@misc{bakker1971dinosaur4,
    author = "Bakker, R. T",
    title = "Dinosaur physiology and the origin of mammals",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Evolution, v. 25, p. 636-658",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bakker, R. T., 1971, Dinosaur physiology and the origin of mammals: Evolution, v. 25, p. 636-658.}"
}

@misc{bakker1971ecology3,
    author = "Bakker, R. T",
    title = "Ecology of the brontosaurs",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 229, p. 172-174",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bakker, R. T., 1971, Ecology of the brontosaurs: Nature, v. 229, p. 172-174.}"
}

@misc{alexander1976estimates2,
    author = "Alexander, R. M",
    title = "Estimates of speeds of dinosaurs",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 261, p. 129-130",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Alexander, R. M., 1976, Estimates of speeds of dinosaurs: Nature, v. 261, p. 129-130.}"
}

@article{hopson1977relative7,
    author = "Hopson, J. A",
    title = "Relative brain size and behavior in archosaurian reptiles",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, v. 8, p. 429-448",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hopson, J. A., 1977, Relative brain size and behavior in archosaurian reptiles: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, v. 8, p. 429-448.}"
}

@article{doi101111j146979981985tb04915x,
    author = "Anderson, John F. and Hall-Martin, A.J. and Russell, Dale A.",
    title = "Long‐bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "The mid‐shaft circumferences of the humerus and femur are closely related to body weight in living terrestrial vertebrates. Because these elements are frequently preserved in subfossil and fossil vertebrate skeletal materials, the relationship can be used to estimate body weight in extinct vertebrates. When the allometric equations are applied to the mid‐shaft circumferences of these elements in dinosaurs, the weights calculated for some giant sauropods (Brachiosaurus) are found to be lighter than previous estimates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x",
    openalex = "W2160621949",
    references = "bakker1972anatomical, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101017s0094837300004322, doi101038238081a0, doi101086410790, doi101111j136520281979tb00256x, doi101111j146979981979tb03940x, doi101111j146979981979tb03964x, doi101111j146979981983tb05785x, doi1023072987996, openalexw654491377"
}

@incollection{adams1987the1,
    author = "Adams, D",
    editor = "ch. 1-6 of Currie, P. J. and Koster, E.",
    title = "The bigger they are, the harder they fall: Implications of ischial curvature in ceratopsian dinosaurs",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems",
    publisher = "Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Adams, D., 1987, The bigger they are, the harder they fall: Implications of ischial curvature in ceratopsian dinosaurs, in ch. 1-6 of Currie, P. J., and Koster, E., eds., Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems: Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum.}"
}

@misc{dixon1988the5,
    author = "Dixon, D. and Cox, B. and Savage, R. J. G. and Gardiner, B",
    title = "The Macmillan Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "New York, Macmillan",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dixon, D., Cox, B., Savage, R. J. G., and Gardiner, B., 1988, The Macmillan Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals: New York, Macmillan.}"
}

@misc{horner1988digging8,
    author = "Horner, J. R. and Gorman, J",
    title = "Digging Dinosaurs",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "New York, Workman",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Horner, J. R., and Gorman, J., 1988, Digging Dinosaurs: New York, Workman.}"
}

@article{doi1023072389612,
    author = "Wiens, J. A.",
    title = "Spatial Scaling in Ecology",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Functional Ecology",
    abstract = "Acts in what Hutchinson (1965) has called the 'ecological theatre' are played out on various scales of space and time. To understand the drama, we must view it on the appropriate scale. Plant ecologists long ago recognized the importance of sampling scale in their descriptions of the dispersion or distribution of species (e.g. Greig-Smith, 1952). However, many ecologists have behaved as if patterns and the processes that produce them are insensitive to differences in scale and have designed their studies with little explicit attention to scale. Kareiva \& Andersen (1988) surveyed nearly 100 field experiments in community ecology and found that half were conducted on plots no larger than 1 m in diameter, despite considerable differences in the sizes and types of organisms studied. Investigators addressing the same questions have often conducted their studies on quite different scales. Not surprisingly, their findings have not always matched, and arguments have ensued. The disagreements among conservation biologists over the optimal design of nature reserves (see Simberloff, 1988) are at least partly due to a failure to appreciate scaling differences among organisms. Controversies about the role of competition in structuring animal communities (Schoener, 1982; Wiens, 1983, 1989) or about the degree of coevolution in communities (Connell, 1980; Roughgarden, 1983) may reflect the",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2389612",
    doi = "10.2307/2389612",
    openalex = "W2040766929",
    references = "doi101016s0065250408601191, doi101073pnas5161207, doi101086284267, doi101126science2354785167, doi1023072259213, doi1023072981858, doi1023074549, doi102307633873, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1664665536, openalexw2077454220"
}

@article{doi1023073514751,
    author = "Beerbower, Richard and Padian, Kevin",
    title = "The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Palaios",
    abstract = "The record of life on land has been a principal concern of historical biology not only because of our fascination with our own past (and with giants, dragons, and other ancient monsters) but because of special opportunities and challenges for development of methods, principles, and concepts of explanation. The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs treats an intriguing phase of that history, one that included the first appearance of dinosaurs, and mammals, the extinction or near extinction of many clades of vertebrates, and extensive changes in plant associations. Further, the patterns of change (and of stasis) raise general questions about macroecologic and macroevolutionary processes and factors and even about the roles of chance and determination in biological history. Although the book was published initially in 1986 (and was based on a 1984 symposium sponsored by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontologists), its content remains current and its release in paperback form (for $34.50 rather than $75.00 for the hardcover version) justifies a review even at this late date. The Introduction and the Summary and Prospectus, written by the editor, Kevin Padian, demonstrate the significance of the interval from mid-Triassic to early Jurassic-particularly for vertebrates on land. Advanced mammal-like reptiles (therapsids) dominate lower Triassic assemblages in abundance, taxonomic diversity, and ecological variety; non-therapsids (mostly archosaurs) are rare elements and apparently of little ecological importance. In upper Triassic and lower Jurassic assemblages the situation is reversed, therapsids rare with limited diversity and variety but archosaurs abundant, diverse and varied. The archosaur expansion starts in middle of the succession; pterodactyls, crocodylomorphs, and dinosaurs appear (as archosaur subclades) in approximate coincidence with a marked decline in therapsids. Mammals (at least 3 subclades) occur along with two other subclades of very mammal-like therapsids very close to the top. In the upper Triassic two relatively sharp breaks in faunal composition appear, one relatively low, in the top of the Carnian and base of the Norian stages (around 225 Ma), and one higher, at the top of the Norian (around 215 Ma). These breaks, if real and not a consequence of miscorrelations or gaps in sampling, suggest high rates of taxonomic extinction and origination and have been interpreted as intervals of catastrophic extinction. These changes coincide more or less with some in the flora (except that the latter seem continuous rather than stepped) and thus with overall changes in terrestrial ecosystems. Radically different explanations have been offered for these patterns, at one extreme a deterministic argument from the competitive superiority of dinosaurs to the other, an opportunistic one based on chance differences in survival through episodes of mass extinction. This book can be viewed (and reviewed) as an extended example of analysis and interpretation in historical biology. The concerns of the discipline are twofold, chronicle and narrative (the concepts those of O'Hara, 1988). Chronicle comprises when, what, and where; narrative, how. A chronicle extends of course beyond description and chronologic ordering of fossils to paleobiogeographic, paleoecologic, and phylogenetic reconstructions. The latter derive from patterns in form and occurrence of fossils as analyzed in terms of taphonomic, constructional, functional, and phylogenetic processes and factors (viz Seilacher, 1970) and of stratigraphic and geographic distribution. Each reconstruction represents a particular state, and stratigraphic analysis arranges these reconstructions into a chronicle. Narrative, in contrast, involves explanation of the patterns (temporal, geographic, ecologic and phyletic) in the chronicle by a sequence of biological and physical circumstances and by evolutionary processes and factors (genetic, phylogenetic, and ecological). Of the 26 papers in this volume, 24 focus primarily on the chronicle and are dominated by consideration of what-when, i.e., the stratigraphic distribution of various groups of fossils, and of what-how, i.e., the phylogenetic and functional analyses. Among those in the what-when group are papers by Colbert on historical aspects of upper Triassic-lower Jurassic stratigraphy, by Ash on fossil plants, by Olsen and Baird on the ichnogenus Atreipus, by Chatterjee and by Parrish and Carpenter on vertebrates of the Dockum Group (Texas and New Mexico), and by Long and Padian on biostratigraphy of the Chinle Formation (Arizona). Also best included here are the studies by McCune and Schaeffer on Triassic and Jurassic fishes, Gaffney on turtles, Clemens on mammals, Olson and Padian on crocodylomorph ichnogenera, Sun and Cui on saurishians from the lower Lufeng (China), Clark and Fastovsky on the vertebrates of the Glen Canyon Group (Arizona), Haubold on archosaur trackways, Sigogneau-Russell, Frank, and Hemmerle on a new family of Triassic",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3514751",
    doi = "10.2307/3514751",
    openalex = "W2320472492",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi1023072807146, doi1023072992272"
}

@misc{farlow1989paleobiology6,
    author = "Farlow, J. O",
    title = "Paleobiology of the Dinosaurs, 238 of GSA Special Paper",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, 100 p.; Based on a Meeting, Waco, Tx., March, 1987",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Farlow, J. O., 1989, Paleobiology of the Dinosaurs, 238 of GSA Special Paper: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, 100 p.; Based on a Meeting, Waco, Tx., March, 1987.}"
}

@misc{leipzig1990the9,
    author = "Leipzig, M. R",
    title = "The Encyclopedia Archosauria [1st ed.]",
    year = "1990",
    howpublished = "Pittsburgh, Pa., Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 863 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Leipzig, M. R., 1990, The Encyclopedia Archosauria [1st ed.]: Pittsburgh, Pa., Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 863 p.}"
}

@article{doi1023071941447,
    author = "Levin, Simon A.",
    title = "The Problem of Pattern and Scale in Ecology: The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Ecology",
    abstract = {It is argued that the problem of pattern and scale is the central problem in ecology, unifying population biology and ecosystems science, and marrying basic and applied ecology. Applied challenges, such as the prediction of the ecological causes and consequences of global climate change, require the interfacing of phenomena that occur on very different scales of space, time, and ecological organization. Furthermore, there is no single natural scale at which ecological phenomena should be studied; systems generally show characteristic variability on a range of spatial, temporal, and organizational scales. The observer imposes a perceptual bias, a filter through which the system is viewed. This has fundamental evolutionary significance, since every organism is an "observer" of the environment, and life history adaptations such as dispersal and dormancy alter the perceptual scales of the species, and the observed variability. It likewise has fundamental significance for our own study of ecological systems, since the patterns that are unique to any range of scales will have unique causes and biological consequences. The key to prediction and understanding lies in the elucidation of mechanisms underlying observed patterns. Typically, these mechanisms operate at different scales than those on which the patterns are observed; in some cases, the patterns must be understood as emerging form the collective behaviors of large ensembles of smaller scale units. In other cases, the pattern is imposed by larger scale constraints. Examination of such phenomena requires the study of how pattern and variability change with the scale of description, and the development of laws for simplification, aggregation, and scaling. Examples are given from the marine and terrestrial literatures.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1941447",
    doi = "10.2307/1941447",
    openalex = "W2322480672",
    references = "doi101007bfb0091924, doi101086282400, doi101098rstb19520012, doi101111j146918091937tb02153x, doi101111j155856461964tb01674x, doi1015159781400881376, doi1023071941447, doi1023072529912, doi105860choice295104, doi107551mitpress30140010001, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1576847343"
}

@article{doi10108002724634199510011271,
    author = "Dodson, Peter",
    title = "Dinosaur eggs and babies",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "(1995). Dinosaur eggs and babies. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 863-866.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1995.10011271",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1995.10011271",
    openalex = "W2090773166",
    references = "doi101017s0094837300006242, doi101017s0094837300016900, doi10108002724634199010011832, doi101126science2665186779, doi1011341149215556174, doi104202app, openalexw2131558500, openalexw2547420916"
}

@article{doi101126science2725264986,
    author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Dutheil, Didier B. and Iarochène, Mohamed and Larsson, Hans C. E. and Lyon, Gabrielle H. and Magwene, Paul M. and Sidor, Christian A. and Varricchio, David J. and Wilson, Jeffrey A.",
    title = "Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) fossils discovered in the Kem Kem region of Morocco include large predatory dinosaurs that inhabited Africa as it drifted into geographic isolation. One, represented by a skull approximately 1.6 meters in length, is an advanced allosauroid referable to the African genus Carcharodontosaurus. Another, represented by a partial skeleton with slender proportions, is a new basal coelurosaur closely resembling the Egyptian genus Bahariasaurus. Comparisons with Cretaceous theropods from other continents reveal a previously unrecognized global radiation of carcharodontosaurid predators. Substantial geographic differentiation of dinosaurian faunas in response to continental drift appears to have arisen abruptly at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5264.986",
    doi = "10.1126/science.272.5264.986",
    openalex = "W2013182835",
    references = "coria1995a, doi101007bf02987808, doi101016s0016699509900389, doi101038377224a0, doi101126science2665183267, doi102113gssgfbulliv2335, doi1023072421859, doi105281zenodo1040385, doi105962p226819, openalexw1426920053, openalexw2603028126"
}

@article{crossref1998dinosaurs,
    title = "Dinosaurs: the encyclopedia",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-3076",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.35-3076",
    number = "06",
    openalex = "W1581119561",
    pages = "35-3076-35-3076",
    volume = "35"
}

@article{crossref1998encyclopedia,
    title = "Encyclopedia of dinosaurs",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    number = "07",
    openalex = "W647458292",
    pages = "35-3642-35-3642",
    volume = "35"
}

@article{doi101017s0094837300021308,
    author = "Horner, John R. and de Ricqlès, Armand and Padian, Kevin",
    title = "Variation in dinosaur skeletochronology indicators: implications for age assessment and physiology",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Twelve different bones from the skeleton of the holotype specimen of the hadrosaurian dinosaur Hypacrosaurus stebingeri were thin-sectioned to evaluate the significance of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) in age assessments. The presence of an external fundamental system (EFS) at the external surface of the cortex and mature epiphyses indicate that the Hypacrosaurus specimen had reached adulthood and growth had slowed considerably from earlier stages. The number of LAGs varied from none in the pedal phalanx to as many as eight in the tibia and femur. Most elements had experienced considerable Haversian reconstruction that had most likely obliterated many LAGs. The tibia was found to have experienced the least amount of reconstruction, but was still not optimal for skeletochronology because the LAGs were difficult to count near the periosteal surface. Additionally, the numbers of LAGs within the EFS vary considerably around the circumference of a single element and among elements. Counting LAGs from a single bone to assess skeletochronology appears to be unreliable, particularly when a fundamental system exists. Because LAGs are plesiomorphic for tetrapods, and because they are present in over a dozen orders of mammals, they have no particular physiological meaning that can be generalized to particular amniote groups without independent physiological evidence. Descriptions of dinosaur physiology as “intermediate” between the physiology of living reptiles and that of living birds and mammals may or may not be valid, but cannot be based reliably on the presence of LAGs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300021308",
    doi = "10.1017/s0094837300021308",
    openalex = "W2285964556",
    references = "chinsamy1994dinosaur, chinsamy1998polar, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jmor1051080103, doi101017s0094837300013543, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi101093clinids222240, doi101111j109636422000tb00016x, doi101111j155856461974tb00777x, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023071564284, doi105860choice353642, openalexw424753225, openalexw575222456, openalexw597127060, openalexw648632191, openalexw991367939"
}

@article{doi10108002724634199910011178,
    author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A.",
    title = "A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT The vertebrae of sauropods are characterized by numerous bony struts that connect the costovertebral and intervertebral articulations, centrum, and neural spine of the presacral, sacral, and anterior caudal vertebrae. A nomenclature for sauropod vertebral laminae is proposed that: 1) utilizes the morphological landmarks connected by the laminae (rather than their spatial orientation); and 2) provides the same name for serial homologues. This landmark-based nomenclature for vertebral laminae, which establishes the first criterion of homology (similarity), is the first step towards interpreting their phylogenetic significance. Nineteen different neural arch laminae are identified in sauropods, although all are never present in a single vertebra. Vertebral laminae can be divided into four regional categories, with each distinct lamina abbreviated with a simple four-letter acronym: diapophyseal laminae; parapophyseal laminae; zygapophyseal laminae; and spinal laminae. The distribution of neural arch laminae in presacral, sacral, and caudal vertebrae is evaluated to assess homology in sauropods and other saurischians. Five diapophyseal laminae and six zygapophyseal laminae characterize saurischian dinosaurs. Parapophyseal laminae and spinodiapophyseal laminae are unique to a subgroup of sauropods that includes Barapasaurus, Omeisaurus, and Neosauropoda. The presence of diapophyseal laminae in caudal vertebrae characterizes diplodocids. Vertebral laminae probably partitioned pneumatic diverticuli on the neural arch and provided structural support for the axial column. Their basic architecture evolved in saurischians prior to the Late Triassic (Carnian), 25 million years before the first known sauropod.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1999.10011178",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1999.10011178",
    openalex = "W2059909554",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101038063003a0, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101126science11282807, doi1023072413454, doi1023073514751, doi1023073889325, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105860choice353642, doi105962p226819, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2989049194, openalexw3184837389"
}

@article{doi101126science28454232137,
    author = "Sereno, Paul C.",
    title = "The Evolution of Dinosaurs",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The ascendancy of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and opportunistic as their demise and replacement by therian mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. The dinosaurian radiation, launched by 1-meter-long bipeds, was slower in tempo and more restricted in adaptive scope than that of therian mammals. A notable exception was the evolution of birds from small-bodied predatory dinosaurs, which involved a dramatic decrease in body size. Recurring phylogenetic trends among dinosaurs include, to the contrary, increase in body size. There is no evidence for co-evolution between predators and prey or between herbivores and flowering plants. As the major land masses drifted apart, dinosaurian biogeography was molded more by regional extinction and intercontinental dispersal than by the breakup sequence of Pangaea.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2137",
    doi = "10.1126/science.284.5423.2137",
    openalex = "W1974320804",
    references = "brouwers1987dinosaurs, coria1995a, doi101007978364268836217, doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160031018272900491, doi1010160031018282900852, doi1010160198025483901334, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi10103820167, doi101038248168a0, doi101038277560a0, doi10103831927, doi10103832642, doi10103834356, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi101038387390a0, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199210011473, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi10108002724634199810011101, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101093oso97801985491780010001, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x1997tb00024x, doi101111j155856461973tb05912x, doi101111j155856461996tb04496x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science27953581915, doi101126science28053661048, doi101126science28253921298, doi101126science2845414616, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101139e93187, doi101146annurevea03050175000415, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi1015159780691224244, doi1023071292217, doi1023073514751, doi1023073515466, openalexw1528487914, rowe1989a, sereno1997the"
}

@article{doi101139z99165,
    author = "Kelly, Jeffrey F.",
    title = "Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the study of avian and mammalian trophic ecology",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "Differential fractionation of stable isotopes of carbon during photosynthesis causes C 4 plants and C 3 plants to have distinct carbon-isotope signatures. In addition, marine C 3 plants have stable-isotope ratios of carbon that are intermediate between C 4 and terrestrial C 3 plants. The direct incorporation of the carbon-isotope ratio (13 C/ 12 C) of plants into consumers' tissues makes this ratio useful in studies of animal ecology. The heavy isotope of nitrogen (15 N) is preferentially incorporated into the tissues of the consumer from the diet, which results in a systematic enrichment in nitrogen-isotope ratio (15 N/ 14 N) with each trophic level. Consequently, stable isotopes of nitrogen have been used primarily to assess position in food chains. The literature pertaining to the use of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in animal trophic ecology was reviewed. Data from 102 studies that reported stable-isotope ratios of carbon and (or) nitrogen of wild birds and (or) mammals were compiled and analyzed relative to diet, latitude, body size, and habitat moisture. These analyses supported the predicted relationships among trophic groups. Carbon-isotope ratios differed among species that relied on C 3, C 4, and marine food chains. Likewise, nitrogen-isotope ratios were enriched in terrestrial carnivorous mammals relative to terrestrial herbivorous mammals. Also, marine carnivores that ate vertebrates had nitrogen-isotope ratios that were enriched over the ratios of those that ate invertebrates. Data from the literature also indicated that (i) the carbon-isotope ratio of carnivore bone collagen was inversely related to latitude, which was likely the result of an inverse relationship between the proportion of carbon in the food chain that was fixed by C 4 plants and latitude; (ii) seabirds and marine mammals from northern oceans had higher nitrogen-isotope ratios than those from southern oceans; (iii) the nitrogen-isotope ratios of terrestrial mammals that used xeric habitats were higher than the ratios of those that used mesic habitats, indicating that water stress can have important effects on the nitrogen-isotope ratio; (iv) there was no relationship between body mass and nitrogen-isotope ratio for either bone collagen or muscle of carnivores; and (v) there was linear covariation between stable-isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in marine food chains (but not in terrestrial C 3 or C 4 food chains), which is likely a product of increases in carbon-isotope ratio with trophic level in marine food chains. Differences in stable-isotope composition among trophic groups were detected despite variation attributable to geographic location, climate, and analytical techniques, indicating that these effects are large and pervasive. Consequently, as knowledge of the distribution of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen increases, they will probably become an increasingly important tool in the study of avian and mammalian trophic ecology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-165",
    doi = "10.1139/z99-165",
    openalex = "W2131000806",
    references = "doi1010029780470691854, doi1010160016703757900248, doi1010160016703778901990, doi1010160016703781902441, doi1010160016703784902047, doi1010160031942281851345, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101146annurevecolsys151393, doi101146annureves15110184002141, doi101146annureves18110187001453, doi101146annurevpp40060189002443, doi1012019781420064452, doi101353book59141, doi1018900012965819970781271siiaea20co2"
}

@article{doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2,
    author = "Horner, John R. and de Ricqlès, Armand and Padian, Kevin",
    title = "Long bone histology of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum: growth dynamics and physiology based on an ontogenetic series of skeletal elements",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Ontogenetic changes in the bone histology of Maiasaura peeblesorum are revealed by six relatively distinct but gradational growth stages: early and late nestling, early and late juvenile, sub-adult, and adult. These stages are distinguished not only by relative size but by changes in the histological patterns of bones at each stage. In general, the earliest stages are marked by spongy bone matrix with large vascular canals. Through growth, the cortical bone differentiates into fibro-lamellar tissue that tends to become more regularly layered in the outer cortex. By the sub-adult stage, lines of arrested growth (LAGs) begin to appear regularly. Resorption lines and substantial Haversian substitution in many long bones also begin to appear at this stage, and the external cortex has a lamellar-zonal structure in some bones that indicates imminent cessation of growth. Judging by the rates of apposition of similar bone tissues in living amniotes, and by the number and placement of LAGs, these patterns suggest that young Maiasaura nestlings grew at very high rates, and at high and moderately high rates during later nestling, juvenile, and sub-adult stages, slowing to low and very low growth rates in adults (7–9 m total length). The nesting period would have lasted one to two months, late juvenile size (3.5 meters) would have been reached in one or two years, and adult size in six to eight years, depending on the basis for extrapolating bone growth rates. The histological tissues, patterns, and inferred growth rates of the bones of Maiasaura are completely different from those of living non-avian reptiles, generally similar to those of most other dinosaurs and pterosaurs for which data are available, and much like those of extant birds and mammals. No living reptiles (except birds) grow to adult size at these rates, nor do they show these histological patterns. We conclude that Maiasaura did not grow at all like living non-avian reptiles, which cannot be considered informative models for most aspects of dinosaurian growth (or physiology, to the extent that growth rates reflect metabolism). The use of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) to infer dinosaurian physiology has never been tested and is not supported by independent lines of evidence; their use in calculating age is also more complex than previously suggested and should not be based on single bones.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0115:lbhoth]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0115:lbhoth]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2179073245",
    references = "chinsamy1994dinosaur, chinsamy1998polar, doi101001jama195602970180082039, doi101002jmor1051080103, doi1010079781489957405, doi101017s0094837300012331, doi101017s0094837300013543, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038282296a0, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi101093clinids222240, doi101126science26251422020, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi105962bhltitle113905, openalexw2259112626, openalexw648632191, openalexw991367939, reid1984primary"
}

@article{doi101038npgels0003084,
    author = "Jax, Kurt",
    title = "History of Ecology",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Encyclopedia of Life Sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract Although there have been ‘ecological’ ideas and investigations over many centuries, the history of ecology as a self‐conscious science started only in the last decades of the nineteenth century. A description of the development of ecology since then shows both the plurality of approaches and subjects and the desire to arrive at unifying theories.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0003084",
    doi = "10.1038/npg.els.0003084",
    openalex = "W4233313238"
}

