@article{openalexw3215057009,
    author = "Owen, Robert P.",
    title = "Report on British fossil reptiles, part II",
    year = "1842",
    journal = "Medical Entomology and Zoology",
    openalex = "W3215057009"
}

@article{openalexw2259112626,
    author = "Enlow, Donald H.",
    title = "A comparative histological study of fossil and recent bone tissues",
    year = "1955",
    journal = "OakTrust (Texas A\&M University Libraries)",
    openalex = "W2259112626"
}

@misc{beland1980dinosaur1,
    author = "Beland, P. and Russell, D. A",
    title = "Dinosaur Metabolism and Predator/Prey Ratios in the Fossil Record, in Thomas, D. K., and Olson, E. C., eds., A Cold Look at the Warm Blooded Dinosaurs",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 82-105",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Beland, P., and Russell, D. A., 1980, Dinosaur Metabolism and Predator/Prey Ratios in the Fossil Record, in Thomas, D. K., and Olson, E. C., eds., A Cold Look at the Warm Blooded Dinosaurs: Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 82-105.}"
}

@article{maiorana1981a,
    author = "Maiorana, Virginia C.",
    title = "A Cold Look at the Warm-Blooded Dinosaurs. Roger D. K. Thomas, Everett C. Olson",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/412097",
    doi = "10.1086/412097",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2518158360",
    pages = "70-71",
    volume = "56"
}

@article{doi101111j109600311988tb00514x,
    author = "Gauthier, Jacques and Kluge, Arnold G. and Rowe, Timothy",
    title = "AMNIOTE PHYLOGENY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF FOSSILS",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Cladistics",
    abstract = "Abstract- Several prominent cladists have questioned the importance of fossils in phylogenctic inference, and it is becoming increasingly popular to simply fit extinct forms, if they are considered at all, to a cladogram of Recent taxa. Gardiner's (1982) and Løvtrup's (1985) study of amniote phylogeny exemplifies this differential treatment, and we focused on that group of organisms to test the proposition that fossils cannot overturn a theory of relationships based only on the Recent biota. Our parsimony analysis of amniote phylogeny, special knowledge contributed by fossils being scrupulously avoided, led to the following best fitting classification, which is similar to the novel hypothesis Gardiner published: (lepidosaurs (turtles (mammals (birds, crocodiles)))). However, adding fossils resulted in a markedly different most parsimonious cladogram of the extant taxa: (mammals (turtles (lepidosaurs (birds, crocodiles)))). That classification is like the traditional hypothesis, and it provides a better fit to the stratigraphic record. To isolate the extinct taxa responsible for the latter classification, the data were successively partitioned with each phylogenetic analysis, and we concluded that: (1) the ingroup, not the outgroup, fossils were important; (2) synapsid, not reptile, fossils were pivotal; (3) certain synapsid fossils, not the earliest or latest, were responsible. The critical nature of the synapsid fossils seemed to lie in the particular combination of primitive and derived character slates they exhibited. Classifying those fossils, along with mammals, as the sister group to the lineage consisting of birds and crocodiles resulted in a relatively poor fit to data; one involving a 2-4 fold increase in evolutionary reversals! Thus, the importance of the critical fossils, collectively or individually, seems to reside in their relative primitive-ness, and the simplest explanation for their more conservative nature is that they have had less time to evolve. While fossils may be important in phylogenetic inference only under certain conditions, there is no compelling reason to prejudge their contribution. We urge systematists to evaluate fairly all of the available evidence.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00514.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00514.x",
    openalex = "W1978557909",
    references = "crossref1943the, currie1985cranial, doi101001jama194302840160064031, doi1010079781468488517, doi101007978146848851721, doi101016002555648290027x, doi1010160169534789901626, doi101016b9781483198279500198, doi101016b9781483231426500124, doi101017cbo9780511693281002, doi101038142004a0, doi10108002724634198810011708, doi101086628623, doi101093sysbio1811, doi101093sysbio33183, doi1010970000505319311100000026, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101111j109636421977tb01031x, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101146annureven10010165000525, doi1023071005355, doi1023071220820, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023072412407, doi1023072412685, doi1023072413134, doi1023072413259, doi1023072413454, doi1023072485224, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi10560219780801847806, doi105962bhltitle6408, doi105962bhltitle82144, openalexw1534787790, openalexw1534857865, openalexw2954279587, openalexw2983381470, openalexw3146596760, openalexw3184837389, openalexw575222456, roaf1943the"
}

