@misc{colbert1949evolutionary6, author = "Colbert, E. H", title = "Evolutionary growth rates in the dinosaurs", year = "1949", howpublished = "Scientific Monthly, v. 69, p. 71", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Colbert, E. H., 1949, Evolutionary growth rates in the dinosaurs: Scientific Monthly, v. 69, p. 71.}" } @article{doi101001jama195602970180082039, author = "Brash, J. C.", title = "The Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone", year = "1956", journal = "Journal of the American Medical Association", abstract = "This book, each chapter of which has been prepared by one or more recognized authorities, includes the best of most of the research that has been done in the field of biochemistry and physiology of bone during the past 25 years. Twenty-eight scientists have participated in writing it. The editor is widely known for his interest in this subject and has succeeded in producing a well-ordered arrangement of the material. There is an extensive bibliography and an author index as well as a subject index. This is a reference book rather than a textbook, and it should be of great value to every student or teacher who is interested in a better understanding of bone in health and disease.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1956.02970180082039", doi = "10.1001/jama.1956.02970180082039", openalex = "W1532749597" } @misc{bakker1971dinosaur2, author = "Bakker, R. T", title = "Dinosaur physiology and the origin of mammals", year = "1971", howpublished = "Evolution, v. 25, p. 636-658", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bakker, R. T., 1971, Dinosaur physiology and the origin of mammals: Evolution, v. 25, p. 636-658.}" } @article{doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, author = "Barker, Robert T.", title = "DINOSAUR PHYSIOLOGY AND THE ORIGIN OF MAMMALS", year = "1971", journal = "Evolution", abstract = "Journal Article DINOSAUR PHYSIOLOGY AND THE ORIGIN OF MAMMALS Get access Robert T. Barker Robert T. Barker Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Evolution, Volume 25, Issue 4, 1 December 1971, Pages 636–658, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01922.x Published: 01 December 1971 Article history Received: 09 September 1970 Published: 01 December 1971", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01922.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01922.x", openalex = "W2073972884", references = "doi101098rstb19700028, doi101111j109636421961tb00220x, doi101111j174966321912tb55164x, doi1023071441916, doi1023071932171, doi104095105049, doi105962bhltitle118972, doi107208chicago97802267365700010001, openalexw2089359955, openalexw337536883" } @misc{bakker1974dinosaur3, author = "Bakker, R. T. and Galton, P. M", title = "Dinosaur monophyly and a new class of vertebrates", year = "1974", howpublished = "Nature, v. 248, p. 168-172", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bakker, R. T., and Galton, P. M., 1974, Dinosaur monophyly and a new class of vertebrates: Nature, v. 248, p. 168-172.}" } @misc{alexander1976estimates1, author = "Alexander, R. M", title = "Estimates of speeds of dinosaurs", year = "1976", howpublished = "Nature, v. 261, p. 129-130", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Alexander, R. M., 1976, Estimates of speeds of dinosaurs: Nature, v. 261, p. 129-130.}" } @misc{beland1980dinosaur5, author = "Beland, P. and Russell, D. A", title = "Dinosaur Metabolism and Predator/Prey Ratios in the Fossil Record, in Thomas, D. K., and Olson, E. C., eds., A Cold Look at the Warm Blooded Dinosaurs", year = "1980", howpublished = "Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 82-105", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Beland, P., and Russell, D. A., 1980, Dinosaur Metabolism and Predator/Prey Ratios in the Fossil Record, in Thomas, D. K., and Olson, E. C., eds., A Cold Look at the Warm Blooded Dinosaurs: Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 82-105.}" } @incollection{ricqles1980tissue10, author = "Ricqles, A. R", editor = "Thomas, D. K. and Olson, E. C.", title = "Tissue Structures of Dinosaur Bones: Functional Significance and Possible Relation to Dinosaur Physiology", year = "1980", booktitle = "A Cold Look at the Warm Blooded Dinosaurs", publisher = "Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 103-140", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ricqles, A. R., 1980, Tissue Structures of Dinosaur Bones: Functional Significance and Possible Relation to Dinosaur Physiology, in Thomas, D. K., and Olson, E. C., eds., A Cold Look at the Warm Blooded Dinosaurs: Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 103-140.}" } @book{leipzig1981myological7, author = "Leipzig, M. R", title = "Myological and Osteological Comparisons of Three Large Extant Reptiles ( Caiman sp., Tegu sp., Heloderma suspectum) and Implications on Dinosaurian Locomotion [Vertebrate Paleontology dissert.]", year = "1981", publisher = "University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 99 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Leipzig, M. R., 1981, Myological and Osteological Comparisons of Three Large Extant Reptiles ( Caiman sp., Tegu sp., Heloderma suspectum) and Implications on Dinosaurian Locomotion [Vertebrate Paleontology dissert.]: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 99 p.}" } @article{barsbold1983on4, author = "Barsbold, R", title = {On the "avian" features of the structure of carnivorous dinosaurs}, year = "1983", journal = "Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 24, p. 96-103; In Russian", note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barsbold, R., 1983, On the "avian" features of the structure of carnivorous dinosaurs: Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 24, p. 96-103; In Russian.}} } @article{reid1984primary, author = "Reid, R. E. H.", title = "Primary bone and dinosaurian physiology", year = "1984", journal = "Geological Magazine", abstract = "Primary compact bone is ignored in some recent discussions of claims that dinosaurs were endotherms, but forms the basis of one of the arguments from bone, and part of the basis of another. This paper explains its histology and discusses its possible significance. In dinosaurs the primary compact bone was commonly fibre-lamellar bone, resembling bone seen in many large mammals, and implying a capacity to sustain rapid growth to large sizes. This probably indicates some physiological difference between dinosaurs and modern types of reptiles; but similar bone is present in early therapsids, which were probably not endotherms, and bone with typical reptilian ‘growth rings’ was sometimes formed. Endothermy is also unlikely in most kinds of dinosaurs, if its evolution requires a trend to small sizes; but perhaps they were ‘failed endotherms’.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800030739", doi = "10.1017/s0016756800030739", number = "6", openalex = "W2049684577", pages = "589-598", volume = "121", references = "doi1010079783662306192, doi1010160002941683903329, doi101038242136a0, doi101086273307, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi1023071443592, doi1023072413376, openalexw2983381470, openalexw575222456" } @inproceedings{reid1984the9, author = "Reid, R. E. H", title = "The histology of dinosaurian bone, and its possible bearing on dinosaur physiology", year = "1984", booktitle = "Symposium of the Zoological Society, London, v. 52, p. 629-663", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Reid, R. E. H., 1984, The histology of dinosaurian bone, and its possible bearing on dinosaur physiology: Symposium of the Zoological Society, London, v. 52, p. 629-663.}" } @article{doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, author = "Anderson, John F. and Hall-Martin, A.J. and Russell, Dale A.", title = "Long‐bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs", year = "1985", journal = "Journal of Zoology", abstract = "The mid‐shaft circumferences of the humerus and femur are closely related to body weight in living terrestrial vertebrates. Because these elements are frequently preserved in subfossil and fossil vertebrate skeletal materials, the relationship can be used to estimate body weight in extinct vertebrates. When the allometric equations are applied to the mid‐shaft circumferences of these elements in dinosaurs, the weights calculated for some giant sauropods (Brachiosaurus) are found to be lighter than previous estimates.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x", openalex = "W2160621949", references = "bakker1972anatomical, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101017s0094837300004322, doi101038238081a0, doi101086410790, doi101111j136520281979tb00256x, doi101111j146979981979tb03940x, doi101111j146979981979tb03964x, doi101111j146979981983tb05785x, doi1023072987996, openalexw654491377" } @article{doi101017s0094837300008587, author = "Farlow, James O.", title = "Speculations about the diet and digestive physiology of herbivorous dinosaurs", year = "1987", journal = "Paleobiology", abstract = "Like living herbivorous lizards, chelonians, birds, and mammals, plant-eating dinosaurs probably relied on a symbiotic gut microflora, housed in a hindgut fermentation chamber, to break down plant cell wall constituents. Large body sizes in most herbivorous dinosaurs resulted in low mass-specific metabolic rates and low rates of digesta passage through the gut; the effects of large body size were probably enhanced by the low metabolic rates of large dinosaurs as compared with large mammals. The long residence time of digesta in the gut permitted long exposure of refractory plant materials to the microflora, probably enabling even those dinosaurs with unsophisticated dentitions to survive on fodder with high fiber content. Large herbivorous dinosaurs probably fed on plants whose allelochemical defenses were geared more toward reducing digestibility than attacking the herbivore's metabolism directly, obviating the need for a foregut fermentation chamber and permitting these large herbivores to take advantage of the energetic benefits of hindgut fermentation for digestion of low-quality fodder. Differences in dentitions among the groups of herbivorous dinosaurs may correlate with differences in standard metabolic rate, activity level, body size, or food quality, or combinations of these factors, but the relative importance of each is difficult to assess. Because the mass of the fermentation contents was probably large in big herbivorous dinosaurs, the heat of fermentation may have been a significant source of thermoregulatory heat for these reptiles.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300008587", doi = "10.1017/s0094837300008587", openalex = "W2341894226", references = "openalexw2618301958, reid1984primary" } @article{doi1023073514751, author = "Beerbower, Richard and Padian, Kevin", title = "The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs", year = "1989", journal = "Palaios", abstract = "The record of life on land has been a principal concern of historical biology not only because of our fascination with our own past (and with giants, dragons, and other ancient monsters) but because of special opportunities and challenges for development of methods, principles, and concepts of explanation. The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs treats an intriguing phase of that history, one that included the first appearance of dinosaurs, and mammals, the extinction or near extinction of many clades of vertebrates, and extensive changes in plant associations. Further, the patterns of change (and of stasis) raise general questions about macroecologic and macroevolutionary processes and factors and even about the roles of chance and determination in biological history. Although the book was published initially in 1986 (and was based on a 1984 symposium sponsored by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontologists), its content remains current and its release in paperback form (for $34.50 rather than $75.00 for the hardcover version) justifies a review even at this late date. The Introduction and the Summary and Prospectus, written by the editor, Kevin Padian, demonstrate the significance of the interval from mid-Triassic to early Jurassic-particularly for vertebrates on land. Advanced mammal-like reptiles (therapsids) dominate lower Triassic assemblages in abundance, taxonomic diversity, and ecological variety; non-therapsids (mostly archosaurs) are rare elements and apparently of little ecological importance. In upper Triassic and lower Jurassic assemblages the situation is reversed, therapsids rare with limited diversity and variety but archosaurs abundant, diverse and varied. The archosaur expansion starts in middle of the succession; pterodactyls, crocodylomorphs, and dinosaurs appear (as archosaur subclades) in approximate coincidence with a marked decline in therapsids. Mammals (at least 3 subclades) occur along with two other subclades of very mammal-like therapsids very close to the top. In the upper Triassic two relatively sharp breaks in faunal composition appear, one relatively low, in the top of the Carnian and base of the Norian stages (around 225 Ma), and one higher, at the top of the Norian (around 215 Ma). These breaks, if real and not a consequence of miscorrelations or gaps in sampling, suggest high rates of taxonomic extinction and origination and have been interpreted as intervals of catastrophic extinction. These changes coincide more or less with some in the flora (except that the latter seem continuous rather than stepped) and thus with overall changes in terrestrial ecosystems. Radically different explanations have been offered for these patterns, at one extreme a deterministic argument from the competitive superiority of dinosaurs to the other, an opportunistic one based on chance differences in survival through episodes of mass extinction. This book can be viewed (and reviewed) as an extended example of analysis and interpretation in historical biology. The concerns of the discipline are twofold, chronicle and narrative (the concepts those of O'Hara, 1988). Chronicle comprises when, what, and where; narrative, how. A chronicle extends of course beyond description and chronologic ordering of fossils to paleobiogeographic, paleoecologic, and phylogenetic reconstructions. The latter derive from patterns in form and occurrence of fossils as analyzed in terms of taphonomic, constructional, functional, and phylogenetic processes and factors (viz Seilacher, 1970) and of stratigraphic and geographic distribution. Each reconstruction represents a particular state, and stratigraphic analysis arranges these reconstructions into a chronicle. Narrative, in contrast, involves explanation of the patterns (temporal, geographic, ecologic and phyletic) in the chronicle by a sequence of biological and physical circumstances and by evolutionary processes and factors (genetic, phylogenetic, and ecological). Of the 26 papers in this volume, 24 focus primarily on the chronicle and are dominated by consideration of what-when, i.e., the stratigraphic distribution of various groups of fossils, and of what-how, i.e., the phylogenetic and functional analyses. Among those in the what-when group are papers by Colbert on historical aspects of upper Triassic-lower Jurassic stratigraphy, by Ash on fossil plants, by Olsen and Baird on the ichnogenus Atreipus, by Chatterjee and by Parrish and Carpenter on vertebrates of the Dockum Group (Texas and New Mexico), and by Long and Padian on biostratigraphy of the Chinle Formation (Arizona). Also best included here are the studies by McCune and Schaeffer on Triassic and Jurassic fishes, Gaffney on turtles, Clemens on mammals, Olson and Padian on crocodylomorph ichnogenera, Sun and Cui on saurishians from the lower Lufeng (China), Clark and Fastovsky on the vertebrates of the Glen Canyon Group (Arizona), Haubold on archosaur trackways, Sigogneau-Russell, Frank, and Hemmerle on a new family of Triassic", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3514751", doi = "10.2307/3514751", openalex = "W2320472492", references = "doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi1023072807146, doi1023072992272" } @misc{leipzig1990the8, author = "Leipzig, M. R", title = "The Encyclopedia Archosauria [1st ed.]", year = "1990", howpublished = "Pittsburgh, Pa., Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 863 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Leipzig, M. R., 1990, The Encyclopedia Archosauria [1st ed.]: Pittsburgh, Pa., Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 863 p.}" } @article{doi10108002724634199510011271, author = "Dodson, Peter", title = "Dinosaur eggs and babies", year = "1995", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "(1995). Dinosaur eggs and babies. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 863-866.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1995.10011271", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1995.10011271", openalex = "W2090773166", references = "doi101017s0094837300006242, doi101017s0094837300016900, doi10108002724634199010011832, doi101126science2665186779, doi1011341149215556174, doi104202app, openalexw2131558500, openalexw2547420916" } @article{sereno1997the, author = "Sereno, Paul C.", title = "THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF DINOSAURS", year = "1997", journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences", abstract = "▪ Abstract Phylogenetic studies and new fossil evidence have yielded fundamental insights into the pattern and timing of dinosaur evolution and the emergence of functionally modern birds. The dinosaurian radiation began in the Middle Triassic, significantly predating the global dominance of dinosaurs by the end of the period. The phylogenetic history of ornithischian and saurischian dinosaurs reveals evolutionary trends such as increasing body size. Adaptations to herbivory in dinosaurs were not tightly correlated with marked floral replacements. Dinosaurian biogeography during the era of continental breakup principally involved dispersal and regional extinction.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435", doi = "10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435", number = "1", openalex = "W2081551955", pages = "435-489", volume = "25", references = "benton1983dinosaur, chinsamy1994dinosaur, crossref1976allosaurus, crossref1995systematics, doi101007978364268836217, doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160031018272900491, doi1010160195667191900155, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101038274661a0, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi101086284406, doi101086407902, doi101093clinids222240, doi101098rstb19910056, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101126science24348951145, doi101126science2555046845, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2665183267, doi101126science2665186779, doi101126science2725264986, doi101139e93176, doi101139e93179, doi101139e93187, doi101146annurevea03050175000415, doi101146annureven10010165000525, doi101353book34649, doi1023071441916, doi1023072421859, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105860choice323881, doi105860choice331556, doi105962p226819, openalexw2603028126, openalexw2788234611, openalexw3146596760, openalexw39955589, parrish1987late, rowe1989a, vonhuene1923carnivorous, wilson1985stenonychosaurus" } @article{doi10108002724634199810011066, author = "Chinsamy, Anusuya and Rich, Thomas H. and Vickers-Rich, Patricia", title = "Polar dinosaur bone histology", year = "1998", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT We report on the bone microstructure of a hypsilophodont and an ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous, Otway Group of Dinosaur Cove in south-eastern Australia, which at the time lay well within the Antarctic Circle. Although subjected to the same environmental conditions, the dinosaurs exhibit different bone histology. The hypsilophodontid shows a continuous rate of bone deposition, while the ornithomimosaur has a cyclical pattern of bone formation. We interpret these varying patterns of bone microstructure as a reflection of different growth strategies of these dinosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011066", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1998.10011066", openalex = "W2095513015", references = "doi101017s0022336000018862, doi1011300091761319930210503pioatv23co2, reid1984primary" } @article{doi10108002724634199810011115, author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Sereno, Paul C.", title = "Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs", year = "1998", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT Although sauropods played a major role in terrestrial ecosystems during much of the Mesozoic Era, little effort has been directed toward diagnosing Sauropoda and establishing higher-level interrelationships among sauropods. As a consequence, the origin and evolution of major skeletal adaptations in sauropods has remained largely speculative. The cladistic analysis presented here focuses on higher-level relationships among sauropods. Based on 109 characters (32 cranial, 24 axial, 53 appendicular) for 10 sauropod taxa, the most parsimonious arrangement places four genera (Vulcanodon, Shunosaurus, Barapasaurus, and Omeisaurus) as a sequence of sister-taxa to a group of advanced sauropods, defined here as Neosauropoda. Neosauropoda, in turn, is composed of the sister-clades Diplodocoidea and Macronaria; the latter is a new taxon that includes Haplocanthosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Titanosauriformes. Titanosauriformes includes Brachiosauridae and Somphospondyli, a new taxon uniting Euhelopus and Titanosauria. Among macronarians, the position of Haplocanthosaurus is the least stable as a result of the absence of cranial remains. The basic structure of the phylogeny is resilient to various tests and establishes the evolutionary sequence of many functionally significant sauropod adaptations, such as the digitigrade posture of the manus in neosauropods. Other characteristic sauropod adaptations, such as narrow tooth crowns, increases in length and number of cervical vertebrae, and bifid neural spines, are shown to have evolved more than once. As these results underscore, the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods must be based on a broad sampling of character data. The fossil record of sauropods, although relatively limited during the early phase of the radiation (Late Triassic through Early Jurassic), nonetheless indicates that all major clades were established prior to the Late Jurassic, when substantial faunal interchange among major continental regions was still possible. The functional, temporal, and biogeographic implications of the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods are explored.