@article{doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2,
    author = "Horner, John R. and Padian, Kevin and de Ricqlès, Armand",
    title = "Comparative osteohistology of some embryonic and perinatal archosaurs: developmental and behavioral implications for dinosaurs",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Histologic studies of embryonic and perinatal longbones of living birds, non-avian dinosaurs, and other reptiles show a strong phylogenetic signal in the distribution of tissues and patterns of vascularization in both the shafts and the bone ends. The embryonic bones of basal archosaurs and other reptiles have thin-walled cortices and large marrow cavities that are sometimes subdivided by erosion rooms in early stages of growth. The cortices of basal reptiles are poorly vascularized, and osteocyte lacunae are common but randomly organized. Additionally, there is no evidence of fibrolamellar tissue organization around the vascular spaces. Compared with turtles, basal archosaurs show an increase in vascularization, better organized osteocytes, and some fibrolamellar tissue organization. In dinosaurs, including birds, vascularization is greater than in basal archosaurs, as is cortical thickness, and the osteocyte lacunae are more abundant and less randomly organized. Fibrolamellar tissues are evident around vascular canals and form organized primary osteons in older perinates and juveniles. Metaphyseal (“epiphyseal”) morphology varies with the acquisition of new features in derived groups. The cartilage cone, persistent through the Reptilia (crown-group reptiles, including birds), is completely calcified in ornithischian dinosaurs before it is eroded by marrow processes; cartilage canals, absent in basal archosaurs, are present in Dinosauria; a thickened calcified hypertrophy zone in Dinosauria indicates an acceleration of longitudinal bone growth. Variations in this set of histological synapomorphies overlap between birds and non-avian dinosaurs. In birds, these variations are strongly correlated with life-history strategies. This overlap, plus independent evidence from nesting sites, reinforces the hypothesis that variations in bone growth strategies in Mesozoic dinosaurs reflect different life-history strategies, including nesting behavior of neonates and parental care.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0039:coosea>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0039:coosea>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2192703335",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi1010079781489953919, doi101016b9780125052559500298, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038282296a0, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi101093clinids222240, doi101093oso97801951060840010001, doi101126science26251422020, doi101146annurevearth28119, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023071971635, openalexw563887495, reid1984primary"
}

@book{openalexw1532974323,
    author = "Molles, Manuel C.",
    title = "Ecology: Concepts and Applications",
    year = "2001",
    booktitle = "NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University)",
    abstract = "This intoductory general ecology text has a strong emphasis on helping students grasp the main concepts of ecology without becoming inundated with detail. It includes many examples of actual research projects conducted in the field of ecology.",
    openalex = "W1532974323"
}

@article{doi101002jmor10029,
    author = "Starck, J. Matthias and Chinsamy, Anusuya",
    title = "Bone microstructure and developmental plasticity in birds and other dinosaurs",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Journal of Morphology",
    abstract = "Patterns of bone microstructure have frequently been used to deduce dynamics and processes of growth in extant and fossil tetrapods. Often, the various types of primary bone tissue have been associated with different bone deposition rates and more recently such deductions have extended to patterns observed in dinosaur bone microstructure. These previous studies are challenged by the findings of the current research, which integrates an experimental neontological approach and a paleontological comparison. We use tetracycline labeling and morphometry to study the variability of bone deposition rates in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) growing under different experimental conditions. We compare resulting patterns in bone microstructure with those found in fossil birds and other dinosaurs. We found that a single type of primary bone varies significantly in rates of growth in response to environmental conditions. Ranging between 10-50 microm per day, rates of growth overlap with the full range of bone deposition rates that were previously associated with different patterns of bone histology. Bone formation rate was significantly affected by environmental/experimental conditions, skeletal element, and age. In the quail, the experimental conditions did not result in formation of lines of arrested growth (LAGs). Because of the observed variation of bone deposition rates in response to variation in environmental conditions, we conclude that bone deposition rates measured in extant birds cannot simply be extrapolated to their fossil relatives. Additionally, we observe the variable incidence of LAGs and annuli among several dinosaur species, including fossil birds, extant sauropsids, as well as nonmammalian synapsids, and some extant mammals. This suggests that the ancestral condition of the response of bone to environmental conditions was variable. We propose that such developmental plasticity in modern birds may be reduced in association with the shortened developmental time during the later evolution of the ornithurine birds.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10029",
    doi = "10.1002/jmor.10029",
    openalex = "W2064159002",
    references = "deklerk2000a, doi101016s0764446900001815, doi101017s0094837300013543, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101038368196a0, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi101093clinids222240, doi101093oso97801951060840010001, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, openalexw406909995"
}

@article{doi101046j10963642200200029x,
    author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A.",
    title = "Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. (2002): Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 217-276, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x",
    doi = "10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x",
    openalex = "W2018305891",
    references = "doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101007978140206754912413, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j155856461983tb05533x, doi101126science28053661048, doi101126science28454232137, doi101242dev1212333, doi1023071292217, doi1023072408332, doi1023072992353, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss321125417, doi102475ajss32313381, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi107312crac92306005, openalexw1025856234, openalexw3114518543, ostrom2019osteology"
}

@article{doi101126science1065522,
    author = "Olsen, Paul E. and Kent, Dennis V. and Sues, Hans‐Dieter and Koeberl, Christian and Huber, Heinz and Montanari, Alessandro and Rainforth, Emma C. and Fowell, Sarah J. and Szajna, Michael J. and Hartline, B. W.",
    title = "Ascent of Dinosaurs Linked to an Iridium Anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Analysis of tetrapod footprints and skeletal material from more than 70 localities in eastern North America shows that large theropod dinosaurs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extinction. This extraordinary turnover is associated with an iridium anomaly (up to 285 parts per trillion, with an average maximum of 141 parts per trillion) and a fern spore spike, suggesting that a bolide impact was the cause. Eastern North American dinosaurian diversity reached a stable maximum less than 100,000 years after the boundary, marking the establishment of dinosaur-dominated communities that prevailed for the next 135 million years.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065522",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1065522",
    openalex = "W2107051375",
    references = "doi1010160031018295001719, doi101126science22546661030, doi101126science3616622, doi1023073514751, doi105860choice332752, doi107312lock90868"
}

@article{doi101146annurevecolsys33010802150448,
    author = "Webb, Campbell O. and Ackerly, David D. and McPeek, Mark A. and Donoghue, Michael J.",
    title = "Phylogenies and Community Ecology",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics",
    abstract = "▪ Abstract As better phylogenetic hypotheses become available for many groups of organisms, studies in community ecology can be informed by knowledge of the evolutionary relationships among coexisting species. We note three primary approaches to integrating phylogenetic information into studies of community organization: 1. examining the phylogenetic structure of community assemblages, 2. exploring the phylogenetic basis of community niche structure, and 3. adding a community context to studies of trait evolution and biogeography. We recognize a common pattern of phylogenetic conservatism in ecological character and highlight the challenges of using phylogenies of partial lineages. We also review phylogenetic approaches to three emergent properties of communities: species diversity, relative abundance distributions, and range sizes. Methodological advances in phylogenetic supertree construction, character reconstruction, null models for community assembly and character evolution, and metrics of community phylogenetic structure underlie the recent progress in these areas. We highlight the potential for community ecologists to benefit from phylogenetic knowledge and suggest several avenues for future research.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150448",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150448",
    openalex = "W2109628725",
    references = "doi10100797814615696881, doi101007978303487527124, doi101007bf02806171, doi101016s0169534701021619, doi101038363342a0, doi10108010292389509380518, doi101086282106, doi101086282505, doi101086284325, doi101086285258, doi101086285357, doi101086627905, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101093oso97801985464120010001, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva003974, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva025892, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j001438202001tb00826x, doi101111j109583122001tb01368x, doi101126science20343871299, doi101126science2354785167, doi101126science2785338692, doi101126science27953592115, doi101126science28554311265, doi101146annurevecolsys311343, doi1015159781400881376, doi1023071446122, doi1023071939377, doi1023072412182, doi1023072413039, doi1023072485224, doi1023073071998, doi1023073544421, doi1023075503, doi102307jctv1nzfgj7, doi105860choice295104, doi105860choice375647, doi105860choice392183, openalexw2273605253, openalexw3035987306"
}

@article{doi101671a1097,
    author = "Dzik, Jerzy",
    title = "A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract An accumulation of skeletons of the pre-dinosaur Silesaurus opolensis, gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Keuper (Late Triassic) claystone of Krasiejów in southern Poland. The strata are correlated with the late Carnian Lehrberg Beds and contain a diverse assemblage of tetrapods, including the phytosaur Paleorhinus, which in other regions of the world co-occurs with the oldest dinosaurs. A narrow pelvis with long pubes and the extensive development of laminae in the cervical vertebrae place S. opolensis close to the origin of the clade Dinosauria above Pseudolagosuchus, which agrees with its geological age. Among the advanced characters is the beak on the dentaries, and the relatively low tooth count. The teeth have low crowns and wear facets, which are suggestive of herbivory. The elongate, but weak, front limbs are probably a derived feature.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/a1097",
    doi = "10.1671/a1097",
    openalex = "W2101751293",
    references = "doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rstb19990489, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw2310875238, openalexw2788234611, openalexw606525048, openalexw616953834, sereno1997the"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511606816,
    author = "Koenig, Walter D. and Koenig, Walter D. and Ligon, J. David and Ekman, Jan and Dickinson, Janis L. and Heinsohn, Robert and Cockburn, Andrew and Komdeur, Jan and Plessis, Morné A. Du and Schoech, Stephan J. and Koenig, Walter D. and Magrath, Robert D. and Vehrencamp, Sandra L. and Walters, Jeffrey R. and Russell, Andrew F. and Pruett‐Jones, Stephen",
    title = "Ecology and Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds",
    year = "2004",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Cooperative breeders are species in which more than a pair of individuals assist in the production of young. Cooperative breeding is found in only a few hundred bird species world-wide, and understanding this often strikingly altruistic behaviour has remained an important challenge in behavioural ecology for over 30 years. This book highlights the theoretical, empirical and technical advances that have taken place in the field of cooperative breeding research since the publication of the seminal work Cooperative Breeding in Birds: Long-term Studies of Behavior and Ecology (1990, HB ISBN 0521 372984, PB ISBN 0521 378907). Organized conceptually, special attention is given to ways in which cooperative breeders have proved fertile subjects for testing modern advances to classic evolutionary problems including those of sexual selection, sex-ratio manipulation, life-history evolution, partitioning of reproduction and incest avoidance. It will be of interest to both students and researchers interested in behaviour and ecology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511606816",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511606816",
    openalex = "W1575039682",
    references = "doi1010160169534796100288, doi101111j1474919x1968tb00058x, doi101146annurevnutr191247, doi105860choice343307, openalexw563887495"
}

@article{doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2,
    author = "Padian, Kevin and Horner, John R. and de Ricqlès, Armand",
    title = "Growth in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs: the evolution of archosaurian growth strategies",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Histological evidence of the bones of pterosaurs and dinosaurs indicates that the typically large forms of these groups grew at rates more comparable to those of birds and mammals than to those of other living reptiles. However, Scutellosaurus, a small, bipedal, basal thyreophoran ornithischian dinosaur of the Early Jurassic, shows histological features in its skeletal tissues that suggest relatively lower growth rates than in those of larger dinosaurs. In these respects Scutellosaurus, like other small dinosaurs such as Orodromeus and some basal birds, is more like young, rapidly growing crocodiles than larger, more derived ornithischians (hadrosaurs) and all saurischians (sauropods and theropods). Similar patterns can be seen in small, mostly basal pterosaurs such as Eudimorphodon and Rhamphorhynchus. However, superficial similarities to crocodile bone growth belie some important differences, which are most usefully interpreted in phylogenetic and ontogenetic contexts. Large size evolved secondarily in several dinosaurian and pterosaurian lineages. We hypothesize that this larger size was made possible by rapid growth strategies that are reflected by characteristic highly vascularized fibro-lamellar bone tissues that comprise most of the cortex. Dinosaurs and pterosaurs, like other tetrapodes, generally grew more quickly in early stages and more slowly as growth neared completion. As in other vertebrate groups, taxa of small adult size may have grown at lower rates or for shorter durations than larger taxa did. Phylogenetic patterns suggest that by themselves, the low vascularity and inferred low growth rates seen in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs are not good indicators of thermometabolic regime, because they are correlated so strongly with size. They may reflect mechanical exigencies of small size rather than especially lower growth rates, tied to the process of deposition of particular kinds of bone tissues. The evolution of life history strategies in dinosaurs and pterosaurs, as they relate to rates of growth and adult body sizes, will be better understood as more complete histological studies place these data into phylogenetic and ontogenetic contexts.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0555:gisdap]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0555:gisdap]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2176430550",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101007bf02118752, doi101016s0764446900001815, doi101016s1631069102014294, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101038282296a0, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi101093clinids222240, doi101093oso97801951060840010001, doi101111j109636422000tb02201x, doi1015159781400853724, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023071444685, doi1023073514751, openalexw225597919, openalexw2607033038, openalexw563887495, vitt1982the"
}

@article{doi101890039000,
    author = "Brown, James H. and Gillooly, James F. and Allen, Andrew P. and Savage, Van M. and West, Geoffrey B.",
    title = "TOWARD A METABOLIC THEORY OF ECOLOGY",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Ecology",
    abstract = "Metabolism provides a basis for using first principles of physics, chemistry, and biology to link the biology of individual organisms to the ecology of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Metabolic rate, the rate at which organisms take up, transform, and expend energy and materials, is the most fundamental biological rate. We have developed a quantitative theory for how metabolic rate varies with body size and temperature. Metabolic theory predicts how metabolic rate, by setting the rates of resource uptake from the environment and resource allocation to survival, growth, and reproduction, controls ecological processes at all levels of organization from individuals to the biosphere. Examples include: (1) life history attributes, including development rate, mortality rate, age at maturity, life span, and population growth rate; (2) population interactions, including carrying capacity, rates of competition and predation, and patterns of species diversity; and (3) ecosystem processes, including rates of biomass production and respiration and patterns of trophic dynamics. Data compiled from the ecological literature strongly support the theoretical predictions. Eventually, metabolic theory may provide a conceptual foundation for much of ecology, just as genetic theory provides a foundation for much of evolutionary biology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1890/03-9000",
    doi = "10.1890/03-9000",
    openalex = "W2114795157",
    references = "doi101007bf00344996, doi101007bf00386231, doi101016c20120016547, doi101017cbo9780511565403, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101038118558a0, doi101038119012b0, doi10103823251, doi10103835098076, doi101086282063, doi101086282171, doi101086285144, doi101086285270, doi101086381872, doi101093geronj113298, doi101126science1061967, doi101126science1643877262, doi101126science24148721441, doi101126science2765309122, doi101126science28454201677, doi101242jeb9711, doi1015159781400885695, doi1023071930126, doi1023072298330, doi1023072532815, doi1023073071998, doi103733hilgv06n11p315, doi105860choice324498, doi105962bhltitle4489, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1577806554, openalexw2145250129, openalexw656806957"
}

@article{doi101126science1120125,
    author = "Sander, P. Martin and Klein, Nicole",
    title = "Developmental Plasticity in the Life History of a Prosauropod Dinosaur",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Long-bone histology indicates that the most common early dinosaur, the prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti from the Upper Triassic of Central Europe, had variable life histories. Although Plateosaurus grew at the fast rates typical for dinosaurs, as indicated by fibrolamellar bone, qualitative (growth stop) and quantitative (growth-mark counts) features of its histology are poorly correlated with body size. Individual life histories of P. engelhardti were influenced by environmental factors, as in modern ectothermic reptiles, but not in mammals, birds, or other dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120125",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1120125",
    openalex = "W2172140341",
    references = "doi101016jtree200508012, doi101016s0753396903000053, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi10560219780801881206"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511802454,
    author = "McCarthy, Michael A.",
    title = "Bayesian Methods for Ecology",
    year = "2007",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "The interest in using Bayesian methods in ecology is increasing, however many ecologists have difficulty with conducting the required analyses. McCarthy bridges that gap, using a clear and accessible style. The text also incorporates case studies to demonstrate mark-recapture analysis, development of population models and the use of subjective judgement. The advantages of Bayesian methods, are also described here, for example, the incorporation of any relevant prior information and the ability to assess the evidence in favour of competing hypotheses. Free software is available as well as an accompanying web-site containing the data files and WinBUGS codes. Bayesian Methods for Ecology will appeal to academic researchers, upper undergraduate and graduate students of Ecology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511802454",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511802454",
    openalex = "W605132206",
    references = "doi1012019781420064452"
}

@article{doi101093aobmcl274,
    author = "Moore, Peter D.",
    title = "The ecology of plants, 2nd edn.",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Annals of Botany",
    abstract = "It is quite unusual these days in ecological publishing to find a general textbook that deals specifically with the botanical aspects of ecology. Almost all texts in this subject combine animals, plants and microbes within the same covers, partly because all kingdoms are intricately mixed in the configuration of the ecosystem, partly because almost all university ecology classes are taught in an interdisciplinary manner, and perhaps also because the teaching of the subject is thought to benefit from a concentration on interactions between both species and kingdoms. Whatever the reasons, the publication of a textbook of plant ecology is a relatively rare event, but the question must be raised as to whether it is academically profitable. There are many aspects of ecology that are specifically down to plants, and the trapping of solar energy is quite clearly a botanical process upon which almost all other life forms depend. It is entirely reasonable, therefore, that this book begins with photosynthesis: its biochemistry, including its various pathways and their ecological significance, and its variation with light intensity and quality. No animals are needed here, and their exclusion is no loss to the book. The same could possibly be argued for water relations, root–soil interactions and nutrient acquisition. Microbes are clearly important here and are given some coverage, but the lack of zoological input does detract a little from the overall ecological picture, in my opinion. The related section dealing with ecosystem interactions is almost half a book away, and this arrangement fragments some extremely important ecological topics, such as the allocation of resources in a plant and its impact on architecture, microclimate and animal communities. The relationships between a plant's acquisition of elements and the needs of the grazer, together with the whole field of grazing deterrence by plants would fit logically in sequence here, but a long gap intercedes before even the topic of nutrient cycling is covered, let alone that of secondary compounds in plants. Population ecology follows and is well covered, with plentiful examples of the use of life tables and matrix algebra. This is one of the strongest parts of the book, and makes good use of topic boxes and numerical examples. But once again, I feel that comparisons with the problems facing zoological ecologists dealing with similar problems would be beneficial, even if emphasis were placed inevitably on the contrasts between the two sets of organisms. Evolution follows this section, quite logically, but this account has a rather dusty feel, with a dated emphasis on Clausen, Keck and Hiesey rather than the many exciting developments in the plant molecular field. Reproduction and life history development in plants provides a rich ground for investigating the intricacies of co-evolution, both in pollination and seed dispersal. The subject is very well covered, with many interesting examples and illustrations. The vital role of animals in plant biology cannot be avoided here, and the account would undoubtedly have benefited further if the complexities of animal evolution and adaptation could have been discussed alongside those of the plants that so effectively exploit them. Competition is a fairly safe subject for botanical insularity. Since competitors are essentially vying for the same limited resources, most plants are in competition with other plants. While the limiting resource is light, water or nutrient elements, a plant physiological approach is very acceptable, but what if the competition is for pollinators, as among many alpine plants? This subject could have been given more consideration. Ecosystem processes are given a chapter of their own, but here the lack of animal life becomes particularly unfortunate. Admittedly, biogeochemical cycles are driven largely by geological and botanical processes, aided most admirably by microbes, but patterns of energy flow cannot really be discussed adequately in a book on plant ecology. Pyramids of numbers and biomass have to be neglected, and even the study of succession, which has a very strong botanical driving force, loses some of its glamour if deprived of an energetic, Odumesque ecosystem production vs. respiration approach. My zoological colleagues cringe when I talk of plant communities, but vegetation does give the appearance of assembling itself independently of most animals, and certainly much plant ecological work has concentrated on the nature of such communities. The purist ecologist would argue that the term community cannot be applied selectively to organisms of one trophic level (such as plants); perhaps the term guild would be preferable. The concentration on the plant components of a community can, however, be justified because habitats are often defined and described on the basis of vegetation composition, or even its general structure, as in the case of biome definition. Biomes are indeed given a chapter to themselves in this book, though I confess that the ‘plants only’ approach leaves the account bereft of much of its ecological interest. At least there is one picture of acacia woodland that contains giraffes. The book concludes by looking at ecological questions on a global scale, such as the causes of latitudinal gradients of diversity and the likely consequences of climate change for plant communities of the world. The problems and questions facing ecologists are considerable, but their solution, I fear, is not made easier by ignoring the vast majority of the living species occupying the planet and by concentrating only on the plants. This volume is extremely well produced, rich in attractive illustrations, and supplied with an interesting and informative text. My one very major reservation is my lack of conviction that plant ecology can be studied in isolation from the greater whole.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl274",
    doi = "10.1093/aob/mcl274",
    openalex = "W2058240794"
}

@article{doi101098rsbl20070254,
    author = "Erickson, Gregory M. and Rogers, Kristina Curry and Varricchio, David J. and Norell, Mark A. and Xu, Xing",
    title = "Growth patterns in brooding dinosaurs reveals the timing of sexual maturity in non-avian dinosaurs and genesis of the avian condition",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "The timing of sexual maturation in non-avian dinosaurs is not known. In extant squamates and crocodilians it occurs in conjunction with the initial slowing of growth rates as adult size is approached. In birds (living dinosaurs) on the other hand, reproductive activity begins well after somatic maturity. Here we used growth line counts and spacing in all of the known brooding non-avian dinosaurs to determine the stages of development when they perished. It was revealed that sexual maturation occurred well before full adult size was reached-the primitive reptilian condition. In this sense, the life history and physiology of non-avian dinosaurs was not like that of modern birds. Palaeobiological ramifications of these findings include the potential to deduce reproductive lifespan, fecundity and reproductive population sizes in non-avian dinosaurs, as well as aid in the identification of secondary sexual characteristics.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0254",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2007.0254",
    openalex = "W2023698747",
    references = "chinsamy1994dinosaur, doi101016016093279290029o, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi101038nature02699, doi101086285385, doi101111j109636422000tb02201x, doi101111j1474919x1968tb00058x, doi101146annurevearth28119, doi10120600030082200635451andtfu20co2, doi1016660022336020030770822mbatho20co2, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1023071934545, doi10560219780801881206, doi105860choice421568"
}

@article{doi1010029780470015902a0003607pub2,
    author = "Taylor, Peter J.",
    title = "Philosophy of Ecology",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Encyclopedia of Life Sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract A key challenge in conceptualizing ecological complexity is to allow simultaneously for particularity, contingency and structure – structure, moreover, that changes, is internally differentiated, and has problematic boundaries. Given that all organisms – humans included – live in dynamic ecological contexts, philosophy of ecology raises more general questions about conceptualizing the positionality of humans and other organisms in their intersecting worlds.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0003607.pub2",
    doi = "10.1002/9780470015902.a0003607.pub2",
    openalex = "W4230570229"
}

@article{doi101073pnas0708903105,
    author = "Lee, Andrew H. and Werning, Sarah",
    title = "Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Recent histological studies suggest relatively rapid growth in dinosaurs. However, the timing of reproductive maturity (RM) in dinosaurs is poorly known because unambiguous indicators of RM are rare. One exception is medullary bone (MB), which is an ephemeral bony tissue that forms before ovulation in the marrow cavities of birds as a calcium source for eggshelling. Recently, MB also was described in a single specimen of the saurischian dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex. Here, we report two other occurrences of MB: in another saurischian dinosaur, Allosaurus, and in the ornithischian dinosaur Tenontosaurus. We show by counting lines of arrested growth and performing growth curve reconstructions that Tenontosaurus, Allosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus were reproductively mature by 8, 10, and 18 years, respectively. RM in these dinosaurs coincided with a transition from growth acceleration to deceleration. It also far precedes predictions based on the growth rates of living reptiles scaled to similar size. Despite relatively rapid growth, dinosaurs were similar to reptiles in that RM developed before reaching asymptotic size. However, this reproductive strategy also occurs in medium- to large-sized mammals and correlates with a strategy of prolonged multiyear growth. RM in actively growing individuals suggests that these dinosaurs were born relatively precocial and experienced high adult mortality. The origin of the modern avian reproductive strategy in ornithuran birds likely coincided with their extreme elevations in growth rate and truncations to growth duration.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708903105",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.0708903105",
    openalex = "W2157017140",
    references = "doi101001archpedi194702020380122009, doi101002jmor10406, doi101007bf00344996, doi101017cbo9780511608483, doi10103835086500, doi101038nature02699, doi101086410622, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101098rspb20042829, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101111j146979981990tb04316x, doi101111j155856461970tb01740x, doi101111j155856461986tb00560x, doi101146annureves18110187002103, doi101353book59141, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2, doi1023073546065, doi10560219780801881206, hirsch1989upper"
}