@article{doi1023073514751,
    author = "Beerbower, Richard and Padian, Kevin",
    title = "The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Palaios",
    abstract = "The record of life on land has been a principal concern of historical biology not only because of our fascination with our own past (and with giants, dragons, and other ancient monsters) but because of special opportunities and challenges for development of methods, principles, and concepts of explanation. The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs treats an intriguing phase of that history, one that included the first appearance of dinosaurs, and mammals, the extinction or near extinction of many clades of vertebrates, and extensive changes in plant associations. Further, the patterns of change (and of stasis) raise general questions about macroecologic and macroevolutionary processes and factors and even about the roles of chance and determination in biological history. Although the book was published initially in 1986 (and was based on a 1984 symposium sponsored by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontologists), its content remains current and its release in paperback form (for $34.50 rather than $75.00 for the hardcover version) justifies a review even at this late date. The Introduction and the Summary and Prospectus, written by the editor, Kevin Padian, demonstrate the significance of the interval from mid-Triassic to early Jurassic-particularly for vertebrates on land. Advanced mammal-like reptiles (therapsids) dominate lower Triassic assemblages in abundance, taxonomic diversity, and ecological variety; non-therapsids (mostly archosaurs) are rare elements and apparently of little ecological importance. In upper Triassic and lower Jurassic assemblages the situation is reversed, therapsids rare with limited diversity and variety but archosaurs abundant, diverse and varied. The archosaur expansion starts in middle of the succession; pterodactyls, crocodylomorphs, and dinosaurs appear (as archosaur subclades) in approximate coincidence with a marked decline in therapsids. Mammals (at least 3 subclades) occur along with two other subclades of very mammal-like therapsids very close to the top. In the upper Triassic two relatively sharp breaks in faunal composition appear, one relatively low, in the top of the Carnian and base of the Norian stages (around 225 Ma), and one higher, at the top of the Norian (around 215 Ma). These breaks, if real and not a consequence of miscorrelations or gaps in sampling, suggest high rates of taxonomic extinction and origination and have been interpreted as intervals of catastrophic extinction. These changes coincide more or less with some in the flora (except that the latter seem continuous rather than stepped) and thus with overall changes in terrestrial ecosystems. Radically different explanations have been offered for these patterns, at one extreme a deterministic argument from the competitive superiority of dinosaurs to the other, an opportunistic one based on chance differences in survival through episodes of mass extinction. This book can be viewed (and reviewed) as an extended example of analysis and interpretation in historical biology. The concerns of the discipline are twofold, chronicle and narrative (the concepts those of O'Hara, 1988). Chronicle comprises when, what, and where; narrative, how. A chronicle extends of course beyond description and chronologic ordering of fossils to paleobiogeographic, paleoecologic, and phylogenetic reconstructions. The latter derive from patterns in form and occurrence of fossils as analyzed in terms of taphonomic, constructional, functional, and phylogenetic processes and factors (viz Seilacher, 1970) and of stratigraphic and geographic distribution. Each reconstruction represents a particular state, and stratigraphic analysis arranges these reconstructions into a chronicle. Narrative, in contrast, involves explanation of the patterns (temporal, geographic, ecologic and phyletic) in the chronicle by a sequence of biological and physical circumstances and by evolutionary processes and factors (genetic, phylogenetic, and ecological). Of the 26 papers in this volume, 24 focus primarily on the chronicle and are dominated by consideration of what-when, i.e., the stratigraphic distribution of various groups of fossils, and of what-how, i.e., the phylogenetic and functional analyses. Among those in the what-when group are papers by Colbert on historical aspects of upper Triassic-lower Jurassic stratigraphy, by Ash on fossil plants, by Olsen and Baird on the ichnogenus Atreipus, by Chatterjee and by Parrish and Carpenter on vertebrates of the Dockum Group (Texas and New Mexico), and by Long and Padian on biostratigraphy of the Chinle Formation (Arizona). Also best included here are the studies by McCune and Schaeffer on Triassic and Jurassic fishes, Gaffney on turtles, Clemens on mammals, Olson and Padian on crocodylomorph ichnogenera, Sun and Cui on saurishians from the lower Lufeng (China), Clark and Fastovsky on the vertebrates of the Glen Canyon Group (Arizona), Haubold on archosaur trackways, Sigogneau-Russell, Frank, and Hemmerle on a new family of Triassic",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3514751",
    doi = "10.2307/3514751",
    openalex = "W2320472492",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi1023072807146, doi1023072992272"
}

@article{doi101126science2645157421,
    author = "Masterson, Jane",
    title = "Stomatal Size in Fossil Plants: Evidence for Polyploidy in Majority of Angiosperms",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Three published estimates of the frequency of polyploidy in angiosperms (30 to 35 percent, 47 percent, and 70 to 80 percent) were tested by estimating the genome size of extinct woody angiosperms with the use of fossil guard cell size as a proxy for cellular DNA content. The inferred chromosome numbers of these extinct species suggest that seven to nine is the primitive haploid chromosome number of angiosperms and that most angiosperms (approximately 70 percent) have polyploidy in their history.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5157.421",
    doi = "10.1126/science.264.5157.421",
    openalex = "W2049670427",
    references = "doi1023072412932, openalexw2065039187"
}

@article{doi101146annurevph57030195000441,
    author = "Ruben, John A.",
    title = "The Evolution of Endothermy in Mammals and Birds: From Physiology to Fossils",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Annual Review of Physiology",
    abstract = "Continuous, metabolically based maintenance of high and relatively stable body temperature in the face of greatly fluctuating ambient temperature is among the most remarkable attributes of mammals and birds. Such warm­ bloodedness or, more correctly, endothermic homeothermy, generally results from a combination of high resting, aerobically supported heat production rates (about fiveto tenfold that of reptiles) in virtually all soft tissues, and insulation sufficient to retard excessive heat loss. As a consequence, many temperature­ sensitive physiological processes in birds and mammals proceed at relatively stable rates over a wide range of ambient temperatures. In contrast, most organisms cannot thermoregulate in this way because endogenous heat production is insufficient to alter body temperature, and internal heat is necessarily derived primarily from the environment (ectother­ mic poikilothermy). These organisms tend to be thermoconformers whose body temperature frequently corresponds passively with environmental temperature. Usually such thermoconformity in thermally homogeneous environments (e.g. many marine or freshwater ecosystems) does not result in severe physiological disruption: genetic adaptation and/or phenotypic acclimation of numerous biochemical traits to ecologically relevant temperatures often ameliorate ef­ fects of temperature (e.g. enzyme function; G Somero, this volume) and mem­ brane structure (J Hazel, this volume; see also 63).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.000441",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.000441",
    openalex = "W2167902707",
    references = "doi101001jama195102920260071031, doi101017s0094837300012197, doi101038272333a0, doi101038344858a0, doi101038362628a0, doi101096fasebj4112199286, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi101126science1884184166, doi101152ajpregu19902592r333, doi1023071366368"
}