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115", openalex = "W1981694118", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi1010079789400904095, doi101038063003a0, doi101038114085a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi101111j109636421985tb00871x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101126science2562999, doi101126science2665183267, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi1023071292217, doi1023073514751, doi1023073514816, doi102307jctv143mdjg, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss321125417, doi102475ajss32313381, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice331556, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2173200745, openalexw2472827083, openalexw616953834, openalexw653009579" } @article{doi101017s0094837300021308, author = "Horner, John R. and de Ricqlès, Armand and Padian, Kevin", title = "Variation in dinosaur skeletochronology indicators: implications for age assessment and physiology", year = "1999", journal = "Paleobiology", abstract = "Twelve different bones from the skeleton of the holotype specimen of the hadrosaurian dinosaur Hypacrosaurus stebingeri were thin-sectioned to evaluate the significance of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) in age assessments. The presence of an external fundamental system (EFS) at the external surface of the cortex and mature epiphyses indicate that the Hypacrosaurus specimen had reached adulthood and growth had slowed considerably from earlier stages. The number of LAGs varied from none in the pedal phalanx to as many as eight in the tibia and femur. Most elements had experienced considerable Haversian reconstruction that had most likely obliterated many LAGs. The tibia was found to have experienced the least amount of reconstruction, but was still not optimal for skeletochronology because the LAGs were difficult to count near the periosteal surface. Additionally, the numbers of LAGs within the EFS vary considerably around the circumference of a single element and among elements. Counting LAGs from a single bone to assess skeletochronology appears to be unreliable, particularly when a fundamental system exists. Because LAGs are plesiomorphic for tetrapods, and because they are present in over a dozen orders of mammals, they have no particular physiological meaning that can be generalized to particular amniote groups without independent physiological evidence. Descriptions of dinosaur physiology as “intermediate” between the physiology of living reptiles and that of living birds and mammals may or may not be valid, but cannot be based reliably on the presence of LAGs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300021308", doi = "10.1017/s0094837300021308", openalex = "W2285964556", references = "chinsamy1994dinosaur, chinsamy1998polar, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jmor1051080103, doi101017s0094837300013543, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi101093clinids222240, doi101111j109636422000tb00016x, doi101111j155856461974tb00777x, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023071564284, doi105860choice353642, openalexw424753225, openalexw575222456, openalexw597127060, openalexw648632191, openalexw991367939" } @article{doi10108002724634199910011178, author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A.", title = "A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs", year = "1999", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT The vertebrae of sauropods are characterized by numerous bony struts that connect the costovertebral and intervertebral articulations, centrum, and neural spine of the presacral, sacral, and anterior caudal vertebrae. A nomenclature for sauropod vertebral laminae is proposed that: 1) utilizes the morphological landmarks connected by the laminae (rather than their spatial orientation); and 2) provides the same name for serial homologues. This landmark-based nomenclature for vertebral laminae, which establishes the first criterion of homology (similarity), is the first step towards interpreting their phylogenetic significance. Nineteen different neural arch laminae are identified in sauropods, although all are never present in a single vertebra. Vertebral laminae can be divided into four regional categories, with each distinct lamina abbreviated with a simple four-letter acronym: diapophyseal laminae; parapophyseal laminae; zygapophyseal laminae; and spinal laminae. The distribution of neural arch laminae in presacral, sacral, and caudal vertebrae is evaluated to assess homology in sauropods and other saurischians. Five diapophyseal laminae and six zygapophyseal laminae characterize saurischian dinosaurs. Parapophyseal laminae and spinodiapophyseal laminae are unique to a subgroup of sauropods that includes Barapasaurus, Omeisaurus, and Neosauropoda. The presence of diapophyseal laminae in caudal vertebrae characterizes diplodocids. Vertebral laminae probably partitioned pneumatic diverticuli on the neural arch and provided structural support for the axial column. Their basic architecture evolved in saurischians prior to the Late Triassic (Carnian), 25 million years before the first known sauropod.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1999.10011178", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1999.10011178", openalex = "W2059909554", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101038063003a0, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101126science11282807, doi1023072413454, doi1023073514751, doi1023073889325, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105860choice353642, doi105962p226819, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2989049194, openalexw3184837389" } @article{doi101098rstb19990489, author = "Benton, Michael J.", title = "Scleromochlus taylori and the origin of dinosaurs and pterosaurs", year = "1999", journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "The phylogenetic position of Scleromochlus taylori has been disputed recently, in terms of whether it is a basal sister group of Pterosauria or of Dinosauromorpha. The seven specimens, all from the Lossiemouth Sandstone Formation (late Carnian, Late Triassic) of Lossiemouth, near Elgin, north–east Scotland, suggest that Scleromochlus shares no unique features with either Pterosauria or Dinosauromorpha, together the Ornithodira, but is a close outgroup. Scleromochlus retains a primitive ankle structure, and it has a slender humerus, femur and fibula. Scleromochlus shows the classic bird–like characters of a tibia that is longer than the femur, and a closely appressed group of four elongate metatarsals. A new group name, Avemetatarsalia (‘bird feet’), is established here for the clade consisting of Scleromochlus and Ornithodira, and their descendants. A reanalysis of crown–group archosaur relationships confirms the split into Crurotarsi (crocodile relatives) and Ornithodira (bird relatives), as well as the clear division of Ornithodira into Pterosauria and Dinosauromorpha. Relationships within Crurotarsi are, however, much less clear: Ornithosuchidae probably reside within that clade, and there might be a clade ‘Rauisuchia’ consisting of Prestosuchidae and Postosuchus, but support for these relationships is weak. Scleromochlus was probably a bipedal cursor that could adopt a digitigrade stance. However, it is possible that Scleromochlus was also a saltator, capable of leaping long distances.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0489", doi = "10.1098/rstb.1999.0489", openalex = "W2005500332", references = "doi101038366518b0, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199310011511, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199410011525, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi101111j146979981913tb06148x, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw1534787790, openalexw2222963845" } @article{doi101126science28454232137, author = "Sereno, Paul C.", title = "The Evolution of Dinosaurs", year = "1999", journal = "Science", abstract = "The ascendancy of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and opportunistic as their demise and replacement by therian mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. The dinosaurian radiation, launched by 1-meter-long bipeds, was slower in tempo and more restricted in adaptive scope than that of therian mammals. A notable exception was the evolution of birds from small-bodied predatory dinosaurs, which involved a dramatic decrease in body size. Recurring phylogenetic trends among dinosaurs include, to the contrary, increase in body size. There is no evidence for co-evolution between predators and prey or between herbivores and flowering plants. As the major land masses drifted apart, dinosaurian biogeography was molded more by regional extinction and intercontinental dispersal than by the breakup sequence of Pangaea.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2137", doi = "10.1126/science.284.5423.2137", openalex = "W1974320804", references = "brouwers1987dinosaurs, coria1995a, doi101007978364268836217, doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160031018272900491, doi1010160031018282900852, doi1010160198025483901334, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi10103820167, doi101038248168a0, doi101038277560a0, doi10103831927, doi10103832642, doi10103834356, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi101038387390a0, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199210011473, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi10108002724634199810011101, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101093oso97801985491780010001, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x1997tb00024x, doi101111j155856461973tb05912x, doi101111j155856461996tb04496x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science27953581915, doi101126science28053661048, doi101126science28253921298, doi101126science2845414616, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101139e93187, doi101146annurevea03050175000415, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi1015159780691224244, doi1023071292217, doi1023073514751, doi1023073515466, openalexw1528487914, rowe1989a, sereno1997the" } @article{doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, author = "Horner, John R. and de Ricqlès, Armand and Padian, Kevin", title = "Long bone histology of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum: growth dynamics and physiology based on an ontogenetic series of skeletal elements", year = "2000", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT Ontogenetic changes in the bone histology of Maiasaura peeblesorum are revealed by six relatively distinct but gradational growth stages: early and late nestling, early and late juvenile, sub-adult, and adult. These stages are distinguished not only by relative size but by changes in the histological patterns of bones at each stage. In general, the earliest stages are marked by spongy bone matrix with large vascular canals. Through growth, the cortical bone differentiates into fibro-lamellar tissue that tends to become more regularly layered in the outer cortex. By the sub-adult stage, lines of arrested growth (LAGs) begin to appear regularly. Resorption lines and substantial Haversian substitution in many long bones also begin to appear at this stage, and the external cortex has a lamellar-zonal structure in some bones that indicates imminent cessation of growth. Judging by the rates of apposition of similar bone tissues in living amniotes, and by the number and placement of LAGs, these patterns suggest that young Maiasaura nestlings grew at very high rates, and at high and moderately high rates during later nestling, juvenile, and sub-adult stages, slowing to low and very low growth rates in adults (7–9 m total length). The nesting period would have lasted one to two months, late juvenile size (3.5 meters) would have been reached in one or two years, and adult size in six to eight years, depending on the basis for extrapolating bone growth rates. The histological tissues, patterns, and inferred growth rates of the bones of Maiasaura are completely different from those of living non-avian reptiles, generally similar to those of most other dinosaurs and pterosaurs for which data are available, and much like those of extant birds and mammals. No living reptiles (except birds) grow to adult size at these rates, nor do they show these histological patterns. We conclude that Maiasaura did not grow at all like living non-avian reptiles, which cannot be considered informative models for most aspects of dinosaurian growth (or physiology, to the extent that growth rates reflect metabolism). The use of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) to infer dinosaurian physiology has never been tested and is not supported by independent lines of evidence; their use in calculating age is also more complex than previously suggested and should not be based on single bones.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0115:lbhoth]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0115:lbhoth]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2179073245", references = "chinsamy1994dinosaur, chinsamy1998polar, doi101001jama195602970180082039, doi101002jmor1051080103, doi1010079781489957405, doi101017s0094837300012331, doi101017s0094837300013543, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038282296a0, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi101093clinids222240, doi101126science26251422020, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi105962bhltitle113905, openalexw2259112626, openalexw648632191, openalexw991367939, reid1984primary" } @article{doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, author = "Horner, John R. and Padian, Kevin and de Ricqlès, Armand", title = "Comparative osteohistology of some embryonic and perinatal archosaurs: developmental and behavioral implications for dinosaurs", year = "2001", journal = "Paleobiology", abstract = "Histologic studies of embryonic and perinatal longbones of living birds, non-avian dinosaurs, and other reptiles show a strong phylogenetic signal in the distribution of tissues and patterns of vascularization in both the shafts and the bone ends. The embryonic bones of basal archosaurs and other reptiles have thin-walled cortices and large marrow cavities that are sometimes subdivided by erosion rooms in early stages of growth. The cortices of basal reptiles are poorly vascularized, and osteocyte lacunae are common but randomly organized. Additionally, there is no evidence of fibrolamellar tissue organization around the vascular spaces. Compared with turtles, basal archosaurs show an increase in vascularization, better organized osteocytes, and some fibrolamellar tissue organization. In dinosaurs, including birds, vascularization is greater than in basal archosaurs, as is cortical thickness, and the osteocyte lacunae are more abundant and less randomly organized. Fibrolamellar tissues are evident around vascular canals and form organized primary osteons in older perinates and juveniles. Metaphyseal (“epiphyseal”) morphology varies with the acquisition of new features in derived groups. The cartilage cone, persistent through the Reptilia (crown-group reptiles, including birds), is completely calcified in ornithischian dinosaurs before it is eroded by marrow processes; cartilage canals, absent in basal archosaurs, are present in Dinosauria; a thickened calcified hypertrophy zone in Dinosauria indicates an acceleration of longitudinal bone growth. Variations in this set of histological synapomorphies overlap between birds and non-avian dinosaurs. In birds, these variations are strongly correlated with life-history strategies. This overlap, plus independent evidence from nesting sites, reinforces the hypothesis that variations in bone growth strategies in Mesozoic dinosaurs reflect different life-history strategies, including nesting behavior of neonates and parental care.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0039:coosea>2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0039:coosea>2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2192703335", references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi1010079781489953919, doi101016b9780125052559500298, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038282296a0, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi101093clinids222240, doi101093oso97801951060840010001, doi101126science26251422020, doi101146annurevearth28119, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023071971635, openalexw563887495, reid1984primary" } @article{doi101002jmor10029, author = "Starck, J. Matthias and Chinsamy, Anusuya", title = "Bone microstructure and developmental plasticity in birds and other dinosaurs", year = "2002", journal = "Journal of Morphology", abstract = "Patterns of bone microstructure have frequently been used to deduce dynamics and processes of growth in extant and fossil tetrapods. Often, the various types of primary bone tissue have been associated with different bone deposition rates and more recently such deductions have extended to patterns observed in dinosaur bone microstructure. These previous studies are challenged by the findings of the current research, which integrates an experimental neontological approach and a paleontological comparison. We use tetracycline labeling and morphometry to study the variability of bone deposition rates in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) growing under different experimental conditions. We compare resulting patterns in bone microstructure with those found in fossil birds and other dinosaurs. We found that a single type of primary bone varies significantly in rates of growth in response to environmental conditions. Ranging between 10-50 microm per day, rates of growth overlap with the full range of bone deposition rates that were previously associated with different patterns of bone histology. Bone formation rate was significantly affected by environmental/experimental conditions, skeletal element, and age. In the quail, the experimental conditions did not result in formation of lines of arrested growth (LAGs). Because of the observed variation of bone deposition rates in response to variation in environmental conditions, we conclude that bone deposition rates measured in extant birds cannot simply be extrapolated to their fossil relatives. Additionally, we observe the variable incidence of LAGs and annuli among several dinosaur species, including fossil birds, extant sauropsids, as well as nonmammalian synapsids, and some extant mammals. This suggests that the ancestral condition of the response of bone to environmental conditions was variable. We propose that such developmental plasticity in modern birds may be reduced in association with the shortened developmental time during the later evolution of the ornithurine birds.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10029", doi = "10.1002/jmor.10029", openalex = "W2064159002", references = "deklerk2000a, doi101016s0764446900001815, doi101017s0094837300013543, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101038368196a0, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi101093clinids222240, doi101093oso97801951060840010001, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, openalexw406909995" } @article{doi101046j10963642200200029x, author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A.", title = "Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis", year = "2002", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. (2002): Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 217-276, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x", url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x", doi = "10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x", openalex = "W2018305891", references = "doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101007978140206754912413, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j155856461983tb05533x, doi101126science28053661048, doi101126science28454232137, doi101242dev1212333, doi1023071292217, doi1023072408332, doi1023072992353, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss321125417, doi102475ajss32313381, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi107312crac92306005, openalexw1025856234, openalexw3114518543, ostrom2019osteology" } @article{doi101126science1065522, author = "Olsen, Paul E. and Kent, Dennis V. and Sues, Hans‐Dieter and Koeberl, Christian and Huber, Heinz and Montanari, Alessandro and Rainforth, Emma C. and Fowell, Sarah J. and Szajna, Michael J. and Hartline, B. W.", title = "Ascent of Dinosaurs Linked to an Iridium Anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary", year = "2002", journal = "Science", abstract = "Analysis of tetrapod footprints and skeletal material from more than 70 localities in eastern North America shows that large theropod dinosaurs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extinction. This extraordinary turnover is associated with an iridium anomaly (up to 285 parts per trillion, with an average maximum of 141 parts per trillion) and a fern spore spike, suggesting that a bolide impact was the cause. Eastern North American dinosaurian diversity reached a stable maximum less than 100,000 years after the boundary, marking the establishment of dinosaur-dominated communities that prevailed for the next 135 million years.