@article{doi101073pnas0800375105,
    author = "Nathan, Ran and Getz, Wayne M. and Revilla, Eloy and Holyoak, Marcel and Kadmon, Ronen and Saltz, David and Smouse, Peter E.",
    title = "A movement ecology paradigm for unifying organismal movement research",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = {Movement of individual organisms is fundamental to life, quilting our planet in a rich tapestry of phenomena with diverse implications for ecosystems and humans. Movement research is both plentiful and insightful, and recent methodological advances facilitate obtaining a detailed view of individual movement. Yet, we lack a general unifying paradigm, derived from first principles, which can place movement studies within a common context and advance the development of a mature scientific discipline. This introductory article to the Movement Ecology Special Feature proposes a paradigm that integrates conceptual, theoretical, methodological, and empirical frameworks for studying movement of all organisms, from microbes to trees to elephants. We introduce a conceptual framework depicting the interplay among four basic mechanistic components of organismal movement: the internal state (why move?), motion (how to move?), and navigation (when and where to move?) capacities of the individual and the external factors affecting movement. We demonstrate how the proposed framework aids the study of various taxa and movement types; promotes the formulation of hypotheses about movement; and complements existing biomechanical, cognitive, random, and optimality paradigms of movement. The proposed framework integrates eclectic research on movement into a structured paradigm and aims at providing a basis for hypothesis generation and a vehicle facilitating the understanding of the causes, mechanisms, and spatiotemporal patterns of movement and their role in various ecological and evolutionary processes. "Now we must consider in general the common reason for moving with any movement whatever." (Aristotle, De Motu Animalium, 4th century B.C.).},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800375105",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.0800375105",
    openalex = "W1978939541",
    references = "doi101093oso97801985406630010001"
}

@article{doi101126science1161833,
    author = "Brusatte, Stephen L. and Benton, Michael J. and Ruta, Marcello and Lloyd, Graeme T.",
    title = "Superiority, Competition, and Opportunism in the Evolutionary Radiation of Dinosaurs",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = {The rise and diversification of the dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, from 230 to 200 million years ago, is a classic example of an evolutionary radiation with supposed competitive replacement. A comparison of evolutionary rates and morphological disparity of basal dinosaurs and their chief "competitors," the crurotarsan archosaurs, shows that dinosaurs exhibited lower disparity and an indistinguishable rate of character evolution. The radiation of Triassic archosaurs as a whole is characterized by declining evolutionary rates and increasing disparity, suggesting a decoupling of character evolution from body plan variety. The results strongly suggest that historical contingency, rather than prolonged competition or general "superiority," was the primary factor in the rise of dinosaurs.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1161833",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1161833",
    openalex = "W2030637789",
    references = "benton1983dinosaur, doi101017s009483730001263x, doi101017s009483730001280x, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j14754983200600614x, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1084786, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science2314734129, doi101126science28454232137, doi101126science28554321386, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1041599780674417922, doi105860choice396411"
}

@article{doi101126science1163245,
    author = "Varricchio, David J. and Moore, Jason R. and Erickson, Gregory M. and Norell, Mark A. and Jackson, Frankie D. and Borkowski, John J.",
    title = "Avian Paternal Care Had Dinosaur Origin",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The repeated discovery of adult dinosaurs in close association with egg clutches leads to speculation over the type and extent of care exhibited by these extinct animals for their eggs and young. To assess parental care in Cretaceous troodontid and oviraptorid dinosaurs, we examined clutch volume and the bone histology of brooding adults. In comparison to four archosaur care regressions, the relatively large clutch volumes of Troodon, Oviraptor, and Citipati scale most closely with a bird-paternal care model. Clutch-associated adults lack the maternal and reproductively associated histologic features common to extant archosaurs. Large clutch volumes and a suite of reproductive features shared only with birds favor paternal care, possibly within a polygamous mating system. Paternal care in both troodontids and oviraptorids indicates that this care system evolved before the emergence of birds and represents birds' ancestral condition. In extant birds and over most adult sizes, paternal and biparental care correspond to the largest and smallest relative clutch volumes, respectively.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1163245",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1163245",
    openalex = "W2055090154",
    references = "doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101098rsbl20070254"
}

@article{doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2,
    author = "Klein, Nicole and Sander, Martin",
    title = "Ontogenetic stages in the long bone histology of sauropod dinosaurs",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Abstract Long bones (femora, humeri) are the most abundant remains of sauropod dinosaurs. Their length is a good proxy for body length and body mass, and their histology is informative about ontogenetic age. Here we provide a comparative assessment of histologic changes in growth series of several sauropod taxa, including diplodocids (Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, indeterminate Diplodocinae from the Tendaguru Beds and from the Morrison Formation), basal macronarians (Camarasaurus, Brachiosaurus, Europasaurus), and titanosaurs (Phuwiangosaurus, Ampelosaurus). A total of 167 long bones, mainly humeri and femora, and 18 limb girdle bones were sampled. Sampling was performed by core drilling at prescribed locations at midshaft, and 13 histologic ontogenetic stages (HOS stages) were recognized. Because growth of all sauropod long bones is quite uniform, with laminar fibrolamellar bone being the dominant tissue, HOS stages could be recognized across taxa, although with minor differences. Histologic ontogenetic stages generally correlate closely with body size and thus provide a means to resolve important issue like the ontogenetic status of questionable specimens. We hypothesize that sexual maturity was attained at HOS-8, well before maximum size was attained, but we did not find sexually differentiated growth trajectories subsequent to HOS-8. On the basis of HOS stages, we detected two morphotypes in the Camarasaurus sample, a small one (type 1) and a larger one (type 2), presumably representing different species or sexual dimorphism.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2008)034[0247:ositlb]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0094-8373(2008)034[0247:ositlb]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2177631336",
    references = "chinsamy1994dinosaur, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101098rspb20042829, doi101111j109636422000tb02201x, doi1015159781400849505, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, martinsander2006bone"
}

@article{doi101093aobmcp110,
    author = "Baker, Patrick J.",
    title = "Tropical forest community ecology",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Annals of Botany",
    abstract = "Tropical forests have, in equal measure, fascinated and frustrated naturalists, explorers and scientists for centuries. Few other terrestrial ecosystems confront ecologists so plainly with their empirical and theoretical shortcomings. As Marlow, the narrator of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness muses ‘… all that mysterious life of the wilderness that stirs in the forest, in the jungles, … He has to live in the midst of the incomprehensible, which is detestable. And it has a fascination, too, that goes to work upon him’. For botanists, ecologists and zoologists working in tropical forests, the remarkable diversity is intriguing and captivating, but simultaneously overwhelming. Thirty years ago the flow of new research from tropical forests was but a trickle. As Joe Wright, a senior scientist with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), notes in his foreword to this excellent volume, one or two new papers a week on tropical forests in those days meant that it was relatively easy to stay abreast of the current research. By the mid-2000s, however, this trickle had become a torrent, with the number of publications on tropical forests increasing by nearly an order of magnitude. No longer is it possible for students of tropical forests to keep up with all of the new research being published on the subject. Carson and Schnitzer's timely volume provides a much-needed stock-taking of ideas about the ecology of tropical forests, looking both backwards to the observational foundations and forwards to the theoretical and empirical future of tropical forest ecology. Two major advances in tropical forest ecology – one methodological and one theoretical – animate this book. The first is the establishment of large-scale, permanent forest-dynamics plots in most of the major tropical forest regions of the world. These plots are typically 25–50 ha in size and catalogue, every 5 years, the size, location and species' identification of every tree with a diameter at breast height >1 cm. The logistical challenges of creating and maintaining these plots are enormous, but over the past 25 years, STRI and its Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS) have not only successfully developed the protocols for doing so, but have expanded the network of tropical forest plots to now include 18 sites with ∼3 million trees representing ∼6000 species. The CTFS plots provide statistically useful samples of tree communities and the species' populations that comprise them. This has enabled both robust quantitative estimates of demography, spatial patterning and abundance, and, because of the standard protocols across the CTFS network, has allowed direct comparisons of these estimates among tropical forests differing in location, seasonality and species' diversity. The impact of the CTFS plots on tropical forest ecology is plainly seen in Carson and Schnitzer's book, in which over half of the chapters are either based on or heavily cite research conducted in CTFS plots. The second major advance, which stems from the first, is the development by Steve Hubbell of the neutral theory of biogeography and biodiversity (Hubbell, 2001) based on his work at the first CTFS plot at Barro Colorado Island, Panama. In brief, Hubbell proposed that patterns of species' abundance in forest samples can be predicted from a model with a small number of free parameters and simplifying assumptions about processes such as speciation and recruitment. Neutral theory has jolted a discipline long focused on describing patterns and processes into carefully questioning many of its most fundamental assumptions. The simplifying assumption of neutral theory that has received the most attention is that species' identity is unimportant (i.e. all species are equivalent) in describing relative species' abundance in tropical forest communities. This is controversial because it plainly contradicts over 50 years of ecological and botanical work on tropical tree species' biology. Several of the chapters in this volume, a wonderfully readable one by Hubbell included, address and explore this gap between neutral and niche-based models of relative abundance. Together, these advances have led to a gathering shift away from old theoretical ideas (Janzen–Connell effects, gap-phase dynamics) about tropical forest ecology to new ones (neutral theory, recruitment limitation) and a growing appreciation for, and understanding of, stochasticity in tropical forest communities. The many contributing authors in Carson and Schnitzer's book detail this shift and contemplate the ways forward. The book itself is neatly divided into five sections (each with 3–6 chapters): (1) Large-scale patterns in tropical communities; (2) Testing theories of forest regeneration and the maintenance of species diversity; (3) Animal community ecology and trophic interactions; (4) Secondary forest succession, dynamics, and invasion; and (5) Tropical forest conservation. For readers like me, who enjoy dipping non-linearly into edited volumes, Carson and Schnitzer's first chapter presents a nice overview of the book by giving a 1–2 paragraph description of the key points of the chapters, their broader relevance, and their connections to other chapters. With surprisingly few exceptions, the chapters are concise, well-written and thought-provoking. Importantly, the editors were broad-minded in their definition of tropical forest community ecology. The inclusion of excellent chapters by, for example, Peres on soil fertility and arboreal mammals, Dyer on tritrophic cascades, and Arnold on endophytic fungi provide a nice counterbalance to the many chapters on tropical trees. The concluding chapter by Putz and Zuidema questioning the relevance of ecology to the conservation of tropical forests may seem a bit of a surprise in such a volume – indeed, they directly contravene the bland rainforest conservation chapter by Corlett and Primack – but is a breath of fresh, pragmatic air and should be read by all ecologists interested in the future of tropical forests. Does this volume have any shortcomings? I would have liked a chapter on palaeoecological insights into tropical forest ecology and I thought the two chapters on tropical forest succession were weak, but these are minor quibbles. The book is well-edited, well-produced, nearly free of typos (annual gross production in neotropical forests is not 3 kg C ha−1!) and (in paperback) very affordable. In conclusion, the recent advances in data collection and theory described in this volume have made the past decade one of the most exciting and important periods in the study of tropical forests. Carson and Schnitzer and the many contributing authors capture this excitement and the tectonic shifts that are underway in this new book. If you intend to buy only one book on tropical forest ecology in the next 10 years, buy this one. It is, simply put, outstanding.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp110",
    doi = "10.1093/aob/mcp110",
    openalex = "W2005621479"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x200900094x,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Novas, Fernando E.",
    title = "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = {The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    openalex = "W2121596487",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi1010160031018281900924, doi1010160031018295000178, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103820167, doi10106313060577, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gsjgs14720321, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20080415, doi10432497802030907329, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice465038, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw114509570, openalexw1496509561, openalexw1535663436, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3208547338, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic"
}

@article{doi101146annurevecolsys110308120317,
    author = "Sexton, Jason P. and McIntyre, Patrick J. and Angert, Amy L. and Rice, Kevin J.",
    title = "Evolution and Ecology of Species Range Limits",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics",
    abstract = "Species range limits involve many aspects of evolution and ecology, from species distribution and abundance to the evolution of niches. Theory suggests myriad processes by which range limits arise, including competitive exclusion, Allee effects, and gene swamping; however, most models remain empirically untested. Range limits are correlated with a number of abiotic and biotic factors, but further experimentation is needed to understand underlying mechanisms. Range edges are characterized by increased genetic isolation, genetic differentiation, and variability in individual and population performance, but evidence for decreased abundance and fitness is lacking. Evolution of range limits is understudied in natural systems; in particular, the role of gene flow in shaping range limits is unknown. Biological invasions and rapid distribution shifts caused by climate change represent large-scale experiments on the underlying dynamics of range limits. A better fusion of experimentation and theory will advance our understanding of the causes of range limits.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120317",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120317",
    openalex = "W2138877869",
    references = "doi1010160169534794902488, doi101016s0169534702025545, doi101046j14610248200200297x, doi101046j15231739199206030324x, doi101093biomet3812196, doi101093oso97801985264070010001, doi101098rspa19270118, doi101111j14610248200500739x, doi101111j14610248200801277x, doi101111j146918091937tb02153x, doi101126science2925517673, doi101146annurevecolsys271597, doi101146annurevecolsys37091305110100, doi101146annurevecolsys39110707173430, doi1015159780691209418, doi1018901051076120000100689bicegc20co2, doi1023072408012, doi102307jctvx5wbbh, doi105962bhltitle59991, openalexw2151235472"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0007390,
    author = "Erickson, Gregory M. and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Zhou, Zhonghe and Turner, Alan H. and Inouye, Brian D. and Hu, Dongyu and Norell, Mark A.",
    title = "Was Dinosaurian Physiology Inherited by Birds? Reconciling Slow Growth in Archaeopteryx",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Archaeopteryx is the oldest and most primitive known bird (Avialae). It is believed that the growth and energetic physiology of basalmost birds such as Archaeopteryx were inherited in their entirety from non-avialan dinosaurs. This hypothesis predicts that the long bones in these birds formed using rapidly growing, well-vascularized woven tissue typical of non-avialan dinosaurs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We report that Archaeopteryx long bones are composed of nearly avascular parallel-fibered bone. This is among the slowest growing osseous tissues and is common in ectothermic reptiles. These findings dispute the hypothesis that non-avialan dinosaur growth and physiology were inherited in totality by the first birds. Examining these findings in a phylogenetic context required intensive sampling of outgroup dinosaurs and basalmost birds. Our results demonstrate the presence of a scale-dependent maniraptoran histological continuum that Archaeopteryx and other basalmost birds follow. Growth analysis for Archaeopteryx suggests that these animals showed exponential growth rates like non-avialan dinosaurs, three times slower than living precocial birds, but still within the lowermost range for all endothermic vertebrates. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The unexpected histology of Archaeopteryx and other basalmost birds is actually consistent with retention of the phylogenetically earlier paravian dinosaur condition when size is considered. The first birds were simply feathered dinosaurs with respect to growth and energetic physiology. The evolution of the novel pattern in modern forms occurred later in the group's history.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007390",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0007390",
    openalex = "W2036031391",
    references = "doi101007bf00344996, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101016s0764446900001815, doi101023a1008929526011, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038nature02699, doi101086410622, doi101111j109636422000tb02201x, doi101111j1474919x1968tb00058x, doi101111j1474919x1973tb02636x, doi101126science1144066, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1607828269, openalexw3206657856"
}

@article{doi1018900814941,
    author = "Jones, Kate E. and Bielby, Jon and Cardillo, Marcel and Fritz, Susanne A. and O'Dell, Justin and Orme, C. David L. and Safi, Kamran and Sechrest, Wes and Boakes, Elizabeth H. and Carbone, Chris and Connolly, Christina and Cutts, Michael J. and Foster, Janine K. and Grenyer, Richard and Habib, Michael and Plaster, Christopher A. and Price, Samantha A. and Rigby, Elizabeth and Rist, Janna and Teacher, Amber G. F. and Bininda‐Emonds, Olaf R. P. and Gittleman, John L. and Mace, Georgina M. and Purvis, Andy",
    title = "PanTHERIA: a species‐level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Ecology",
    abstract = "Analyses of life‐history, ecological, and geographic trait differences among species, their causes, correlates, and likely consequences are increasingly important for understanding and conserving biodiversity in the face of rapid global change. Assembling multispecies trait data from diverse literature sources into a single comprehensive data set requires detailed consideration of methods to reliably compile data for particular species, and to derive single estimates from multiple sources based on different techniques and definitions. Here we describe PanTHERIA, a species‐level data set compiled for analysis of life history, ecology, and geography of all known extant and recently extinct mammals. PanTHERIA is derived from a database capable of holding multiple geo‐referenced values for variables within a species containing 100 740 lines of biological data for extant and recently extinct mammalian species, collected over a period of three years by 20 individuals. PanTHERIA also includes spatial databases of mammalian geographic ranges and global climatic and anthropogenic variables. Here we detail how the data fields are extracted and defined for PanTHERIA using a customized data input format (MammalForm); how data were collected from the literature, species names and sources tracked, error‐checking and validation procedures applied, and how data were consolidated into species‐level values for each variable. Tables of the consolidated species‐level values are made available for each of two recent species‐level taxonomic classifications of mammals, as well as associated taxonomic synonymy conversion and data‐input files. This study provides a useful guide to prospective researchers on how to structure and codify life‐history, ecological, geographic, and taxonomic data and methods to extract meaningful species‐level traits. It also provides comprehensive information on traits like size, diet, environmental conditions, and ecology to permit macroecological and macroevolutionary analyses of this important clade. The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at 〈 http://esapubs.org/archive 〉. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1494.1",
    doi = "10.1890/08-1494.1",
    openalex = "W2146713153"
}

@article{nesbitt2009a,
    author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Smith, Nathan D. and Irmis, Randall B. and Turner, Alan H. and Downs, Alex and Norell, Mark A.",
    title = "A Complete Skeleton of a Late Triassic Saurischian and the Early Evolution of Dinosaurs",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Early Dinosaur Discovery Our understanding of the evolution of early dinosaurs is hampered by limited material, especially compared to the many Jurassic and Cretaceous samples. Nesbitt et al. (p. 1530) provide a complete view of a Late Triassic theropod based on several nearly complete skeletons from New Mexico. The dinosaur elucidates the likely relationships between early theropods and shows that some prominent features were already derived by this time. Comparison among Triassic dinosaur fauna and other early species suggests that Triassic North American fauna were diverse but not endemic, perhaps arising from earlier migrants from South America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1180350",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1180350",
    number = "5959",
    openalex = "W2075629590",
    pages = "1530-1533",
    volume = "326",
    references = "doi101016jsedgeo200605013, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi10108008912960600719988, doi10108010635150701883881, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101111j001438202005tb00940x, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science28454232137, doi101126science28554321386, doi1011300091761320020300251tameat20co2, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi1016710390290218, doi105281zenodo16120887"
}

@article{chaffey2010encyclopedia,
    author = "Chaffey, Nigel",
    title = "Encyclopedia of Ecology",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Annals of Botany",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp308",
    doi = "10.1093/aob/mcp308",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2028431247",
    pages = "vi-viii",
    volume = "105",
    references = "doi1010029780470015902a0003607pub2, doi1010079783662052143, doi1010179780521235587, doi101038npgels0003084, doi101093aobmcl274, doi101111j13652427200601592x, doi101126science1884186313, openalexw39893238"
}

@article{doi101080147720192010484650,
    author = "Ezcurra, Martín D.",
    title = "A new early dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Argentina: a reassessment of dinosaur origin and phylogeny",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "It was traditionally thought that the oldest known dinosaur assemblages were not diverse, and that their early diversification and numerical dominance over other tetrapods occurred during the latest Triassic. However, new evidence gathered from the lower levels of the Ischigualasto Fm. of Argentina challenges this view. New dinosaur remains are described from this stratigraphical unit, including the new species Chromogisaurus novasi. This taxon is distinguished from other basal dinosauriforms by the presence of proximal caudals without median notch separating the postzygapophyses, femoral lateral surface with deep and large fossa immediately below the trochanteric shelf, and metatarsal II with strongly dorsoventrally asymmetric distal condyles. A phylogenetic analysis found Chromogisaurus to lie at the base of Sauropodomorpha, as a member of Guaibasauridae, an early branch of basal sauropodomorphs composed of Guaibasaurus, Agnosphitys, Panphagia, Saturnalia and Chromogisaurus. Such an affinity is for the first time suggested for Guaibasaurus, whereas Panphagia is not recovered as the most basal sauropodomorph. Furthermore, Chromogisaurus is consistently located as more closely related to Saturnalia than to any other dinosaur. Thus, the Saturnalia + Chromogisaurus clade is named here as the new subfamily Saturnaliinae. In addition, Eoraptor is found to be the sister-taxon of Neotheropoda, and herrerasaurids to be non-eusaurischian saurischians. The new evidence presented here demonstrates that dinosaurs first appeared in the fossil record as a diverse group, although they were a numerically minor component of faunas in which they occur. Accordingly, the early increase of dinosaur diversity and their numerical dominance over other terrestrial tetrapods were diachronous processes, with the latter preceded by a period of low abundance but high diversity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2010.484650",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2010.484650",
    openalex = "W2035329065",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi101002ara10097, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science10246376, doi101126science28454232137, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi10230730135049, doi105281zenodo16171435, leal2004a, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2560671010, openalexw3215057009, openalexw617951419"
}

@article{doi101086652373,
    author = "Vellend, Mark",
    title = "Conceptual Synthesis in Community Ecology",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    abstract = {Community ecology is often perceived as a "mess, "given the seemingly vast number of processes that can underlie the many patterns of interest, and the apparent uniqueness of each study system. However, at the most general level, patterns in the composition and diversity of species--the subject matter of community ecology--are influenced by only four classes of process: selection, drift, speciation, and dispersal. Selection represents deterministic fitness differences among species, drift represents stochastic changes in species abundance, speciation creates new species, and dispersal is the movement of organisms across space. All theoretical and conceptual models in community ecology can be understood with respect to their emphasis on these four processes. Empirical evidence exists for all of these processes and many of their interactions, with a predominance of studies on selection. Organizing the material of community ecology according to this framework can clarify the essential similarities and differences among the many conceptual and theoretical approaches to the discipline, and it can also allow for the articulation of a very general theory of community dynamics: species are added to communities via speciation and dispersal, and the relative abundances of these species are then shaped by drift and selection, as well as ongoing dispersal to drive community dynamics.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/652373",
    doi = "10.1086/652373",
    openalex = "W2006802554",
    references = "doi101007s001140040515y, doi101016jtree200602002, doi101017cbo9780511623387, doi10103714088000, doi10103835098000, doi101111j14610248200600996x, doi101126science2354785167, doi101146annurevecolsys281495, doi101146annurevecolsys311343, doi1015159781400881376, doi1015159781400885695, doi101890024045, doi101890039000, doi1023071933500, doi1023071939377, doi1023072298330, doi1023072531471, doi1023073071998, doi1023074549, doi102307jctvjghw98, doi105860choice332720, doi105860choice415286, doi105962bhltitle59991, openalexw1596646469, openalexw2273605253"
}