@article{briggs1996the,
    author = "BRIGGS, DEREK E. G. and WILBY, PHILIP R.",
    title = "The role of the calcium carbonate-calcium phosphate switch in the mineralization of soft-bodied fossils",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Journal of the Geological Society",
    abstract = "Authigenic minerals play an important role in the preservation of most soft-bodied fossils. The greatest detail is preserved in apatite (calcium phosphate) but its precipitation is usually inhibited by the high concentrations of HCO 3 - in aqueous settings. Nonetheless, investigations of soft-bodied biotas have revealed very early authigenic calcite crystal bundles in close association with phosphatized soft-tissues. This demonstrates that the geochemical controls on soft-tissue mineralization are dynamic and act on a very local scale. Direct comparisons with experimental results permit the conditions of fossilization to be inferred.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.153.5.0665",
    doi = "10.1144/gsjgs.153.5.0665",
    number = "5",
    openalex = "W2053600018",
    pages = "665-668",
    volume = "153",
    references = "briggs1994decay, doi101016001670379090374t, doi1010160016703793903816, doi101017s0094837300012082, doi101038269209a0, doi101098rstb19850134, doi101126science25951001439, doi1011300091761319960240787rommit23co2, doi101306d42676db2b2611d78648000102c1865d, doi1023073514973"
}

@article{doi10108002724634199610011283,
    author = "Brochu, Christopher A.",
    title = "Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: Implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Closure of neurocentral sutures in the crocodylian vertebral column follows a distinct caudal to cranial sequence during ontogeny. The sutures in most caudal vertebrae are fully closed at hatching, but closure of remaining sutures occurs later in ontogeny. Closure of cervical sutures is a consistent indicator of morphological maturity in Alligator mississippiensis, Alligator sinensis, Osteolaemus tetraspis, and Crocodylus acutus; the final transformation is the closure of the axial neurocentral suture, which occurs after the closure of the axis-odontoid suture. Because these transformations occur near the end of ontogeny in all three taxa, regardless of maximum size, closure of these sutures is a size-independent criterion of maturity; however, it is not certain if suture closure indicates the stoppage of growth. These transformations are readily identifiable in fossils, permitting the objective characterization of maturity in fossil crocodylians and possibly at least some of their closer extinct relatives.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1996.10011283",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1996.10011283",
    openalex = "W2024771330",
    references = "doi101002jmor1051080103, doi101017s0094837300012331, doi101086273307, doi101111j109636421993tb02537x, doi101111j146979981975tb01405x, doi101111j146979981993tb01933x, doi1023071444994, doi1023072403875, doi105962bhltitle54967, doi105962bhltitle82144, houck1990allometric"
}

@article{doi101126science27452901164,
    author = "Hou, Lianhai and Martin, Larry D. and Zhou, Zhonghe and Feduccia, Alan",
    title = "Early Adaptive Radiation of Birds: Evidence from Fossils from Northeastern China",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous birds from northeastern China, including many complete skeletons of Confuciusornis, provide evidence for a fundamental dichotomy in the class Aves that may antedate the temporal occurrence of the Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx. The abundance of Confuciusornis may provide evidence of avian social behavior. Jurassic skeletal remains of an ornithurine bird lend further support to the idea of an early separation of the line that gave rise to modern birds. Chaoyangia, an ornithurine bird from the Early Cretaceous of China, has premaxillary teeth.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5290.1164",
    doi = "10.1126/science.274.5290.1164",
    openalex = "W2085960960"
}