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065522", doi = "10.1126/science.1065522", openalex = "W2107051375", references = "doi1010160031018295001719, doi101126science22546661030, doi101126science3616622, doi1023073514751, doi105860choice332752, doi107312lock90868" } @article{doi101671a1097, author = "Dzik, Jerzy", title = "A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland", year = "2003", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "Abstract An accumulation of skeletons of the pre-dinosaur Silesaurus opolensis, gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Keuper (Late Triassic) claystone of Krasiejów in southern Poland. The strata are correlated with the late Carnian Lehrberg Beds and contain a diverse assemblage of tetrapods, including the phytosaur Paleorhinus, which in other regions of the world co-occurs with the oldest dinosaurs. A narrow pelvis with long pubes and the extensive development of laminae in the cervical vertebrae place S. opolensis close to the origin of the clade Dinosauria above Pseudolagosuchus, which agrees with its geological age. Among the advanced characters is the beak on the dentaries, and the relatively low tooth count. The teeth have low crowns and wear facets, which are suggestive of herbivory. The elongate, but weak, front limbs are probably a derived feature.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/a1097", doi = "10.1671/a1097", openalex = "W2101751293", references = "doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rstb19990489, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw2310875238, openalexw2788234611, openalexw606525048, openalexw616953834, sereno1997the" } @article{doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2, author = "Padian, Kevin and Horner, John R. and de Ricqlès, Armand", title = "Growth in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs: the evolution of archosaurian growth strategies", year = "2004", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT Histological evidence of the bones of pterosaurs and dinosaurs indicates that the typically large forms of these groups grew at rates more comparable to those of birds and mammals than to those of other living reptiles. However, Scutellosaurus, a small, bipedal, basal thyreophoran ornithischian dinosaur of the Early Jurassic, shows histological features in its skeletal tissues that suggest relatively lower growth rates than in those of larger dinosaurs. In these respects Scutellosaurus, like other small dinosaurs such as Orodromeus and some basal birds, is more like young, rapidly growing crocodiles than larger, more derived ornithischians (hadrosaurs) and all saurischians (sauropods and theropods). Similar patterns can be seen in small, mostly basal pterosaurs such as Eudimorphodon and Rhamphorhynchus. However, superficial similarities to crocodile bone growth belie some important differences, which are most usefully interpreted in phylogenetic and ontogenetic contexts. Large size evolved secondarily in several dinosaurian and pterosaurian lineages. We hypothesize that this larger size was made possible by rapid growth strategies that are reflected by characteristic highly vascularized fibro-lamellar bone tissues that comprise most of the cortex. Dinosaurs and pterosaurs, like other tetrapodes, generally grew more quickly in early stages and more slowly as growth neared completion. As in other vertebrate groups, taxa of small adult size may have grown at lower rates or for shorter durations than larger taxa did. Phylogenetic patterns suggest that by themselves, the low vascularity and inferred low growth rates seen in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs are not good indicators of thermometabolic regime, because they are correlated so strongly with size. They may reflect mechanical exigencies of small size rather than especially lower growth rates, tied to the process of deposition of particular kinds of bone tissues. The evolution of life history strategies in dinosaurs and pterosaurs, as they relate to rates of growth and adult body sizes, will be better understood as more complete histological studies place these data into phylogenetic and ontogenetic contexts.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0555:gisdap]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0555:gisdap]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2176430550", references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101007bf02118752, doi101016s0764446900001815, doi101016s1631069102014294, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101038282296a0, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi101093clinids222240, doi101093oso97801951060840010001, doi101111j109636422000tb02201x, doi1015159781400853724, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023071444685, doi1023073514751, openalexw225597919, openalexw2607033038, openalexw563887495, vitt1982the" } @article{doi101126science1120125, author = "Sander, P. Martin and Klein, Nicole", title = "Developmental Plasticity in the Life History of a Prosauropod Dinosaur", year = "2005", journal = "Science", abstract = "Long-bone histology indicates that the most common early dinosaur, the prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti from the Upper Triassic of Central Europe, had variable life histories. Although Plateosaurus grew at the fast rates typical for dinosaurs, as indicated by fibrolamellar bone, qualitative (growth stop) and quantitative (growth-mark counts) features of its histology are poorly correlated with body size. Individual life histories of P. engelhardti were influenced by environmental factors, as in modern ectothermic reptiles, but not in mammals, birds, or other dinosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120125", doi = "10.1126/science.1120125", openalex = "W2172140341", references = "doi101016jtree200508012, doi101016s0753396903000053, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi10560219780801881206" } @article{doi101017s1477201907002271, author = "Butler, Richard J. and Upchurch, Paul and Norman, David", title = "The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs", year = "2007", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "Synopsis Ornithischia is a familiar and diverse clade of dinosaurs whose global phylogeny has remained largely unaltered since early cladistic analyses in the mid 1980s. Current understanding of ornithischian evolution is hampered by a paucity of explicitly numerical phylogenetic analyses that consider the entire clade. As a result, it is difficult to assess the robustness of current phylogenetic hypotheses for Ornithischia and the effect that the addition of new taxa or characters is likely to have on the overall topology of the clade. The new phylogenetic analysis presented here incorporates a range of new basal taxa and characters in an attempt to rigorously test global ornithischian phylogeny. Parsimony analysis is carried out with 46 taxa and 221 characters. Although the strict component consensus tree shows poor resolution in a number of areas, application of reduced consensus methods provides a well‐resolved picture of ornithischian interrelationships. Surprisingly, Heterodontosauridae is placed as the most basal group of all well‐known ornithischians, phylogenetically distant from a stem‐defined Ornithopoda, creating a topology that is more congruent with the known ornithischian stratigraphical record. There is no evidence for a monophyletic ‘Fabrosauridae’, and Lesothosaurus (the best‐known ‘fabrosaur') occupies an unusual position as the most basal member of Thyreophora. Other relationships within Thyreophora remain largely stable. The primitive thyreophoran Scelidosaurus is the sister taxon of Eurypoda (stegosaurs and ankylosaurs), rather than a basal ankylosaur as implied by some previous studies. The taxonomic content of Ornithopoda differs significantly from previous analyses and basal relationships within the clade are weakly supported, requiring further investigation. ‘Hypsilopho‐dontidae’ is paraphyletic, with some taxa (Agilisaurus, Hexinlusaurus, Othnielia) placed outside of Ornithopoda as non‐cerapodans. Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria are monophyletic and are united as Marginocephalia; however, the stability of these clades is reduced by a number of poorly preserved basal taxa. This analysis reaffirms much of the currently accepted ornithischian topology. Nevertheless, instability in the position and content of several clades (notably Heterodontosauridae and Ornithopoda) indicates that considerable future work on ornithischian phylogeny is required and causes problems for several current phylogenetic definitions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201907002271", doi = "10.1017/s1477201907002271", openalex = "W2107074601", references = "doi101007bf00377897, doi101007bf02988144, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101038248168a0, doi10108002724634198310011956, doi10108002724634198510011859, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108008912960600719988, doi101086273307, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rspb20043047, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19650003, doi101111j109636421998tb02533x, doi101111j155856461988tb02497x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science2562999, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi10120600030082200635301ydanpc20co2, doi1015259780520941434, doi1015468gbdyof, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023072408870, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105479si00963801361666197, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, openalexw1535663436, openalexw1574544995, openalexw225597919, openalexw2310875238, openalexw2603335639, openalexw2894525608, openalexw3215057009, openalexw616953834, owen2015monograph, padian1989presence" } @article{doi101098rsbl20070254, author = "Erickson, Gregory M. and Rogers, Kristina Curry and Varricchio, David J. and Norell, Mark A. and Xu, Xing", title = "Growth patterns in brooding dinosaurs reveals the timing of sexual maturity in non-avian dinosaurs and genesis of the avian condition", year = "2007", journal = "Biology Letters", abstract = "The timing of sexual maturation in non-avian dinosaurs is not known. In extant squamates and crocodilians it occurs in conjunction with the initial slowing of growth rates as adult size is approached. In birds (living dinosaurs) on the other hand, reproductive activity begins well after somatic maturity. Here we used growth line counts and spacing in all of the known brooding non-avian dinosaurs to determine the stages of development when they perished. It was revealed that sexual maturation occurred well before full adult size was reached-the primitive reptilian condition. In this sense, the life history and physiology of non-avian dinosaurs was not like that of modern birds. Palaeobiological ramifications of these findings include the potential to deduce reproductive lifespan, fecundity and reproductive population sizes in non-avian dinosaurs, as well as aid in the identification of secondary sexual characteristics.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0254", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2007.0254", openalex = "W2023698747", references = "chinsamy1994dinosaur, doi101016016093279290029o, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi101038nature02699, doi101086285385, doi101111j109636422000tb02201x, doi101111j1474919x1968tb00058x, doi101146annurevearth28119, doi10120600030082200635451andtfu20co2, doi1016660022336020030770822mbatho20co2, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1023071934545, doi10560219780801881206, doi105860choice421568" } @article{doi101371journalpone0001230, author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Witmer, Lawrence M. and Whitlock, John A. and Maga, Abdoulaye and Idé, Oumarou and Rowe, Timothy A.", title = "Structural Extremes in a Cretaceous Dinosaur", year = "2007", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Fossils of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur, Nigersaurus taqueti, document for the first time the cranial anatomy of a rebbachisaurid sauropod. Its extreme adaptations for herbivory at ground-level challenge current hypotheses regarding feeding function and feeding strategy among diplodocoids, the larger clade of sauropods that includes Nigersaurus. We used high resolution computed tomography, stereolithography, and standard molding and casting techniques to reassemble the extremely fragile skull. Computed tomography also allowed us to render the first endocast for a sauropod preserving portions of the olfactory bulbs, cerebrum and inner ear, the latter permitting us to establish habitual head posture. To elucidate evidence of tooth wear and tooth replacement rate, we used photographic-casting techniques and crown thin sections, respectively. To reconstruct its 9-meter postcranial skeleton, we combined and size-adjusted multiple partial skeletons. Finally, we used maximum parsimony algorithms on character data to obtain the best estimate of phylogenetic relationships among diplodocoid sauropods. Nigersaurus taqueti shows extreme adaptations for a dinosaurian herbivore including a skull of extremely light construction, tooth batteries located at the distal end of the jaws, tooth replacement as fast as one per month, an expanded muzzle that faces directly toward the ground, and hollow presacral vertebral centra with more air sac space than bone by volume. A cranial endocast provides the first reasonably complete view of a sauropod brain including its small olfactory bulbs and cerebrum. Skeletal and dental evidence suggests that Nigersaurus was a ground-level herbivore that gathered and sliced relatively soft vegetation, the culmination of a low-browsing feeding strategy first established among diplodocoids during the Jurassic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001230", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0001230", openalex = "W2111030938", references = "doi10100797844317693306, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101038274661a0, doi101038nature02048, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas932514623, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101126science1118806, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi105860choice260307, doi105962bhltitle102117, doi105962bhltitle60562, doi105962p234818, larsson2000forebrain, openalexw2983381470, openalexw2989049194" } @article{doi101002ar20794, author = "Witmer, Lawrence M. and Ridgely, Ryan C.", title = "The Paranasal Air Sinuses of Predatory and Armored Dinosaurs (Archosauria: Theropoda and Ankylosauria) and Their Contribution to Cephalic Structure", year = "2008", journal = "The Anatomical Record", abstract = "The paranasal air sinuses and nasal cavities were studied along with other cephalic spaces (brain cavity, paratympanic sinuses) in certain dinosaurs via CT scanning and 3D visualization to document the anatomy and examine the contribution of the sinuses to the morphological organization of the head as a whole. Two representatives each of two dinosaur clades are compared: the theropod saurischians Majungasaurus and Tyrannosaurus and the ankylosaurian ornithischians Panoplosaurus and Euoplocephalus. Their extant archosaurian outgroups, birds and crocodilians (exemplified by ostrich and alligator), display a diversity of paranasal sinuses, yet they share only a single homologous antorbital sinus, which in birds has an important subsidiary diverticulum, the suborbital sinus. Both of the theropods had a large antorbital sinus that pneumatized many of the facial and palatal bones as well as a birdlike suborbital sinus. Given that the suborbital sinus interleaves with jaw muscles, the paranasal sinuses of at least some theropods (including birds) were actively ventilated rather than being dead-air spaces. Although many ankylosaurians have been thought to have had extensive paranasal sinuses, most of the snout is instead (and surprisingly) often occupied by a highly convoluted airway. Digital segmentation, coupled with 3D visualization and analysis, allows the positions of the sinuses to be viewed in place within both the skull and the head and then measured volumetrically. These quantitative data allow the first reliable estimates of dinosaur head mass and an assessment of the potential savings in mass afforded by the sinuses.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.20794", doi = "10.1002/ar.20794", openalex = "W2070481761", references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi10100797844317693306, doi101038nature02048, doi101038nature05634, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634200310010947, doi101111j10963642200600293x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi1015159781400853724, doi1016710272463420072732caomct20co2, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice435902" } @article{doi101073pnas0708903105, author = "Lee, Andrew H. and Werning, Sarah", title = "Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models", year = "2008", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", abstract = "Recent histological studies suggest relatively rapid growth in dinosaurs. However, the timing of reproductive maturity (RM) in dinosaurs is poorly known because unambiguous indicators of RM are rare. One exception is medullary bone (MB), which is an ephemeral bony tissue that forms before ovulation in the marrow cavities of birds as a calcium source for eggshelling. Recently, MB also was described in a single specimen of the saurischian dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex. Here, we report two other occurrences of MB: in another saurischian dinosaur, Allosaurus, and in the ornithischian dinosaur Tenontosaurus. We show by counting lines of arrested growth and performing growth curve reconstructions that Tenontosaurus, Allosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus were reproductively mature by 8, 10, and 18 years, respectively. RM in these dinosaurs coincided with a transition from growth acceleration to deceleration. It also far precedes predictions based on the growth rates of living reptiles scaled to similar size. Despite relatively rapid growth, dinosaurs were similar to reptiles in that RM developed before reaching asymptotic size. However, this reproductive strategy also occurs in medium- to large-sized mammals and correlates with a strategy of prolonged multiyear growth. RM in actively growing individuals suggests that these dinosaurs were born relatively precocial and experienced high adult mortality. The origin of the modern avian reproductive strategy in ornithuran birds likely coincided with their extreme elevations in growth rate and truncations to growth duration.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708903105", doi = "10.1073/pnas.0708903105", openalex = "W2157017140", references = "doi101001archpedi194702020380122009, doi101002jmor10406, doi101007bf00344996, doi101017cbo9780511608483, doi10103835086500, doi101038nature02699, doi101086410622, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101098rspb20042829, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101111j146979981990tb04316x, doi101111j155856461970tb01740x, doi101111j155856461986tb00560x, doi101146annureves18110187002103, doi101353book59141, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2, doi1023073546065, doi10560219780801881206, hirsch1989upper" } @article{doi101098rspb20080715, author = "Lloyd, Graeme T. and Davis, Katie E. and Pisani, Davide and Tarver, James E. and Ruta, Marcello and Sakamoto, Manabu and Hone, David W. E. and Jennings, Rachel and Benton, Michael J.", title = "Dinosaurs and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution", year = "2008", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "The observed diversity of dinosaurs reached its highest peak during the mid- and Late Cretaceous, the 50 Myr that preceded their extinction, and yet this explosion of dinosaur diversity may be explained largely by sampling bias. It has long been debated whether dinosaurs were part of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR), from 125-80 Myr ago, when flowering plants, herbivorous and social insects, squamates, birds and mammals all underwent a rapid expansion. Although an apparent explosion of dinosaur diversity occurred in the mid-Cretaceous, coinciding with the emergence of new groups (e.g. neoceratopsians, ankylosaurid ankylosaurs, hadrosaurids and pachycephalosaurs), results from the first quantitative study of diversification applied to a new supertree of dinosaurs show that this apparent burst in dinosaurian diversity in the last 18 Myr of the Cretaceous is a sampling artefact. Indeed, major diversification shifts occurred largely in the first one-third of the group's history. Despite the appearance of new clades of medium to large herbivores and carnivores later in dinosaur history, these new originations do not correspond to significant diversification shifts. Instead, the overall geometry of the Cretaceous part of the dinosaur tree does not depart from the null hypothesis of an equal rates model of lineage branching. Furthermore, we conclude that dinosaurs did not experience a progressive decline at the end of the Cretaceous, nor was their evolution driven directly by the KTR.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0715", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2008.0715", openalex = "W2131872692", references = "doi101007978140206754912413, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101038274661a0, doi101038nature05634, doi101046j14610248200100230x, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi101073pnas111144698, doi101093bioinformatics124357, doi101111j109600311999tb00277x, doi101126science1118806, doi101126science1144066, doi101159000452856, doi1015159780691224244, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202462320010001, openalexw2989049194, openalexw3217097258, sloan1986gradual, smith2007marine" } @article{doi101126science1161833, author = "Brusatte, Stephen L. and Benton, Michael J. and Ruta, Marcello and Lloyd, Graeme T.", title = "Superiority, Competition, and Opportunism in the Evolutionary Radiation of Dinosaurs", year = "2008", journal = "Science", abstract = {The rise and diversification of the dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, from 230 to 200 million years ago, is a classic example of an evolutionary radiation with supposed competitive replacement. A comparison of evolutionary rates and morphological disparity of basal dinosaurs and their chief "competitors," the crurotarsan archosaurs, shows that dinosaurs exhibited lower disparity and an indistinguishable rate of character evolution. The radiation of Triassic archosaurs as a whole is characterized by declining evolutionary rates and increasing disparity, suggesting a decoupling of character evolution from body plan variety. The results strongly suggest that historical contingency, rather than prolonged competition or general "superiority," was the primary factor in the rise of dinosaurs.