@article{doi101111j14610248201001515x,
    author = "Wiens, John J. and Ackerly, David D. and Allen, Andrew P. and Anacker, Brian L. and Buckley, Lauren B. and Cornell, Howard V. and Damschen, Ellen I. and Davies, T. Jonathan and Grytnes, John‐Arvid and Harrison, Susan and Hawkins, Bradford A. and Holt, Robert D. and McCain, Christy M. and Stephens, Patrick R.",
    title = "Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Ecology Letters",
    abstract = "The diversity of life is ultimately generated by evolution, and much attention has focused on the rapid evolution of ecological traits. Yet, the tendency for many ecological traits to instead remain similar over time [niche conservatism (NC)] has many consequences for the fundamental patterns and processes studied in ecology and conservation biology. Here, we describe the mounting evidence for the importance of NC to major topics in ecology (e.g. species richness, ecosystem function) and conservation (e.g. climate change, invasive species). We also review other areas where it may be important but has generally been overlooked, in both ecology (e.g. food webs, disease ecology, mutualistic interactions) and conservation (e.g. habitat modification). We summarize methods for testing for NC, and suggest that a commonly used and advocated method (involving a test for phylogenetic signal) is potentially problematic, and describe alternative approaches. We suggest that considering NC: (1) focuses attention on the within-species processes that cause traits to be conserved over time, (2) emphasizes connections between questions and research areas that are not obviously related (e.g. invasives, global warming, tropical richness), and (3) suggests new areas for research (e.g. why are some clades largely nocturnal? why do related species share diseases?).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01515.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01515.x",
    openalex = "W2096694793",
    references = "doi101016jtree200409011, doi10103844766, doi101038nature05956, doi10108010635150802302427, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j001438202003tb00285x, doi101111j14610248200701020x, doi101111j14610248200801277x, doi101111j14610248200901314x, doi101111j14610248201001509x"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x201000137x,
    author = "Sander, P. Martin and Christian, Andreas and Clauß, Marcus and Fechner, Regina and Gee, Carole T. and Griebeler, Eva-Maria and Gunga, Hanns‐Christian and Hummel, Jürgen and Mallison, Heinrich and Perry, Steven F. and Preuschoft, Holger and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Remes, Kristian and Tütken, Thomas and Wings, Oliver and Witzel, U.",
    title = "Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "The herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were the largest terrestrial animals ever, surpassing the largest herbivorous mammals by an order of magnitude in body mass. Several evolutionary lineages among Sauropoda produced giants with body masses in excess of 50 metric tonnes by conservative estimates. With body mass increase driven by the selective advantages of large body size, animal lineages will increase in body size until they reach the limit determined by the interplay of bauplan, biology, and resource availability. There is no evidence, however, that resource availability and global physicochemical parameters were different enough in the Mesozoic to have led to sauropod gigantism.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x",
    openalex = "W2090710319",
    references = "amiot2006oxygen, christiansen2004mass, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jez513, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101017s1464793101005735, doi101021j150446a008, doi101038262207a0, doi101038344858a0, doi10103835086558, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas251548698, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421985tb00871x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science1118806, doi101139e93176, doi101146annurevecolsys36102003152631, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101242jeb029009, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi1015159781400881376, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1023072407154, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi10560219780801881206, doi105860choice271523, doi105860choice304997, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice490282, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw114509570, openalexw1504554173, openalexw1534857865, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1585246501, openalexw1607828269, openalexw2318111898, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2983381470, openalexw3015256845, openalexw575222456, seymour1976dinosaurs"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x201100190x,
    author = "Benson, Roger and Butler, Richard J. and Carrano, Matthew T. and O’Connor, Patrick M.",
    title = "Air‐filled postcranial bones in theropod dinosaurs: physiological implications and the ‘reptile’–bird transition",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "Pneumatic (air-filled) postcranial bones are unique to birds among extant tetrapods. Unambiguous skeletal correlates of postcranial pneumaticity first appeared in the Late Triassic (approximately 210 million years ago), when they evolved independently in several groups of bird-line archosaurs (ornithodirans). These include the theropod dinosaurs (of which birds are extant representatives), the pterosaurs, and sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Postulated functions of skeletal pneumatisation include weight reduction in large-bodied or flying taxa, and density reduction resulting in energetic savings during foraging and locomotion. However, the influence of these hypotheses on the early evolution of pneumaticity has not been studied in detail previously. We review recent work on the significance of pneumaticity for understanding the biology of extinct ornithodirans, and present detailed new data on the proportion of the skeleton that was pneumatised in 131 non-avian theropods and Archaeopteryx. This includes all taxa known from significant postcranial remains. Pneumaticity of the cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae occurred early in theropod evolution. This 'common pattern' was conserved on the line leading to birds, and is likely present in Archaeopteryx. Increases in skeletal pneumaticity occurred independently in as many as 12 lineages, highlighting a remarkably high number of parallel acquisitions of a bird-like feature among non-avian theropods. Using a quantitative comparative framework, we show that evolutionary increases in skeletal pneumaticity are significantly concentrated in lineages with large body size, suggesting that mass reduction in response to gravitational constraints at large body sizes influenced the early evolution of pneumaticity. However, the body size threshold for extensive pneumatisation is lower in theropod lineages more closely related to birds (maniraptorans). Thus, relaxation of the relationship between body size and pneumatisation preceded the origin of birds and cannot be explained as an adaptation for flight. We hypothesise that skeletal density modulation in small, non-volant, maniraptorans resulted in energetic savings as part of a multi-system response to increased metabolic demands. Acquisition of extensive postcranial pneumaticity in small-bodied maniraptorans may indicate avian-like high-performance endothermy.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00190.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00190.x",
    openalex = "W2003924744",
    references = "doi101002jez513, doi101002jmor10470, doi101002sici1097018520000215261125aidar630co27, doi101007s0011400804883, doi101007s001140090614x, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101038nature07856, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi10108002724634199710011018, doi101086284325, doi101093auk12041206, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg412, doi101093sysbio41118, doi101098rstb19890106, doi101111j10963642200600245x, doi101111j10963642200900569x, doi101126science1180219, doi1012066481, doi101371journalpone0003303, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi10167102724634200727127tpasom20co2, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice392183, doi105860choice434677, doi105962bhltitle60562, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3086315876, ostrom2019osteology, owen1857monograph, owen2015monograph"
}

@article{doi101073pnas1203238109,
    author = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Foth, Christian and Tischlinger, Helmut and Norell, Mark A.",
    title = "Exceptionally preserved juvenile megalosauroid theropod dinosaur with filamentous integument from the Late Jurassic of Germany",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = {Recent discoveries in Asia have greatly increased our understanding of the evolution of dinosaurs' integumentary structures, revealing a previously unexpected diversity of "protofeathers" and feathers. However, all theropod dinosaurs with preserved feathers reported so far are coelurosaurs. Evidence for filaments or feathers in noncoelurosaurian theropods is circumstantial and debated. Here we report an exceptionally preserved skeleton of a juvenile megalosauroid, Sciurumimus albersdoerferi n. gen., n. sp., from the Late Jurassic of Germany, which preserves a filamentous plumage at the tail base and on parts of the body. These structures are identical to the type 1 feathers that have been reported in some ornithischians, the basal tyrannosaur Dilong, the basal therizinosauroid Beipiaosaurus, and, probably, in the basal coelurosaur Sinosauropteryx. Sciurumimus albersdoerferi represents the phylogenetically most basal theropod that preserves direct evidence for feathers and helps close the gap between feathers reported in coelurosaurian theropods and filaments in ornithischian dinosaurs, further supporting the homology of these structures. The specimen of Sciurumimus is the most complete megalosauroid yet discovered and helps clarify significant anatomical details of this important basal theropod clade, such as the complete absence of the fourth digit of the manus. The dentition of this probably early-posthatchling individual is markedly similar to that of basal coelurosaurian theropods, indicating that coelurosaur occurrences based on isolated teeth should be used with caution.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1203238109",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1203238109",
    openalex = "W2033273405",
    references = "benson2008a, carr1999craniofacial, crossref2013dinosaurs, doi101002jmor10382, doi101002sici1097010x199912152854291aidjez130co29, doi101007s001140090614x, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi10103832884, doi101038nature02699, doi101038nature04511, doi101038nature07856, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011161, doi101111j10963642200600232x, doi101111j10963642200900569x, doi1011270077774920100125, doi101139e93179, doi10120600030082200635451andtfu20co2, doi1023072424244, doi105479si03629236110i"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20112441,
    author = "Sookias, Roland B. and Butler, Richard J. and Benson, Roger",
    title = "Rise of dinosaurs reveals major body-size transitions are driven by passive processes of trait evolution",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "A major macroevolutionary question concerns how long-term patterns of body-size evolution are underpinned by smaller scale processes along lineages. One outstanding long-term transition is the replacement of basal therapsids (stem-group mammals) by archosauromorphs, including dinosaurs, as the dominant large-bodied terrestrial fauna during the Triassic (approx. 252-201 million years ago). This landmark event preceded more than 150 million years of archosauromorph dominance. We analyse a new body-size dataset of more than 400 therapsid and archosauromorph species spanning the Late Permian-Middle Jurassic. Maximum-likelihood analyses indicate that Cope's rule (an active within-lineage trend of body-size increase) is extremely rare, despite conspicuous patterns of body-size turnover, and contrary to proposals that Cope's rule is central to vertebrate evolution. Instead, passive processes predominate in taxonomically and ecomorphologically more inclusive clades, with stasis common in less inclusive clades. Body-size limits are clade-dependent, suggesting intrinsic, biological factors are more important than the external environment. This clade-dependence is exemplified by maximum size of Middle-early Late Triassic archosauromorph predators exceeding that of contemporary herbivores, breaking a widely-accepted 'rule' that herbivore maximum size greatly exceeds carnivore maximum size. Archosauromorph and dinosaur dominance occurred via opportunistic replacement of therapsids following extinction, but were facilitated by higher archosauromorph growth rates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2441",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2011.2441",
    openalex = "W2096497122",
    references = "doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101126science1180219"
}

@article{doi101111j10963642201200853x,
    author = "D’Emic, Michael D.",
    title = "The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "D, Michael D., Emic (2012): The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (3): 624-671, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x",
    openalex = "W1746891551",
    references = "doi101016s1631069102014294, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101111j10960031200700161x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101139e93176, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1022179revmacn688, doi105860choice435907, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2294506137"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0051925,
    author = "O’Gorman, Eoin J. and Hone, David W. E.",
    title = "Body Size Distribution of the Dinosaurs",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "The distribution of species body size is critically important for determining resource use within a group or clade. It is widely known that non-avian dinosaurs were the largest creatures to roam the Earth. There is, however, little understanding of how maximum species body size was distributed among the dinosaurs. Do they share a similar distribution to modern day vertebrate groups in spite of their large size, or did they exhibit fundamentally different distributions due to unique evolutionary pressures and adaptations? Here, we address this question by comparing the distribution of maximum species body size for dinosaurs to an extensive set of extant and extinct vertebrate groups. We also examine the body size distribution of dinosaurs by various sub-groups, time periods and formations. We find that dinosaurs exhibit a strong skew towards larger species, in direct contrast to modern day vertebrates. This pattern is not solely an artefact of bias in the fossil record, as demonstrated by contrasting distributions in two major extinct groups and supports the hypothesis that dinosaurs exhibited a fundamentally different life history strategy to other terrestrial vertebrates. A disparity in the size distribution of the herbivorous Ornithischia and Sauropodomorpha and the largely carnivorous Theropoda suggests that this pattern may have been a product of a divergence in evolutionary strategies: herbivorous dinosaurs rapidly evolved large size to escape predation by carnivores and maximise digestive efficiency; carnivores had sufficient resources among juvenile dinosaurs and non-dinosaurian prey to achieve optimal success at smaller body size.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051925",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0051925",
    openalex = "W2071293276",
    references = "doi1010029780470999592, doi101016004058097690040x, doi101016jtree200504005, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101086284369, doi101152physrev1947274511, doi1012019781420064452, doi1023072937313, openalexw2726333806"
}

@book{openalexw1585246501,
    author = "Farlow, James O. and Brett-Surman, Michael K.",
    title = "The Complete Dinosaur",
    year = "2012",
    booktitle = "Opus: Research \& Creativity (Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne)",
    abstract = "PREFACE: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman PART ONE: THE DISCOVERY OF DINOSAURS The Earliest Discoveries: William A. S. Sarjeant European Dinosaur Hunters: Hans-Dieter Sues North American Dinosaur Hunters: Edwin H. Colbert Asian Dinosaur Hunters: John R. Lavas Dinosaur Hunters of the Southern Continents: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. PART TWO: THE STUDY OF DINOSAURS Hunting for Dinosaur Bones: David D. Gillette The Osteology of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K.Brett-Surman The Taxonomy and Systematics of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K. Brett-Surman Dinosaurs and Geologic Time: James O. Farlow The Scientific Study of Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Chapman Molecular Paleontology: Rationale and Techniques for the Study of Ancient Biomolecules: Mary Higby Schweitzer Dinosaurs as Museum Exhibits: Kenneth Carpenter Restoring Dinosaurs as Living Animals: Douglas Henderson PART THREE: THE GROUPS OF DINOSAURS Introduction: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman Politics and Paleontology: Richard Owen and the Invention of Dinosaurs: Hugh Torrens Evolution of the Archosaurs: J. Michael Parrish Origin and Early Evolution of Dinosaurs: Michael J. Benton Theropods: Philip J. Currie Segnosaurs (Therezinosaurs): Teresa Maryanska Prosauropods: Jacques VanHeerden Sauropods: John S. McIntosh, M. K. Brett-Surman, and James O. Farlow Stegosaurs: Peter M. Galton Ankylosaurs: Kenneth Carpenter Marginocephalians: Catherine A. Forster and Paul C. Sereno Ornithopods: M. K. Brett-Surman PART FOUR: BIOLOGY OF THE DINOSAURS Land Plants as Food and Habitat in the Age of Dinosaurs: Bruce H. Tiffney What Did Dinosaurs Eat? Coprolites and Other Direct Evidence of Dinosaur Diets: Karen Chin Dinosaur Combat and Courtship: Scott Sampson Dinosaur Eggs: Karl F. Hirsch and Darla K. Zelenitsky How Dinosaurs Grew: R. E. H. Reid Engineering a Dinosaur: R. McN. Alexander Dinosaurian Paleopathology: Bruce M. Rothschild Dinosaurian Physiology: the Case for Intermediate Dinosaurs: R. E. H. Reid Oxygen Isotopes in Dinosaur Bone: Reese E. Barrick, Michael K. Stoskopf, and William J. Showers A Blueprint for Giants: Do Living Reptiles, Birds or Mammals Provide the Best Model for the Physiology of Large Dinosaurs? Frank V. Paladino, James R. Spotila, and Peter Dodson New Insights into the Metabolic Physiology of Dinosaurs: John Ruben, Andrew Leitch, Willem Hillenius, Nicholas Geist, and Terry Jones The Scientific Study of Dinosaur Footprints: James O. Farlow and Ralph E. Chapman The Paleoecological and Paleoenvironmental Utility of Dinosaur Tracks: Martin G. Lockley PART FIVE: DINOSAUR EVOLUTION IN THE CHANGING WORLD OF THE MESOZOIC ERA Biogeography for Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Molnar Major Groups of Non-Dinosaurian Vertebrates of the Mesozoic Era: Michael Morales Continental Tetrapods of the Early Mesozoic: Faunas and Faunal Changes: Hans-Dieter Sues Dinosaurian Faunas of the Later Mesozoic: Dale A. Russell and Jose F. Bonaparte The Extinction of the Dinosaurs: A Dialogue Between a Catastrophist and a Gradualist: Dale A. Russell and Peter Dodson PART SIX: DINOSAURS AND THE MEDIA Dinosaurs and the Media: Donald F. Glut and M. K. Brett-Surman APPENDIX: A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF DINOSAUR PALEONTOLOGY: M. K. Brett-Surman GLOSSARY CONTRIBUTORS INDEX",
    openalex = "W1585246501",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, chinsamy1998polar, deklerk2000a, doi101002ar20982, doi101002ara10097, doi101002jmor10406, doi101007s0011400804883, doi1010160031018291900605, doi1010160034666781900695, doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101016jepsl200801015, doi101016jpalaeo201002025, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017s0022336000018862, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101017s0094837300016900, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101038262207a0, doi101038307360a0, doi10103832884, doi101038359117a0, doi101038362709a0, doi101038368196a0, doi101038nature03635, doi101038nature10906, doi101046j14401738200300386x, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108002724634199910011125, doi10108008912960903503345, doi10108010420940802471027, doi101086284406, doi101086422766, doi101098rspb20060443, doi101111j10963642200600245x, doi101111j10963642200900631x, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101126science1157704, doi101126science1180219, doi101126science172397867, doi101126science24248841403, doi101126science27352791204, doi101127njgpm19831983141, doi1011300091761319930210503pioatv23co2, doi101130g23452a1, doi101130spe40p1, doi101144001676492006032, doi101144gslsp20042280106, doi101146annurevearth040610133502, doi101146annurevearth28119, doi101146annurevgenet37110801143214, doi10120600030082200635301ydanpc20co2, doi1012066391, doi101353book59141, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi1016660094837320000260450fpindi20co2, doi1016660094837320050310291teafot20co2, doi1016690883135120030180286rpoumt20co2, doi1016710272463420020220593cvancf20co2, doi1016710272463420020220766tehits20co2, doi101671a11168, doi102110palo2007p07070r, doi1023071445147, doi1023073514548, doi102475ajss425149387, doi104202app20080049, doi105281zenodo13315375, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105281zenodo3739898, doi105962p339375, fiorillo2004the, jacobsen1998feeding, lehman1987late, nelson1980counts, openalexw1550095290, openalexw1558456135, openalexw2163397885, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2506868775, pontzer2009biomechanics, russell2002synopsis, seymour1976dinosaurs, sloan1986gradual, stevens2006binocular, witmer1991biomechanics, woodward1910on"
}

@article{crossref2013dinosaurs,
    title = "Dinosaurs: the encyclopedia: Supplement 7",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.50-2426",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.50-2426",
    number = "05",
    openalex = "W4211012633",
    pages = "50-2426-50-2426",
    volume = "50"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres201304001,
    author = "Novas, Fernando E. and Agnolín, Federico L. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Porfiri, Juan D. and Canale, Juan I.",
    title = "Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: The evidence from Patagonia",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2013.04.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2013.04.001",
    openalex = "W2009733453",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, deklerk2000a, doi101007s001140090614x, doi101016jjafrearsci201205005, doi101016jpgeola201205008, doi101016s1631068303000022, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101029jb095ib11p17475, doi101038277560a0, doi10103835047056, doi101038362623a0, doi101038385247a0, doi101038nature07447, doi101038nature08322, doi101073pnas813801, doi101080027246342010520779, doi10108014772011003594870, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101111j10963642200900569x, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101111j136531211990tb00103x, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science28454232137, doi101371journalpone0003303, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi101371journalpone0037122, doi101590s000137652011000100008, doi10167102724634200727127tpasom20co2, doi1023073889334, doi103897zookeys28325, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105281zenodo4664674, doi105860choice434677, doi107312kiel11918, leanza2004cretaceous, openalexw1025856234, openalexw1539913220, openalexw2603335639, openalexw3214948090"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0078573,
    author = "Sander, P. Martin",
    title = "An Evolutionary Cascade Model for Sauropod Dinosaur Gigantism - Overview, Update and Tests",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = {Sauropod dinosaurs are a group of herbivorous dinosaurs which exceeded all other terrestrial vertebrates in mean and maximal body size. Sauropod dinosaurs were also the most successful and long-lived herbivorous tetrapod clade, but no abiological factors such as global environmental parameters conducive to their gigantism can be identified. These facts justify major efforts by evolutionary biologists and paleontologists to understand sauropods as living animals and to explain their evolutionary success and uniquely gigantic body size. Contributions to this research program have come from many fields and can be synthesized into a biological evolutionary cascade model of sauropod dinosaur gigantism (sauropod gigantism ECM). This review focuses on the sauropod gigantism ECM, providing an updated version based on the contributions to the PLoS ONE sauropod gigantism collection and on other very recent published evidence. The model consist of five separate evolutionary cascades ("Reproduction", "Feeding", "Head and neck", "Avian-style lung", and "Metabolism"). Each cascade starts with observed or inferred basal traits that either may be plesiomorphic or derived at the level of Sauropoda. Each trait confers hypothetical selective advantages which permit the evolution of the next trait. Feedback loops in the ECM consist of selective advantages originating from traits higher in the cascades but affecting lower traits. All cascades end in the trait "Very high body mass". Each cascade is linked to at least one other cascade. Important plesiomorphic traits of sauropod dinosaurs that entered the model were ovipary as well as no mastication of food. Important evolutionary innovations (derived traits) were an avian-style respiratory system and an elevated basal metabolic rate. Comparison with other tetrapod lineages identifies factors limiting body size.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078573",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0078573",
    openalex = "W2144687291",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201206008, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi10103846266, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101086410622, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101111j15585646201000960x, doi101126science1118806, doi101126science1177265, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0051925, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0069361, doi103184175815508x402482, doi107717peerj36, horner2011dinosaur, openalexw1534787790"
}

@article{doi101016jcub201311063,
    author = "Benton, Michael J. and Forth, Jonathan and Langer, Max C.",
    title = "Models for the Rise of the Dinosaurs",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Current Biology",
    abstract = "Dinosaurs arose in the early Triassic in the aftermath of the greatest mass extinction ever and became hugely successful in the Mesozoic. Their initial diversification is a classic example of a large-scale macroevolutionary change. Diversifications at such deep-time scales can now be dissected, modelled and tested. New fossils suggest that dinosaurs originated early in the Middle Triassic, during the recovery of life from the devastating Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Improvements in stratigraphic dating and a new suite of morphometric and comparative evolutionary numerical methods now allow a forensic dissection of one of the greatest turnovers in the history of life. Such studies mark a move from the narrative to the analytical in macroevolutionary research, and they allow us to begin to answer the proposal of George Gaylord Simpson, to explore adaptive radiations using numerical methods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.063",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.063",
    openalex = "W1971214357",
    references = "doi101002jez513, doi10100703064746897, doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101016jepsl201107015, doi101016jgr201212010, doi101017s1755691011020032, doi101038ngeo1475, doi101093aesa383396, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111evo12150, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101111j15585646201001025x, doi101126science1097023, doi101126science1180219, doi101126science1224126, doi101126science1229237, doi101130b304331, doi101144sp37916, doi101144sp3799, doi1012063521"
}

@article{doi1011111365266412306,
    author = "Rees, Helen C. and Maddison, Ben C. and Middleditch, David J. and Patmore, James R. M. and Gough, Kevin C.",
    title = "REVIEW: The detection of aquatic animal species using environmental DNA – a review of eDNA as a survey tool in ecology",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Applied Ecology",
    abstract = "Summary Knowledge of species distribution is critical to ecological management and conservation biology. Effective management requires the detection of populations, which can sometimes be at low densities and is usually based on visual detection and counting. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the detection of short species‐specific environmental DNA (e DNA) fragments to allow aquatic species monitoring within different environments due to the potential of greater sensitivity over traditional survey methods which can be time‐consuming and costly. Environmental DNA analysis is increasingly being used in the detection of rare or invasive species and has also been applied to e DNA persistence studies and estimations of species biomass and distribution. When combined with next‐generation sequencing methods, it has been demonstrated that entire faunas can be identified. Different environments require different sampling methodologies, but there remain areas where laboratory methodologies could be standardized to allow results to be compared across studies. Synthesis and applications. We review recently published studies that use e DNA to monitor aquatic populations, discuss the methodologies used and the application of e DNA analysis as a survey tool in ecology. We include innovative ideas for how e DNA can be used for conservation and management citing test cases, for instance, the potential for on‐site analyses, including the application of e DNA analysis to carbon nanotube platforms or laser transmission spectroscopy to facilitate rapid on‐site detections. The use of e DNA monitoring is already being adopted in the UK for ecological surveys.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12306",
    doi = "10.1111/1365-2664.12306",
    openalex = "W2088695664",
    references = "doi101093nar24163189, doi101111j13652427200601592x, doi101111j1365294x201105418x, doi101111j1755263x201000158x, doi101139cjfas20130047, doi101371journalpone0059520"
}

@article{doi101126science1252243,
    author = "Lee, Michael S. Y. and Cau, Andrea and Naish, Darren and Dyke, Gareth J.",
    title = "Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Recent discoveries have highlighted the dramatic evolutionary transformation of massive, ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs into light, volant birds. Here, we apply Bayesian approaches (originally developed for inferring geographic spread and rates of molecular evolution in viruses) in a different context: to infer size changes and rates of anatomical innovation (across up to 1549 skeletal characters) in fossils. These approaches identify two drivers underlying the dinosaur-bird transition. The theropod lineage directly ancestral to birds undergoes sustained miniaturization across 50 million years and at least 12 consecutive branches (internodes) and evolves skeletal adaptations four times faster than other dinosaurs. The distinct, prolonged phase of miniaturization along the bird stem would have facilitated the evolution of many novelties associated with small body size, such as reorientation of body mass, increased aerial ability, and paedomorphic skulls with reduced snouts but enlarged eyes and brains.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1252243",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1252243",
    openalex = "W2068703220",
    references = "christiansen2004mass, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101038nature10906, doi101038nature11146, doi101038nature12168, doi101073pnas1203238109, doi10108001621459199510476572, doi101080106351501753462876, doi101080147720192010484650, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101093bioinformaticsbtm388, doi101093molbevmss075, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva003872, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101111evo12150, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1193304, doi101126science1225376, doi101126science1228753, doi101371journalpbio0040088, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi1022179revmacn14372, doi102307409735, doi105281zenodo16171435, nesbitt2013the, openalexw2611511275, rauhut2003a"
}

@article{doi101126science1253143,
    author = "Grady, John M. and Enquist, Brian J. and Dettweiler‐Robinson, Eva and Wright, Natalie A. and Smith, Felisa A.",
    title = "Evidence for mesothermy in dinosaurs",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Were dinosaurs ectotherms or fast-metabolizing endotherms whose activities were unconstrained by temperature? To date, some of the strongest evidence for endothermy comes from the rapid growth rates derived from the analysis of fossil bones. However, these studies are constrained by a lack of comparative data and an appropriate energetic framework. Here we compile data on ontogenetic growth for extant and fossil vertebrates, including all major dinosaur clades. Using a metabolic scaling approach, we find that growth and metabolic rates follow theoretical predictions across clades, although some groups deviate. Moreover, when the effects of size and temperature are considered, dinosaur metabolic rates were intermediate to those of endotherms and ectotherms and closest to those of extant mesotherms. Our results suggest that the modern dichotomy of endothermic versus ectothermic is overly simplistic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253143",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1253143",
    openalex = "W2010661531",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017s1464793106007007, doi101038nature05634, doi101038nature11631, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg412, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101111j109636422000tb02201x, doi101126science1061967, doi101126science1206196, doi101126science28454201677, doi1012019781420064452, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi101371journalpone0029958, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi101371journalpone0081917, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi101890039000, doi1018900814941"
}