@article{doi10108002724634199710011027,
    author = "Witmer, Lawrence M.",
    title = "The Evolution of the Antorbital Cavity of Archosaurs: A Study in Soft-Tissue Reconstruction in the Fossil Record with an Analysis of the Function of Pneumaticity",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT The most commonly cited apomorphy of Archosauriformes is an opening in the snout known as the antorbital cavity. Despite the ubiquity and prominence of the antorbital cavity, its function and importance in craniofacial evolution have been problematic. Discovering the significance of the antorbital cavity is a two step process: first, establishing the function of the bony cavity (that is, its soft-tissue relations), and second, determining the biological role of the enclosed structure. The first step is the most fundamental, and hence is examined at length. Three hypotheses for the function of the antorbital cavity have been advanced, suggesting that it housed (1) a gland, (2) a muscle, or (3) a paranasal air sinus. Thus, resolution is correctly viewed as a “soft-tissue problem,” and is addressed within the context of the extant phylogenetic bracket (EPB) approach for reconstructing the unpreserved features of fossil organisms. The soft-anatomical relations of the antorbital cavity (or any bony structure) are important because (1) soft tissues generally have morphogenetic primacy over bony tissues and (2) inferences about soft tissues are the foundation for a cascading suite of paleobiological inferences. The EPB approach uses the shared causal associations between soft tissues and their osteological correlates (i.e., the signatures imparted to the bones by the soft tissues) that are observed in the extant outgroups of the fossil taxon of interest to infer the soft-anatomical attributes of the fossil; based on the assessment at the outgroup node, a hierarchy characterizing the strength of the inference can be constructed. This general approach is applied to the problem of the function of the antorbital cavity, taking each hypothesized soft-tissue candidate—gland, muscle, and air sac—in turn, (1) establishing the osteological correlates of each soft-tissue system in the EPB of any fossil archosaur (i.e., extant birds and crocodilians), (2) formulating a hypothesis of homology based on similarities in these causal associations between birds and crocodilians, (3) testing this hypothesis by surveying fossil archosaurs for the specified osteological correlates, and (4) accepting or rejecting the hypothesis based on its phylogenetic congruence. Using this approach, fossil archosaurs can be reliably reconstructed with a Glandula nasalis, M. pterygoideus, pars dorsalis, and Sinus antorbitalis that are homologous with those of extant archosaurs; however, the osteological correlates of only the antorbital paranasal air sinus involve the several structures associated with the antorbital cavity. Additional evidence for the pneumatic nature of the antorbital cavity comes from the presence of numerous accessory cavities (especially in theropod dinosaurs) surrounding the main antorbital cavity. To address the origin of the antorbital cavity, the EPB approach was applied to basal archosauriforms; the data are not as robust, but nevertheless suggest that the cavity appeared as a housing for a paranasal air sinus. The second step in discovering the evolutionary significance of the antorbital cavity is to assess the function of the enclosed paranasal air sac. In fact, the function of all pneumaticity is investigated here. Rather than the enclosed volume of air (i.e., the empty space) being functionally important, better explanations result by focusing on the pneumatic epithelial diverticulum itself. It is proposed here that the function of the epithelial air sac is simply to pneumatize bone in an opportunistic manner within the constraints of a particular biomechanical loading regime. Trends in facial evolution in three clades of archosaurs (crocodylomorphs, ornithopod dinosaurs, and theropod dinosaurs) were examined in light of this new perspective. Crocodylomorphs and ornithopods both show trends for reduction and enclosure of the antorbital cavity (but for different reasons), whereas theropods show a trend for relatively poorly constrained expansion. These findings are consistent with the view of air sacs as opportunistic pneumatizing machines, with weight reduction and design optimality as secondary effects.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1997.10011027",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1997.10011027",
    openalex = "W1973023986",
    references = "coria1995a, crossref1976allosaurus, currie1985cranial, doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160021929082902469, doi101016b9781483231426500124, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0022336000059126, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi101038019118a0, doi101038063003a0, doi101038114085a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199210011473, doi10108002724634199310011511, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi101098rstb19610007, doi101098rstb19650003, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101098rstb19910056, doi101098rstb19920117, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109600311991tb00045x, doi101111j109636421978tb01049x, doi101111j146363951921tb00489x, doi101111j1469185x1990tb01427x, doi101111j146979981913tb06148x, doi101111j155856461965tb01720x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science11282807, doi101126science2665183267, doi101126science2725264986, doi101139e93179, doi10125900071285586941029, doi1015468p4gnhz, doi1015468yhxmzl, doi1023072406439, doi1023072413454, doi1023072421859, doi1023072992444, doi10230730135049, doi1023073514548, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105860choice326223, doi105962bhlpart22965, doi105962bhltitle54054, doi105962p226819, madsen1976a, openalexw1489366593, openalexw1534857865, openalexw193970361, openalexw2603028126, openalexw2788234611, openalexw3140893762, openalexw3184837389, openalexw607142922, openalexw616953834, rowe1989a, sues1978a, walker1964triassic"
}

@article{doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2,
    author = "Padian, Kevin and Horner, John R. and de Ricqlès, Armand",
    title = "Growth in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs: the evolution of archosaurian growth strategies",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Histological evidence of the bones of pterosaurs and dinosaurs indicates that the typically large forms of these groups grew at rates more comparable to those of birds and mammals than to those of other living reptiles. However, Scutellosaurus, a small, bipedal, basal thyreophoran ornithischian dinosaur of the Early Jurassic, shows histological features in its skeletal tissues that suggest relatively lower growth rates than in those of larger dinosaurs. In these respects Scutellosaurus, like other small dinosaurs such as Orodromeus and some basal birds, is more like young, rapidly growing crocodiles than larger, more derived ornithischians (hadrosaurs) and all saurischians (sauropods and theropods). Similar patterns can be seen in small, mostly basal pterosaurs such as Eudimorphodon and Rhamphorhynchus. However, superficial similarities to crocodile bone growth belie some important differences, which are most usefully interpreted in phylogenetic and ontogenetic contexts. Large size evolved secondarily in several dinosaurian and pterosaurian lineages. We hypothesize that this larger size was made possible by rapid growth strategies that are reflected by characteristic highly vascularized fibro-lamellar bone tissues that comprise most of the cortex. Dinosaurs and pterosaurs, like other tetrapodes, generally grew more quickly in early stages and more slowly as growth neared completion. As in other vertebrate groups, taxa of small adult size may have grown at lower rates or for shorter durations than larger taxa did. Phylogenetic patterns suggest that by themselves, the low vascularity and inferred low growth rates seen in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs are not good indicators of thermometabolic regime, because they are correlated so strongly with size. They may reflect mechanical exigencies of small size rather than especially lower growth rates, tied to the process of deposition of particular kinds of bone tissues. The evolution of life history strategies in dinosaurs and pterosaurs, as they relate to rates of growth and adult body sizes, will be better understood as more complete histological studies place these data into phylogenetic and ontogenetic contexts.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0555:gisdap]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0555:gisdap]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2176430550",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101007bf02118752, doi101016s0764446900001815, doi101016s1631069102014294, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101038282296a0, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi101093clinids222240, doi101093oso97801951060840010001, doi101111j109636422000tb02201x, doi1015159781400853724, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023071444685, doi1023073514751, openalexw225597919, openalexw2607033038, openalexw563887495, vitt1982the"
}