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1161833", doi = "10.1126/science.1161833", openalex = "W2030637789", references = "benton1983dinosaur, doi101017s009483730001263x, doi101017s009483730001280x, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j14754983200600614x, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1084786, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science2314734129, doi101126science28454232137, doi101126science28554321386, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1041599780674417922, doi105860choice396411" } @article{doi101126science1163245, author = "Varricchio, David J. and Moore, Jason R. and Erickson, Gregory M. and Norell, Mark A. and Jackson, Frankie D. and Borkowski, John J.", title = "Avian Paternal Care Had Dinosaur Origin", year = "2008", journal = "Science", abstract = "The repeated discovery of adult dinosaurs in close association with egg clutches leads to speculation over the type and extent of care exhibited by these extinct animals for their eggs and young. To assess parental care in Cretaceous troodontid and oviraptorid dinosaurs, we examined clutch volume and the bone histology of brooding adults. In comparison to four archosaur care regressions, the relatively large clutch volumes of Troodon, Oviraptor, and Citipati scale most closely with a bird-paternal care model. Clutch-associated adults lack the maternal and reproductively associated histologic features common to extant archosaurs. Large clutch volumes and a suite of reproductive features shared only with birds favor paternal care, possibly within a polygamous mating system. Paternal care in both troodontids and oviraptorids indicates that this care system evolved before the emergence of birds and represents birds' ancestral condition. In extant birds and over most adult sizes, paternal and biparental care correspond to the largest and smallest relative clutch volumes, respectively.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1163245", doi = "10.1126/science.1163245", openalex = "W2055090154", references = "doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101098rsbl20070254" } @article{doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, author = "Klein, Nicole and Sander, Martin", title = "Ontogenetic stages in the long bone histology of sauropod dinosaurs", year = "2008", journal = "Paleobiology", abstract = "Abstract Long bones (femora, humeri) are the most abundant remains of sauropod dinosaurs. Their length is a good proxy for body length and body mass, and their histology is informative about ontogenetic age. Here we provide a comparative assessment of histologic changes in growth series of several sauropod taxa, including diplodocids (Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, indeterminate Diplodocinae from the Tendaguru Beds and from the Morrison Formation), basal macronarians (Camarasaurus, Brachiosaurus, Europasaurus), and titanosaurs (Phuwiangosaurus, Ampelosaurus). A total of 167 long bones, mainly humeri and femora, and 18 limb girdle bones were sampled. Sampling was performed by core drilling at prescribed locations at midshaft, and 13 histologic ontogenetic stages (HOS stages) were recognized. Because growth of all sauropod long bones is quite uniform, with laminar fibrolamellar bone being the dominant tissue, HOS stages could be recognized across taxa, although with minor differences. Histologic ontogenetic stages generally correlate closely with body size and thus provide a means to resolve important issue like the ontogenetic status of questionable specimens. We hypothesize that sexual maturity was attained at HOS-8, well before maximum size was attained, but we did not find sexually differentiated growth trajectories subsequent to HOS-8. On the basis of HOS stages, we detected two morphotypes in the Camarasaurus sample, a small one (type 1) and a larger one (type 2), presumably representing different species or sexual dimorphism.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2008)034[0247:ositlb]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1666/0094-8373(2008)034[0247:ositlb]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2177631336", references = "chinsamy1994dinosaur, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101098rspb20042829, doi101111j109636422000tb02201x, doi1015159781400849505, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, martinsander2006bone" } @article{doi101111j1469185x200900094x, author = "Langer, Max C. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Novas, Fernando E.", title = "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs", year = "2009", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = {The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x", openalex = "W2121596487", references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi1010160031018281900924, doi1010160031018295000178, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103820167, doi10106313060577, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gsjgs14720321, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20080415, doi10432497802030907329, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice465038, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw114509570, openalexw1496509561, openalexw1535663436, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3208547338, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic" } @article{doi101371journalpone0007390, author = "Erickson, Gregory M. and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Zhou, Zhonghe and Turner, Alan H. and Inouye, Brian D. and Hu, Dongyu and Norell, Mark A.", title = "Was Dinosaurian Physiology Inherited by Birds? Reconciling Slow Growth in Archaeopteryx", year = "2009", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "BACKGROUND: Archaeopteryx is the oldest and most primitive known bird (Avialae). It is believed that the growth and energetic physiology of basalmost birds such as Archaeopteryx were inherited in their entirety from non-avialan dinosaurs. This hypothesis predicts that the long bones in these birds formed using rapidly growing, well-vascularized woven tissue typical of non-avialan dinosaurs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We report that Archaeopteryx long bones are composed of nearly avascular parallel-fibered bone. This is among the slowest growing osseous tissues and is common in ectothermic reptiles. These findings dispute the hypothesis that non-avialan dinosaur growth and physiology were inherited in totality by the first birds. Examining these findings in a phylogenetic context required intensive sampling of outgroup dinosaurs and basalmost birds. Our results demonstrate the presence of a scale-dependent maniraptoran histological continuum that Archaeopteryx and other basalmost birds follow. Growth analysis for Archaeopteryx suggests that these animals showed exponential growth rates like non-avialan dinosaurs, three times slower than living precocial birds, but still within the lowermost range for all endothermic vertebrates. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The unexpected histology of Archaeopteryx and other basalmost birds is actually consistent with retention of the phylogenetically earlier paravian dinosaur condition when size is considered. The first birds were simply feathered dinosaurs with respect to growth and energetic physiology. The evolution of the novel pattern in modern forms occurred later in the group's history.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007390", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0007390", openalex = "W2036031391", references = "doi101007bf00344996, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101016s0764446900001815, doi101023a1008929526011, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038nature02699, doi101086410622, doi101111j109636422000tb02201x, doi101111j1474919x1968tb00058x, doi101111j1474919x1973tb02636x, doi101126science1144066, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1607828269, openalexw3206657856" } @article{nesbitt2009a, author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Smith, Nathan D. and Irmis, Randall B. and Turner, Alan H. and Downs, Alex and Norell, Mark A.", title = "A Complete Skeleton of a Late Triassic Saurischian and the Early Evolution of Dinosaurs", year = "2009", journal = "Science", abstract = "Early Dinosaur Discovery Our understanding of the evolution of early dinosaurs is hampered by limited material, especially compared to the many Jurassic and Cretaceous samples. Nesbitt et al. (p. 1530) provide a complete view of a Late Triassic theropod based on several nearly complete skeletons from New Mexico. The dinosaur elucidates the likely relationships between early theropods and shows that some prominent features were already derived by this time. Comparison among Triassic dinosaur fauna and other early species suggests that Triassic North American fauna were diverse but not endemic, perhaps arising from earlier migrants from South America.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1180350", doi = "10.1126/science.1180350", number = "5959", openalex = "W2075629590", pages = "1530-1533", volume = "326", references = "doi101016jsedgeo200605013, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi10108008912960600719988, doi10108010635150701883881, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101111j001438202005tb00940x, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science28454232137, doi101126science28554321386, doi1011300091761320020300251tameat20co2, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi1016710390290218, doi105281zenodo16120887" } @article{doi101080089129632010500379, author = "Varricchio, David J.", title = "A distinct dinosaur life history?", year = "2010", journal = "Historical Biology", abstract = "Five factors, mobile terrestrial lifestyle, oviparity, parental care, multi-year maturation and juvenile sociality, contribute to a distinct life history for Mesozoic dinosaurs in comparison to extant archosaurs and mammals. Upright, para-sagittal gait reflects several synapomorphies of Dinosauria, and wide histological sampling suggests that multi-year maturation typified dinosaurs across a range of body sizes. Fossil support for juvenile sociality exceeds that for either oviparity or parental care. Implications of these factors include temporal segregation of adults for an extended, perhaps months-long reproductive cycle; spatial separation of adults and perhaps hatchlings to suitable nesting sites; increased likelihood for territoriality; reduced potential for long migrations; intraspecific niche segregation by age; population and community structure and macroevolutionary patterns. Fossil evidence for oviparity, parental care and juvenile sociality consists of combinations of adults, juveniles, embryos, eggs or traces and emphasises the importance of bonebeds and taphonomy in understanding dinosaur life-history strategies. Oviparity and parental care, predicted for dinosaurs by their extant phylogenetic bracket, have the least fossil support and cautions against overextending parsimonious interpretations to extinct taxa with the risk of obscuring novel or intermediate behaviours. Given the great diversity of Mesozoic dinosaurs, the proposed life history is hypothesised to represent only a general tendency.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2010.500379", doi = "10.1080/08912963.2010.500379", openalex = "W1998041136", references = "doi101002ar20991, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101017s0022336000018862, doi10108002724634199910011125, doi10108008912960903450505, doi101111j15023931200900187x, reid1984primary" } @article{doi101080147720192010484650, author = "Ezcurra, Martín D.", title = "A new early dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Argentina: a reassessment of dinosaur origin and phylogeny", year = "2010", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "It was traditionally thought that the oldest known dinosaur assemblages were not diverse, and that their early diversification and numerical dominance over other tetrapods occurred during the latest Triassic. However, new evidence gathered from the lower levels of the Ischigualasto Fm. of Argentina challenges this view. New dinosaur remains are described from this stratigraphical unit, including the new species Chromogisaurus novasi. This taxon is distinguished from other basal dinosauriforms by the presence of proximal caudals without median notch separating the postzygapophyses, femoral lateral surface with deep and large fossa immediately below the trochanteric shelf, and metatarsal II with strongly dorsoventrally asymmetric distal condyles. A phylogenetic analysis found Chromogisaurus to lie at the base of Sauropodomorpha, as a member of Guaibasauridae, an early branch of basal sauropodomorphs composed of Guaibasaurus, Agnosphitys, Panphagia, Saturnalia and Chromogisaurus. Such an affinity is for the first time suggested for Guaibasaurus, whereas Panphagia is not recovered as the most basal sauropodomorph. Furthermore, Chromogisaurus is consistently located as more closely related to Saturnalia than to any other dinosaur. Thus, the Saturnalia + Chromogisaurus clade is named here as the new subfamily Saturnaliinae. In addition, Eoraptor is found to be the sister-taxon of Neotheropoda, and herrerasaurids to be non-eusaurischian saurischians. The new evidence presented here demonstrates that dinosaurs first appeared in the fossil record as a diverse group, although they were a numerically minor component of faunas in which they occur. Accordingly, the early increase of dinosaur diversity and their numerical dominance over other terrestrial tetrapods were diachronous processes, with the latter preceded by a period of low abundance but high diversity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2010.484650", doi = "10.1080/14772019.2010.484650", openalex = "W2035329065", references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi101002ara10097, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science10246376, doi101126science28454232137, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi10230730135049, doi105281zenodo16171435, leal2004a, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2560671010, openalexw3215057009, openalexw617951419" } @article{doi101111j1469185x201000137x, author = "Sander, P. Martin and Christian, Andreas and Clauß, Marcus and Fechner, Regina and Gee, Carole T. and Griebeler, Eva-Maria and Gunga, Hanns‐Christian and Hummel, Jürgen and Mallison, Heinrich and Perry, Steven F. and Preuschoft, Holger and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Remes, Kristian and Tütken, Thomas and Wings, Oliver and Witzel, U.", title = "Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism", year = "2010", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "The herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were the largest terrestrial animals ever, surpassing the largest herbivorous mammals by an order of magnitude in body mass. Several evolutionary lineages among Sauropoda produced giants with body masses in excess of 50 metric tonnes by conservative estimates. With body mass increase driven by the selective advantages of large body size, animal lineages will increase in body size until they reach the limit determined by the interplay of bauplan, biology, and resource availability. There is no evidence, however, that resource availability and global physicochemical parameters were different enough in the Mesozoic to have led to sauropod gigantism.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x", openalex = "W2090710319", references = "amiot2006oxygen, christiansen2004mass, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jez513, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101017s1464793101005735, doi101021j150446a008, doi101038262207a0, doi101038344858a0, doi10103835086558, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas251548698, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421985tb00871x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science1118806, doi101139e93176, doi101146annurevecolsys36102003152631, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101242jeb029009, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi1015159781400881376, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1023072407154, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi10560219780801881206, doi105860choice271523, doi105860choice304997, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice490282, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw114509570, openalexw1504554173, openalexw1534857865, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1585246501, openalexw1607828269, openalexw2318111898, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2983381470, openalexw3015256845, openalexw575222456, seymour1976dinosaurs" } @article{doi101111j1469185x201100190x, author = "Benson, Roger and Butler, Richard J. and Carrano, Matthew T. and O’Connor, Patrick M.", title = "Air‐filled postcranial bones in theropod dinosaurs: physiological implications and the ‘reptile’–bird transition", year = "2011", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "Pneumatic (air-filled) postcranial bones are unique to birds among extant tetrapods. Unambiguous skeletal correlates of postcranial pneumaticity first appeared in the Late Triassic (approximately 210 million years ago), when they evolved independently in several groups of bird-line archosaurs (ornithodirans). These include the theropod dinosaurs (of which birds are extant representatives), the pterosaurs, and sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Postulated functions of skeletal pneumatisation include weight reduction in large-bodied or flying taxa, and density reduction resulting in energetic savings during foraging and locomotion. However, the influence of these hypotheses on the early evolution of pneumaticity has not been studied in detail previously. We review recent work on the significance of pneumaticity for understanding the biology of extinct ornithodirans, and present detailed new data on the proportion of the skeleton that was pneumatised in 131 non-avian theropods and Archaeopteryx. This includes all taxa known from significant postcranial remains. Pneumaticity of the cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae occurred early in theropod evolution. This 'common pattern' was conserved on the line leading to birds, and is likely present in Archaeopteryx. Increases in skeletal pneumaticity occurred independently in as many as 12 lineages, highlighting a remarkably high number of parallel acquisitions of a bird-like feature among non-avian theropods. Using a quantitative comparative framework, we show that evolutionary increases in skeletal pneumaticity are significantly concentrated in lineages with large body size, suggesting that mass reduction in response to gravitational constraints at large body sizes influenced the early evolution of pneumaticity. However, the body size threshold for extensive pneumatisation is lower in theropod lineages more closely related to birds (maniraptorans). Thus, relaxation of the relationship between body size and pneumatisation preceded the origin of birds and cannot be explained as an adaptation for flight. We hypothesise that skeletal density modulation in small, non-volant, maniraptorans resulted in energetic savings as part of a multi-system response to increased metabolic demands. Acquisition of extensive postcranial pneumaticity in small-bodied maniraptorans may indicate avian-like high-performance endothermy.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00190.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00190.x", openalex = "W2003924744", references = "doi101002jez513, doi101002jmor10470, doi101002sici1097018520000215261125aidar630co27, doi101007s0011400804883, doi101007s001140090614x, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101038nature07856, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi10108002724634199710011018, doi101086284325, doi101093auk12041206, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg412, doi101093sysbio41118, doi101098rstb19890106, doi101111j10963642200600245x, doi101111j10963642200900569x, doi101126science1180219, doi1012066481, doi101371journalpone0003303, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi10167102724634200727127tpasom20co2, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice392183, doi105860choice434677, doi105962bhltitle60562, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3086315876, ostrom2019osteology, owen1857monograph, owen2015monograph" } @article{doi101126science1198467, author = "Martínez, Ricardo N. and Sereno, Paul C. and Alcober, Oscar A. and Colombi, Carina E. and Renne, Paul R. and Montañez, Isabel P. and Currie, Brian S.", title = "A Basal Dinosaur from the Dawn of the Dinosaur Era in Southwestern Pangaea", year = "2011", journal = "Science", abstract = "Upper Triassic rocks in northwestern Argentina preserve the most complete record of dinosaurs before their rise to dominance in the Early Jurassic. Here, we describe a previously unidentified basal theropod, reassess its contemporary Eoraptor as a basal sauropodomorph, divide the faunal record of the Ischigualasto Formation with biozones, and bracket the formation with (40)Ar/(39)Ar ages. Some 230 million years ago in the Late Triassic (mid Carnian), the earliest dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial carnivores and small herbivores in southwestern Pangaea. The extinction of nondinosaurian herbivores is sequential and is not linked to an increase in dinosaurian diversity, which weakens the predominant scenario for dinosaurian ascendancy as opportunistic replacement.