@article{doi101371journalpbio1001853,
    author = "Benson, Roger and Campione, Nicolás E. and Carrano, Matthew T. and Mannion, Philip D. and Sullivan, Corwin and Upchurch, Paul and Evans, David C.",
    title = "Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "PLoS Biology",
    abstract = "Large-scale adaptive radiations might explain the runaway success of a minority of extant vertebrate clades. This hypothesis predicts, among other things, rapid rates of morphological evolution during the early history of major groups, as lineages invade disparate ecological niches. However, few studies of adaptive radiation have included deep time data, so the links between extant diversity and major extinct radiations are unclear. The intensively studied Mesozoic dinosaur record provides a model system for such investigation, representing an ecologically diverse group that dominated terrestrial ecosystems for 170 million years. Furthermore, with 10,000 species, extant dinosaurs (birds) are the most speciose living tetrapod clade. We assembled composite trees of 614-622 Mesozoic dinosaurs/birds, and a comprehensive body mass dataset using the scaling relationship of limb bone robustness. Maximum-likelihood modelling and the node height test reveal rapid evolutionary rates and a predominance of rapid shifts among size classes in early (Triassic) dinosaurs. This indicates an early burst niche-filling pattern and contrasts with previous studies that favoured gradualistic rates. Subsequently, rates declined in most lineages, which rarely exploited new ecological niches. However, feathered maniraptoran dinosaurs (including Mesozoic birds) sustained rapid evolution from at least the Middle Jurassic, suggesting that these taxa evaded the effects of niche saturation. This indicates that a long evolutionary history of continuing ecological innovation paved the way for a second great radiation of dinosaurs, in birds. We therefore demonstrate links between the predominantly extinct deep time adaptive radiation of non-avian dinosaurs and the phenomenal diversification of birds, via continuing rapid rates of evolution along the phylogenetic stem lineage. This raises the possibility that the uneven distribution of biodiversity results not just from large-scale extrapolation of the process of adaptive radiation in a few extant clades, but also from the maintenance of evolvability on vast time scales across the history of life, in key lineages.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853",
    openalex = "W2155522161",
    references = "doi101007b97636, doi101017s009483730001263x, doi101017s009483730001280x, doi10103835086500, doi10103844766, doi101038nature11631, doi10108010635150490445706, doi101086284325, doi101093bioinformaticsbtm538, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101093oso97801985404720010001, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101111j001438202003tb00285x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j15585646201201723x, doi101126science1144066, doi101126science1161833, doi101146annurevecolsys39110707173447, doi101159000452856, doi101186174170071060, doi101198tech2003s146, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi10166612041, martinsander2006bone, openalexw2145250129"
}

@article{erickson2014on,
    author = "Erickson, Gregory M.",
    title = "On Dinosaur Growth",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
    abstract = "Despite nearly two centuries of investigation, a comprehensive understanding of dinosaur biology has proven intractable. The recent development of means to study tissue-level growth, age these animals, and make growth curves has revolutionized our knowledge of dinosaur lives. From such data it is now understood that dinosaurs grew both disruptively and determinately; that they rarely if ever exceeded a century in age; that they became giants through accelerated growth and dwarfed through truncated development; that they were likely endothermic, sexually matured like crocodiles, and showed survivorship like populations of large mammals; and that basal birds retained dinosaurian physiology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054858",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054858",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2128164431",
    pages = "675-697",
    volume = "42",
    references = "doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101038nature11264, doi10108002724634200310010947, doi101086395888, doi101086410622, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi101371journalpone0033539, doi1023072802289, horner2011dinosaur, köhler2012seasonal, openalexw1558456135, openalexw3215057009, parrish1987late"
}

@article{doi101111joa12378,
    author = "Balanoff, Amy M. and Bever, Gabriel S. and Colbert, Matthew W. and Clarke, Julia A. and Field, Daniel J. and Gignac, Paul M. and Ksepka, Daniel T. and Ridgely, Ryan C. and Smith, Neil and Torres, Christopher R. and Walsh, Stig A. and Witmer, Lawrence M.",
    title = "Best practices for digitally constructing endocranial casts: examples from birds and their dinosaurian relatives",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Journal of Anatomy",
    abstract = "The rapidly expanding interest in, and availability of, digital tomography data to visualize casts of the vertebrate endocranial cavity housing the brain (endocasts) presents new opportunities and challenges to the field of comparative neuroanatomy. The opportunities are many, ranging from the relatively rapid acquisition of data to the unprecedented ability to integrate critically important fossil taxa. The challenges consist of navigating the logistical barriers that often separate a researcher from high-quality data and minimizing the amount of non-biological variation expressed in endocasts - variation that may confound meaningful and synthetic results. Our purpose here is to outline preferred approaches for acquiring digital tomographic data, converting those data to an endocast, and making those endocasts as meaningful as possible when considered in a comparative context. This review is intended to benefit those just getting started in the field but also serves to initiate further discussion between active endocast researchers regarding the best practices for advancing the discipline. Congruent with the theme of this volume, we draw our examples from birds and the highly encephalized non-avian dinosaurs that comprise closely related outgroups along their phylogenetic stem lineage.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12378",
    doi = "10.1111/joa.12378",
    openalex = "W2106729826",
    references = "doi101002ar20794, doi101002ar20984, doi101002ar21234, doi101080027246342014874529, doi101080027246342014912656, doi101098rspb20110238, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111j155856461951tb02756x, doi1012066481, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0049584, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0082000"
}

@article{doi101038srep20252,
    author = "Brusatte, Stephen L. and Carr, Thomas D.",
    title = "The phylogeny and evolutionary history of tyrannosauroid dinosaurs",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Tyrannosauroids--the group of carnivores including Tyrannosaurs rex--are some of the most familiar dinosaurs of all. A surge of recent discoveries has helped clarify some aspects of their evolution, but competing phylogenetic hypotheses raise questions about their relationships, biogeography, and fossil record quality. We present a new phylogenetic dataset, which merges published datasets and incorporates recently discovered taxa. We analyze it with parsimony and, for the first time for a tyrannosauroid dataset, Bayesian techniques. The parsimony and Bayesian results are highly congruent, and provide a framework for interpreting the biogeography and evolutionary history of tyrannosauroids. Our phylogenies illustrate that the body plan of the colossal species evolved piecemeal, imply no clear division between northern and southern species in western North America as had been argued, and suggest that T. rex may have been an Asian migrant to North America. Over-reliance on cranial shape characters may explain why published parsimony studies have diverged and filling three major gaps in the fossil record holds the most promise for future work.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20252",
    doi = "10.1038/srep20252",
    openalex = "W2327114096",
    references = "doi101007bf01734359, doi101007s001140090614x, doi101016b9781483232102500066, doi101016b9781483232119500097, doi101016jcretres201103005, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jcub201408034, doi101038nature04511, doi101038nature10906, doi101038ncomms4788, doi10108001621459199510476572, doi101080106351501753462876, doi10108010635150490264699, doi10108010635150600755396, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi101126science1193304, doi10120637172, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi105860choice393984"
}

@article{doi101038srep34467,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Hocknull, Scott and Kear, Benjamin P. and Kundrát, Martin and Tischler, Travis R. and Sloan, Trish and Sinapius, George H. K. and Elliott, Judy A. and Elliott, David A.",
    title = "New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Australian dinosaurs have played a rare but controversial role in the debate surrounding the effect of Gondwanan break-up on Cretaceous dinosaur distribution. Major spatiotemporal gaps in the Gondwanan Cretaceous fossil record, coupled with taxon incompleteness, have hindered research on this effect, especially in Australia. Here we report on two new sauropod specimens from the early Late Cretaceous of Queensland, Australia, that have important implications for Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography. Savannasaurus elliottorum gen. et sp. nov. comprises one of the most complete Cretaceous sauropod skeletons ever found in Australia, whereas a new specimen of Diamantinasaurus matildae includes the first ever cranial remains of an Australian sauropod. The results of a new phylogenetic analysis, in which both Savannasaurus and Diamantinasaurus are recovered within Titanosauria, were used as the basis for a quantitative palaeobiogeographical analysis of macronarian sauropods. Titanosaurs achieved a worldwide distribution by at least 125 million years ago, suggesting that mid-Cretaceous Australian sauropods represent remnants of clades which were widespread during the Early Cretaceous. These lineages would have entered Australasia via dispersal from South America, presumably across Antarctica. High latitude sauropod dispersal might have been facilitated by Albian-Turonian warming that lifted a palaeoclimatic dispersal barrier between Antarctica and South America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34467",
    doi = "10.1038/srep34467",
    openalex = "W2535200874",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgr201212009, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101038srep19165, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108014772011003594870, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111zoj12029, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science2725264986, doi1011300016760619951071164mlccot23co2, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0037122, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1015259780520941434, doi1021425f55419694, doi1021425f5fbg19694, doi105194cp813232012, doi107717peerj1523, openalexw2173200745"
}

@article{doi101073pnas1521478113,
    author = "Sakamoto, Manabu and Benton, Michael J. and Venditti, Chris",
    title = "Dinosaurs in decline tens of millions of years before their final extinction",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Whether dinosaurs were in a long-term decline or whether they were reigning strong right up to their final disappearance at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event 66 Mya has been debated for decades with no clear resolution. The dispute has continued unresolved because of a lack of statistical rigor and appropriate evolutionary framework. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we apply a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to model the evolutionary dynamics of speciation and extinction through time in Mesozoic dinosaurs, properly taking account of previously ignored statistical violations. We find overwhelming support for a long-term decline across all dinosaurs and within all three dinosaurian subclades (Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha, and Theropoda), where speciation rate slowed down through time and was ultimately exceeded by extinction rate tens of millions of years before the K-Pg boundary. The only exceptions to this general pattern are the morphologically specialized herbivores, the Hadrosauriformes and Ceratopsidae, which show rapid species proliferations throughout the Late Cretaceous instead. Our results highlight that, despite some heterogeneity in speciation dynamics, dinosaurs showed a marked reduction in their ability to replace extinct species with new ones, making them vulnerable to extinction and unable to respond quickly to and recover from the final catastrophic event.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521478113",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1521478113",
    openalex = "W2341385457",
    references = "doi101016jcub201408034, doi101038nature11631, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111brv12128, doi101111j14679868200500503x, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science23547931156, doi1018637jssv033i02, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303, openalexw2097360283, sloan1986gradual"
}

@article{doi1010800272463420161269539,
    author = "Salisbury, Steven W. and Romilio, Anthony and Herne, Matthew and Tucker, Ryan T. and Nair, Jay P.",
    title = "The Dinosaurian Ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany Area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Extensive and well-preserved tracksites in the coastally exposed Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Dampier Peninsula provide almost the entire fossil record of dinosaurs from the western half of the Australian continent. Tracks near the town of Broome were described in the late 1960s as Megalosauropus broomensis and attributed to a medium-sized theropod trackmaker. Brief reports in the early 1990s suggested the occurrence of at least another nine types of tracks, referable to theropod, sauropod, ornithopod, and thyreophoran trackmakers, at scattered tracksites spread over more than 80 km of coastline north of Broome, potentially representing one of the world's most diverse dinosaurian ichnofaunas. More recently, it has been proposed that this number could be as high as 16 and that the sites are spread over more than 200 km. However, the only substantial research that has been published on these more recent discoveries is a preliminary study of the sauropod tracks and an account of the ways in which the heavy passage of sauropod trackmakers may have shaped the Dampier Peninsula's Early Cretaceous landscape. With the other types of dinosaurian tracks in the Broome Sandstone remaining undescribed, and the full extent and nature of the Dampier Peninsula's dinosaurian tracksites yet to be adequately addressed, the overall scientific significance of the ichnofauna has remained enigmatic. At the request of the area's Goolarabooloo Traditional Custodians, 400+ hours of ichnological survey work was undertaken from 2011 to 2016 on the 25 km stretch of coastline in the Yanijarri–Lurujarri section of the Dampier Peninsula, inclusive of the coastline at Walmadany (James Price Point). Forty-eight discrete dinosaurian tracksites were identified in this area, and thousands of tracks were examined and measured in situ and using three-dimensional photogrammetry. Tracksites were concentrated in three main areas along the coast: Yanijarri in the north, Walmadany in the middle, and Kardilakan–Jajal Buru in the south. Lithofacies analysis revealed 16 repeated facies types that occurred in three distinctive lithofacies associations, indicative of an environmental transgression between the distal fluvial to deltaic portions of a large braid plain, with migrating sand bodies and periodic sheet floods. The main dinosaurian track-bearing horizons seem to have been generated between periodic sheet floods that blanketed the preexisting sand bodies within the braid plain portion of a tidally influenced delta, with much of the original, gently undulating topography now preserved over large expanses of the present day intertidal reef system. Of the tracks examined, 150 could be identified and are assignable to a least eleven and possibly as many as 21 different track types: five different types of theropod tracks, at least six types of sauropod tracks, four types of ornithopod tracks, and six types of thyreophoran tracks. Eleven of these track types can formally be assigned or compared to existing or new ichnotaxa, whereas the remaining ten represent morphotypes that, although distinct, are currently too poorly represented to confidently assign to existing or new ichnotaxa. Among the ichnotaxa that we have recognized, only two (Megalosauropus broomensis and Wintonopus latomorum) belong to existing ichnotaxa, and two compare to existing ichnotaxa but display a suite of morphological features suggesting that they may be distinct in their own right and are therefore placed in open nomenclature. Six of the ichnotaxa that we have identified are new: one theropod ichnotaxon, Yangtzepus clarkei, ichnosp. nov.; one sauropod ichnotaxon, Oobardjidama foulkesi, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.; two ornithopod ichnotaxa, Wintonopus middletonae, ichnosp. nov., and Walmadanyichnus hunteri, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.; and two thyreophoran ichnotaxa, Garbina roeorum, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., and Luluichnus mueckei, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. The level of diversity of the main track types is comparable across areas where tracksites are concentrated: Kardilakan–Jajal Buru (12), Walmadany (11), and Yanijarri (10). The overall diversity of the dinosaurian ichnofauna of the Broome Sandstone in the Yanijarri–Lurujarri section of the Dampier Peninsula is unparalleled in Australia, and even globally. In addition to being the primary record of non-avian dinosaurs in the western half of Australia, this ichnofauna provides our only detailed glimpse of Australia's dinosaurian fauna during the first half of the Early Cretaceous. It indicates that the general composition of Australia's mid-Cretaceous dinosaurian fauna was already in place by the Valanginian–Barremian. Both sauropods and ornithopods were diverse and abundant, and thyreophorans were the only type of quadrupedal ornithischians. Important aspects of the fauna that are not seen in the Australian mid-Cretaceous body fossil record are the presence of stegosaurians, an overall higher diversity of thyreophorans and theropods, and the presence of large-bodied hadrosauroid-like ornithopods and very large-bodied sauropods. In many respects, these differences suggest a holdover from the Late Jurassic, when the majority of dinosaurian clades had a more cosmopolitan distribution prior to the fragmentation of Pangea. Although the record for the Lower Cretaceous of Gondwana is sparse, a similar mix of taxa occurs in the Barremian–lower Aptian La Amarga Formation of Argentina and the Berriasian–Hauterivian Kirkwood Formation of South Africa. The persistence of this fauna across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in South America, Africa, and Australia might be characteristic of Gondwanan dinosaurian faunas more broadly. It suggests that the extinction event that affected Laurasian dinosaurian faunas across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary may not have been as extreme in Gondwana, and this difference may have foreshadowed the onset of Laurasian-Eurogondwanan provincialism. The disappearance of stegosaurians and the apparent drop in diversity of theropods by the mid-Cretaceous suggests that, similar to South America, Australia passed through a period of faunal turnover between the Valanginian and Aptian. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP Citation for this article: Salisbury, S. W., A. Romilio, M. C. Herne, R. T. Tucker, and J. P. Nair. 2017. The dinosaurian ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 16. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(6, Supplement). DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539",
    openalex = "W2602833024",
    references = "apesteguía2011tunasniyoj, deklerk2000a, doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101007bf02988144, doi1010160012825277900551, doi1010160012825279900011, doi1010160012825285900017, doi101016002532279290061l, doi101016jcretres200908003, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jcretres201307009, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjafrearsci201205005, doi101016jsedgeo200610001, doi101016s001678780180047x, doi101017cbo9780511626487, doi101038srep06196, doi101038srep19165, doi101038srep34467, doi101046j14401738200300386x, doi10108000288306197010418211, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108008912960903503345, doi10108010420940109380189, doi10108010420940490428625, doi10108010420940601006859, doi10108011035890902924877, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101111j10963642201000620x, doi101111j10963642201000642x, doi101130g23452a1, doi101139e91009, doi101144pygs543185, doi101306212f83b92b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi101371journalpone0013120, doi101371journalpone0072579, doi101371journalpone0137709, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1026879529, doi104095105049, doi104202app20080049, foster1995tridactyl, mateus2010a, nouri2011tetradactyl, openalexw1564145569, openalexw1592791648, openalexw2173200745, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2619609965, openalexw616953834"
}

@article{doi101098rsbl20150947,
    author = "Hone, David W. E. and Farke, Andrew A. and Wedel, Matt",
    title = "Ontogeny and the fossil record: what, if anything, is an adult dinosaur?",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "Identification of the ontogenetic status of an extinct organism is complex, and yet this underpins major areas of research, from taxonomy and systematics to ecology and evolution. In the case of the non-avialan dinosaurs, at least some were reproductively mature before they were skeletally mature, and a lack of consensus on how to define an 'adult' animal causes problems for even basic scientific investigations. Here we review the current methods available to determine the age of non-avialan dinosaurs, discuss the definitions of different ontogenetic stages, and summarize the implications of these disparate definitions for dinosaur palaeontology. Most critically, a growing body of evidence suggests that many dinosaurs that would be considered 'adults' in a modern-day field study are considered 'juveniles' or 'subadults' in palaeontological contexts.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0947",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2015.0947",
    openalex = "W2279103404",
    references = "carr1999craniofacial, doi101007s0001501000242, doi101017pab201519, doi10103835086558, doi101038nature04633, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas1313334111, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011161, doi101080027246342010483632, doi101093sysbio24137, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101111j109636421997tb00340x, doi101111j15023931201100300x, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1016660094837320040300253chopom20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016690883135120010160482ttoaco20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, doi1016710390290119, doi1023071564148, erickson2014on, martinsander2006bone"
}

@article{doi101111zoj12425,
    author = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Carrano, Matthew T.",
    title = "The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Gondwana are still poorly known, with Elaphrosaurus bambergiJanensch, 1920, from the late Kimmeridgian of Tendaguru, Tanzania, being the only taxon represented by more than isolated remains from Africa. Having long been considered a coelurosaurian, more specifically an ornithomimosaur, Elaphrosaurus is currently regarded as a basal ceratosaur. Here, we revise the osteology and phylogenetic position of this important taxon. Elaphrosaurus shows many unusual osteological characters, including extremely elongated and constricted cervical vertebrae, an expansive shoulder girdle with strongly modified forelimbs, a relatively small ilium, and elongate hindlimbs with a very small ascending process of the astragalus that is fused to the tibia. We found this taxon to share many derived characters with noasaurids, such as: strongly elongate cervical and dorsal vertebrae; low, rectangular neural spines in the mid-caudal vertebrae; presence of only an anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina in anterior caudal vertebrae; presence of a wide, U–shaped notch between the glenoid and the anteroventral hook in the coracoid; a laterally flared postacetabular blade of the ilium; a flat anterior side of the distal tibia; and a reduced shaft of metatarsal II. Our analysis placed Elaphrosaurus within a dichotomous Noasauridae as part of a Jurassic subclade, here termed Elaphrosaurinae, that otherwise includes taxa from eastern Asia. These results underscore the long and complex evolutionary history of abelisauroids, which is still only beginning to be understood.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12425",
    doi = "10.1111/zoj.12425",
    openalex = "W2340352440",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002mmng200900004, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jpgeola201205008, doi101017s0016756804000330, doi101017s0025315400028575, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101098rspb20120660, doi101098rspl18870117, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice353642, openalexw1565584485, openalexw3215057009, openalexw3217097258"
}

@article{doi101152physiol000162016,
    author = "Seymour, Roger S.",
    title = "Cardiovascular Physiology of Dinosaurs",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Physiology",
    abstract = "Cardiovascular function in dinosaurs can be inferred from fossil evidence with knowledge of how metabolic rate, blood flow rate, blood pressure, and heart size are related to body size in living animals. Skeletal stature and nutrient foramen size in fossil femora provide direct evidence of a high arterial blood pressure, a large four-chambered heart, a high aerobic metabolic rate, and intense locomotion. But was the heart of a huge, long-necked sauropod dinosaur able to pump blood up 9 m to its head?",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00016.2016",
    doi = "10.1152/physiol.00016.2016",
    openalex = "W2529499608",
    references = "doi1010160002934380904714, doi101016000368709290318p, doi101038262207a0, doi101038417166a, doi101126science2765309122, doi101146annurevbioeng8061505095721, doi101152physiol000222014, doi101152physiol000612014, doi101242jeb01501, doi101371journalpone0069361, doi101371journalpone0078573, doi107717peerj36, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1581028088, openalexw623886000, seymour1976dinosaurs"
}

@article{doi101016jcub201706071,
    author = "Brown, Caleb M. and Henderson, Donald M. and Vinther, Jakob and Fletcher, Ian and Sistiaga, Ainara and Bethencourt, Jorsua Herrera and Summons, Roger E.",
    title = "An Exceptionally Preserved Three-Dimensional Armored Dinosaur Reveals Insights into Coloration and Cretaceous Predator-Prey Dynamics",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Current Biology",
    abstract = "Predator-prey dynamics are an important evolutionary driver of escalating predation mode and efficiency, and commensurate responses of prey [1-3]. Among these strategies, camouflage is important for visual concealment, with countershading the most universally observed [4-6]. Extant terrestrial herbivores free of significant predation pressure, due to large size or isolation, do not exhibit countershading. Modern predator-prey dynamics may not be directly applicable to those of the Mesozoic due to the dominance of very large, visually oriented theropod dinosaurs [7]. Despite thyreophoran dinosaurs' possessing extensive dermal armor, some of the most extreme examples of anti-predator structures [8, 9], little direct evidence of predation on these and other dinosaur megaherbivores has been documented. Here we describe a new, exquisitely three-dimensionally preserved nodosaurid ankylosaur, Borealopelta markmitchelli gen. et sp. nov., from the Early Cretaceous of Alberta, which preserves integumentary structures as organic layers, including continuous fields of epidermal scales and intact horn sheaths capping the body armor. We identify melanin in the organic residues through mass spectroscopic analyses and observe lighter pigmentation of the large parascapular spines, consistent with display, and a pattern of countershading across the body. With an estimated body mass exceeding 1,300 kg, B. markmitchelli was much larger than modern terrestrial mammals that either are countershaded or experience significant predation pressure as adults. Presence of countershading suggests predation pressure strong enough to select for concealment in this megaherbivore despite possession of massive dorsal and lateral armor, illustrating a significant dichotomy between Mesozoic predator-prey dynamics and those of modern terrestrial systems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.071",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.071",
    openalex = "W2741141745",
    references = "doi101007s003590050286, doi101016jcub201606065, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101016s0065345408601059, doi101017s0094837300005352, doi101017s0952836905007508, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101086668011, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j1469185x1993tb00738x, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi101371journalpone0051925, doi105860choice273305, druckenmiller2010a, openalexw1528487914, openalexw3215057009, stevens2006binocular"
}