@article{doi101371journalpbio0040248,
    author = "Gillooly, James F. and Allen, Andrew P. and Charnov, Eric L.",
    title = "Dinosaur Fossils Predict Body Temperatures",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "PLoS Biology",
    abstract = "Perhaps the greatest mystery surrounding dinosaurs concerns whether they were endotherms, ectotherms, or some unique intermediate form. Here we present a model that yields estimates of dinosaur body temperature based on ontogenetic growth trajectories obtained from fossil bones. The model predicts that dinosaur body temperatures increased with body mass from approximately 25 degrees C at 12 kg to approximately 41 degrees C at 13,000 kg. The model also successfully predicts observed increases in body temperature with body mass for extant crocodiles. These results provide direct evidence that dinosaurs were reptiles that exhibited inertial homeothermy.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040248",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pbio.0040248",
    openalex = "W2044943612",
    references = "doi101017s0094837300021321"
}

@misc{hillenius2006dinosaur,
    author = "Hillenius, Willem J",
    title = "Dinosaur Physiology: Were Dinosaurs Warm‐blooded?",
    year = "2006",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Life Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0003323",
    doi = "10.1038/npg.els.0003323"
}

@article{crossref2009palaeontology,
    title = "Palaeontology: Hot-blooded dinosaurs",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/462254f",
    doi = "10.1038/462254f",
    number = "7271",
    pages = "254-255",
    volume = "462"
}

@article{doi101073pnas0813385106,
    author = "Köhler, Meike and Moyà‐Solà, Salvador",
    title = "Physiological and life history strategies of a fossil large mammal in a resource-limited environment",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Because of their physiological and life history characteristics, mammals exploit adaptive zones unavailable to ectothermic reptiles. Yet, they perform best in energy-rich environments because their high and constant growth rates and their sustained levels of resting metabolism require continuous resource supply. In resource-limited ecosystems such as islands, therefore, reptiles frequently displace mammals because their slow and flexible growth rates and low metabolic rates permit them to operate effectively with low energy flow. An apparent contradiction of this general principle is the long-term persistence of certain fossil large mammals on energy-poor Mediterranean islands. The purpose of the present study is to uncover the developmental and physiological strategies that allowed fossil large mammals to cope with the low levels of resource supply that characterize insular ecosystems. Long-bone histology of Myotragus, a Plio-Pleistocene bovid from the Balearic Islands, reveals lamellar-zonal tissue throughout the cortex, a trait exclusive to ectothermic reptiles. The bone microstructure indicates that Myotragus grew unlike any other mammal but similar to crocodiles at slow and flexible rates, ceased growth periodically, and attained somatic maturity extremely late by approximately 12 years. This developmental pattern denotes that Myotragus, much like extant reptiles, synchronized its metabolic requirements with fluctuating resource levels. Our results suggest that developmental and physiological plasticity was crucial to the survival of this and, perhaps, other large mammals on resource-limited Mediterranean Islands, yet it eventually led to their extinction through a major predator, Homo sapiens.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0813385106",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.0813385106",
    openalex = "W2038360165",
    references = "doi101016jcrpv200510006, doi101016s1631069102014294"
}

@article{doi101093sysbiosyr107,
    author = "Parham, James F. and Donoghue, Philip C. J. and Bell, Christopher J. and Calway, Tyler and Head, Jason J. and Holroyd, Patricia A. and Inoue, Jun and Irmis, Randall B. and Joyce, Walter G. and Ksepka, Daniel T. and Patané, José Salvatore Leister and Smith, Nathan D. and Tarver, James E. and van Tuinen, Marcel and Yang, Ziheng and Angielczyk, Kenneth D. and Greenwood, Jenny M. and Hipsley, Christy A. and Jacobs, Louis L. and Makovicky, Peter J. and Müller, Johannes and Smith, Krister T. and Theodor, Jessica M. and Warnock, Rachel C. M. and Benton, Michael J.",
    title = "Best Practices for Justifying Fossil Calibrations",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Systematic Biology",
    abstract = "Our ability to correlate biological evolution with climate change, geological evolution, and other historical patterns is essential to understanding the processes that shape biodiversity. Combining data from the fossil record with molecular phylogenetics represents an exciting synthetic approach to this challenge. The first molecular divergence dating analysis (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1962) was based on a measure of the amino acid differences in the hemoglobin molecule, with replacement rates established (calibrated) using paleontological age estimates from textbooks (e.g., Dodson 1960). Since that time, the amount of molecular sequence data has increased dramatically, affording ever-greater opportunities to apply molecular divergence approaches to fundamental problems in evolutionary biology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr107",
    doi = "10.1093/sysbio/syr107",
    openalex = "W2113525598",
    references = "doi101016jepsl200909013, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jtig200403007, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101038nature08745, doi101093molbevmsj024, doi101093molbevmsl150, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva025892, doi101093sysbio3817, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi101111j14698137201103794x, doi101126science1101012, doi101126science13334591105, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101371journalpbio0040088, doi101371journalpone0009329, doi1023072992432, doi104095215638, openalexw1535663436, openalexw2989049194, openalexw592572837"
}