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1198467", doi = "10.1126/science.1198467", openalex = "W2025986670", references = "currie2009stratigraphy, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi101080147720192010484650, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science2605109794, doi101126science28454232137, doi101146annurevearth251435, nesbitt2009a, sereno1997the" } @article{doi101126science1206196, author = "Eagle, Robert A. and Tütken, Thomas and Martin, Taylor and Tripati, Aradhna and Fricke, Henry and Connely, Melissa V. and Cifelli, Richard L. and Eiler, John M.", title = "Dinosaur Body Temperatures Determined from Isotopic (13 C- 18 O) Ordering in Fossil Biominerals", year = "2011", journal = "Science", abstract = "The nature of the physiology and thermal regulation of the nonavian dinosaurs is the subject of debate. Previously, arguments have been made for both endothermic and ectothermic metabolisms on the basis of differing methodologies. We used clumped isotope thermometry to determine body temperatures from the fossilized teeth of large Jurassic sauropods. Our data indicate body temperatures of 36° to 38°C, which are similar to those of most modern mammals. This temperature range is 4° to 7°C lower than predicted by a model that showed scaling of dinosaur body temperature with mass, which could indicate that sauropods had mechanisms to prevent excessively high body temperatures being reached because of their gigantic size.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206196", doi = "10.1126/science.1206196", openalex = "W1994076869", references = "amiot2006oxygen, brattstrom1965body, doi101002jms1614, doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101002mmng20010040113, doi101002mmng200900004, doi101006jasc19960126, doi1010160012821x83901000, doi1010160012821x96000933, doi101016jgca200511014, doi101016s0016703797001695, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101073pnas1001824107, doi101073pnas932514623, doi101086410622, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi102110palo2003p0322, doi102475ajs3042105, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2786463731, pontzer2009biomechanics" } @article{doi101038nature11264, author = "Köhler, Meike and Marín-Moratalla, Nekane and Jordana, Xavier and Aanes, Ronny", title = "Seasonal bone growth and physiology in endotherms shed light on dinosaur physiology", year = "2012", journal = "Nature", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11264", doi = "10.1038/nature11264", openalex = "W2087820262", references = "doi101007s0044201016215, doi101016s1095643303003118, doi101016s1631069102014294, doi101017s1751731107000262, doi101111j13652435201001806x, doi101111j160005872000tb00300x, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi101643004585112002002117020co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1023071445584, doi105194hess1116332007, reid1984primary" } @article{doi101098rsbl20120949, author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Barrett, Paul M. and Werning, Sarah and Sidor, Christian A. and Charig, Alan J.", title = "The oldest dinosaur? A Middle Triassic dinosauriform from Tanzania", year = "2012", journal = "Biology Letters", abstract = "The rise of dinosaurs was a major event in vertebrate history, but the timing of the origin and early diversification of the group remain poorly constrained. Here, we describe Nyasasaurus parringtoni gen. et sp. nov., which is identified as either the earliest known member of, or the sister-taxon to, Dinosauria. Nyasasaurus possesses a unique combination of dinosaur character states and an elevated growth rate similar to that of definitive early dinosaurs. It demonstrates that the initial dinosaur radiation occurred over a longer timescale than previously thought (possibly 15 Myr earlier), and that dinosaurs and their immediate relatives are better understood as part of a larger Middle Triassic archosauriform radiation. The African provenance of Nyasasaurus supports a southern Pangaean origin for Dinosauria.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0949", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2012.0949", openalex = "W2099666527", references = "doi101111j1469185x201100190x" } @article{doi101098rspb20112441, author = "Sookias, Roland B. and Butler, Richard J. and Benson, Roger", title = "Rise of dinosaurs reveals major body-size transitions are driven by passive processes of trait evolution", year = "2012", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "A major macroevolutionary question concerns how long-term patterns of body-size evolution are underpinned by smaller scale processes along lineages. One outstanding long-term transition is the replacement of basal therapsids (stem-group mammals) by archosauromorphs, including dinosaurs, as the dominant large-bodied terrestrial fauna during the Triassic (approx. 252-201 million years ago). This landmark event preceded more than 150 million years of archosauromorph dominance. We analyse a new body-size dataset of more than 400 therapsid and archosauromorph species spanning the Late Permian-Middle Jurassic. Maximum-likelihood analyses indicate that Cope's rule (an active within-lineage trend of body-size increase) is extremely rare, despite conspicuous patterns of body-size turnover, and contrary to proposals that Cope's rule is central to vertebrate evolution. Instead, passive processes predominate in taxonomically and ecomorphologically more inclusive clades, with stasis common in less inclusive clades. Body-size limits are clade-dependent, suggesting intrinsic, biological factors are more important than the external environment. This clade-dependence is exemplified by maximum size of Middle-early Late Triassic archosauromorph predators exceeding that of contemporary herbivores, breaking a widely-accepted 'rule' that herbivore maximum size greatly exceeds carnivore maximum size. Archosauromorph and dinosaur dominance occurred via opportunistic replacement of therapsids following extinction, but were facilitated by higher archosauromorph growth rates.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2441", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2011.2441", openalex = "W2096497122", references = "doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101126science1180219" } @article{doi101111j10963642201200853x, author = "D’Emic, Michael D.", title = "The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs", year = "2012", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "D, Michael D., Emic (2012): The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (3): 624-671, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x", openalex = "W1746891551", references = "doi101016s1631069102014294, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101111j10960031200700161x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101139e93176, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1022179revmacn688, doi105860choice435907, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2294506137" } @book{openalexw1585246501, author = "Farlow, James O. and Brett-Surman, Michael K.", title = "The Complete Dinosaur", year = "2012", booktitle = "Opus: Research \& Creativity (Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne)", abstract = "PREFACE: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman PART ONE: THE DISCOVERY OF DINOSAURS The Earliest Discoveries: William A. S. Sarjeant European Dinosaur Hunters: Hans-Dieter Sues North American Dinosaur Hunters: Edwin H. Colbert Asian Dinosaur Hunters: John R. Lavas Dinosaur Hunters of the Southern Continents: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. PART TWO: THE STUDY OF DINOSAURS Hunting for Dinosaur Bones: David D. Gillette The Osteology of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K.Brett-Surman The Taxonomy and Systematics of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K. Brett-Surman Dinosaurs and Geologic Time: James O. Farlow The Scientific Study of Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Chapman Molecular Paleontology: Rationale and Techniques for the Study of Ancient Biomolecules: Mary Higby Schweitzer Dinosaurs as Museum Exhibits: Kenneth Carpenter Restoring Dinosaurs as Living Animals: Douglas Henderson PART THREE: THE GROUPS OF DINOSAURS Introduction: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman Politics and Paleontology: Richard Owen and the Invention of Dinosaurs: Hugh Torrens Evolution of the Archosaurs: J. Michael Parrish Origin and Early Evolution of Dinosaurs: Michael J. Benton Theropods: Philip J. Currie Segnosaurs (Therezinosaurs): Teresa Maryanska Prosauropods: Jacques VanHeerden Sauropods: John S. McIntosh, M. K. Brett-Surman, and James O. Farlow Stegosaurs: Peter M. Galton Ankylosaurs: Kenneth Carpenter Marginocephalians: Catherine A. Forster and Paul C. Sereno Ornithopods: M. K. Brett-Surman PART FOUR: BIOLOGY OF THE DINOSAURS Land Plants as Food and Habitat in the Age of Dinosaurs: Bruce H. Tiffney What Did Dinosaurs Eat? Coprolites and Other Direct Evidence of Dinosaur Diets: Karen Chin Dinosaur Combat and Courtship: Scott Sampson Dinosaur Eggs: Karl F. Hirsch and Darla K. Zelenitsky How Dinosaurs Grew: R. E. H. Reid Engineering a Dinosaur: R. McN. Alexander Dinosaurian Paleopathology: Bruce M. Rothschild Dinosaurian Physiology: the Case for Intermediate Dinosaurs: R. E. H. Reid Oxygen Isotopes in Dinosaur Bone: Reese E. Barrick, Michael K. Stoskopf, and William J. Showers A Blueprint for Giants: Do Living Reptiles, Birds or Mammals Provide the Best Model for the Physiology of Large Dinosaurs? Frank V. Paladino, James R. Spotila, and Peter Dodson New Insights into the Metabolic Physiology of Dinosaurs: John Ruben, Andrew Leitch, Willem Hillenius, Nicholas Geist, and Terry Jones The Scientific Study of Dinosaur Footprints: James O. Farlow and Ralph E. Chapman The Paleoecological and Paleoenvironmental Utility of Dinosaur Tracks: Martin G. Lockley PART FIVE: DINOSAUR EVOLUTION IN THE CHANGING WORLD OF THE MESOZOIC ERA Biogeography for Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Molnar Major Groups of Non-Dinosaurian Vertebrates of the Mesozoic Era: Michael Morales Continental Tetrapods of the Early Mesozoic: Faunas and Faunal Changes: Hans-Dieter Sues Dinosaurian Faunas of the Later Mesozoic: Dale A. Russell and Jose F. Bonaparte The Extinction of the Dinosaurs: A Dialogue Between a Catastrophist and a Gradualist: Dale A. Russell and Peter Dodson PART SIX: DINOSAURS AND THE MEDIA Dinosaurs and the Media: Donald F. Glut and M. K. Brett-Surman APPENDIX: A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF DINOSAUR PALEONTOLOGY: M. K. Brett-Surman GLOSSARY CONTRIBUTORS INDEX", openalex = "W1585246501", references = "chatterjee2013a, chinsamy1998polar, deklerk2000a, doi101002ar20982, doi101002ara10097, doi101002jmor10406, doi101007s0011400804883, doi1010160031018291900605, doi1010160034666781900695, doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101016jepsl200801015, doi101016jpalaeo201002025, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017s0022336000018862, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101017s0094837300016900, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101038262207a0, doi101038307360a0, doi10103832884, doi101038359117a0, doi101038362709a0, doi101038368196a0, doi101038nature03635, doi101038nature10906, doi101046j14401738200300386x, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108002724634199910011125, doi10108008912960903503345, doi10108010420940802471027, doi101086284406, doi101086422766, doi101098rspb20060443, doi101111j10963642200600245x, doi101111j10963642200900631x, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101126science1157704, doi101126science1180219, doi101126science172397867, doi101126science24248841403, doi101126science27352791204, doi101127njgpm19831983141, doi1011300091761319930210503pioatv23co2, doi101130g23452a1, doi101130spe40p1, doi101144001676492006032, doi101144gslsp20042280106, doi101146annurevearth040610133502, doi101146annurevearth28119, doi101146annurevgenet37110801143214, doi10120600030082200635301ydanpc20co2, doi1012066391, doi101353book59141, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi1016660094837320000260450fpindi20co2, doi1016660094837320050310291teafot20co2, doi1016690883135120030180286rpoumt20co2, doi1016710272463420020220593cvancf20co2, doi1016710272463420020220766tehits20co2, doi101671a11168, doi102110palo2007p07070r, doi1023071445147, doi1023073514548, doi102475ajss425149387, doi104202app20080049, doi105281zenodo13315375, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105281zenodo3739898, doi105962p339375, fiorillo2004the, jacobsen1998feeding, lehman1987late, nelson1980counts, openalexw1550095290, openalexw1558456135, openalexw2163397885, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2506868775, pontzer2009biomechanics, russell2002synopsis, seymour1976dinosaurs, sloan1986gradual, stevens2006binocular, witmer1991biomechanics, woodward1910on" } @article{doi101111zoj12029, author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Barnes, Rosie N. and Mateus, Octávio", title = "Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms", year = "2013", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Titanosauriforms represent a diverse and globally distributed clade of neosauropod dinosaurs, but their inter-relationships remain poorly understood. Here we redescribe Lusotitan atalaiensis from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of Portugal, a taxon previously referred to Brachiosaurus. The lectotype includes cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, and elements from the forelimb, hindlimb, and pelvic girdle. Lusotitan is a valid taxon and can be diagnosed by six autapomorphies, including the presence of elongate postzygapophyses that project well beyond the posterior margin of the neural arch in anterior-to-middle caudal vertebrae. A new phylogenetic analysis, focused on elucidating the evolutionary relationships of basal titanosauriforms, is presented, comprising 63 taxa scored for 279 characters. Many of these characters are heavily revised or novel to our study, and a number of ingroup taxa have never previously been incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis. We treated quantitative characters as discrete and continuous data in two parallel analyses, and explored the effect of implied weighting. Although we recovered monophyletic brachiosaurid and somphospondylan sister clades within Titanosauriformes, their compositions were affected by alternative treatments of quantitative data and, especially, by the weighting of such data. This suggests that the treatment of quantitative data is important and the wrong decisions might lead to incorrect tree topologies. In particular, the diversity of Titanosauria was greatly increased by the use of implied weights. Our results support the generic separation of the contemporaneous taxa Brachiosaurus, Giraffatitan, and Lusotitan, with the latter recovered as either a brachiosaurid or the sister taxon to Titanosauriformes. Although Janenschia was recovered as a basal macronarian, outside Titanosauria, the sympatric Australodocus provides body fossil evidence for the pre-Cretaceous origin of titanosaurs. We recovered evidence for a sauropod with close affinities to the Chinese taxon Mamenchisaurus in the Late Jurassic Tendaguru beds of Africa, and present new information demonstrating the wider distribution of caudal pneumaticity within Titanosauria. The earliest known titanosauriform body fossils are from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic), although trackway evidence indicates a Middle Jurassic origin. Diversity increased throughout the Late Jurassic, and titanosauriforms did not undergo a severe extinction across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, in contrast to diplodocids and non-neosauropods. Titanosauriform diversity increased in the Barremian and Aptian–Albian as a result of radiations of derived somphospondylans and lithostrotians, respectively, but there was a severe drop (up to 40\%) in species numbers at, or near, the Albian/Cenomanian boundary, representing a faunal turnover whereby basal titanosauriforms were replaced by derived titanosaurs, although this transition occurred in a spatiotemporally staggered fashion.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12029", doi = "10.1111/zoj.12029", openalex = "W1572867283", references = "doi101002jez513, doi101016jgr201212009, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas1011369108, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600312003tb00376x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101139e93176, doi101144001676492006032, doi10129879781933789439, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi10167102724634200727931dtftco20co2, doi1023071292217, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104202app20080049, doi104202app20110051, doi105281zenodo16171435, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2294506137, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3114518543, openalexw603337959, openalexw70084438, ostrom2020stratigraphy" } @misc{quick2013dinosaur, author = "Quick, Devon E and Hillenius, Willem J", title = "Dinosaur Physiology: Were Dinosaurs Warm‐Blooded?", year = "2013", booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Life Sciences", abstract = "To evaluate the possible physiology of dinosaurs, comparisons must be made with their closest living relatives: birds and crocodilians. Although crocodilians maintain ectothermic metabolic rates and have anatomy reflective of this, modern birds achieve high, endothermic metabolic rates through specialised soft tissues supported by unique skeletal attributes. Finding similar shared characters in dinosaurs that are functionally linked to metabolic rates in birds or crocodilians allows plausible reconstruction of dinosaur physiology. Examinations of dinosaur remains reveal no structures with clear functional association with bird‐like respiratory or metabolic physiology, and in some cases indicate crocodilian‐like anatomy. Consequently, dinosaurs were most likely ectothermic, with resting and maximal metabolic rates that were lower than those of modern mammals or birds. However, given the favourable Mesozoic climatic conditions, most dinosaurs were probably able to maintain high, constant body temperatures through behavioural or inertial thermoregulation. Key Concepts: Reconstructing the biology of extinct forms relies on comparison with living taxa that share the same specialised features linked to specific function. Stable body temperature can be achieved through behavioural mechanisms or through virtue of large mass, and need not rely on a particular metabolic strategy. The closest living relatives of dinosaurs are birds and crocodilians, which have widely different metabolic rates supported by different respiratory and skeletal anatomy. Some dinosaur remains preserve evidence, such as postcranial pneumaticity, that may be superficially suggestive of modern bird‐like respiratory anatomy, but they lack other features critical for the ability to ventilate bird‐like lungs or achieve bird‐like aerobic capacity. No dinosaur remains show evidence of respiratory turbinates, a skeletal character functionally associated with modern endothermy. Endothermy was not likely achieved in dinosaurs, but was first present in mid‐Cretaceous birds. Some dinosaurs may have increased aerobic capacity using a crocodilian‐like ventilatory mechanism.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0003323.pub2", doi = "10.1002/9780470015902.a0003323.pub2" } @article{doi101016jcub201311063, author = "Benton, Michael J. and Forth, Jonathan and Langer, Max C.", title = "Models for the Rise of the Dinosaurs", year = "2014", journal = "Current Biology", abstract = "Dinosaurs arose in the early Triassic in the aftermath of the greatest mass extinction ever and became hugely successful in the Mesozoic. Their initial diversification is a classic example of a large-scale macroevolutionary change. Diversifications at such deep-time scales can now be dissected, modelled and tested. New fossils suggest that dinosaurs originated early in the Middle Triassic, during the recovery of life from the devastating Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Improvements in stratigraphic dating and a new suite of morphometric and comparative evolutionary numerical methods now allow a forensic dissection of one of the greatest turnovers in the history of life. Such studies mark a move from the narrative to the analytical in macroevolutionary research, and they allow us to begin to answer the proposal of George Gaylord Simpson, to explore adaptive radiations using numerical methods.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.063", doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.063", openalex = "W1971214357", references = "doi101002jez513, doi10100703064746897, doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101016jepsl201107015, doi101016jgr201212010, doi101017s1755691011020032, doi101038ngeo1475, doi101093aesa383396, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111evo12150, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101111j15585646201001025x, doi101126science1097023, doi101126science1180219, doi101126science1224126, doi101126science1229237, doi101130b304331, doi101144sp37916, doi101144sp3799, doi1012063521" } @article{doi101126science1252243, author = "Lee, Michael S. Y. and Cau, Andrea and Naish, Darren and Dyke, Gareth J.", title = "Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds", year = "2014", journal = "Science", abstract = "Recent discoveries have highlighted the dramatic evolutionary transformation of massive, ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs into light, volant birds. Here, we apply Bayesian approaches (originally developed for inferring geographic spread and rates of molecular evolution in viruses) in a different context: to infer size changes and rates of anatomical innovation (across up to 1549 skeletal characters) in fossils. These approaches identify two drivers underlying the dinosaur-bird transition. The theropod lineage directly ancestral to birds undergoes sustained miniaturization across 50 million years and at least 12 consecutive branches (internodes) and evolves skeletal adaptations four times faster than other dinosaurs. The distinct, prolonged phase of miniaturization along the bird stem would have facilitated the evolution of many novelties associated with small body size, such as reorientation of body mass, increased aerial ability, and paedomorphic skulls with reduced snouts but enlarged eyes and brains.