@article{doi101038nature22037,
    author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Butler, Richard J. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Barrett, Paul M. and Stocker, Michelle R. and Angielczyk, Kenneth D. and Smith, Roger M. H. and Sidor, Christian A. and Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz and Сенников, А. Г. and Charig, Alan J.",
    title = "The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Nature",
    abstract = "The relationship between dinosaurs and other reptiles is well established, but the sequence of acquisition of dinosaurian features has been obscured by the scarcity of fossils with transitional morphologies. The closest extinct relatives of dinosaurs either have highly derived morphologies or are known from poorly preserved or incomplete material. Here we describe one of the stratigraphically lowest and phylogenetically earliest members of the avian stem lineage (Avemetatarsalia), Teleocrater rhadinus gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle Triassic epoch. The anatomy of T. rhadinus provides key information that unites several enigmatic taxa from across Pangaea into a previously unrecognized clade, Aphanosauria. This clade is the sister taxon of Ornithodira (pterosaurs and birds) and shortens the ghost lineage inferred at the base of Avemetatarsalia. We demonstrate that several anatomical features long thought to characterize Dinosauria and dinosauriforms evolved much earlier, soon after the bird-crocodylian split, and that the earliest avemetatarsalians retained the crocodylian-like ankle morphology and hindlimb proportions of stem archosaurs and early pseudosuchians. Early avemetatarsalians were substantially more species-rich, widely geographically distributed and morphologically diverse than previously recognized. Moreover, several early dinosauromorphs that were previously used as models to understand dinosaur origins may represent specialized forms rather than the ancestral avemetatarsalian morphology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22037",
    doi = "10.1038/nature22037",
    openalex = "W2606337068",
    references = "doi1010160169534789901626, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101111bij12746, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j136530911989tb00817x, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science28454232137, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi1012063521, doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2, doi1023071005355, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi107717peerj1778, nesbitt2013the"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20171219,
    author = "Carballido, José Luis and Pol, Diego and Otero, Alejandro and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Salgado, Leonardo and Garrido, Alberto C. and Ramezani, Jahandar and Cúneo, N. Rubén and Krause, J. Marcelo",
    title = "A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Titanosauria was the most diverse and successful lineage of sauropod dinosaurs. This clade had its major radiation during the middle Early Cretaceous and survived up to the end of that period. Among sauropods, this lineage has the most disparate values of body mass, including the smallest and largest sauropods known. Although recent findings have improved our knowledge on giant titanosaur anatomy, there are still many unknown aspects about their evolution, especially for the most gigantic forms and the evolution of body mass in this clade. Here we describe a new giant titanosaur, which represents the largest species described so far and one of the most complete titanosaurs. Its inclusion in an extended phylogenetic analysis and the optimization of body mass reveals the presence of an endemic clade of giant titanosaurs inhabited Patagonia between the Albian and the Santonian. This clade includes most of the giant species of titanosaurs and represents the major increase in body mass in the history of Titanosauria.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1219",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2017.1219",
    openalex = "W2742460947",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101038srep06196, doi101038srep19165, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101111j10960031200600122x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111zoj12029, doi1011300091761320020300123dsproe20co2, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0093105, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi10560219780801881206"
}

@article{doi101111pala12329,
    author = "Benson, Roger and Hunt, Gene and Carrano, Matthew T. and Campione, Nicolás E.",
    title = "Cope's rule and the adaptive landscape of dinosaur body size evolution",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract The largest known dinosaurs weighed at least 20 million times as much as the smallest, indicating exceptional phenotypic divergence. Previous studies have focused on extreme giant sizes, tests of Cope's rule, and miniaturization on the line leading to birds. We use non‐uniform macroevolutionary models based on Ornstein–Uhlenbeck and trend processes to unify these observations, asking: what patterns of evolutionary rates, directionality and constraint explain the diversification of dinosaur body mass? We find that dinosaur evolution is constrained by attraction to discrete body size optima that undergo rare, but abrupt, evolutionary shifts. This model explains both the rarity of multi‐lineage directional trends, and the occurrence of abrupt directional excursions during the origins of groups such as tiny pygostylian birds and giant sauropods. Most expansion of trait space results from rare, constraint‐breaking innovations in just a small number of lineages. These lineages shifted rapidly into novel regions of trait space, occasionally to small sizes, but most often to large or giant sizes. As with Cenozoic mammals, intermediate body sizes were typically attained only transiently by lineages on a trajectory from small to large size. This demonstrates that bimodality in the macroevolutionary adaptive landscape for land vertebrates has existed for more than 200 million years.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12329",
    doi = "10.1111/pala.12329",
    openalex = "W2766635059",
    references = "doi101007b97636, doi101007s0026501010296, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101017pab201615, doi101038229172a0, doi10103844766, doi101038nature04633, doi101038ncomms7987, doi101038srep06196, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas1302642110, doi10108010635150490445706, doi101086284325, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg412, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101109tac19741100705, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi101111j2041210x201200223x, doi101126scienceaag1772, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101186174170071060, doi101198tech2003s146, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi101371journalpone0033539, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi101371journalpone0051925, doi1022179revmacn14372, erickson2014on, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1550095290, openalexw2473973115, openalexw3086315876"
}

@article{doi101038s41467018039961,
    author = "Bernardi, Massimo and Gianolla, Piero and Petti, Fabio Massimo and Mietto, Paolo and Benton, Michael J.",
    title = "Dinosaur diversification linked with the Carnian Pluvial Episode",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "Dinosaurs diversified in two steps during the Triassic. They originated about 245 Ma, during the recovery from the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and then remained insignificant until they exploded in diversity and ecological importance during the Late Triassic. Hitherto, this Late Triassic explosion was poorly constrained and poorly dated. Here we provide evidence that it followed the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE), dated to 234-232 Ma, a time when climates switched from arid to humid and back to arid again. Our evidence comes from a combined analysis of skeletal evidence and footprint occurrences, and especially from the exquisitely dated ichnofaunas of the Italian Dolomites. These provide evidence of tetrapod faunal compositions through the Carnian and Norian, and show that dinosaur footprints appear exactly at the time of the CPE. We argue then that dinosaurs diversified explosively in the mid Carnian, at a time of major climate and floral change and the extinction of key herbivores, which the dinosaurs opportunistically replaced.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03996-1",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-018-03996-1",
    openalex = "W2802601955",
    references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jcub201311063, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jepsl201107015, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101016jpalaeo200911006, doi101016jpalaeo201611005, doi101016s0012825202001046, doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101038nature21700, doi101038nature22037, doi101038s4155901703055, doi101073pnas1402369111, doi101073pnas1505252112, doi101073pnas1512541112, doi1010800891296320171333609, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1198467, doi1011300091761319890170265soccae23co2, doi1023071223352, doi10247506201401, doi104202app001432014, openalexw114509570"
}

@article{doi101038s41467018051281,
    author = "Xu, Xing and Upchurch, Paul and Mannion, Philip D. and Barrett, Paul M. and Fernández, Omar Rafael Regalado and Mo, Jinyou and Ma, Jinfu and Liu, Hongan",
    title = "A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "The fragmentation of the supercontinent Pangaea has been suggested to have had a profound impact on Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate distributions. One current paradigm is that geographic isolation produced an endemic biota in East Asia during the Jurassic, while simultaneously preventing diplodocoid sauropod dinosaurs and several other tetrapod groups from reaching this region. Here we report the discovery of the earliest diplodocoid, and the first from East Asia, to our knowledge, based on fossil material comprising multiple individuals and most parts of the skeleton of an early Middle Jurassic dicraeosaurid. The new discovery challenges conventional biogeographical ideas, and suggests that dispersal into East Asia occurred much earlier than expected. Moreover, the age of this new taxon indicates that many advanced sauropod lineages originated at least 15 million years earlier than previously realised, achieving a global distribution while Pangaea was still a coherent landmass.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05128-1",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-018-05128-1",
    openalex = "W2843161068",
    references = "doi101016s0748300703000604, doi101038nature01420, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas1521478113, doi101093sysbiosyu056, doi101111j109600312003tb00376x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb02533x, doi101111zoj12029, doi1021425f55419694, doi1021425f5fbg19694, doi1023073802723, doi107717peerj1523, doi107717peerj857, openalexw2611511275, openalexw424753225"
}

@article{doi101093zoolinneanzly009,
    author = "Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Langer, Max C. and Bronzati, Mario and Pacheco, Cristián and Cabreira, Sérgio Furtado and Dias‐da‐Silva, Sérgio",
    title = "Early evolution of sauropodomorphs: anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkably well-preserved dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Abstract An exceptional new specimen (CAPPA/UFSM 0035) of Buriolestes schultzi was discovered during recent fieldwork at the type locality of the taxon, which is Carnian in age (Late Triassic). This early sauropodomorph is peculiar owing to its faunivorous feeding habits, unusual amongst the members of this large omnivorous/herbivorous clade. The specimen incorporates new data on skeletal portions that have so far been unknown for B. schultzi, particularly regarding the skull and axial skeleton. As such, B. schultzi is now as complete as the best-known early dinosaurs, such as Eoraptor lunensis and Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. A phylogenetic investigation fully supports B. schultzi as a sauropodomorph, corroborating the previous assignation. Despite the presence of traits found in Theropoda, distinct skeletal portions of B. schultzi do not share its morphospace in a morphological disparity analysis. We also propose an alternative evolutionary scenario for the first members of Sauropodomorpha: some Carnian taxa from South America form a monophyletic group instead of a series of low-diversity lineages paraphyletic with respect to Plateosauria.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly009",
    doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zly009",
    openalex = "W2803291137",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101016jcub201609040, doi101016s0748300703000604, doi101038nature21700, doi101038nature22037, doi101073pnas1512541112, doi101080027246342013820113, doi1010800272463420161111224, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109600312003tb00376x, doi101111j10960031200800209x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111pala12236, doi101126science1198467, doi101144sp37916, doi1012063521, doi101590s000137652011000100005, doi105860choice353642, openalexw2183707334, openalexw3215057009"
}

@article{doi101146annurevecolsys110617062231,
    author = "Benson, Roger",
    title = "Dinosaur Macroevolution and Macroecology",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics",
    abstract = "Dinosaurs were large-bodied land animals of the Mesozoic that gave rise to birds. They played a fundamental role in structuring Jurassic–Cretaceous ecosystems and had physiology, growth, and reproductive biology unlike those of extant animals. These features have made them targets of theoretical macroecology. Dinosaurs achieved substantial structural diversity, and their fossil record documents the evolutionary assembly of the avian body plan. Phylogeny-based research has allowed new insights into dinosaur macroevolution, including the adaptive landscape of their body size evolution, patterns of species diversification, and the origins of birds and bird-like traits. Nevertheless, much remains unknown due to incompleteness of the fossil record at both local and global scales. This presents major challenges at the frontier of paleobiological research regarding tests of macroecological hypotheses and the effects of dinosaur biology, ecology, and life history on their macroevolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062231",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062231",
    openalex = "W2886460402",
    references = "doi1011112041210x12666"
}

@misc{crossref2019encyclopedia,
    title = "Encyclopedia of Ecology",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/c2015-1-01107-3",
    doi = "10.1016/c2015-1-01107-3",
    openalex = "W4235896045"
}

@article{doi101038s41467019089972,
    author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Mannion, Philip D. and Lunt, Daniel J. and Farnsworth, Alex and Jones, Lewis A. and Kelland, Sarah-Jane and Allison, Peter A.",
    title = "Ecological niche modelling does not support climatically-driven dinosaur diversity decline before the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "In the lead-up to the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, dinosaur diversity is argued to have been either in long-term decline, or thriving until their sudden demise. The latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian [83-66 Ma]) of North America provides the best record to address this debate, but even here diversity reconstructions are biased by uneven sampling. Here we combine fossil occurrences with climatic and environmental modelling to quantify latest Cretaceous North American dinosaur habitat. Ecological niche modelling shows a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian habitability decrease in areas with present-day rock-outcrop. However, a continent-wide projection demonstrates habitat stability, or even a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian increase, that is not preserved. This reduction of the spatial sampling window resulted from formation of the proto-Rocky Mountains and sea-level regression. We suggest that Maastrichtian North American dinosaur diversity is therefore likely to be underestimated, with the apparent decline a product of sampling bias, and not due to a climatically-driven decrease in habitability as previously hypothesised.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08997-2",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-019-08997-2",
    openalex = "W2919866498",
    references = "doi101016jecolmodel201312012, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101038nature15697, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101073pnas0901637106, doi101073pnas1521478113, doi10108008912969009386535, doi101111ecog03049, doi101111j13652664200601214x, doi101111j14724642201000725x, doi101111pala12329, doi101126science3287615, doi1012019781315140919, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi1018900721531, doi1023071931034, doi103897zookeys4698439, lehman1987late"
}

@article{doi101038s41598019453069,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and de Oliveira Martins, Neurides and Manzig, Paulo César and Ferreira, Gabriel S. and Marsola, Júlio C. A. and Fortes, Edison and Lima, Rosana N. and Sant’ana, Lucas Cesar Frediani and Vidal, Luciano and da Silva Lorençato, Rosangela Honório and Ezcurra, Martín D.",
    title = "A new desert-dwelling dinosaur (Theropoda, Noasaurinae) from the Cretaceous of south Brazil",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Noasaurines form an enigmatic group of small-bodied predatory theropod dinosaurs known from the Late Cretaceous of Gondwana. They are relatively rare, with notable records in Argentina and Madagascar, and possible remains reported for Brazil, India, and continental Africa. In south-central Brazil, the deposits of the Bauru Basin have yielded a rich tetrapod fauna, which is concentrated in the Bauru Group. The mainly aeolian deposits of the Caiuá Group, on the contrary, bear a scarce fossil record composed only of lizards, turtles, and pterosaurs. Here, we describe the first dinosaur of the Caiuá Group, which also represents the best-preserved theropod of the entire Bauru Basin known to date. The recovered skeletal parts (vertebrae, girdles, limbs, and scarce cranial elements) show that the new taxon was just over 1 m long, with a unique anatomy among theropods. The shafts of its metatarsals II and IV are very lateromedially compressed, as are the blade-like ungual phalanges of the respective digits. This implies that the new taxon could have been functionally monodactyl, with a main central weight-bearing digit, flanked by neighbouring elements positioned very close to digit III or even held free of the ground. Such anatomical adaptation is formerly unrecorded among archosaurs, but has been previously inferred from footprints of the same stratigraphic unit that yielded the new dinosaur. A phylogenetic analysis nests the new taxon within the Noasaurinae clade, which is unresolved because of the multiple alternative positions that Noasaurus leali can acquire in the optimal trees. The exclusion of the latter form results in positioning the new dinosaur as the sister-taxon of the Argentinean Velocisaurus unicus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45306-9",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-019-45306-9",
    openalex = "W2953934698",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101016jcub201610043, doi101016jmarpetgeo201602027, doi101038261129a0, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101086273307, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111joa12719, doi101111pala12329, doi101111zoj12425, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi101590s000137652011000100003, doi103998mpub9690664, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw2894525608"
}

@article{doi101086702250,
    author = "Gaston, Kevin J.",
    title = "Nighttime Ecology: The “Nocturnal Problem” Revisited",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "The American Naturalist",
    abstract = {The existence of a synthetic program of research on what was then termed the "nocturnal problem" and that we might now call "nighttime ecology" was declared more than 70 years ago. In reality, this failed to materialize, arguably as a consequence of practical challenges in studying organisms at night and instead concentrating on the existence of circadian rhythms, the mechanisms that give rise to them, and their consequences. This legacy is evident to this day, with consideration of the ecology of the nighttime markedly underrepresented in ecological research and literature. However, several factors suggest that it would be timely to revive the vision of a comprehensive research program in nighttime ecology. These include (i) that the study of the ecology of the night is being revolutionized by new and improved technologies; (ii) suggestions that, far from being a minor component of biodiversity, a high proportion of animal species are active at night; (iii) that fundamental questions about differences and connections between the ecology of the daytime and the nighttime remain largely unanswered; and (iv) that the nighttime environment is coming under severe anthropogenic pressure. In this article, I seek to reestablish nighttime ecology as a synthetic program of research, highlighting key focal topics and questions and providing an overview of the current state of understanding and developments.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/702250",
    doi = "10.1086/702250",
    openalex = "W2921956202",
    references = "doi101038s4155901703665"
}

@article{doi107717peerj7963,
    author = "Pacheco, Cristián and Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Langer, Max C. and Pretto, Flávio Augusto and Kerber, Leonardo and Dias‐da‐Silva, Sérgio",
    title = "Gnathovorax cabreirai: a new early dinosaur and the origin and initial radiation of predatory dinosaurs",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Predatory dinosaurs were an important ecological component of terrestrial Mesozoic ecosystems. Though theropod dinosaurs carried this role during the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods (and probably the post-Carnian portion of the Triassic), it is difficult to depict the Carnian scenario, due to the scarcity of fossils. Until now, knowledge on the earliest predatory dinosaurs mostly relies on herrerasaurids recorded in Carnian strata of South America. Phylogenetic investigations recovered the clade in different positions within Dinosauria, whereas fewer studies challenged its monophyly. Although herrerasaurid fossils are much better recorded in present-day Argentina than in Brazil, Argentinean strata so far yielded no fairly complete skeleton representing a single individual. Here, we describe Gnathovorax cabreirai, a new herrerasaurid based on an exquisite specimen found as part of a multitaxic association form southern Brazil. The type specimen comprises a complete and well-preserved articulated skeleton, preserved in close association (side by side) with rhynchosaur and cynodont remains. Given its superb state of preservation and completeness, the new specimen sheds light into poorly understood aspects of the herrerasaurid anatomy, including endocranial soft tissues. The specimen also reinforces the monophyletic status of the group, and provides clues on the ecomorphology of the early carnivorous dinosaurs. Indeed, an ecomorphological analysis employing dental traits indicates that herrerasaurids occupy a particular area in the morphospace of faunivorous dinosaurs, which partially overlaps the area occupied by post-Carnian theropods. This indicates that herrerasaurid dinosaurs preceded the ecological role that later would be occupied by large to medium-sized theropods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7963",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.7963",
    openalex = "W2989522329",
    references = "doi101016jcub201608040, doi101016jcub201609040, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101038nature02048, doi101038nature21700, doi101038nature22037, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi101080027246342013818546, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101093zoolinneanzly009, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science1198467, doi1012063521, doi107717peerj7963, openalexw2138825607"
}

@article{doi101017pab202046,
    author = "Bishop, Peter J. and Cuff, Andrew R. and Hutchinson, John R.",
    title = "How to build a dinosaur: Musculoskeletal modeling and simulation of locomotor biomechanics in extinct animals",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Abstract The intersection of paleontology and biomechanics can be reciprocally illuminating, helping to improve paleobiological knowledge of extinct species and furthering our understanding of the generality of biomechanical principles derived from study of extant species. However, working with data gleaned primarily from the fossil record has its challenges. Building on decades of prior research, we outline and critically discuss a complete workflow for biomechanical analysis of extinct species, using locomotor biomechanics in the Triassic theropod dinosaur Coelophysis as a case study. We progress from the digital capture of fossil bone morphology to creating rigged skeletal models, to reconstructing musculature and soft tissue volumes, to the development of computational musculoskeletal models, and finally to the execution of biomechanical simulations. Using a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model comprising 33 muscles, a static inverse simulation of the mid-stance of running shows that Coelophysis probably used more upright (extended) hindlimb postures and was likely capable of withstanding a vertical ground reaction force of magnitude more than 2.5 times body weight. We identify muscle force-generating capacity as a key source of uncertainty in the simulations, highlighting the need for more refined methods of estimating intrinsic muscle parameters such as fiber length. Our approach emphasizes the explicit application of quantitative techniques and physics-based principles, which helps maximize results robustness and reproducibility. Although we focus on one specific taxon and question, many of the techniques and philosophies explored here have much generality to them, so they can be applied in biomechanical investigation of other extinct organisms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.46",
    doi = "10.1017/pab.2020.46",
    openalex = "W3095550271",
    references = "doi101007s0001501000242, doi101016jcub201910050, doi101038s4158601808512, doi1010800272463420171427593, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101098rsos160342, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111brv12071, doi101111pala12329, doi101242jeb069567, doi101371journalpone0013120, doi101371journalpone0192172, doi101666100041, doi103389fbioe201800140, doi104202app20090075"
}

@article{doi101073pnas2006087117,
    author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Farnsworth, Alexander and Mannion, Philip D. and Lunt, Daniel J. and Valdes, Paul J. and Morgan, Joanna and Allison, Peter A.",
    title = "Asteroid impact, not volcanism, caused the end-Cretaceous dinosaur extinction",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "The Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, 66 Ma, included the demise of non-avian dinosaurs. Intense debate has focused on the relative roles of Deccan volcanism and the Chicxulub asteroid impact as kill mechanisms for this event. Here, we combine fossil-occurrence data with paleoclimate and habitat suitability models to evaluate dinosaur habitability in the wake of various asteroid impact and Deccan volcanism scenarios. Asteroid impact models generate a prolonged cold winter that suppresses potential global dinosaur habitats. Conversely, long-term forcing from Deccan volcanism (carbon dioxide [CO 2]-induced warming) leads to increased habitat suitability. Short-term (aerosol cooling) volcanism still allows equatorial habitability. These results support the asteroid impact as the main driver of the non-avian dinosaur extinction. By contrast, induced warming from volcanism mitigated the most extreme effects of asteroid impact, potentially reducing the extinction severity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006087117",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.2006087117",
    openalex = "W3038551147",
    references = "alvarez1980extraterrestrial, doi101007s1091400569434, doi101016jcub201804062, doi101016s0012825200000374, doi10102993jd02553, doi101038s41467019089972, doi101073pnas1211526110, doi101073pnas1319253111, doi101111brv12128, doi101111ecog03049, doi101111j14724642201000725x, doi101111j16000587200805742x, doi101126sciadvaat4858, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science1229237, doi101126science20844481095, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126scienceaau2422, doi101126scienceaay2268, doi1011302014250315, doi1011302014250502, doi101130spe247, doi101144sp35813"
}

@article{doi101093biolinneanblaa105,
    author = "Saitta, Evan T. and Stockdale, Maximilian T. and Longrich, Nicholas R. and Bonhomme, Vincent and Benton, Michael J. and Cuthill, Innes C. and Makovicky, Peter J.",
    title = "An effect size statistical framework for investigating sexual dimorphism in non-avian dinosaurs and other extinct taxa",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Abstract Despite reports of sexual dimorphism in extinct taxa, such claims in non-avian dinosaurs have been rare over the last decade and have often been criticized. Since dimorphism is widespread in sexually reproducing organisms today, under-reporting in the literature might suggest either methodological shortcomings or that this diverse group exhibited highly unusual reproductive biology. Univariate significance testing, especially for bimodality, is ineffective and prone to false negatives. Species recognition and mutual sexual selection hypotheses, therefore, may not be required to explain supposed absence of sexual dimorphism across the grade (a type II error). Instead, multiple lines of evidence support sexual selection and variation of structures consistent with secondary sexual characteristics, strongly suggesting sexual dimorphism in non-avian dinosaurs. We propose a framework for studying sexual dimorphism in fossils, focusing on likely secondary sexual traits and testing against all alternate hypotheses for variation in them using multiple lines of evidence. We use effect size statistics appropriate for low sample sizes, rather than significance testing, to analyse potential divergence of growth curves in traits and constrain estimates for dimorphism magnitude. In many cases, estimates of sexual variation can be reasonably accurate, and further developments in methods to improve sex assignments and account for intrasexual variation (e.g. mixture modelling) will improve accuracy. It is better to compare estimates for the magnitude of and support for dimorphism between datasets than to dichotomously reject or fail to reject monomorphism in a single species, enabling the study of sexual selection across phylogenies and time. We defend our approach with simulated and empirical data, including dinosaur data, showing that even simple approaches can yield fairly accurate estimates of sexual variation in many cases, allowing for comparison of species with high and low support for sexual variation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa105",
    doi = "10.1093/biolinnean/blaa105",
    openalex = "W3082435594",
    references = "doi101007s1065401601493, doi101016jcub201706071, doi101038246015a0, doi101038s4146701702088w, doi101038srep18952, doi101073pnas1313334111, doi1010800003130520161154108, doi10108008912960903450505, doi101111brv12436, doi101111j1469185x1970tb01176x, doi101111j1469185x200700027x, doi101126science13134091292, doi1015159780691207278, doi101537ase188722495, doi1016710390290119, doi1023072874"
}