@article{doi101126science1206196,
    author = "Eagle, Robert A. and Tütken, Thomas and Martin, Taylor and Tripati, Aradhna and Fricke, Henry and Connely, Melissa V. and Cifelli, Richard L. and Eiler, John M.",
    title = "Dinosaur Body Temperatures Determined from Isotopic (13 C- 18 O) Ordering in Fossil Biominerals",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The nature of the physiology and thermal regulation of the nonavian dinosaurs is the subject of debate. Previously, arguments have been made for both endothermic and ectothermic metabolisms on the basis of differing methodologies. We used clumped isotope thermometry to determine body temperatures from the fossilized teeth of large Jurassic sauropods. Our data indicate body temperatures of 36° to 38°C, which are similar to those of most modern mammals. This temperature range is 4° to 7°C lower than predicted by a model that showed scaling of dinosaur body temperature with mass, which could indicate that sauropods had mechanisms to prevent excessively high body temperatures being reached because of their gigantic size.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206196",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1206196",
    openalex = "W1994076869",
    references = "amiot2006oxygen, brattstrom1965body, doi101002jms1614, doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101002mmng20010040113, doi101002mmng200900004, doi101006jasc19960126, doi1010160012821x83901000, doi1010160012821x96000933, doi101016jgca200511014, doi101016s0016703797001695, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101073pnas1001824107, doi101073pnas932514623, doi101086410622, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi102110palo2003p0322, doi102475ajs3042105, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2786463731, pontzer2009biomechanics"
}

@article{doi101111pala12044,
    author = "McNamara, Maria E.",
    title = "The taphonomy of colour in fossil insects and feathers",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract Colouration is an important multifunctional attribute of modern animals, but its evolutionary history is poorly resolved, in part because of our limited ability to recognize and interpret fossil evidence of colour. Recent studies on structural and pigmentary colours in fossil insects and feathers have illuminated important aspects of the anatomy, taphonomy, evolution and function of colour in these fossils. An understanding of the taphonomic factors that control the preservation of colour is key to assessing the fidelity with which original colours are preserved and can constrain interpretations of the visual appearance of fossil insects and theropods. Various analytical approaches can identify anatomical and chemical evidence of colour in fossils; experimental taphonomic studies inform on how colour alters during diagenesis. Preservation of colour is controlled by a suite of factors, the most important of which relate to the diagenetic history of the host sediment, that is, maximum burial temperatures and fluid flow, and subsurface weathering. Future studies focussing on key morphological and chemical aspects of colour preservation relating to cuticular pigments in insects and keratinous structures and nonmelanin pigments in feathers, for example, will resolve outstanding questions regarding the taphonomy of colour and will enhance our ability to infer original colouration and its functions in fossil insects and theropods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12044",
    doi = "10.1111/pala.12044",
    openalex = "W1991796245",
    references = "doi1010070306475774, doi1010079783642809101, doi101016jibmb200501014, doi101016jibmb200910007, doi101016s1357272597000137, doi101038nature01941, doi101038nnano2007152, doi101146annurevento421147, doi1012019781420033236, openalexw1900040508"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0082000,
    author = "Field, Daniel J. and Lynner, Colton and Brown, C. E. and Darroch, Simon A.F.",
    title = "Skeletal Correlates for Body Mass Estimation in Modern and Fossil Flying Birds",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Scaling relationships between skeletal dimensions and body mass in extant birds are often used to estimate body mass in fossil crown-group birds, as well as in stem-group avialans. However, useful statistical measurements for constraining the precision and accuracy of fossil mass estimates are rarely provided, which prevents the quantification of robust upper and lower bound body mass estimates for fossils. Here, we generate thirteen body mass correlations and associated measures of statistical robustness using a sample of 863 extant flying birds. By providing robust body mass regressions with upper- and lower-bound prediction intervals for individual skeletal elements, we address the longstanding problem of body mass estimation for highly fragmentary fossil birds. We demonstrate that the most precise proxy for estimating body mass in the overall dataset, measured both as coefficient determination of ordinary least squares regression and percent prediction error, is the maximum diameter of the coracoid's humeral articulation facet (the glenoid). We further demonstrate that this result is consistent among the majority of investigated avian orders (10 out of 18). As a result, we suggest that, in the majority of cases, this proxy may provide the most accurate estimates of body mass for volant fossil birds. Additionally, by presenting statistical measurements of body mass prediction error for thirteen different body mass regressions, this study provides a much-needed quantitative framework for the accurate estimation of body mass and associated ecological correlates in fossil birds. The application of these regressions will enhance the precision and robustness of many mass-based inferences in future paleornithological studies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082000",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0082000",
    openalex = "W2047173031",
    references = "doi101016b9781483231426500124, doi101016jcretres200806007, doi101016jcub201209052, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101038nature02706, doi101038nature12424, doi101098rstb19890106, doi101111j14697580200800880x, doi101111j2041210x201000044x, doi101126science1061967, doi101126science2251499, doi1012019781420064452, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi1023072407154, doi105860choice435902"
}

@book{doi101525california97805202735280010001,
    title = "Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520273528.001.0001",
    doi = "10.1525/california/9780520273528.001.0001",
    openalex = "W2489708844",
    references = "doi101002jmor10406, doi101002jmor1051080103, doi101016s0753396903000053, doi101017s0952836904004844, doi10103835086650, doi101038nature03635, doi101038nature11264, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101098rsbl20090310, doi101098rspb20042829, doi101242jeb00841, doi101371journalpone0033539, doi1016710272463420030230373oocsta20co2, köhler2012seasonal"
}