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1252243", doi = "10.1126/science.1252243", openalex = "W2068703220", references = "christiansen2004mass, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101038nature10906, doi101038nature11146, doi101038nature12168, doi101073pnas1203238109, doi10108001621459199510476572, doi101080106351501753462876, doi101080147720192010484650, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101093bioinformaticsbtm388, doi101093molbevmss075, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva003872, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101111evo12150, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1193304, doi101126science1225376, doi101126science1228753, doi101371journalpbio0040088, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi1022179revmacn14372, doi102307409735, doi105281zenodo16171435, nesbitt2013the, openalexw2611511275, rauhut2003a" } @article{doi101126science1253143, author = "Grady, John M. and Enquist, Brian J. and Dettweiler‐Robinson, Eva and Wright, Natalie A. and Smith, Felisa A.", title = "Evidence for mesothermy in dinosaurs", year = "2014", journal = "Science", abstract = "Were dinosaurs ectotherms or fast-metabolizing endotherms whose activities were unconstrained by temperature? To date, some of the strongest evidence for endothermy comes from the rapid growth rates derived from the analysis of fossil bones. However, these studies are constrained by a lack of comparative data and an appropriate energetic framework. Here we compile data on ontogenetic growth for extant and fossil vertebrates, including all major dinosaur clades. Using a metabolic scaling approach, we find that growth and metabolic rates follow theoretical predictions across clades, although some groups deviate. Moreover, when the effects of size and temperature are considered, dinosaur metabolic rates were intermediate to those of endotherms and ectotherms and closest to those of extant mesotherms. Our results suggest that the modern dichotomy of endothermic versus ectothermic is overly simplistic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253143", doi = "10.1126/science.1253143", openalex = "W2010661531", references = "doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017s1464793106007007, doi101038nature05634, doi101038nature11631, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg412, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101111j109636422000tb02201x, doi101126science1061967, doi101126science1206196, doi101126science28454201677, doi1012019781420064452, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi101371journalpone0029958, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi101371journalpone0081917, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi101890039000, doi1018900814941" } @article{doi101371journalpbio1001853, author = "Benson, Roger and Campione, Nicolás E. and Carrano, Matthew T. and Mannion, Philip D. and Sullivan, Corwin and Upchurch, Paul and Evans, David C.", title = "Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage", year = "2014", journal = "PLoS Biology", abstract = "Large-scale adaptive radiations might explain the runaway success of a minority of extant vertebrate clades. This hypothesis predicts, among other things, rapid rates of morphological evolution during the early history of major groups, as lineages invade disparate ecological niches. However, few studies of adaptive radiation have included deep time data, so the links between extant diversity and major extinct radiations are unclear. The intensively studied Mesozoic dinosaur record provides a model system for such investigation, representing an ecologically diverse group that dominated terrestrial ecosystems for 170 million years. Furthermore, with 10,000 species, extant dinosaurs (birds) are the most speciose living tetrapod clade. We assembled composite trees of 614-622 Mesozoic dinosaurs/birds, and a comprehensive body mass dataset using the scaling relationship of limb bone robustness. Maximum-likelihood modelling and the node height test reveal rapid evolutionary rates and a predominance of rapid shifts among size classes in early (Triassic) dinosaurs. This indicates an early burst niche-filling pattern and contrasts with previous studies that favoured gradualistic rates. Subsequently, rates declined in most lineages, which rarely exploited new ecological niches. However, feathered maniraptoran dinosaurs (including Mesozoic birds) sustained rapid evolution from at least the Middle Jurassic, suggesting that these taxa evaded the effects of niche saturation. This indicates that a long evolutionary history of continuing ecological innovation paved the way for a second great radiation of dinosaurs, in birds. We therefore demonstrate links between the predominantly extinct deep time adaptive radiation of non-avian dinosaurs and the phenomenal diversification of birds, via continuing rapid rates of evolution along the phylogenetic stem lineage. This raises the possibility that the uneven distribution of biodiversity results not just from large-scale extrapolation of the process of adaptive radiation in a few extant clades, but also from the maintenance of evolvability on vast time scales across the history of life, in key lineages.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853", doi = "10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853", openalex = "W2155522161", references = "doi101007b97636, doi101017s009483730001263x, doi101017s009483730001280x, doi10103835086500, doi10103844766, doi101038nature11631, doi10108010635150490445706, doi101086284325, doi101093bioinformaticsbtm538, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101093oso97801985404720010001, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101111j001438202003tb00285x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j15585646201201723x, doi101126science1144066, doi101126science1161833, doi101146annurevecolsys39110707173447, doi101159000452856, doi101186174170071060, doi101198tech2003s146, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi10166612041, martinsander2006bone, openalexw2145250129" } @article{erickson2014on, author = "Erickson, Gregory M.", title = "On Dinosaur Growth", year = "2014", journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences", abstract = "Despite nearly two centuries of investigation, a comprehensive understanding of dinosaur biology has proven intractable. The recent development of means to study tissue-level growth, age these animals, and make growth curves has revolutionized our knowledge of dinosaur lives. From such data it is now understood that dinosaurs grew both disruptively and determinately; that they rarely if ever exceeded a century in age; that they became giants through accelerated growth and dwarfed through truncated development; that they were likely endothermic, sexually matured like crocodiles, and showed survivorship like populations of large mammals; and that basal birds retained dinosaurian physiology.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054858", doi = "10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054858", number = "1", openalex = "W2128164431", pages = "675-697", volume = "42", references = "doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101038nature11264, doi10108002724634200310010947, doi101086395888, doi101086410622, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi101371journalpone0033539, doi1023072802289, horner2011dinosaur, köhler2012seasonal, openalexw1558456135, openalexw3215057009, parrish1987late" } @article{doi101111joa12378, author = "Balanoff, Amy M. and Bever, Gabriel S. and Colbert, Matthew W. and Clarke, Julia A. and Field, Daniel J. and Gignac, Paul M. and Ksepka, Daniel T. and Ridgely, Ryan C. and Smith, Neil and Torres, Christopher R. and Walsh, Stig A. and Witmer, Lawrence M.", title = "Best practices for digitally constructing endocranial casts: examples from birds and their dinosaurian relatives", year = "2015", journal = "Journal of Anatomy", abstract = "The rapidly expanding interest in, and availability of, digital tomography data to visualize casts of the vertebrate endocranial cavity housing the brain (endocasts) presents new opportunities and challenges to the field of comparative neuroanatomy. The opportunities are many, ranging from the relatively rapid acquisition of data to the unprecedented ability to integrate critically important fossil taxa. The challenges consist of navigating the logistical barriers that often separate a researcher from high-quality data and minimizing the amount of non-biological variation expressed in endocasts - variation that may confound meaningful and synthetic results. Our purpose here is to outline preferred approaches for acquiring digital tomographic data, converting those data to an endocast, and making those endocasts as meaningful as possible when considered in a comparative context. This review is intended to benefit those just getting started in the field but also serves to initiate further discussion between active endocast researchers regarding the best practices for advancing the discipline. Congruent with the theme of this volume, we draw our examples from birds and the highly encephalized non-avian dinosaurs that comprise closely related outgroups along their phylogenetic stem lineage.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12378", doi = "10.1111/joa.12378", openalex = "W2106729826", references = "doi101002ar20794, doi101002ar20984, doi101002ar21234, doi101080027246342014874529, doi101080027246342014912656, doi101098rspb20110238, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111j155856461951tb02756x, doi1012066481, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0049584, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0082000" } @article{doi101098rsbl20150947, author = "Hone, David W. E. and Farke, Andrew A. and Wedel, Matt", title = "Ontogeny and the fossil record: what, if anything, is an adult dinosaur?", year = "2016", journal = "Biology Letters", abstract = "Identification of the ontogenetic status of an extinct organism is complex, and yet this underpins major areas of research, from taxonomy and systematics to ecology and evolution. In the case of the non-avialan dinosaurs, at least some were reproductively mature before they were skeletally mature, and a lack of consensus on how to define an 'adult' animal causes problems for even basic scientific investigations. Here we review the current methods available to determine the age of non-avialan dinosaurs, discuss the definitions of different ontogenetic stages, and summarize the implications of these disparate definitions for dinosaur palaeontology. Most critically, a growing body of evidence suggests that many dinosaurs that would be considered 'adults' in a modern-day field study are considered 'juveniles' or 'subadults' in palaeontological contexts.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0947", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2015.0947", openalex = "W2279103404", references = "carr1999craniofacial, doi101007s0001501000242, doi101017pab201519, doi10103835086558, doi101038nature04633, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas1313334111, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011161, doi101080027246342010483632, doi101093sysbio24137, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101111j109636421997tb00340x, doi101111j15023931201100300x, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1016660094837320040300253chopom20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016690883135120010160482ttoaco20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, doi1016710390290119, doi1023071564148, erickson2014on, martinsander2006bone" } @article{doi101038nature22037, author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Butler, Richard J. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Barrett, Paul M. and Stocker, Michelle R. and Angielczyk, Kenneth D. and Smith, Roger M. H. and Sidor, Christian A. and Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz and Сенников, А. Г. and Charig, Alan J.", title = "The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan", year = "2017", journal = "Nature", abstract = "The relationship between dinosaurs and other reptiles is well established, but the sequence of acquisition of dinosaurian features has been obscured by the scarcity of fossils with transitional morphologies. The closest extinct relatives of dinosaurs either have highly derived morphologies or are known from poorly preserved or incomplete material. Here we describe one of the stratigraphically lowest and phylogenetically earliest members of the avian stem lineage (Avemetatarsalia), Teleocrater rhadinus gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle Triassic epoch. The anatomy of T. rhadinus provides key information that unites several enigmatic taxa from across Pangaea into a previously unrecognized clade, Aphanosauria. This clade is the sister taxon of Ornithodira (pterosaurs and birds) and shortens the ghost lineage inferred at the base of Avemetatarsalia. We demonstrate that several anatomical features long thought to characterize Dinosauria and dinosauriforms evolved much earlier, soon after the bird-crocodylian split, and that the earliest avemetatarsalians retained the crocodylian-like ankle morphology and hindlimb proportions of stem archosaurs and early pseudosuchians. Early avemetatarsalians were substantially more species-rich, widely geographically distributed and morphologically diverse than previously recognized. Moreover, several early dinosauromorphs that were previously used as models to understand dinosaur origins may represent specialized forms rather than the ancestral avemetatarsalian morphology.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22037", doi = "10.1038/nature22037", openalex = "W2606337068", references = "doi1010160169534789901626, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101111bij12746, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j136530911989tb00817x, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science28454232137, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi1012063521, doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2, doi1023071005355, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi107717peerj1778, nesbitt2013the" } @article{doi101098rspb20171219, author = "Carballido, José Luis and Pol, Diego and Otero, Alejandro and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Salgado, Leonardo and Garrido, Alberto C. and Ramezani, Jahandar and Cúneo, N. Rubén and Krause, J. Marcelo", title = "A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs", year = "2017", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Titanosauria was the most diverse and successful lineage of sauropod dinosaurs. This clade had its major radiation during the middle Early Cretaceous and survived up to the end of that period. Among sauropods, this lineage has the most disparate values of body mass, including the smallest and largest sauropods known. Although recent findings have improved our knowledge on giant titanosaur anatomy, there are still many unknown aspects about their evolution, especially for the most gigantic forms and the evolution of body mass in this clade. Here we describe a new giant titanosaur, which represents the largest species described so far and one of the most complete titanosaurs. Its inclusion in an extended phylogenetic analysis and the optimization of body mass reveals the presence of an endemic clade of giant titanosaurs inhabited Patagonia between the Albian and the Santonian. This clade includes most of the giant species of titanosaurs and represents the major increase in body mass in the history of Titanosauria.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1219", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2017.1219", openalex = "W2742460947", references = "doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101038srep06196, doi101038srep19165, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101111j10960031200600122x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111zoj12029, doi1011300091761320020300123dsproe20co2, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0093105, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi10560219780801881206" } @article{doi101111pala12329, author = "Benson, Roger and Hunt, Gene and Carrano, Matthew T. and Campione, Nicolás E.", title = "Cope's rule and the adaptive landscape of dinosaur body size evolution", year = "2017", journal = "Palaeontology", abstract = "Abstract The largest known dinosaurs weighed at least 20 million times as much as the smallest, indicating exceptional phenotypic divergence. Previous studies have focused on extreme giant sizes, tests of Cope's rule, and miniaturization on the line leading to birds. We use non‐uniform macroevolutionary models based on Ornstein–Uhlenbeck and trend processes to unify these observations, asking: what patterns of evolutionary rates, directionality and constraint explain the diversification of dinosaur body mass? We find that dinosaur evolution is constrained by attraction to discrete body size optima that undergo rare, but abrupt, evolutionary shifts. This model explains both the rarity of multi‐lineage directional trends, and the occurrence of abrupt directional excursions during the origins of groups such as tiny pygostylian birds and giant sauropods. Most expansion of trait space results from rare, constraint‐breaking innovations in just a small number of lineages. These lineages shifted rapidly into novel regions of trait space, occasionally to small sizes, but most often to large or giant sizes. As with Cenozoic mammals, intermediate body sizes were typically attained only transiently by lineages on a trajectory from small to large size. This demonstrates that bimodality in the macroevolutionary adaptive landscape for land vertebrates has existed for more than 200 million years.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12329", doi = "10.1111/pala.12329", openalex = "W2766635059", references = "doi101007b97636, doi101007s0026501010296, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101017pab201615, doi101038229172a0, doi10103844766, doi101038nature04633, doi101038ncomms7987, doi101038srep06196, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas1302642110, doi10108010635150490445706, doi101086284325, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg412, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101109tac19741100705, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi101111j2041210x201200223x, doi101126scienceaag1772, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101186174170071060, doi101198tech2003s146, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi101371journalpone0033539, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi101371journalpone0051925, doi1022179revmacn14372, erickson2014on, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1550095290, openalexw2473973115, openalexw3086315876" } @article{doi101038s41467018039961, author = "Bernardi, Massimo and Gianolla, Piero and Petti, Fabio Massimo and Mietto, Paolo and Benton, Michael J.", title = "Dinosaur diversification linked with the Carnian Pluvial Episode", year = "2018", journal = "Nature Communications", abstract = "Dinosaurs diversified in two steps during the Triassic. They originated about 245 Ma, during the recovery from the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and then remained insignificant until they exploded in diversity and ecological importance during the Late Triassic. Hitherto, this Late Triassic explosion was poorly constrained and poorly dated. Here we provide evidence that it followed the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE), dated to 234-232 Ma, a time when climates switched from arid to humid and back to arid again. Our evidence comes from a combined analysis of skeletal evidence and footprint occurrences, and especially from the exquisitely dated ichnofaunas of the Italian Dolomites. These provide evidence of tetrapod faunal compositions through the Carnian and Norian, and show that dinosaur footprints appear exactly at the time of the CPE. We argue then that dinosaurs diversified explosively in the mid Carnian, at a time of major climate and floral change and the extinction of key herbivores, which the dinosaurs opportunistically replaced.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03996-1", doi = "10.1038/s41467-018-03996-1", openalex = "W2802601955", references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jcub201311063, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jepsl201107015, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101016jpalaeo200911006, doi101016jpalaeo201611005, doi101016s0012825202001046, doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101038nature21700, doi101038nature22037, doi101038s4155901703055, doi101073pnas1402369111, doi101073pnas1505252112, doi101073pnas1512541112, doi1010800891296320171333609, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1198467, doi1011300091761319890170265soccae23co2, doi1023071223352, doi10247506201401, doi104202app001432014, openalexw114509570" } @article{doi101093zoolinneanzly009, author = "Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Langer, Max C. and Bronzati, Mario and Pacheco, Cristián and Cabreira, Sérgio Furtado and Dias‐da‐Silva, Sérgio", title = "Early evolution of sauropodomorphs: anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkably well-preserved dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil", year = "2018", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Abstract An exceptional new specimen (CAPPA/UFSM 0035) of Buriolestes schultzi was discovered during recent fieldwork at the type locality of the taxon, which is Carnian in age (Late Triassic). This early sauropodomorph is peculiar owing to its faunivorous feeding habits, unusual amongst the members of this large omnivorous/herbivorous clade. The specimen incorporates new data on skeletal portions that have so far been unknown for B. schultzi, particularly regarding the skull and axial skeleton. As such, B. schultzi is now as complete as the best-known early dinosaurs, such as Eoraptor lunensis and Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. A phylogenetic investigation fully supports B. schultzi as a sauropodomorph, corroborating the previous assignation. Despite the presence of traits found in Theropoda, distinct skeletal portions of B. schultzi do not share its morphospace in a morphological disparity analysis. We also propose an alternative evolutionary scenario for the first members of Sauropodomorpha: some Carnian taxa from South America form a monophyletic group instead of a series of low-diversity lineages paraphyletic with respect to Plateosauria.