concepts from dynamic system theory can be employed to develop early warning indicators. In the development of reliable tools to design resilient deltas, one of the first challenges is to close the sediment balance at multiple scales, such that morphodynamic model predictions match with fully independent measurements. Such a high ambition level is rarely adopted and is urgently needed to address the ongoing global changes causing sea level rise and reduced sediment input by reservoir building.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jf005201",
    doi = "10.1029/2019jf005201",
    openalex = "W3010244067",
    references = "doi1010022014rg000451, doi1010022014wr016577, doi1010292011gl050197"
}

@article{doi101038s41467020185314,
    author = "Edmonds, Douglas A. and Caldwell, Rebecca L. and Brondízio, Eduardo S. and Siani, Sacha M. O.",
    title = "Coastal flooding will disproportionately impact people on river deltas",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "Climate change is intensifying tropical cyclones, accelerating sea-level rise, and increasing coastal flooding. River deltas are especially vulnerable to flooding because of their low elevations and densely populated cities. Yet, we do not know how many people live on deltas and their exposure to flooding. Using a new global dataset, we show that 339 million people lived on river deltas in 2017 and 89\% of those people live in the same latitudinal zone as most tropical cyclone activity. We calculate that 41\% (31 million) of the global population exposed to tropical cyclone flooding live on deltas, with 92\% (28 million) in developing or least developed economies. Furthermore, 80\% (25 million) live on sediment-starved deltas, which cannot naturally mitigate flooding through sediment deposition. Given that coastal flooding will only worsen, we must reframe this problem as one that will disproportionately impact people on river deltas, particularly in developing and least-developed economies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18531-4",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-020-18531-4",
    openalex = "W3091049267",
    references = "doi101007s1162501603744, doi101016jjhydrol201004001, doi101126scienceaab3574, doi101146annurevmarine120709142856"
}

@article{doi101073pnas1912351117,
    author = "Chadwick, Austin J. and Lamb, Michael P. and Ganti, Vamsi",
    title = "Accelerated river avulsion frequency on lowland deltas due to sea-level rise",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Sea-level rise, subsidence, and reduced fluvial sediment supply are causing river deltas to drown worldwide, affecting ecosystems and billions of people. Abrupt changes in river course, called avulsions, naturally nourish sinking land with sediment; however, they also create catastrophic flood hazards. Existing observations and models conflict on whether the occurrence of avulsions will change due to relative sea-level rise, hampering the ability to forecast delta response to global climate change. Here, we combined theory, numerical modeling, and field observations to develop a mechanistic framework to predict avulsion frequency on deltas with multiple self-formed lobes that scale with backwater hydrodynamics. Results show that avulsion frequency is controlled by the competition between relative sea-level rise and sediment supply that drives lobe progradation. We find that most large deltas are experiencing sufficiently low progradation rates such that relative sea-level rise enhances aggradation rates-accelerating avulsion frequency and associated hazards compared to preindustrial conditions. Some deltas may face even greater risk; if relative sea-level rise significantly outpaces sediment supply, then avulsion frequency is maximized, delta plains drown, and avulsion locations shift inland, posing new hazards to upstream communities. Results indicate that managed deltas can support more frequent engineered avulsions to recover sinking land; however, there is a threshold beyond which coastal land will be lost, and mitigation efforts should shift upstream.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912351117",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1912351117",
    openalex = "W3042067931",
    references = "doi101111j13653091200800961x"
}

@article{doi101126sciadvaaz5512,
    author = "Törnqvist, Torbjörn E. and Jankowski, K. L. and Li, Yong Xiang and González, Juan L.",
    title = "Tipping points of Mississippi Delta marshes due to accelerated sea-level rise",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Science Advances",
    abstract = "of marshland in coastal Louisiana is probably inevitable. RSL-driven tipping points for marsh drowning vary geographically, and those for the Mississippi Delta may be lower than elsewhere. Nevertheless, our findings highlight the need for consideration of longer time windows in determining the vulnerability of coastal marshes worldwide.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5512",
    doi = "10.1126/sciadv.aaz5512",
    openalex = "W3027153642",
    references = "coleman1965sedimentary"
}

@article{doi101007s1098002401850y,
    author = "Qiu, Mengqi and Liu, Yanxu and Chen, Peng and He, Naijie and Wang, Shuai and Huang, Xinzi and Fu, Bojie",
    title = "Spatio-temporal changes and hydrological forces of wetland landscape pattern in the Yellow River Delta during 1986–2022",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Landscape Ecology",
    abstract = "Abstract Context Estuarine wetlands provide valuable ecosystem services, but 20–78\% of coastal wetlands are facing the risk of loss by the end of the century. The Yellow River Delta (YRD) wetland, one of the most productive delta areas in the world, has undergone dramatic changes under the influence of a precipitous drop of sediment delivery and runoff, coupled with the invasion of Spartina alterniflora. Monitoring the spatio-temporal patterns, thresholds, and drivers of change in wetland landscapes is critical for sustainable management of delta wetlands. Objectives Generate annual mapping of salt marsh vegetation in the YRD wetland from 1986 to 2022, analyze the trends of wetland patch area and landscape pattern, and explain the hydrological drivers of landscape pattern evolution. Methods We combined Landsat 5‒8 and Sentinel-2 images, vegetation phenology, remote sensing indices, and Random Forest supervised classification to map the typical salt marsh vegetation of the YRD. We applied piecewise linear regression to analyze YRD wetland changes and stepwise multiple linear regression to assess the impact of hydrological factors on landscape pattern. Results We identified three stages of landscape pattern evolution with 1997 and 2009 as critical junctures, including the rapid expansion stage, gradual decline stage, and bio-invasion stage. In the rapid expansion stage, the wetland area expanded by 70\%, while the typical salt marsh vegetation (Phragmites australis) area was reduced by 25\%. In the gradual decline stage, the wetland was reduced by 21\% and the Phragmites australis area was reduced by 16\%. In the bio-invasion stage, coverage of Spartina alterniflora expanded rapidly, with a 68-fold increase in area relative to 2009, expanding at an average rate of 344 hm 2 per year. Conclusions Areas of total wetland, tidal flat, and Phragmites australis were significantly influenced by cumulative sediment delivery and cumulative runoff, which together explained 61.5\%, 75.7\% and 63.8\% of their variation, respectively. Wetland and tidal flat areas increased with cumulative sediment delivery, while cumulative runoff had a weak negative effect. For Phragmites australis, cumulative runoff had a positive effect, whereas cumulative sediment delivery had a negative effect. Water resources regulation measures should be taken to prevent the degradation of wetland ecosystems, and intervention measures can be implemented during the seedling stage to control the invasion of Spartina alterniflora.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-024-01850-y",
    doi = "10.1007/s10980-024-01850-y",
    openalex = "W4391926714",
    references = "doi101126sciadvabo5174"
}