@misc{quick2013dinosaur,
    author = "Quick, Devon E and Hillenius, Willem J",
    title = "Dinosaur Physiology: Were Dinosaurs Warm‐Blooded?",
    year = "2013",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Life Sciences",
    abstract = "To evaluate the possible physiology of dinosaurs, comparisons must be made with their closest living relatives: birds and crocodilians. Although crocodilians maintain ectothermic metabolic rates and have anatomy reflective of this, modern birds achieve high, endothermic metabolic rates through specialised soft tissues supported by unique skeletal attributes. Finding similar shared characters in dinosaurs that are functionally linked to metabolic rates in birds or crocodilians allows plausible reconstruction of dinosaur physiology. Examinations of dinosaur remains reveal no structures with clear functional association with bird‐like respiratory or metabolic physiology, and in some cases indicate crocodilian‐like anatomy. Consequently, dinosaurs were most likely ectothermic, with resting and maximal metabolic rates that were lower than those of modern mammals or birds. However, given the favourable Mesozoic climatic conditions, most dinosaurs were probably able to maintain high, constant body temperatures through behavioural or inertial thermoregulation. Key Concepts: Reconstructing the biology of extinct forms relies on comparison with living taxa that share the same specialised features linked to specific function. Stable body temperature can be achieved through behavioural mechanisms or through virtue of large mass, and need not rely on a particular metabolic strategy. The closest living relatives of dinosaurs are birds and crocodilians, which have widely different metabolic rates supported by different respiratory and skeletal anatomy. Some dinosaur remains preserve evidence, such as postcranial pneumaticity, that may be superficially suggestive of modern bird‐like respiratory anatomy, but they lack other features critical for the ability to ventilate bird‐like lungs or achieve bird‐like aerobic capacity. No dinosaur remains show evidence of respiratory turbinates, a skeletal character functionally associated with modern endothermy. Endothermy was not likely achieved in dinosaurs, but was first present in mid‐Cretaceous birds. Some dinosaurs may have increased aerobic capacity using a crocodilian‐like ventilatory mechanism.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0003323.pub2",
    doi = "10.1002/9780470015902.a0003323.pub2"
}

@article{crossref2014dinosaurs,
    title = "Dinosaurs may have been neither warm- nor cold-blooded",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Physics Today",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.028008",
    doi = "10.1063/pt.5.028008",
    number = "06",
    volume = "2014"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0089165,
    author = "Ezcurra, Martín D. and Scheyer, Torsten M. and Butler, Richard J.",
    title = "The Origin and Early Evolution of Sauria: Reassessing the Permian Saurian Fossil Record and the Timing of the Crocodile-Lizard Divergence",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Sauria is the crown-group of Diapsida and is subdivided into Lepidosauromorpha and Archosauromorpha, comprising a high percentage of the diversity of living and fossil tetrapods. The split between lepidosauromorphs and archosauromorphs (the crocodile-lizard, or bird-lizard, divergence) is considered one of the key calibration points for molecular analyses of tetrapod phylogeny. Saurians have a very rich Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossil record, but their late Paleozoic (Permian) record is problematic. Several Permian specimens have been referred to Sauria, but the phylogenetic affinity of some of these records remains questionable. We reexamine and review all of these specimens here, providing new data on early saurian evolution including osteohistology, and present a new morphological phylogenetic dataset. We support previous studies that find that no valid Permian record for Lepidosauromorpha, and we also reject some of the previous referrals of Permian specimens to Archosauromorpha. The most informative Permian archosauromorph is Protorosaurus speneri from the middle Late Permian of Western Europe. A historically problematic specimen from the Late Permian of Tanzania is redescribed and reidentified as a new genus and species of basal archosauromorph: Aenigmastropheus parringtoni. The supposed protorosaur Eorasaurus olsoni from the Late Permian of Russia is recovered among Archosauriformes and may be the oldest known member of the group but the phylogenetic support for this position is low. The assignment of Archosaurus rossicus from the latest Permian of Russia to the archosauromorph clade Proterosuchidae is supported. Our revision suggests a minimum fossil calibration date for the crocodile-lizard split of 254.7 Ma. The occurrences of basal archosauromorphs in the northern (30°N) and southern (55°S) parts of Pangea imply a wider paleobiogeographic distribution for the group during the Late Permian than previously appreciated. Early archosauromorph growth strategies appear to be more diverse than previously suggested based on new data on the osteohistology of Aenigmastropheus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089165",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0089165",
    openalex = "W2018954165",
    references = "doi101002jmor10470, doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101016s0753396903000053, doi101098rstb19570003, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101144sp33415, doi1011861471214813208, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, doi1031610680390210, openalexw2261909166"
}

@article{witze2014dinosaurs,
    author = "Witze, Alexandra",
    title = "Dinosaurs neither warm-blooded nor cold-blooded",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2014.15399",
    doi = "10.1038/nature.2014.15399"
}

@incollection{crossref201614,
    title = "14. HOT-BLOODED DINOSAURS?",
    year = "2016",
    booktitle = "Dinosaurs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7312/luca17310-016",
    doi = "10.7312/luca17310-016",
    pages = "255-276"
}