@article{doi101093zoolinneanzlaa173,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Kundrát, Martin and Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Tischler, Travis R. and Elliott, David A.",
    title = "Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Abstract The titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae is represented by two individuals from the Cenomanian–lower Turonian ‘upper’ Winton Formation of central Queensland, north-eastern Australia. The type specimen has been described in detail, whereas the referred specimen, which includes several elements not present in the type series (partial skull, atlas, axis and postaxial cervical vertebrae), has only been described briefly. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of this referred specimen, including a thorough assessment of the external and internal anatomy of the braincase, and identify several new autapomorphies of D. matildae. Via an expanded data matrix consisting of 125 taxa scored for 552 characters, we recover a close, well-supported relationship between Diamantinasaurus and its contemporary, Savannasaurus elliottorum. Unlike previous iterations of this data matrix, under a parsimony framework we consistently recover Diamantinasaurus and Savannasaurus as early-diverging members of Titanosauria using both equal weighting and extended implied weighting, with the overall topology largely consistent between analyses. We erect a new clade, named Diamantinasauria herein, that also includes the contemporaneous Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from southern Argentina, which shares several cranial features with the referred Diamantinasaurus specimen. Thus, Diamantinasauria is represented in the mid-Cretaceous of both South America and Australia, supporting the hypothesis that some titanosaurians, in addition to megaraptoran theropods and possibly some ornithopods, were able to disperse between these two continents via Antarctica. Conversely, there is no evidence for rebbachisaurids in Australia, which might indicate that they were unable to expand into high latitudes before their extinction in the Cenomanian–Turonian. Likewise, there is no evidence for titanosaurs with procoelous caudal vertebrae in the mid-Cretaceous Australian record, despite scarce but compelling evidence for their presence in both Antarctica and New Zealand during the Campanian–Maastrichtian. These later titanosaurs presumably dispersed into these landmasses from South America before the Campanian (\textasciitilde 85 Mya), when seafloor spreading between Zealandia and Australia commenced. Although Australian mid-Cretaceous dinosaur faunas appear to be cosmopolitan at higher taxonomic levels, closer affinities with South America at finer scales are becoming better supported for sauropods, theropods and ornithopods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173",
    doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173",
    openalex = "W3124534006",
    references = "doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjsames2019102460, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101038srep34467, doi101080027246342013776562, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi1010800311551820181453085, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi1011646zootaxa370131, doi1011646zootaxa384811, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0151661, doi1029920070860302, doi105710amegh261210131889, openalexw3015256845"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20202310,
    author = "Pol, Diego and Ramezani, Jahandar and Gomez, Kevin L. and Carballido, José Luis and Carabajal, A. Paulina and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Escapa, Ignacio H. and Cúneo, N. Rubén",
    title = "Extinction of herbivorous dinosaurs linked to Early Jurassic global warming event",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Sauropods, the giant long-necked dinosaurs, became the dominant group of large herbivores in terrestrial ecosystems after multiple related lineages became extinct towards the end of the Early Jurassic (190-174 Ma). The causes and precise timing of this key faunal change, as well as the origin of eusauropods (true sauropods), have remained ambiguous mainly due to the scarce dinosaurian fossil record of this time. The terrestrial sedimentary successions of the Cañadón Asfalto Basin in central Patagonia (Argentina) document this critical interval of dinosaur evolution. Here, we report a new dinosaur with a nearly complete skull that is the oldest eusauropod known to date and provide high-precision U-Pb geochronology that constrains in time the rise of eusauropods in Patagonia. We show that eusauropod dominance was established after a massive magmatic event impacting southern Gondwana (180-184 Ma) and coincided with severe perturbations to the climate and a drastic decrease in the floral diversity characterized by the rise of conifers with small scaly leaves. Floral and faunal records from other regions suggest these were global changes that impacted the terrestrial ecosystems during the Toarcian warming event and formed part of a second-order mass extinction event.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2310",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2020.2310",
    openalex = "W3102407232",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev2020103120, doi101038s41467018051281"
}

@article{doi101111brv12638,
    author = "Campione, Nicolás E. and Evans, David C.",
    title = "The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non‐avian dinosaurs",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "Inferring the body mass of fossil taxa, such as non-avian dinosaurs, provides a powerful tool for interpreting physiological and ecological properties, as well as the ability to study these traits through deep time and within a macroevolutionary context. As a result, over the past 100 years a number of studies advanced methods for estimating mass in dinosaurs and other extinct taxa. These methods can be categorized into two major approaches: volumetric-density (VD) and extant-scaling (ES). The former receives the most attention in non-avian dinosaurs and advanced appreciably over the last century: from initial physical scale models to three-dimensional (3D) virtual techniques that utilize scanned data obtained from entire skeletons. The ES approach is most commonly applied to extinct members of crown clades but some equations are proposed and utilized in non-avian dinosaurs. Because both approaches share a common goal, they are often viewed in opposition to one another. However, current palaeobiological research problems are often approach specific and, therefore, the decision to utilize a VD or ES approach is largely question dependent. In general, biomechanical and physiological studies benefit from the full-body reconstruction provided through a VD approach, whereas large-scale evolutionary and ecological studies require the extensive data sets afforded by an ES approach. This study summarizes both approaches to body mass estimation in stem-group taxa, specifically non-avian dinosaurs, and provides a comparative quantitative framework to reciprocally illuminate and corroborate VD and ES approaches. The results indicate that mass estimates are largely consistent between approaches: 73\% of VD reconstructions occur within the expected 95\% prediction intervals of the ES relationship. However, almost three quarters of outliers occur below the lower 95\% prediction interval, indicating that VD mass estimates are, on average, lower than would be expected given their stylopodial circumferences. Inconsistencies (high residual and per cent prediction deviation values) are recovered to a varying degree among all major dinosaurian clades along with an overall tendency for larger deviations between approaches among small-bodied taxa. Nonetheless, our results indicate a strong corroboration between recent iterations of the VD approach based on 3D specimen scans suggesting that our current understanding of size in dinosaurs, and hence its biological correlates, has improved over time. We advance that VD and ES approaches have fundamentally (metrically) different advantages and, hence, the comparative framework used and advocated here combines the accuracy afforded by ES with the precision provided by VD and permits the rapid identification of discrepancies with the potential to open new areas of discussion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12638",
    doi = "10.1111/brv.12638",
    openalex = "W3082346069",
    references = "doi101016jcub201706071, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101038417070a, doi101038srep06196, doi101086303327, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101098rspb20060443, doi101098rspb20171219, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111evo12150, doi101111j17447429200700272x, doi101111j2041210x201100153x, doi101111pala12329, doi101126science1061967, doi101152physrev1947274511, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi101371journalpone0051925, doi101371journalpone0081917, doi101371journalpone0082000, doi107717peerj857, openalexw1558456135, openalexw195142154, openalexw2593733766, openalexw260994251, pontzer2009biomechanics"
}

@article{doi101111pala12492,
    author = "Dean, Christopher D. and Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Maidment, Susannah C. R.",
    title = "Formation binning: a new method for increased temporal resolution in regional studies, applied to the Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossil record of North America",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract The advent of palaeontological occurrence databases has allowed for detailed reconstruction and analyses of species richness through deep time. While a substantial literature has evolved ensuring that taxa are fairly counted within and between different time periods, how time itself is divided has received less attention. Stage‐level or equal‐interval age bins have frequently been used for regional and global studies in vertebrate palaeontology. However, when assessing diversity at a regional scale, these resolutions can prove inappropriate with the available data. Herein, we propose a new method of binning geological time for regional studies that intrinsically incorporates the chronostratigraphic heterogeneity of different rock formations to generate unique stratigraphic bins. We use this method to investigate the diversity dynamics of dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America prior to the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction. Increased resolution through formation binning pinpoints the Maastrichtian diversity decline to between 68 and 66 Ma, coinciding with the retreat of the Western Interior Seaway. Diversity curves are shown to exhibit volatile patterns using different binning methods, supporting claims that heterogeneous biases in this time‐frame affect the pre‐extinction palaeobiological record. We also show that the apparent high endemicity of dinosaurs in the Campanian is a result of non‐contemporaneous geological units within large time bins. This study helps to illustrate the utility of high‐resolution, regional studies to supplement our understanding of factors governing global diversity in deep time and ultimately how geology is inherently tied to our understanding of past changes in species richness.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12492",
    doi = "10.1111/pala.12492",
    openalex = "W3034624876",
    references = "doi101038s41598019517095, doi1011112041210x12666"
}

@article{doi101016jcub202111061,
    author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Mannion, Philip D. and Farnsworth, Alex and Carrano, Matthew T. and Varela, Sara",
    title = "Climatic constraints on the biogeographic history of Mesozoic dinosaurs",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Current Biology",
    abstract = "Dinosaurs dominated Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems globally. However, whereas a pole-to-pole geographic distribution characterized ornithischians and theropods, sauropods were restricted to lower latitudes. Here, we evaluate the role of climate in shaping these biogeographic patterns through the Jurassic-Cretaceous (201-66 mya), combining dinosaur fossil occurrences, past climate data from Earth System models, and habitat suitability modeling. Results show that, uniquely among dinosaurs, sauropods occupied climatic niches characterized by high temperatures and strongly bounded by minimum cold temperatures. This constrained the distribution and dispersal pathways of sauropods to tropical areas, excluding them from latitudinal extremes, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. The greater availability of suitable habitat in the southern continents, particularly in the Late Cretaceous, might be key to explaining the high diversity of sauropods there, relative to northern landmasses. Given that ornithischians and theropods show a flattened or bimodal latitudinal biodiversity gradient, with peaks at higher latitudes, the closer correspondence of sauropods to a subtropical concentration could hint at fundamental thermophysiological differences to the other two clades.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.061",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.061",
    openalex = "W4200184737",
    references = "alvarez1980extraterrestrial, cubo2020were, doi101002ar23306, doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016jjsames201411008, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101038nature09670, doi101038s41467019089972, doi101038s4158602030114, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101073pnas0709472105, doi101073pnas2006087117, doi101073pnas2020778118, doi10108000401706196410490181, doi10108001621459195210483441, doi1010800311551820181453085, doi101093biomet4034237, doi1011112041210x12613, doi101111j20060906759004596x, doi101111pala12496, doi101111pala12514, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101186147267851314, doi101371journalpone0012553, doi101371journalpone0235078, doi1018901119521, erickson2014on"
}

@article{doi101038s41467021237540,
    author = "Condamine, Fabien L. and Guinot, Guillaume and Benton, Michael J. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Dinosaur biodiversity declined well before the asteroid impact, influenced by ecological and environmental pressures",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "The question why non-avian dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago (Ma) remains unresolved because of the coarseness of the fossil record. A sudden extinction caused by an asteroid is the most accepted hypothesis but it is debated whether dinosaurs were in decline or not before the impact. We analyse the speciation-extinction dynamics for six key dinosaur families, and find a decline across dinosaurs, where diversification shifted to a declining-diversity pattern \textasciitilde 76 Ma. We investigate the influence of ecological and physical factors, and find that the decline of dinosaurs was likely driven by global climate cooling and herbivorous diversity drop. The latter is likely due to hadrosaurs outcompeting other herbivores. We also estimate that extinction risk is related to species age during the decline, suggesting a lack of evolutionary novelty or adaptation to changing environments. These results support an environmentally driven decline of non-avian dinosaurs well before the asteroid impact.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23754-0",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-021-23754-0",
    openalex = "W3160661672",
    references = "alvarez1980extraterrestrial, close2020the, doi101016jcub202006105, doi101016jgloplacha201804004, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101016jtree202009001, doi101038307360a0, doi101038nature06588, doi101038nature24679, doi101038ncomms9296, doi101038s41467019089972, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101046j14610248200200354x, doi101073pnas1521478113, doi101073pnas1902693116, doi101073pnas2006087117, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101093sysbiosyy032, doi101098rsos161086, doi101111nph13264, doi101126sciadvaaw4486, doi101126science1059412, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science1211028, doi101126scienceabd9220, doi101139cjes20170031, doi10120639651, doi101371journalpone0028964, doi101371journalpone0032623, doi101371journalpone0067182, doi101371journalpone0108804, doi103389feart201800252, doi107717peerj1032, doi107717peerj5749, doi107717peerj7247, doi107717peerj8672, openalexw2145250129"
}

@article{doi101038s4159802102490x,
    author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Fabbri, Matteo and Consorti, Lorenzo and Muscioni, Marco and Evans, David C. and Cantalapiedra, Juan L. and Fanti, Federico",
    title = "An Italian dinosaur Lagerstätte reveals the tempo and mode of hadrosauriform body size evolution",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = {During the latest Cretaceous, the European Archipelago was characterized by highly fragmented landmasses hosting putative dwarfed, insular dinosaurs, claimed as fossil evidence of the "island rule". The Villaggio del Pescatore quarry (north-eastern Italy) stands as the most informative locality within the palaeo-Mediterranean region and represents the first, multi-individual Konservat-Lagerstätte type dinosaur-bearing locality in Italy. The site is here critically re-evaluated as early Campanian in age, thus preceding the final fragmentation stages of the European Archipelago, including all other European localities preserving hypothesized dwarfed taxa. New skeletal remains allowed osteohistological analyses on the hadrosauroid Tethyshadros insularis indicating subadult features in the type specimen whereas a second, herein newly described, larger individual is likely somatically mature. A phylogenetic comparative framework places the body-size of T. insularis in range with other non-hadrosaurid Eurasian hadrosauroids, rejecting any significant evolutionary trend towards miniaturisation in this clade, confuting its 'pygmy' status, and providing unmatched data to infer environmentally-driven body-size trends in Mesozoic dinosaurs.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02490-x",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-021-02490-x",
    openalex = "W3217018976",
    references = "doi101016jcretres2021104919, doi101038ncomms12931, doi101111brv12638"
}

@article{doi1010801477201920211978005,
    author = "Lockwood, Jeremy A. F. and Martill, David M. and Maidment, Susannah C. R.",
    title = "A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "A new genus and species of non-hadrosaurid hadrosauriform dinosaur, Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight. The new taxon has two autapomorphies, a nasal having a modest nasal bulla with convex sides, and primary and accessory ridges on the lingual aspect of the maxillary crown. The dentary has at least 28 alveolar positions, which is the highest number recorded in an ornithopod with non-parallel sided alveoli, creating a character combination that is unique within Iguanodontia. The hadrosauriform fauna of the Barremian–Aptian Wealden Group on both the Isle of Wight and mainland England has been represented for almost a century by just two taxa, the robust Iguanodon bernissartensis and the more gracile Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, with referred material often being fragmentary or based on unassociated elements. This discovery increases the known hadrosauriform diversity in England and, together with recent discoveries in Spain, suggests that their diversity in the upper Wealden of Europe was considerably wider than initially realized. This find also has important implications for the validity of the Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis hypodigm, and a reassessment of existing material is suggested.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:31F0D48F-C1DA-406E-A811-1F5937ED19F4",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005",
    openalex = "W3211438913",
    references = "doi101111brv12666, doi101111zoj12193, doi101371journalpone0045712, gates2018a, tsogtbaatar2019a"
}

@article{doi101139cjes20200174,
    author = "Holtz, Thomas R.",
    title = "Theropod guild structure and the tyrannosaurid niche assimilation hypothesis: implications for predatory dinosaur macroecology and ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica 1",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50 kg) theropod taxa than communities of the Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia. The large carnivore guilds in Asiamerican assemblages are monopolized by tyrannosaurids, with adult medium-sized (50–500 kg) predators rare or absent. In contrast, various clades of theropods are found to occupy these body sizes in earlier faunas, including early tyrannosauroids. Assemblages with “missing middle-sized” predators are not found to have correspondingly sparser diversity of potential prey species recorded in these same faunas. The “missing middle-sized” niches in the theropod guilds of Late Cretaceous Laramidia and Asia may have been assimilated by juvenile and subadults of tyrannosaurid species, functionally distinct from their adult ecomorphologies. It is speculated that if tyrannosaurids assimilated the niches previously occupied by mid-sized theropod predators, we would expect the evolution of distinct transitions in morphology and possibly the delay of the achievement of somatic maturity in species of this taxon.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0174",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2020-0174",
    openalex = "W3168560974",
    references = "doi101016jcub201803042, doi101017pab201519, doi101017s0094837300011891, doi10103846266, doi101038nature02699, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038s4155901908880, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101038srep20252, doi101073pnas1600140113, doi101093nsrnwu055, doi101098rspb20202258, doi101111brv12638, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101126sciadvaax6250, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101139cjes20170031, doi101139cjes20190019, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1023071942327, doi1023072411924, doi1029920070860302, doi103897zookeys92847517, doi107717peerj9192, openalexw2183707334, openalexw2971401580"
}

@article{doi107717peerj12362,
    author = "Madzia, Daniel and Arbour, Victoria M. and Boyd, Clint and Farke, Andrew A. and Cruzado‐Caballero, Penélope and Evans, David C.",
    title = "The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Ornithischians form a large clade of globally distributed Mesozoic dinosaurs, and represent one of their three major radiations. Throughout their evolutionary history, exceeding 134 million years, ornithischians evolved considerable morphological disparity, expressed especially through the cranial and osteodermal features of their most distinguishable representatives. The nearly two-century-long research history on ornithischians has resulted in the recognition of numerous diverse lineages, many of which have been named. Following the formative publications establishing the theoretical foundation of phylogenetic nomenclature throughout the 1980s and 1990s, many of the proposed names of ornithischian clades were provided with phylogenetic definitions. Some of these definitions have proven useful and have not been changed, beyond the way they were formulated, since their introduction. Some names, however, have multiple definitions, making their application ambiguous. Recent implementation of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ICPN, or PhyloCode) offers the opportunity to explore the utility of previously proposed definitions of established taxon names. Since the Articles of the ICPN are not to be applied retroactively, all phylogenetic definitions published prior to its implementation remain informal (and ineffective) in the light of the Code. Here, we revise the nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaur clades; we revisit 76 preexisting ornithischian clade names, review their recent and historical use, and formally establish their phylogenetic definitions. Additionally, we introduce five new clade names: two for robustly supported clades of later-diverging hadrosaurids and ceratopsians, one uniting heterodontosaurids and genasaurs, and two for clades of nodosaurids. Our study marks a key step towards a formal phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12362",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.12362",
    openalex = "W4200166441",
    references = "crossref1998dinosaurs, doi101007s1254202100555w, doi101016jcretres2019104308, doi101016jcub201706071, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101038s4158602030114, doi101038s41598020678541, doi101080027246342012694385, doi101080027246342013746229, doi1010800272463420181509866, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi1010801477201920171371258, doi101093sysbiosyab045, doi101098rsos161086, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111pala12329, doi101111zoj12193, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139e11017, doi101146annureves23110192002313, doi101371journalpone0080405, doi101371journalpone0141304, doi101371journalpone0175253, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi1023071005355, doi1023071441916, doi1023072992353, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104202app006982019, doi104202app20110033, doi104202app20110051, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice393984, doi105962bhltitle50608, doi107717peerj1523, doi107717peerj4066, doi107717peerj7963, openalexw568618627, tsogtbaatar2019a"
}

@article{doi101038s4159802219896w,
    author = "Ramezani, Jahandar and Beveridge, Tegan L and Rogers, Raymond R and Eberth, David A and Roberts, Eric M",
    title = "Calibrating the zenith of dinosaur diversity in the Campanian of the Western Interior Basin by CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb geochronology.",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Scientific reports",
    abstract = "The spectacular fossil fauna and flora preserved in the Upper Cretaceous terrestrial strata of North America's Western Interior Basin record an exceptional peak in the diversification of fossil vertebrates in the Campanian, which has been termed the 'zenith of dinosaur diversity'. The wide latitudinal distribution of rocks and fossils that represent this episode, spanning from northern Mexico to the northern slopes of Alaska, provides a unique opportunity to gain insights into dinosaur paleoecology and to address outstanding questions regarding faunal provinciality in connection to paleogeography and climate. Whereas reliable basin-wide correlations are fundamental to investigations of this sort, three decades of radioisotope geochronology of various vintages and limited compatibility has complicated correlation of distant fossil-bearing successions and given rise to contradictory paleobiogeographic and evolutionary hypotheses. Here we present new U-Pb geochronology by the CA-ID-TIMS method for 16 stratigraphically well constrained bentonite beds, ranging in age from 82.419 ± 0.074 Ma to 73.496 ± 0.039 Ma (2σ internal uncertainties), and the resulting Bayesian age models for six key fossil-bearing formations over a 1600 km latitudinal distance from northwest New Mexico, USA to southern Alberta, Canada. Our high-resolution chronostratigraphic framework for the upper Campanian of the Western Interior Basin reveals that despite their contrasting depositional settings and basin evolution histories, significant age overlap exists between the main fossil-bearing intervals of the Kaiparowits Formation (southern Utah), Judith River Formation (central Montana), Two Medicine Formation (western Montana) and Dinosaur Park Formation (southern Alberta). Pending more extensive paleontologic collecting that would allow more rigorous faunal analyses, our results support a first-order connection between paleoecologic and fossil diversities and help overcome the chronostratigraphic ambiguities that have impeded the testing of proposed models of latitudinal provinciality of dinosaur taxa during the Campanian.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9512893/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-022-19896-w",
    pmcid = "PMC9512893",
    pmid = "36163377"
}

@article{doi101093icbicac049,
    author = "Cuff, Andrew R. and Demuth, Oliver E. and Michel, K and Otero, Alejandro and Pintore, Romain and Polet, Delyle T. and Wiseman, Ashleigh L. A. and Hutchinson, John R.",
    title = "Walking—and Running and Jumping—with Dinosaurs and their Cousins, Viewed Through the Lens of Evolutionary Biomechanics",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Integrative and Comparative Biology",
    abstract = "Abstract Archosauria diversified throughout the Triassic Period before experiencing two mass extinctions near its end ∼201 Mya, leaving only the crocodile-lineage (Crocodylomorpha) and bird-lineage (Dinosauria) as survivors; along with the pterosaurian flying reptiles. About 50 years ago, the “locomotor superiority hypothesis” (LSH) proposed that dinosaurs ultimately dominated by the Early Jurassic Period because their locomotion was superior to other archosaurs’. This idea has been debated continuously since, with taxonomic and morphological analyses suggesting dinosaurs were “lucky” rather than surviving due to being biologically superior. However, the LSH has never been tested biomechanically. Here we present integration of experimental data from locomotion in extant archosaurs with inverse and predictive simulations of the same behaviours using musculoskeletal models, showing that we can reliably predict how extant archosaurs walk, run and jump. These simulations have been guiding predictive simulations of extinct archosaurs to estimate how they moved, and we show our progress in that endeavour. The musculoskeletal models used in these simulations can also be used for simpler analyses of form and function such as muscle moment arms, which inform us about more basic biomechanical similarities and differences between archosaurs. Placing all these data into an evolutionary and biomechanical context, we take a fresh look at the LSH as part of a critical review of competing hypotheses for why dinosaurs (and a few other archosaur clades) survived the Late Triassic extinctions. Early dinosaurs had some quantifiable differences in locomotor function and performance vs. some other archosaurs, but other derived dinosaurian features (e.g., metabolic or growth rates, ventilatory abilities) are not necessarily mutually exclusive from the LSH; or maybe even an opportunistic replacement hypothesis; in explaining dinosaurs’ success.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icac049",
    doi = "10.1093/icb/icac049",
    openalex = "W4281254995",
    references = "doi101002jmor20973, doi101038s4159802207074x, doi101111brv12638, doi101111pala12502, doi103389feart2021723973"
}

@article{doi1011111365265613698,
    author = "Costa‐Pereira, Raul and Moll, Remington J. and Jesmer, Brett R. and Jetz, Walter",
    title = "Animal tracking moves community ecology: Opportunities and challenges",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Journal of Animal Ecology",
    abstract = "Individual decisions regarding how, why and when organisms interact with one another and with their environment scale up to shape patterns and processes in communities. Recent evidence has firmly established the prevalence of intraspecific variation in nature and its relevance in community ecology, yet challenges associated with collecting data on large numbers of individual conspecifics and heterospecifics have hampered integration of individual variation into community ecology. Nevertheless, recent technological and statistical advances in GPS-tracking, remote sensing and behavioural ecology offer a toolbox for integrating intraspecific variation into community processes. More than simply describing where organisms go, movement data provide unique information about interactions and environmental associations from which a true individual-to-community framework can be built. By linking the movement paths of both conspecifics and heterospecifics with environmental data, ecologists can now simultaneously quantify intraspecific and interspecific variation regarding the Eltonian (biotic interactions) and Grinnellian (environmental conditions) factors underpinning community assemblage and dynamics, yet substantial logistical and analytical challenges must be addressed for these approaches to realize their full potential. Across communities, empirical integration of Eltonian and Grinnellian factors can support conservation applications and reveal metacommunity dynamics via tracking-based dispersal data. As the logistical and analytical challenges associated with multi-species tracking are surmounted, we envision a future where individual movements and their ecological and environmental signatures will bring resolution to many enduring issues in community ecology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13698",
    doi = "10.1111/1365-2656.13698",
    openalex = "W4224274476",
    references = "doi101111ele13568, doi101126scienceabg1780"
}