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly009", doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zly009", openalex = "W2803291137", references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101016jcub201609040, doi101016s0748300703000604, doi101038nature21700, doi101038nature22037, doi101073pnas1512541112, doi101080027246342013820113, doi1010800272463420161111224, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109600312003tb00376x, doi101111j10960031200800209x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111pala12236, doi101126science1198467, doi101144sp37916, doi1012063521, doi101590s000137652011000100005, doi105860choice353642, openalexw2183707334, openalexw3215057009" } @article{doi101098rsbl20180633, author = "Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Langer, Max C. and Dias‐da‐Silva, Sérgio", title = "An exceptionally preserved association of complete dinosaur skeletons reveals the oldest long-necked sauropodomorphs", year = "2018", journal = "Biology Letters", abstract = "The rise of sauropodomorphs is still poorly understood due to the scarcity of well-preserved fossils in early Norian rocks. Here, we present an association of complete and exceptionally well-preserved dinosaur skeletons that helps fill that gap. They represent a new species, which is recovered as a member of a clade solely composed of Gondwanan Triassic taxa. The new species allows the definition of a set of anatomical changes that shaped sauropodomorph evolution along a period from 233 to 225 Ma, as recorded in the well dated Late Triassic beds of Brazil. In that time span, apart from achieving a more herbivorous diet, sauropodomorph dinosaurs increased their size in a ratio of 230\% and their typical long neck was also established, becoming proportionally twice longer than those of basal taxa. Indeed, the new dinosaur is the oldest-known sauropodomorph with such an elongated neck, suggesting that the ability to feed on high vegetation was a key trait achieved along the early Norian. Finally, the clustered preservation mode of the skeletons represents the oldest evidence of gregarious behaviour among sauropodomorphs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0633", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2018.0633", openalex = "W2901369787", references = "doi101093zoolinneanzly009" } @article{doi101144jgs2018049, author = "Benton, Michael J. and Bernardi, Massimo and Kinsella, Cormac M.", title = "The Carnian Pluvial Episode and the origin of dinosaurs", year = "2018", journal = "Journal of the Geological Society", abstract = "We present new evidence for a major inflection point in the history of tetrapods on land, a jump in the diversification of archosauromorphs, primarily dinosaurs, at 232–230 Ma. This corresponds to a long-noted changeover in Triassic terrestrial tetrapod faunas from those dominated by synapsids, many of them holdovers from the Permian, to those dominated by dinosaurs. The dinosaur explosion is shown here to correspond in timing to the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE), dated at 232 Ma, a time of increased rainfall and perturbation of oceans and atmospheres, followed by substantial aridification. The rock record through the CPE confirms that this event shared many characters with other mass extinctions driven by eruption of large igneous provinces, in this case the Wrangellia flood basalts of the west coast of North America. If this was a catastrophic extinction event, then the environmental perturbations of the CPE explain the sharp disappearance of various terrestrial tetrapods, and the subsequent sharp rise of dinosaurs and perhaps other clades too, especially those that constitute much of the modern terrestrial faunas, such as lissamphibians, turtles, crocodiles, lizards and mammals. Supplementary material: The sampled tetrapod faunas, geological ages, and details of the R code method and results are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4111439", url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-049", doi = "10.1144/jgs2018-049", openalex = "W2804267346", references = "doi101038s41467018039961, doi10247506201401" } @article{doi101038s41467019089972, author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Mannion, Philip D. and Lunt, Daniel J. and Farnsworth, Alex and Jones, Lewis A. and Kelland, Sarah-Jane and Allison, Peter A.", title = "Ecological niche modelling does not support climatically-driven dinosaur diversity decline before the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction", year = "2019", journal = "Nature Communications", abstract = "In the lead-up to the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, dinosaur diversity is argued to have been either in long-term decline, or thriving until their sudden demise. The latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian [83-66 Ma]) of North America provides the best record to address this debate, but even here diversity reconstructions are biased by uneven sampling. Here we combine fossil occurrences with climatic and environmental modelling to quantify latest Cretaceous North American dinosaur habitat. Ecological niche modelling shows a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian habitability decrease in areas with present-day rock-outcrop. However, a continent-wide projection demonstrates habitat stability, or even a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian increase, that is not preserved. This reduction of the spatial sampling window resulted from formation of the proto-Rocky Mountains and sea-level regression. We suggest that Maastrichtian North American dinosaur diversity is therefore likely to be underestimated, with the apparent decline a product of sampling bias, and not due to a climatically-driven decrease in habitability as previously hypothesised.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08997-2", doi = "10.1038/s41467-019-08997-2", openalex = "W2919866498", references = "doi101016jecolmodel201312012, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101038nature15697, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101073pnas0901637106, doi101073pnas1521478113, doi10108008912969009386535, doi101111ecog03049, doi101111j13652664200601214x, doi101111j14724642201000725x, doi101111pala12329, doi101126science3287615, doi1012019781315140919, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi1018900721531, doi1023071931034, doi103897zookeys4698439, lehman1987late" } @article{doi101038s41598019453069, author = "Langer, Max C. and de Oliveira Martins, Neurides and Manzig, Paulo César and Ferreira, Gabriel S. and Marsola, Júlio C. A. and Fortes, Edison and Lima, Rosana N. and Sant’ana, Lucas Cesar Frediani and Vidal, Luciano and da Silva Lorençato, Rosangela Honório and Ezcurra, Martín D.", title = "A new desert-dwelling dinosaur (Theropoda, Noasaurinae) from the Cretaceous of south Brazil", year = "2019", journal = "Scientific Reports", abstract = "Noasaurines form an enigmatic group of small-bodied predatory theropod dinosaurs known from the Late Cretaceous of Gondwana. They are relatively rare, with notable records in Argentina and Madagascar, and possible remains reported for Brazil, India, and continental Africa. In south-central Brazil, the deposits of the Bauru Basin have yielded a rich tetrapod fauna, which is concentrated in the Bauru Group. The mainly aeolian deposits of the Caiuá Group, on the contrary, bear a scarce fossil record composed only of lizards, turtles, and pterosaurs. Here, we describe the first dinosaur of the Caiuá Group, which also represents the best-preserved theropod of the entire Bauru Basin known to date. The recovered skeletal parts (vertebrae, girdles, limbs, and scarce cranial elements) show that the new taxon was just over 1 m long, with a unique anatomy among theropods. The shafts of its metatarsals II and IV are very lateromedially compressed, as are the blade-like ungual phalanges of the respective digits. This implies that the new taxon could have been functionally monodactyl, with a main central weight-bearing digit, flanked by neighbouring elements positioned very close to digit III or even held free of the ground. Such anatomical adaptation is formerly unrecorded among archosaurs, but has been previously inferred from footprints of the same stratigraphic unit that yielded the new dinosaur. A phylogenetic analysis nests the new taxon within the Noasaurinae clade, which is unresolved because of the multiple alternative positions that Noasaurus leali can acquire in the optimal trees. The exclusion of the latter form results in positioning the new dinosaur as the sister-taxon of the Argentinean Velocisaurus unicus.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45306-9", doi = "10.1038/s41598-019-45306-9", openalex = "W2953934698", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101016jcub201610043, doi101016jmarpetgeo201602027, doi101038261129a0, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101086273307, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111joa12719, doi101111pala12329, doi101111zoj12425, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi101590s000137652011000100003, doi103998mpub9690664, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw2894525608" } @article{doi101371journalpone0212543, author = "Langer, Max C. and McPhee, Blair W. and Marsola, Júlio C. A. and da Silva, Lúcio Roberto and Cabreira, Sérgio Furtado", title = "Anatomy of the dinosaur Pampadromaeus barberenai (Saurischia—Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of southern Brazil", year = "2019", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = {Sauropodomorphs are the most abundant and diverse clade of Triassic dinosaurs, but the taxonomy of their earliest (Carnian) representatives is still poorly understood. One such taxon is Pampadromaeus barberenai, represented by a nearly complete disarticulated skeleton recovered from the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Here, the osteology of Pam. barberenai is fully described for the first time. Detailed comparisons with other Carnian sauropodomorphs reveal a unique anatomy, corroborating its status as a valid species. Potential autapomorphies of Pam. barberenai can be seen in the articulation of the sacral zygapophyses, the length of the pectoral epipodium, the shape of the distal articulation of the femur and the proximal articulation of metatarsal 1. A novel phylogenetic study shows that relationships among the Carnian sauropodomorphs are poorly constrained, possibly because they belong to a "zone of variability", where homoplasy abounds. Yet, there is some evidence that Pam. barberenai may nest within Saturnaliidae, along with Saturnalia tupiniquim and Chromogisaurus novasi, which represents the sister group to the larger sauropodomorphs, i.e. Bagualosauria.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212543", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0212543", openalex = "W2916241651", references = "doi101093zoolinneanzly009" } @article{doi107717peerj7963, author = "Pacheco, Cristián and Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Langer, Max C. and Pretto, Flávio Augusto and Kerber, Leonardo and Dias‐da‐Silva, Sérgio", title = "Gnathovorax cabreirai: a new early dinosaur and the origin and initial radiation of predatory dinosaurs", year = "2019", journal = "PeerJ", abstract = "Predatory dinosaurs were an important ecological component of terrestrial Mesozoic ecosystems. Though theropod dinosaurs carried this role during the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods (and probably the post-Carnian portion of the Triassic), it is difficult to depict the Carnian scenario, due to the scarcity of fossils. Until now, knowledge on the earliest predatory dinosaurs mostly relies on herrerasaurids recorded in Carnian strata of South America. Phylogenetic investigations recovered the clade in different positions within Dinosauria, whereas fewer studies challenged its monophyly. Although herrerasaurid fossils are much better recorded in present-day Argentina than in Brazil, Argentinean strata so far yielded no fairly complete skeleton representing a single individual. Here, we describe Gnathovorax cabreirai, a new herrerasaurid based on an exquisite specimen found as part of a multitaxic association form southern Brazil. The type specimen comprises a complete and well-preserved articulated skeleton, preserved in close association (side by side) with rhynchosaur and cynodont remains. Given its superb state of preservation and completeness, the new specimen sheds light into poorly understood aspects of the herrerasaurid anatomy, including endocranial soft tissues. The specimen also reinforces the monophyletic status of the group, and provides clues on the ecomorphology of the early carnivorous dinosaurs. Indeed, an ecomorphological analysis employing dental traits indicates that herrerasaurids occupy a particular area in the morphospace of faunivorous dinosaurs, which partially overlaps the area occupied by post-Carnian theropods. This indicates that herrerasaurid dinosaurs preceded the ecological role that later would be occupied by large to medium-sized theropods.", url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7963", doi = "10.7717/peerj.7963", openalex = "W2989522329", references = "doi101016jcub201608040, doi101016jcub201609040, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101038nature02048, doi101038nature21700, doi101038nature22037, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi101080027246342013818546, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101093zoolinneanzly009, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science1198467, doi1012063521, doi107717peerj7963, openalexw2138825607" } @article{doi101017pab202046, author = "Bishop, Peter J. and Cuff, Andrew R. and Hutchinson, John R.", title = "How to build a dinosaur: Musculoskeletal modeling and simulation of locomotor biomechanics in extinct animals", year = "2020", journal = "Paleobiology", abstract = "Abstract The intersection of paleontology and biomechanics can be reciprocally illuminating, helping to improve paleobiological knowledge of extinct species and furthering our understanding of the generality of biomechanical principles derived from study of extant species. However, working with data gleaned primarily from the fossil record has its challenges. Building on decades of prior research, we outline and critically discuss a complete workflow for biomechanical analysis of extinct species, using locomotor biomechanics in the Triassic theropod dinosaur Coelophysis as a case study. We progress from the digital capture of fossil bone morphology to creating rigged skeletal models, to reconstructing musculature and soft tissue volumes, to the development of computational musculoskeletal models, and finally to the execution of biomechanical simulations. Using a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model comprising 33 muscles, a static inverse simulation of the mid-stance of running shows that Coelophysis probably used more upright (extended) hindlimb postures and was likely capable of withstanding a vertical ground reaction force of magnitude more than 2.5 times body weight. We identify muscle force-generating capacity as a key source of uncertainty in the simulations, highlighting the need for more refined methods of estimating intrinsic muscle parameters such as fiber length. Our approach emphasizes the explicit application of quantitative techniques and physics-based principles, which helps maximize results robustness and reproducibility. Although we focus on one specific taxon and question, many of the techniques and philosophies explored here have much generality to them, so they can be applied in biomechanical investigation of other extinct organisms.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.46", doi = "10.1017/pab.2020.46", openalex = "W3095550271", references = "doi101007s0001501000242, doi101016jcub201910050, doi101038s4158601808512, doi1010800272463420171427593, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101098rsos160342, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111brv12071, doi101111pala12329, doi101242jeb069567, doi101371journalpone0013120, doi101371journalpone0192172, doi101666100041, doi103389fbioe201800140, doi104202app20090075" } @article{doi101098rsbl20200417, author = "Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Garcia, Maurício Silva", title = "A paraphyletic ‘Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs", year = "2020", journal = "Biology Letters", abstract = "). This is particularly interesting because it fills most of the ghost lineages that emerge from the Triassic. Following the present hypothesis, the lineage that encompasses the Jurassic ornithischians evolved from 'silesaurids' during the Middle to early Late Triassic, while typical 'silesaurids' shared the land ecosystems with their relatives until the Late Triassic, when the group completely vanished. Therefore, Ornithischia changes from an obscure to a well-documented clade in the Triassic and is represented by records from Gondwana and Laurasia. Furthermore, according to the present hypothesis, Ornithischia was the first group of dinosaurs to adopt an omnivorous/herbivorous diet. However, this behaviour was achieved as a secondary step instead of an ancestral condition for ornithischians, as the earliest member of the clade is a faunivorous taxon. This pattern was subsequently followed by sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Indeed, the present scenario favours the independent acquisition of an herbivorous diet for ornithischians and sauropodomorphs during the Triassic, whereas the previous hypotheses suggested the independent acquisition for sauropodomorphs, ornithischians, and 'silesaurids'.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417", openalex = "W3080319382", references = "doi101002ar23306, doi101093zoolinneanzly009, doi107717peerj7963" } @article{doi101111brv12638, author = "Campione, Nicolás E. and Evans, David C.", title = "The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non‐avian dinosaurs", year = "2020", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "Inferring the body mass of fossil taxa, such as non-avian dinosaurs, provides a powerful tool for interpreting physiological and ecological properties, as well as the ability to study these traits through deep time and within a macroevolutionary context. As a result, over the past 100 years a number of studies advanced methods for estimating mass in dinosaurs and other extinct taxa. These methods can be categorized into two major approaches: volumetric-density (VD) and extant-scaling (ES). The former receives the most attention in non-avian dinosaurs and advanced appreciably over the last century: from initial physical scale models to three-dimensional (3D) virtual techniques that utilize scanned data obtained from entire skeletons. The ES approach is most commonly applied to extinct members of crown clades but some equations are proposed and utilized in non-avian dinosaurs. Because both approaches share a common goal, they are often viewed in opposition to one another. However, current palaeobiological research problems are often approach specific and, therefore, the decision to utilize a VD or ES approach is largely question dependent. In general, biomechanical and physiological studies benefit from the full-body reconstruction provided through a VD approach, whereas large-scale evolutionary and ecological studies require the extensive data sets afforded by an ES approach. This study summarizes both approaches to body mass estimation in stem-group taxa, specifically non-avian dinosaurs, and provides a comparative quantitative framework to reciprocally illuminate and corroborate VD and ES approaches. The results indicate that mass estimates are largely consistent between approaches: 73\% of VD reconstructions occur within the expected 95\% prediction intervals of the ES relationship. However, almost three quarters of outliers occur below the lower 95\% prediction interval, indicating that VD mass estimates are, on average, lower than would be expected given their stylopodial circumferences. Inconsistencies (high residual and per cent prediction deviation values) are recovered to a varying degree among all major dinosaurian clades along with an overall tendency for larger deviations between approaches among small-bodied taxa. Nonetheless, our results indicate a strong corroboration between recent iterations of the VD approach based on 3D specimen scans suggesting that our current understanding of size in dinosaurs, and hence its biological correlates, has improved over time. We advance that VD and ES approaches have fundamentally (metrically) different advantages and, hence, the comparative framework used and advocated here combines the accuracy afforded by ES with the precision provided by VD and permits the rapid identification of discrepancies with the potential to open new areas of discussion.