@article{doi101098rsbl20150947,
    author = "Hone, David W. E. and Farke, Andrew A. and Wedel, Matt",
    title = "Ontogeny and the fossil record: what, if anything, is an adult dinosaur?",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "Identification of the ontogenetic status of an extinct organism is complex, and yet this underpins major areas of research, from taxonomy and systematics to ecology and evolution. In the case of the non-avialan dinosaurs, at least some were reproductively mature before they were skeletally mature, and a lack of consensus on how to define an 'adult' animal causes problems for even basic scientific investigations. Here we review the current methods available to determine the age of non-avialan dinosaurs, discuss the definitions of different ontogenetic stages, and summarize the implications of these disparate definitions for dinosaur palaeontology. Most critically, a growing body of evidence suggests that many dinosaurs that would be considered 'adults' in a modern-day field study are considered 'juveniles' or 'subadults' in palaeontological contexts.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0947",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2015.0947",
    openalex = "W2279103404",
    references = "carr1999craniofacial, doi101007s0001501000242, doi101017pab201519, doi10103835086558, doi101038nature04633, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas1313334111, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011161, doi101080027246342010483632, doi101093sysbio24137, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101111j109636421997tb00340x, doi101111j15023931201100300x, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1016660094837320040300253chopom20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016690883135120010160482ttoaco20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, doi1016710390290119, doi1023071564148, erickson2014on, martinsander2006bone"
}

@article{doi101038s41598020678541,
    author = "Desojo, Julia B. and Fiorelli, Lucas E. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Martinelli, Agustín G. and Ramezani, Jahandar and da Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock and von Baczko, M. Belén and Trotteyn, M. Jimena and Montefeltro, Felipe C. and Ezpeleta, Miguel and Langer, Max C.",
    title = "The Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation at Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina): fossil tetrapods, high-resolution chronostratigraphy, and faunal correlations",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Present knowledge of Late Triassic tetrapod evolution, including the rise of dinosaurs, relies heavily on the fossil-rich continental deposits of South America, their precise depositional histories and correlations. We report on an extended succession of the Ischigualasto Formation exposed in the Hoyada del Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina), where more than 100 tetrapod fossils were newly collected, augmented by historical finds such as the ornithosuchid Venaticosuchus rusconii and the putative ornithischian Pisanosaurus mertii. Detailed lithostratigraphy combined with high-precision U-Pb geochronology from three intercalated tuffs are used to construct a robust Bayesian age model for the formation, constraining its deposition between 230.2 ± 1.9 Ma and 221.4 ± 1.2 Ma, and its fossil-bearing interval to 229.20 + 0.11/- 0.15-226.85 + 1.45/- 2.01 Ma. The latter is divided into a lower Hyperodapedon and an upper Teyumbaita biozones, based on the ranges of the eponymous rhynchosaurs, allowing biostratigraphic correlations to elsewhere in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, as well as to the Paraná Basin in Brazil. The temporally calibrated Ischigualasto biostratigraphy suggests the persistence of rhynchosaur-dominated faunas into the earliest Norian. Our ca. 229 Ma age assignment to Pi. mertii partially fills the ghost lineage between younger ornithischian records and the oldest known saurischians at ca. 233 Ma.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67854-1",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-020-67854-1",
    openalex = "W3045879460",
    references = "doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101016jquascirev200807009, doi101016s0753396900800026, doi101017cbo9780511612381, doi101017s1755691013000431, doi101038nature22037, doi101073pnas1402369111, doi101080027246342013818546, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101080031155182015994114, doi101098rstb19740001, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j10963642200900631x, doi101111j14679876200800623x, doi101126science1198467, doi101144sp37916, doi1012063521, doi1018814epiiugs2013v36i3002, doi1023071005355, doi1023072413376, doi107717peerj1778"
}

@article{doi101016jjsames2021103341,
    author = "Novas, Fernando E. and Agnolín, Federico L. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Martinelli, Agustín G. and Langer, Max C.",
    title = "Review of the fossil record of early dinosaurs from South America, and its phylogenetic implications",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of South American Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103341",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103341",
    openalex = "W3157750971",
    references = "doi101007bf02985709, doi101007bf02986571, doi101016jcub201609040, doi101016jearscirev2020103120, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101016jjsames2020102846, doi101016jjsames2020102884, doi101016jpalaeo201001011, doi101017jpa202014, doi101038nature22037, doi101038s41467018039961, doi101038s4155901703055, doi101038s4158602030114, doi101038s41598020678541, doi101073pnas1402369111, doi1010800272463420161111224, doi101093zoolinneanzlaa080, doi101093zoolinneanzly009, doi101098rspb20110410, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200900631x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101111j155856461988tb02497x, doi101111joa12719, doi101126sciadvaba0099, doi101144sp3799, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0145713, doi1023071441916, doi1023072408678, doi1023072408870, doi10247506201401, doi104202app001432014, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105710amgh040820173100, doi107717peerj1778, doi107717peerj7963, galton1977onstaurikosaums, openalexw3215057009"
}

@article{carolynwilke2022fossil,
    author = "Carolyn Wilke, special to C\&EN",
    title = "Fossil biomolecules suggest which dinosaurs were warm or cold blooded",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "C\&EN Global Enterprise",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-10021-leadcon",
    doi = "10.1021/cen-10021-leadcon",
    number = "21",
    pages = "5-5",
    volume = "100"
}

@incollection{crossref202214,
    title = "14 HOT-BLOODED DINOSAURS?",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "Dinosaurs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7312/luca20600-018",
    doi = "10.7312/luca20600-018",
    pages = "255-276"
}