@article{doi101111brv12829,
    author = "Hendrickx, Christophe and Bell, Phil R. and Pittman, Michael and Milner, Andrew R. and Cuesta, Elena and O’Connor, Jingmai K. and Loewen, Mark A. and Currie, Philip J. and Mateus, Octávio and Kaye, Thomas G. and Delcourt, Rafael",
    title = "Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non‐feather integumentary structures in non‐avialan theropod dinosaurs",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "Modern birds are typified by the presence of feathers, complex evolutionary innovations that were already widespread in the group of theropod dinosaurs (Maniraptoriformes) that include crown Aves. Squamous or scaly reptilian-like skin is, however, considered the plesiomorphic condition for theropods and dinosaurs more broadly. Here, we review the morphology and distribution of non-feathered integumentary structures in non-avialan theropods, covering squamous skin and naked skin as well as dermal ossifications. The integumentary record of non-averostran theropods is limited to tracks, which ubiquitously show a covering of tiny reticulate scales on the plantar surface of the pes. This is consistent also with younger averostran body fossils, which confirm an arthral arrangement of the digital pads. Among averostrans, squamous skin is confirmed in Ceratosauria (Carnotaurus), Allosauroidea (Allosaurus, Concavenator, Lourinhanosaurus), Compsognathidae (Juravenator), and Tyrannosauroidea (Santanaraptor, Albertosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Tarbosaurus, Tyrannosaurus), whereas dermal ossifications consisting of sagittate and mosaic osteoderms are restricted to Ceratosaurus. Naked, non-scale bearing skin is found in the contentious tetanuran Sciurumimus, ornithomimosaurians (Ornithomimus) and possibly tyrannosauroids (Santanaraptor), and also on the patagia of scansoriopterygids (Ambopteryx, Yi). Scales are surprisingly conservative among non-avialan theropods compared to some dinosaurian groups (e.g. hadrosaurids); however, the limited preservation of tegument on most specimens hinders further interrogation. Scale patterns vary among and/or within body regions in Carnotaurus, Concavenator and Juravenator, and include polarised, snake-like ventral scales on the tail of the latter two genera. Unusual but more uniformly distributed patterning also occurs in Tyrannosaurus, whereas feature scales are present only in Albertosaurus and Carnotaurus. Few theropods currently show compelling evidence for the co-occurrence of scales and feathers (e.g. Juravenator, Sinornithosaurus), although reticulate scales were probably retained on the mani and pedes of many theropods with a heavy plumage. Feathers and filamentous structures appear to have replaced widespread scaly integuments in maniraptorans. Theropod skin, and that of dinosaurs more broadly, remains a virtually untapped area of study and the appropriation of commonly used techniques in other palaeontological fields to the study of skin holds great promise for future insights into the biology, taphonomy and relationships of these extinct animals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12829",
    doi = "10.1111/brv.12829",
    openalex = "W4206485050",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jmor10382, doi101016jcub201706071, doi101016jcub202006105, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016s001678780180047x, doi101017jpa202014, doi10103831635, doi10103834356, doi10103835047056, doi101038ncomms14972, doi101038s41598018371862, doi101038srep44942, doi1010800272463420211897604, doi101080147720192013781067, doi101093biolinneanblaa105, doi101093zoolinneanzly009, doi101111brv12829, doi101111cla12160, doi101126science28454232137, doi1011270077774920100125, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0044012, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1017161pc180818764, doi10230725058147, doi105962bhltitle5716, doi107717peerj4066, doi107717peerj7247, doi107717peerj7963, doi107717peerj9192, erickson2014on, openalexw1915591379, openalexw2619609965"
}

@article{doi101111jfb15153,
    author = "Cooke, Steven J. and Bergman, Jordanna N. and Twardek, William M. and Piczak, Morgan L. and Casselberry, Grace A. and Lutek, Keegan and Dahlmo, Lotte S. and Birnie‐Gauvin, Kim and Griffin, Lucas P. and Brownscombe, Jacob W. and Raby, Graham D. and Standen, Emily M. and Horodysky, Andrij Z. and Johnsen, Sönke and Danylchuk, Andy J. and Furey, Nathan B. and Gallagher, Austin J. and Lédée, Elodie J. I. and Midwood, Jon D. and Gutowsky, Lee F.G. and Jacoby, David and Matley, Jordan K. and Lennox, Robert J.",
    title = "The movement ecology of fishes",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Journal of Fish Biology",
    abstract = "Movement of fishes in the aquatic realm is fundamental to their ecology and survival. Movement can be driven by a variety of biological, physiological and environmental factors occurring across all spatial and temporal scales. The intrinsic capacity of movement to impact fish individually (e.g., foraging) with potential knock-on effects throughout the ecosystem (e.g., food web dynamics) has garnered considerable interest in the field of movement ecology. The advancement of technology in recent decades, in combination with ever-growing threats to freshwater and marine systems, has further spurred empirical research and theoretical considerations. Given the rapid expansion within the field of movement ecology and its significant role in informing management and conservation efforts, a contemporary and multidisciplinary review about the various components influencing movement is outstanding. Using an established conceptual framework for movement ecology as a guide (i.e., Nathan et al., 2008: 19052), we synthesized the environmental and individual factors that affect the movement of fishes. Specifically, internal (e.g., energy acquisition, endocrinology, and homeostasis) and external (biotic and abiotic) environmental elements are discussed, as well as the different processes that influence individual-level (or population) decisions, such as navigation cues, motion capacity, propagation characteristics and group behaviours. In addition to environmental drivers and individual movement factors, we also explored how associated strategies help survival by optimizing physiological and other biological states. Next, we identified how movement ecology is increasingly being incorporated into management and conservation by highlighting the inherent benefits that spatio-temporal fish behaviour imbues into policy, regulatory, and remediation planning. Finally, we considered the future of movement ecology by evaluating ongoing technological innovations and both the challenges and opportunities that these advancements create for scientists and managers. As aquatic ecosystems continue to face alarming climate (and other human-driven) issues that impact animal movements, the comprehensive and multidisciplinary assessment of movement ecology will be instrumental in developing plans to guide research and promote sustainability measures for aquatic resources.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15153",
    doi = "10.1111/jfb.15153",
    openalex = "W4283809141",
    references = "doi101007s1116001493648, doi101126scienceabg1780"
}

@article{doi101126scienceabg1780,
    author = "Nathan, Ran and Monk, Christopher T. and Arlinghaus, Robert and Adam, Timo and Alós, Josep and Assaf, Michael and Baktoft, Henrik and Beardsworth, Christine E. and Bertram, Michael G. and Bijleveld, Allert I. and Brodin, Tomas and Brooks, Jill L. and Campos‐Candela, Andrea and Cooke, Steven J. and Gjelland, Karl Øystein and Gupte, Pratik Rajan and Harel, Roi and Hellström, Gustav and Jeltsch, Florian and Killen, Shaun S. and Klefoth, Thomas and Langrock, Roland and Lennox, Robert J. and Lourie, E. M. and Madden, Joah R. and Orchan, Yotam and Pauwels, Ine and Říha, Milan and Roeleke, Manuel and Schlägel, Ulrike E. and Shohami, David and Signer, Johannes and Toledo, Sivan and Vilk, Ohad and Westrelin, Samuel and Whiteside, Mark A. and Jarić, Ivan",
    title = "Big-data approaches lead to an increased understanding of the ecology of animal movement",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = {Understanding animal movement is essential to elucidate how animals interact, survive, and thrive in a changing world. Recent technological advances in data collection and management have transformed our understanding of animal "movement ecology" (the integrated study of organismal movement), creating a big-data discipline that benefits from rapid, cost-effective generation of large amounts of data on movements of animals in the wild. These high-throughput wildlife tracking systems now allow more thorough investigation of variation among individuals and species across space and time, the nature of biological interactions, and behavioral responses to the environment. Movement ecology is rapidly expanding scientific frontiers through large interdisciplinary and collaborative frameworks, providing improved opportunities for conservation and insights into the movements of wild animals, and their causes and consequences.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg1780",
    doi = "10.1126/science.abg1780",
    openalex = "W4213329381",
    references = "doi101016jmolcel201505004, doi101016jrse201706031, doi10103844831, doi101038nrd3368, doi101073pnas0711437105, doi101073pnas0800375105, doi101109jrproc1949232969, doi101126science1116681, doi101126science1255642, doi101126scienceaaa2478, doi101371journalpone0051925"
}

@article{doi1010801477201920232205433,
    author = "Raven, Thomas J. and Barrett, Paul M. and Joyce, Christopher and Maidment, Susannah C. R.",
    title = "The phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the armoured dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "The armoured dinosaurs (Thyreophora) were a significant component of Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, appearing in the earliest Jurassic and surviving until the latest Cretaceous, and fossils of the group have been found on all continents, including Antarctica. However, a patchy fossil record and highly modified anatomy has hindered reconstruction of their evolutionary history. For example, the relationships of many early-diverging taxa are labile and the degree of convergence between the two major clades, Ankylosauria and Stegosauria, has been difficult to assess. There has never been a species-level phylogenetic analysis of the thyreophoran dinosaurs; until recently, the computational ability to analyse such a dataset did not exist and, consequently, the interrelationships of taxa within the group are debated. Here, we address these issues with a new phylogenetic dataset that includes the majority of named thyreophoran taxa (340 characters, 91 taxa). This dataset was analysed using equal- and implied-weights parsimony and Bayesian inference, and further explored using constraint trees and partitioned datasets. Stratigraphical congruence was used to identify a ‘preferred tree’ and these analyses reveal a novel hypothesis for thyreophoran relationships. The traditional ankylosaurian dichotomy is not supported: instead, four distinct ankylosaur clades are identified, with the long-standing ‘traditional’ clade Nodosauridae rendered paraphyletic. Ankylosauridae, Panoplosauridae, Polacanthidae and Struthiosauridae have distinct morphotypes, typified by Euoplocephalus, Edmontonia/Panoplosaurus, Gastonia and Struthiosaurus, respectively. Isaberrysaura is an early stegosaur and Scelidosaurus is a non-eurypodan. Many characters related to feeding and quadrupedality are coincident with the diversification of Eurypoda. Unstable taxa in the analyses are generally highly incomplete but other better-known taxa are also unstable, suggesting the need for taxonomic revisions. Partitioned datasets show a high degree of convergence in thyreophoran postcrania and that osteoderm characters do not contain a strong phylogenetic signal.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2023.2205433",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2023.2205433",
    openalex = "W4377081745",
    references = "breeden2021the, doi101016jcub201706071, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101038s41598022155356, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101093sysbiosyy032, doi101098rsos161086, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200700161x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101371journalpone0080405, doi101371journalpone0108804, doi1018814epiiugs2013v36i3002, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105962bhltitle50608, doi107554elife75248, doi107717peerj12362, openalexw634659594"
}

@article{doi101111brv12934,
    author = "Webber, Quinn M. R. and Albery, Gregory F. and Farine, Damien R. and Pinter‐Wollman, Noa and Sharma, Nitika and Spiegel, Orr and Wal, Eric Vander and Manlove, Kezia R.",
    title = "Behavioural ecology at the spatial–social interface",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "Spatial and social behaviour are fundamental aspects of an animal's biology, and their social and spatial environments are indelibly linked through mutual causes and shared consequences. We define the 'spatial-social interface' as intersection of social and spatial aspects of individuals' phenotypes and environments. Behavioural variation at the spatial-social interface has implications for ecological and evolutionary processes including pathogen transmission, population dynamics, and the evolution of social systems. We link spatial and social processes through a foundation of shared theory, vocabulary, and methods. We provide examples and future directions for the integration of spatial and social behaviour and environments. We introduce key concepts and approaches that either implicitly or explicitly integrate social and spatial processes, for example, graph theory, density-dependent habitat selection, and niche specialization. Finally, we discuss how movement ecology helps link the spatial-social interface. Our review integrates social and spatial behavioural ecology and identifies testable hypotheses at the spatial-social interface.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12934",
    doi = "10.1111/brv.12934",
    openalex = "W4317867448",
    references = "doi101126scienceabg1780, doi10249262020081320"
}

@article{doi101139cjes20230037,
    author = "Eberth, David A. and Evans, David C. and Ramezani, Jahandar and Kamo, Sandra L. and Brown, Caleb M. and Currie, Philip J. and Braman, Dennis R.",
    title = "Calibrating geologic strata, dinosaurs, and other fossils at Dinosaur Provincial Park (Alberta, Canada) using a new CA-ID-TIMS U–Pb geochronology",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "The 100 m thick stratigraphic section exposed at Dinosaur Provincial Park (DPP; southern Alberta) contains bentonites that have been used for more than 30 years to date DPP’s rocks and fossils using the K–Ar decay scheme. Limited reproducibility among different vintages of K–Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages inhibited the development of a high-resolution chronostratigraphy. Here, we employ and further test a recently completed U–Pb geochronology and associated age-stratigraphy model to update temporal constraints on the Park’s bentonites, formational contacts, and other markers. In turn, we document rock accumulation rates and calibrate ages and durations of informal megaherbivore dinosaur assemblage zones and other biozones. Weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U ages from five bentonites range from 76.718 ± 0.020 to 74.289 ± 0.014 Ma (2σ internal uncertainties) through an interval of 88.75 m, indicating a duration of ∼2.43 Myr and an overall rock accumulation rate of 3.65 ± 0.04 cm/ka. An increase in rate above the Oldman–Dinosaur Park formational contact conforms to a regionally expressed pattern of increased accommodation at ∼76.3 Ma across Alberta and Montana. Palynological biozone data suggest a condensed section/hiatus in the uppermost portion of the Oldman Formation. Dinosaur assemblage zones exhibit durations of ∼700–600 kyr and are significantly shorter than those in the overlying Horseshoe Canyon Formation. A decreased rate in dinosaur assemblage turnovers in the last eight million years of the Mesozoic in western Canada may be explained by withdrawal of the Western Interior Seaway and the expansion of ecologically homogenous lowlands in its wake.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2023-0037",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2023-0037",
    openalex = "W4383217081",
    references = "doi101006cres19941022, doi101016jcretres2019104308, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jgca201106021, doi101016jquascirev200807009, doi101038s4159802219896w, doi101046j13653091200000008x, doi101086684289, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1215507, doi101139cjes20190019, doi101139cjes20200145, doi101139e09050, doi101186s1289801601068, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1018435vamp29362, doi102110palo2014084, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice435902, openalexw1654781408, openalexw2561546966"
}

@article{doi1010800891296320242318406,
    author = "Bandeira, Kamila L. N. and Navarro, Bruno A. and Pêgas, Rodrigo V. and Brilhante, Natan Santos and Brum, Arthur Souza and de Souza, Rafael Gomes and da Silva, Rafael Costa and Gallo, Valéria",
    title = "A reassessment of the historical fossil findings from Bahia State (Northeast Brazil) reveals a diversified dinosaur fauna in the Lower Cretaceous of South America",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    abstract = "Supposed dinosaur remains were collected between 1859 and 1906 in the Lower Cretaceous Recôncavo Basin (Northeast Brazil). Since these materials remained undescribed, and most were considered lost. Recently, some of these historical specimens were rediscovered in the Natural History Museum of London, providing an opportunity to revisit them after 160 years. The specimens come from five different sites, corresponding to the Massacará (Berriasian-Barremian) and Ilhas (Valanginian-Barremian) groups. Identified bones comprise mainly isolated vertebral centra from ornithopods, sauropods, and theropods. Appendicular remains include a theropod pedal phalanx, humerus, and distal half of a left femur with elasmarian affinities. Despite their fragmentary nature, these specimens represent the earliest dinosaur bones discovered in South America, enhancing our understanding of the Cretaceous dinosaur faunas in Northeast Brazil. The dinosaur assemblage in the Recôncavo Basin resembles coeval units in Northeast Brazil, such as the Rio do Peixe Basin, where ornithopods coexist with sauropods and theropods. This study confirms the presence of ornithischian dinosaurs in Brazil based on osteological evidence, expanding their biogeographic and temporal range before the continental rifting between South America and Africa. Additionally, these findings reinforce the fossiliferous potential of Cretaceous deposits in Bahia State, which have been underexplored since their initial discoveries.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2024.2318406",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2024.2318406",
    openalex = "W4394757978",
    references = "breeden2021the, doi101016jcretres201512004, doi101016jjsames2021103369, doi101038s41598022155356, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111pala12496, doi1023072802289, doi10230730135049, doi102475ajss31695411, doi104202app005402018, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105852crpalevol2020v19a6, doi107717peerj12727, openalexw193970361"
}

@article{doi101098rsbl20240429,
    author = "Upchurch, Paul and Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro",
    title = "A brief review of non-avian dinosaur biogeography: state-of-the-art and prospectus",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "Dinosaurs potentially originated in the mid-palaeolatitudes of Gondwana 245-235 million years ago (Ma) and may have been restricted to cooler, humid areas by low-latitude arid zones until climatic amelioration made northern dispersals feasible ca 215 Ma. However, this scenario is challenged by new Carnian Laurasian fossils and evidence that even the earliest dinosaurs had adaptations for arid conditions. After becoming globally distributed in the Early-Middle Jurassic (200-160 Ma), dinosaurs experienced vicariance driven by Pangaean fragmentation. Regional extinctions and trans-oceanic dispersals also played a role, and the formation of ephemeral land connections meant that older vicariance patterns were repeatedly overprinted by younger ones, creating a reticulate biogeographic history. Palaeoclimates shaped dispersal barriers and corridors, including filters that had differential effects on different types of dinosaurs. Dinosaurian biogeographic research faces many challenges, not the least of which is the patchiness of the fossil record. However, new fossils, extensive databasing and improved analytical methods help distinguish signal from noise and generate fresh perspectives. In the future, developing techniques for quantifying and ameliorating sampling biases and modelling the dispersal capacities of dinosaurs are likely to be two of the key components in our modern research programme.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429",
    openalex = "W4403856200",
    references = "chiarenza2024early, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101016jcretres201603008, doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016jcub202111061, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jearscirev2023104537, doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101017s1755691013000431, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038s41559021016515, doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101038s41598021837455, doi101073pnas2020778118, doi101080027246342010520779, doi1010800272463420232199810, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi1010800891296320242336992, doi10108010635150701883881, doi1010801477201920242345333, doi101086648217, doi101093sysbiosyu056, doi101098rsbl20180431, doi101111pala12496, doi101111pala12514, doi101126science1161833, doi101146annurevearth081320064052, doi101371journalpone0012553, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0235078, doi1021425f55419694, doi1023072413039, doi1023073243019, doi1029920070860302, doi105860choice353642"
}

@article{doi101098rsbl20240443,
    author = "Mannion, Philip D.",
    title = "The spatiotemporal distribution of Mesozoic dinosaur diversity",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "Much of our view on Mesozoic dinosaur diversity is obscured by biases in the fossil record. In particular, spatiotemporal sampling heterogeneity affects identification of the timing and geographical location of radiations, the recognition of the latitudinal diversity gradient, as well as interpretation of purported extinctions, faunal turnovers and their drivers, including the Early Jurassic Jenkyns Event and across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. The current distribution of sampling means it is impossible to robustly determine whether these 'events' were globally synchronous and geologically instantaneous or spatiotemporally staggered. Accounting for sampling heterogeneity is also paramount to reconciling notable differences in results based on sampling-standardized dinosaur species richness versus reconstructions of diversification rates, particularly with regards to the lead-up to the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction. Incorporation of a greater proportion of stratigraphically well-resolved dinosaurs into analyses is also imperative and must include the substantial Mesozoic radiation of birds. Given the relative rarity of temporally successive, well-sampled spatial windows, it remains possible that dinosaur species richness and diversification rate showed little change after the clade's initial radiation until the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. However, better understanding of underlying sampling, combined with a holistic approach to reconstructing dinosaur diversity and diversification, is an important step in testing this hypothesis.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0443",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2024.0443",
    openalex = "W4405257820",
    references = "doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jearscirev2023104537, doi101016jearscirev2023104630, doi101038nature03150, doi101038nature11631, doi1010801477201920242346577, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101111pala12496, doi101126science1189910, doi101126science17740541065, doi101126science28454232137, doi101371journalpone0297637, doi1018901119521, sereno1997the"
}

@article{doi101111cla12583,
    author = "Pol, Diego and Baiano, Mattia A. and Černý, David and Novas, Fernando E. and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Pittman, Michael",
    title = "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Cladistics",
    abstract = "Gondwanan dinosaur faunae during the 20 Myr preceding the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K/Pg) extinction included several lineages that were absent or poorly represented in Laurasian landmasses. Among these, the South American fossil record contains diverse abelisaurids, arguably the most successful groups of carnivorous dinosaurs from Gondwana in the Cretaceous, reaching their highest diversity towards the end of this period. Here we describe Koleken inakayali gen. et sp. n., a new abelisaurid from the La Colonia Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Patagonia. Koleken inakayali is known from several skull bones, an almost complete dorsal series, complete sacrum, several caudal vertebrae, pelvic girdle and almost complete hind limbs. The new abelisaurid shows a unique set of features in the skull and several anatomical differences from Carnotaurus sastrei (the only other abelisaurid known from the La Colonia Formation). Koleken inakayali is retrieved as a brachyrostran abelisaurid, clustered with other South American abelisaurids from the latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian), such as Aucasaurus, Niebla and Carnotaurus. Leveraging our phylogeny estimates, we explore rates of morphological evolution across ceratosaurian lineages, finding them to be particularly high for elaphrosaurine noasaurids and around the base of Abelisauridae, before the Early Cretaceous radiation of the latter clade. The Noasauridae and their sister clade show contrasting patterns of morphological evolution, with noasaurids undergoing an early phase of accelerated evolution of the axial and hind limb skeleton in the Jurassic, and the abelisaurids exhibiting sustained high rates of cranial evolution during the Early Cretaceous. These results provide much needed context for the evolutionary dynamics of ceratosaurian theropods, contributing to broader understanding of macroevolutionary patterns across dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12583",
    doi = "10.1111/cla.12583",
    openalex = "W4398169218",
    references = "doi101002spp21375, doi101016jcretres2019104312, doi101016jcretres2020104408, doi101016jcretres2021104829, doi101038s41598019453069, doi101038s41598022155356, doi101038srep44942, doi101080027246342013776562, doi1010800272463420201877151, doi1010801477201920222093661, doi101111brv12666, doi101111cla12524, doi101111zoj12425, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi101371journalpone0088905, doi105852crpalevol2020v19a6, doi107717peerj5976"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0292318,
    author = "Eberth, David A",
    title = "Stratigraphic architecture of the Belly River Group (Campanian, Cretaceous) in the plains of southern Alberta: Revisions and updates to an existing model and implications for correlating dinosaur-rich strata.",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "PloS one",
    abstract = "The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Belly River Group (BRG) of southern Alberta has a complex internal stratigraphic architecture derived from differential geometries of its component formations that resulted from regionalized tectonic influences and shifting source areas. A full understanding of BRG architecture has been compromised heretofore by a limited understanding of subsurface data in southwestern- and southeastern-most Alberta. In this study outcrop exposures throughout southern Alberta are tied to reference well logs and subsurface cross-sections allowing a more precise understanding of BRG architecture and how it relates to well-known vertebrate fossil producing areas. Modifications to an existing stratigraphic model of the BRG show that the Oldman and the Dinosaur Park formations have reciprocal north-to-south wedge-shaped geometries and a diachronous contact that become prominently expressed south of Twp 12. The updated model also demonstrates that the Oldman Formation thickens stratigraphically up-section to the south, and that the Foremost-Oldman contact is, essentially, a datum across much of southern Alberta. Identification of the Oldman Formation in the subsurface remains based on its relatively high gamma-ray response in mudstone successions, but it is also recognized that many of its sandstones exhibit relatively low gamma-ray responses like those in underlying and overlying formations. Nomenclature and subdivisions of the Oldman Formation are revised to accommodate this updated understanding, and modifications are also made to the definition of the Judith River-Belly River discontinuity, a newly recognized surface that marks the onset of accommodation and eustatic rise in sea-level in the northern Western Interior Basin at \textasciitilde 76.3 Ma.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10810474/",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0292318",
    openalex = "W4391215830",
    pmcid = "PMC10810474",
    pmid = "38271406",
    references = "doi101006cres19941022, doi101016jpalaeo201512015, doi101038s4159802219896w, doi101086684289, doi101139cjes20230037, doi101139e05029, doi101139e93016, doi102110palo2014084, doi1035767gscpgbull444654, doi1035767gscpgbull452155"
}

@article{doi101016jcub202412053,
    author = "Heath, Joel A and Cooper, Natalie and Upchurch, Paul and Mannion, Philip D.",
    title = "Accounting for sampling heterogeneity suggests a low paleolatitude origin for dinosaurs",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Current Biology",
    abstract = "Dinosaurs dominated Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems for ∼160 million years, but their biogeographic origin remains poorly understood. The earliest unequivocal dinosaur fossils appear in the Carnian (∼230 Ma) of southern South America and Africa, leading most authors to propose southwestern Gondwana as the likely center of origin. However, the high taxonomic and morphological diversity of these earliest assemblages suggests a more ancient evolutionary history that is currently unsampled. Phylogenetic uncertainty at the base of Dinosauria, combined with the subsequent appearance of dinosaurs throughout Laurasia in their early evolutionary history, further complicates this picture. Here, we estimate the distribution of early dinosaurs and their archosaurian relatives under a phylogenetic maximum likelihood framework, testing alternative topological arrangements and incorporating potential abiotic barriers to dispersal into our biogeographic models. For the first time, we include spatiotemporal sampling heterogeneity in these models, which frequently supports a low-latitude Gondwanan origin for dinosaurs. These results are best supported when silesaurids are constrained as early-diverging ornithischians, which is likely because this topology accounts for the otherwise substantial ornithischian ghost lineage, explaining the group's absence from the fossil record prior to the Early Jurassic. Our results suggest that the archosaur radiation also took place within low-latitude Gondwana following the end-Permian extinction before lineages dispersed across Pangaea into ecologically and climatically distinct provinces during the Late Triassic. Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrates are under-sampled at low paleolatitudes, and our findings suggest that heterogeneous sampling has hitherto obscured the true paleobiogeographic origin of dinosaurs and their kin.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.12.053",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2024.12.053",
    openalex = "W4406758949",
    references = "doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101016jpgeola202307002, doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101073pnas1319091111, doi101093bioinformaticsbty633, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101093sysbiosyt040, doi101093sysbiosyu056, doi101109tac19741100705, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi1021425f55419694, doi1023073802723"
}