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12638", doi = "10.1111/brv.12638", openalex = "W3082346069", references = "doi101016jcub201706071, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101038417070a, doi101038srep06196, doi101086303327, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101098rspb20060443, doi101098rspb20171219, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111evo12150, doi101111j17447429200700272x, doi101111j2041210x201100153x, doi101111pala12329, doi101126science1061967, doi101152physrev1947274511, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi101371journalpone0051925, doi101371journalpone0081917, doi101371journalpone0082000, doi107717peerj857, openalexw1558456135, openalexw195142154, openalexw2593733766, openalexw260994251, pontzer2009biomechanics" } @article{doi1012060003009044011, author = "Pittman, Michael and Xu, Xing", title = "Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress and New Frontiers", year = "2020", journal = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History", abstract = "Pittman, Michael, Xu, Xing (2020): Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (440): 1-353, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1", url = "https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1", doi = "10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1", openalex = "W3000686130", references = "cau2018redescription, doi101002ar24241, doi101007s0011401209171, doi101007s0011401311075, doi101007s0011401411439, doi101016jcretres200806007, doi101016jcub201508003, doi101016jcub201804062, doi101016jcub202006105, doi101016jjsames201810005, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101017njg201815, doi1010292018gc007584, doi101038nature13467, doi101038nature14423, doi101038nature19417, doi101038nature24679, doi101038ncomms14972, doi101038s4146701909259x, doi101073pnas1006970107, doi101073pnas1813206116, doi101080027246342012717567, doi101080027246342012719176, doi101080147720192010488045, doi101098rsbl20060523, doi101111cla12160, doi101111evo12150, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600311999tb00278x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421978tb01049x, doi101126science1126377, doi101126science1157704, doi101126science1253451, doi101127njgpm19821982440, doi101139cjes20170031, doi101139cjes20170034, doi101144001676492006032, doi101371journalpone0014329, doi101371journalpone0036790, doi101371journalpone0080557, doi101371journalpone0092022, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0126791, doi1015468gcrned, doi10159023174889201500020001, doi101590s000137652011000100008, doi1016660022336020010750208lcsdaf20co2, doi10166613052, doi1016710272463420050250897anotmf20co2, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1022179revmacn12239, doi1022179revmacn8325, doi1033740140540102, doi103389feart201800252, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105962p339375, doi107717peerj1032, doi107717peerj2159, doi107717peerj4558, doi107717peerj7247, lee2019a, longrich2008a, osmólska1982hulsanpes, sues1978a, xu2010a" } @article{doi101016jcub202111061, author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Mannion, Philip D. and Farnsworth, Alex and Carrano, Matthew T. and Varela, Sara", title = "Climatic constraints on the biogeographic history of Mesozoic dinosaurs", year = "2021", journal = "Current Biology", abstract = "Dinosaurs dominated Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems globally. However, whereas a pole-to-pole geographic distribution characterized ornithischians and theropods, sauropods were restricted to lower latitudes. Here, we evaluate the role of climate in shaping these biogeographic patterns through the Jurassic-Cretaceous (201-66 mya), combining dinosaur fossil occurrences, past climate data from Earth System models, and habitat suitability modeling. Results show that, uniquely among dinosaurs, sauropods occupied climatic niches characterized by high temperatures and strongly bounded by minimum cold temperatures. This constrained the distribution and dispersal pathways of sauropods to tropical areas, excluding them from latitudinal extremes, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. The greater availability of suitable habitat in the southern continents, particularly in the Late Cretaceous, might be key to explaining the high diversity of sauropods there, relative to northern landmasses. Given that ornithischians and theropods show a flattened or bimodal latitudinal biodiversity gradient, with peaks at higher latitudes, the closer correspondence of sauropods to a subtropical concentration could hint at fundamental thermophysiological differences to the other two clades.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.061", doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.061", openalex = "W4200184737", references = "alvarez1980extraterrestrial, cubo2020were, doi101002ar23306, doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016jjsames201411008, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101038nature09670, doi101038s41467019089972, doi101038s4158602030114, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101073pnas0709472105, doi101073pnas2006087117, doi101073pnas2020778118, doi10108000401706196410490181, doi10108001621459195210483441, doi1010800311551820181453085, doi101093biomet4034237, doi1011112041210x12613, doi101111j20060906759004596x, doi101111pala12496, doi101111pala12514, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101186147267851314, doi101371journalpone0012553, doi101371journalpone0235078, doi1018901119521, erickson2014on" } @article{doi101073pnas2020778118, author = "Kent, Dennis V. and Clemmensen, Lars B.", title = "Northward dispersal of dinosaurs from Gondwana to Greenland at the mid-Norian (215–212 Ma, Late Triassic) dip in atmospheric p CO 2", year = "2021", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", abstract = "Significance Sharply contrasting climate zonations under high atmospheric p CO 2 conditions can exert significant obstacles to the dispersal of land vertebrates across a supercontinent. This is argued to be the case in the Triassic for herbivorous sauropodomorph dinosaurs, which were confined to their initial venue in the Southern Hemisphere temperate belt of Pangea for about their first 15 million years. Sauropodomorphs only appear in the fossil record of the Northern Hemisphere temperate belt about 214 million years ago based on a composite magnetostratigraphy of the Fleming Fjord Group in East Greenland. The coincidence in timing within a major dip in atmospheric p CO 2 from published paleosol records suggests the dispersal was related to a concomitant attenuation of climate barriers in a greenhouse world.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020778118", doi = "10.1073/pnas.2020778118", openalex = "W3130717741", references = "doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jearscirev2020103120, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101017s1755691011020020, doi1010292009jb007205, doi101038361064a0, doi101038s41598020678541, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1198467, doi101126science1234204, doi101126science2605109794, doi101126science28554321386, doi105194sd24152018, nesbitt2009a, parker2010the" } @article{doi1010801477201920211978005, author = "Lockwood, Jeremy A. F. and Martill, David M. and Maidment, Susannah C. R.", title = "A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England", year = "2021", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "A new genus and species of non-hadrosaurid hadrosauriform dinosaur, Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight. The new taxon has two autapomorphies, a nasal having a modest nasal bulla with convex sides, and primary and accessory ridges on the lingual aspect of the maxillary crown. The dentary has at least 28 alveolar positions, which is the highest number recorded in an ornithopod with non-parallel sided alveoli, creating a character combination that is unique within Iguanodontia. The hadrosauriform fauna of the Barremian–Aptian Wealden Group on both the Isle of Wight and mainland England has been represented for almost a century by just two taxa, the robust Iguanodon bernissartensis and the more gracile Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, with referred material often being fragmentary or based on unassociated elements. This discovery increases the known hadrosauriform diversity in England and, together with recent discoveries in Spain, suggests that their diversity in the upper Wealden of Europe was considerably wider than initially realized. This find also has important implications for the validity of the Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis hypodigm, and a reassessment of existing material is suggested.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:31F0D48F-C1DA-406E-A811-1F5937ED19F4", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005", doi = "10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005", openalex = "W3211438913", references = "doi101111brv12666, doi101111zoj12193, doi101371journalpone0045712, gates2018a, tsogtbaatar2019a" } @article{doi101126sciadvabg7099, author = "Torres, Christopher R. and Norell, Mark A. and Clarke, Julia A.", title = "Bird neurocranial and body mass evolution across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: The avian brain shape left other dinosaurs behind", year = "2021", journal = "Science Advances", abstract = "exhibited a wulst and segmented palate, previously proposed to have arisen within extant birds. The origin of Aves is marked by larger, reshaped brains indicating selection for relatively large telencephala and eyes but not by uniquely small body size. Sensory system differences, potentially linked to these shifts, may help explain avian survivorship relative to other dinosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg7099", doi = "10.1126/sciadv.abg7099", openalex = "W3186419283", references = "doi101016jcub201804062, doi101098rsos170975, doi101111j155856461951tb02756x, doi101371journalpone0082000, doi10166613052" } @article{doi107717peerj12362, author = "Madzia, Daniel and Arbour, Victoria M. and Boyd, Clint and Farke, Andrew A. and Cruzado‐Caballero, Penélope and Evans, David C.", title = "The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs", year = "2021", journal = "PeerJ", abstract = "Ornithischians form a large clade of globally distributed Mesozoic dinosaurs, and represent one of their three major radiations. Throughout their evolutionary history, exceeding 134 million years, ornithischians evolved considerable morphological disparity, expressed especially through the cranial and osteodermal features of their most distinguishable representatives. The nearly two-century-long research history on ornithischians has resulted in the recognition of numerous diverse lineages, many of which have been named. Following the formative publications establishing the theoretical foundation of phylogenetic nomenclature throughout the 1980s and 1990s, many of the proposed names of ornithischian clades were provided with phylogenetic definitions. Some of these definitions have proven useful and have not been changed, beyond the way they were formulated, since their introduction. Some names, however, have multiple definitions, making their application ambiguous. Recent implementation of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ICPN, or PhyloCode) offers the opportunity to explore the utility of previously proposed definitions of established taxon names. Since the Articles of the ICPN are not to be applied retroactively, all phylogenetic definitions published prior to its implementation remain informal (and ineffective) in the light of the Code. Here, we revise the nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaur clades; we revisit 76 preexisting ornithischian clade names, review their recent and historical use, and formally establish their phylogenetic definitions. Additionally, we introduce five new clade names: two for robustly supported clades of later-diverging hadrosaurids and ceratopsians, one uniting heterodontosaurids and genasaurs, and two for clades of nodosaurids. Our study marks a key step towards a formal phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12362", doi = "10.7717/peerj.12362", openalex = "W4200166441", references = "crossref1998dinosaurs, doi101007s1254202100555w, doi101016jcretres2019104308, doi101016jcub201706071, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101038s4158602030114, doi101038s41598020678541, doi101080027246342012694385, doi101080027246342013746229, doi1010800272463420181509866, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi1010801477201920171371258, doi101093sysbiosyab045, doi101098rsos161086, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111pala12329, doi101111zoj12193, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139e11017, doi101146annureves23110192002313, doi101371journalpone0080405, doi101371journalpone0141304, doi101371journalpone0175253, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi1023071005355, doi1023071441916, doi1023072992353, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104202app006982019, doi104202app20110033, doi104202app20110051, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice393984, doi105962bhltitle50608, doi107717peerj1523, doi107717peerj4066, doi107717peerj7963, openalexw568618627, tsogtbaatar2019a" } @article{doi101111brv12829, author = "Hendrickx, Christophe and Bell, Phil R. and Pittman, Michael and Milner, Andrew R. and Cuesta, Elena and O’Connor, Jingmai K. and Loewen, Mark A. and Currie, Philip J. and Mateus, Octávio and Kaye, Thomas G. and Delcourt, Rafael", title = "Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non‐feather integumentary structures in non‐avialan theropod dinosaurs", year = "2022", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "Modern birds are typified by the presence of feathers, complex evolutionary innovations that were already widespread in the group of theropod dinosaurs (Maniraptoriformes) that include crown Aves. Squamous or scaly reptilian-like skin is, however, considered the plesiomorphic condition for theropods and dinosaurs more broadly. Here, we review the morphology and distribution of non-feathered integumentary structures in non-avialan theropods, covering squamous skin and naked skin as well as dermal ossifications. The integumentary record of non-averostran theropods is limited to tracks, which ubiquitously show a covering of tiny reticulate scales on the plantar surface of the pes. This is consistent also with younger averostran body fossils, which confirm an arthral arrangement of the digital pads. Among averostrans, squamous skin is confirmed in Ceratosauria (Carnotaurus), Allosauroidea (Allosaurus, Concavenator, Lourinhanosaurus), Compsognathidae (Juravenator), and Tyrannosauroidea (Santanaraptor, Albertosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Tarbosaurus, Tyrannosaurus), whereas dermal ossifications consisting of sagittate and mosaic osteoderms are restricted to Ceratosaurus. Naked, non-scale bearing skin is found in the contentious tetanuran Sciurumimus, ornithomimosaurians (Ornithomimus) and possibly tyrannosauroids (Santanaraptor), and also on the patagia of scansoriopterygids (Ambopteryx, Yi). Scales are surprisingly conservative among non-avialan theropods compared to some dinosaurian groups (e.g. hadrosaurids); however, the limited preservation of tegument on most specimens hinders further interrogation. Scale patterns vary among and/or within body regions in Carnotaurus, Concavenator and Juravenator, and include polarised, snake-like ventral scales on the tail of the latter two genera. Unusual but more uniformly distributed patterning also occurs in Tyrannosaurus, whereas feature scales are present only in Albertosaurus and Carnotaurus. Few theropods currently show compelling evidence for the co-occurrence of scales and feathers (e.g. Juravenator, Sinornithosaurus), although reticulate scales were probably retained on the mani and pedes of many theropods with a heavy plumage. Feathers and filamentous structures appear to have replaced widespread scaly integuments in maniraptorans. Theropod skin, and that of dinosaurs more broadly, remains a virtually untapped area of study and the appropriation of commonly used techniques in other palaeontological fields to the study of skin holds great promise for future insights into the biology, taphonomy and relationships of these extinct animals.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12829", doi = "10.1111/brv.12829", openalex = "W4206485050", references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jmor10382, doi101016jcub201706071, doi101016jcub202006105, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016s001678780180047x, doi101017jpa202014, doi10103831635, doi10103834356, doi10103835047056, doi101038ncomms14972, doi101038s41598018371862, doi101038srep44942, doi1010800272463420211897604, doi101080147720192013781067, doi101093biolinneanblaa105, doi101093zoolinneanzly009, doi101111brv12829, doi101111cla12160, doi101126science28454232137, doi1011270077774920100125, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0044012, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1017161pc180818764, doi10230725058147, doi105962bhltitle5716, doi107717peerj4066, doi107717peerj7247, doi107717peerj7963, doi107717peerj9192, erickson2014on, openalexw1915591379, openalexw2619609965" } @article{doi101111cla12583, author = "Pol, Diego and Baiano, Mattia A. and Černý, David and Novas, Fernando E. and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Pittman, Michael", title = "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria", year = "2024", journal = "Cladistics", abstract = "Gondwanan dinosaur faunae during the 20 Myr preceding the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K/Pg) extinction included several lineages that were absent or poorly represented in Laurasian landmasses. Among these, the South American fossil record contains diverse abelisaurids, arguably the most successful groups of carnivorous dinosaurs from Gondwana in the Cretaceous, reaching their highest diversity towards the end of this period. Here we describe Koleken inakayali gen. et sp. n., a new abelisaurid from the La Colonia Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Patagonia. Koleken inakayali is known from several skull bones, an almost complete dorsal series, complete sacrum, several caudal vertebrae, pelvic girdle and almost complete hind limbs. The new abelisaurid shows a unique set of features in the skull and several anatomical differences from Carnotaurus sastrei (the only other abelisaurid known from the La Colonia Formation). Koleken inakayali is retrieved as a brachyrostran abelisaurid, clustered with other South American abelisaurids from the latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian), such as Aucasaurus, Niebla and Carnotaurus. Leveraging our phylogeny estimates, we explore rates of morphological evolution across ceratosaurian lineages, finding them to be particularly high for elaphrosaurine noasaurids and around the base of Abelisauridae, before the Early Cretaceous radiation of the latter clade. The Noasauridae and their sister clade show contrasting patterns of morphological evolution, with noasaurids undergoing an early phase of accelerated evolution of the axial and hind limb skeleton in the Jurassic, and the abelisaurids exhibiting sustained high rates of cranial evolution during the Early Cretaceous. These results provide much needed context for the evolutionary dynamics of ceratosaurian theropods, contributing to broader understanding of macroevolutionary patterns across dinosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12583", doi = "10.1111/cla.12583", openalex = "W4398169218", references = "doi101002spp21375, doi101016jcretres2019104312, doi101016jcretres2020104408, doi101016jcretres2021104829, doi101038s41598019453069, doi101038s41598022155356, doi101038srep44942, doi101080027246342013776562, doi1010800272463420201877151, doi1010801477201920222093661, doi101111brv12666, doi101111cla12524, doi101111zoj12425, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi101371journalpone0088905, doi105852crpalevol2020v19a6, doi107717peerj5976" } @article{doi101098rsos250081, author = "Ezcurra, Martín D. and Garcia, Maurício Silva and Novas, Fernando E. and Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Agnolín, Federico L. and Chatterjee, Sankar", title = "A new herrerasaurian dinosaur from the Upper Triassic Upper Maleri Formation of south-central India", year = "2025", journal = "Royal Society Open Science", abstract = "Some of the oldest known dinosaurs and the first faunas numerically dominated by them are documented in the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic-aged Gondwana formations exposed in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley of south-central and east-central India. The Upper Maleri Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Basin preserves an early-middle Norian dinosaur assemblage numerically dominated by sauropodomorph dinosaurs, including at least two nominal species. However, the preliminary report of a herrerasaurian dinosaur specimen indicates that this assemblage of south-central Gondwana was more taxonomically diverse. Here, we describe and compare in detail the anatomy and assess the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Upper Maleri herrerasaurian specimen. A unique combination of character states present in this specimen allows the erection of the new genus and species Maleriraptor kuttyi. Updated quantitative phylogenetic analyses focused on early dinosauriforms recovered Maleriraptor kuttyi as a member of Herrerasauria outside of the South American clade Herrerasauridae. Maleriraptor kuttyi fills a temporal gap between the Carnian South American herrerasaurids and the younger middle Norian-Rhaetian herrerasaurs of North America. Maleriraptor kuttyi shows the first evidence that herrerasaurs survived also in Gondwana the early Norian tetrapod turnover that resulted in the global extinction of the rhynchosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.250081", doi = "10.1098/rsos.250081", openalex = "W4410176241", references = "doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101038s41598020678541, doi1010800891296320242336992, doi101093zoolinneanzlaa080, doi101098rsos210915, doi101111cla12581, doi101111pala12514, doi104202app001432014, doi105710amgh040820173100" }