@book{doi105962bhltitle50683,
    author = "Darwin, Charles and Darwin, Francis",
    title = "The life and letters of Charles Darwin: including an autobiographical chapter",
    year = "1887",
    booktitle = "D. Appleton eBooks",
    abstract = "1. The spread of evolution 'Variation of Animals and Plants' 1863-1866 2. The publication of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication' January 1867-June 1868 3. Work on 'Man' 1864-1870 4. The publication of the 'Descent of Man', the 'Expression of the Emotions' 1871-1873 5. Miscellanea, including second editions of 'Coral Reefs', the 'Descent of Man' and the 'Variation of Animals and Plants' 1874-1875 6. Miscellaneous letters 1876-1882 7. Fertilisation on flowers 1839-1880 8. The 'Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom' 1866-1877 9. 'Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species' 1860-1878 10. Climbing and insectivorous plants 1863-1875 11. The 'Power of Movement in Plants' 1878-1881 12. Miscellaneous botanical letters 1873-1882 13. Conclusion Appendices.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50683",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.50683",
    openalex = "W2115400095"
}

@book{doi105962bhltitle17416,
    author = "Wallace, Alfred Russel",
    title = "Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications",
    year = "1889",
    booktitle = "Macmillan eBooks",
    abstract = "Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) is regarded as the co-discoverer with Darwin of the theory of evolution. It was an essay which Wallace sent in 1858 to Darwin (whom he greatly admired and to whom he dedicated his most famous book, The Malay Archipelago) which impelled Darwin to publish an article on his own long-pondered theory simultaneously with that of Wallace. As a travelling naturalist and collector in the Far East and South America, Wallace already inclined towards the Lamarckian theory of transmutation of species, and his own researches convinced him of the reality of evolution. On the publication of On the Origin of Species, Wallace became one of its most prominent advocates, and Darwinism, published in 1889, supports the theory and counters many of the arguments put forward by scientists and others who opposed it",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.17416",
    openalex = "W1530382883"
}

@book{doi105962bhltitle46292,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "The origin of species, by Charles Darwin.",
    year = "1900",
    abstract = "With his revolutionary work The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin overthrew contemporary beliefs about Divine Providence and the beginnings of life on earth. Written for the general public of the 1850s, it is a rigorously documented but highly readable account of the scientific theory that now lies at the root of our present attitude to the universe. Challenging notions such as the fixity of species with the idea of natural selection, and setting forth the results of pioneering work on the ecology of animals and plants, it made a lasting contribution to philosophical and scientific thought.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46292",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.46292",
    openalex = "W2107411326",
    references = "doi10432497802030907329"
}

@book{doi105962bhltitle160210,
    author = "Darwin, Charles and Darwin, Francis and Seward, A. C.",
    title = "More letters of Charles Darwin: a record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters",
    year = "1903",
    booktitle = "D. Appleton and company eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.160210",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.160210",
    openalex = "W2057975423"
}

@book{doi1097839781512816976,
    author = "Hofstadter, Richard",
    title = "Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860-1915",
    year = "1944",
    booktitle = "University of Pennsylvania Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Social Darwinism in American Thought examines the overall influence of Darwin on American social theory and the notable battle waged among thinkers over the implications of evolutionary theory for social thought and political action. Theorists such as Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner adopted the idea of the struggle for existence as justification for the evils—as well as the benefits—of laissez-faire modern industrial society. Others, such as William James and John Dewey, argued that human planning was needed to direct social development and improve on the natural order. Hofstadter's classic study of the ramifications of Darwinism is a major analysis of the social philosophies that animated intellectual movements of the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512816976",
    doi = "10.9783/9781512816976",
    openalex = "W1538125563"
}

@incollection{doi101016b9781483227344500176,
    author = "Zuckerkandl, Emile and Pauling, Linus",
    title = "Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in Proteins",
    year = "1965",
    booktitle = "Elsevier eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-2734-4.50017-6",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-1-4832-2734-4.50017-6",
    openalex = "W1534406401",
    references = "doi1043249781315081083"
}

@article{mayr1971the,
    author = "Mayr, Ernst",
    title = "The life and letters of Charles Darwin,",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-3681(71)90045-8",
    doi = "10.1016/0039-3681(71)90045-8",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2468052742",
    pages = "273-280",
    volume = "2",
    references = "doi101007bf00351923, doi1010381841102a0, doi101177007327536500400102, doi1023072412191, doi105962bhltitle166197, doi105962bhltitle94306, openalexw1501278615, openalexw579187753"
}

@article{doi1010160039368175900199,
    author = "Ruse, Michael",
    title = "Darwin's debt to philosophy: An examination of the influence of the philosophical ideas of John F.W. Herschel and William Whewell on the development of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-3681(75)90019-9",
    doi = "10.1016/0039-3681(75)90019-9",
    openalex = "W2094951587",
    references = "doi10103711845000"
}

@book{openalexw1519503834,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "Charles Darwin's Natural Selection: Being the Second Part of his Big Species Book Written from 1856 to 1858",
    year = "1975",
    abstract = "Commonly use symbols and abbreviation code Acknowledgements General introduction 1. Editorial considerations 2. Darwin's table of contents 3. Possibility of all organic beings crossing 4. Variation under nature 5. The struggle for existence 6. On natural selection 7. Laws of variation 8. Difficulties on the theory 9. Hybridism 10. Mental powers and instincts of animals 11. Geographical distribution Appendices Bibliography Guides to the texts of the long and short versions Collation between the Origin and Natural Selection Index.",
    openalex = "W1519503834"
}

@article{doi101007bf00125354,
    author = "Browne, Janet",
    title = "Darwin's botanical arithmetic and the?principle of divergence,? 1854?1858",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00125354",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00125354",
    openalex = "W2126395167",
    references = "doi101007bf00125744, doi101016s0047248478800578, doi1023072992245, doi105962bhltitle160210, doi105962bhltitle50683, doi105962bhltitle50709, doi105962bhltitle50860, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303, openalexw1519503834"
}

@article{doi101007bf00125744,
    author = "Schweber, Silvan S.",
    title = "Darwin and the political economists: Divergence of character",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00125744",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00125744",
    openalex = "W2059259990",
    references = "darwin2009the, doi101007bf00125354, doi101017cbo9780511701559, doi10103711845000, doi101111j109636421858tb02500x, doi10111911987695, doi101146annureves06110175002011, doi1014375np9782070293353, doi105962bhltitle167384, doi105962bhltitle39738, doi105962bhltitle46249, doi105962bhltitle84435"
}

@article{doi101007bf00132004,
    author = "Sulloway, Frank J.",
    title = "Darwin and his finches: The evolution of a legend",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00132004",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00132004",
    openalex = "W2020068972",
    references = "doi101007bf00133143, doi10106313050879, doi1023071421785, doi1023071868881, doi1023072217783, doi1023072412932, doi105962bhltitle4489, doi105962bhltitle50683, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303, openalexw1973833797, openalexw645218623"
}

@article{doi101007bf00133143,
    author = "Sulloway, Frank J.",
    title = "Darwin's conversion: The Beagle voyage and its aftermath",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00133143",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00133143",
    openalex = "W1987884313",
    references = "doi101007bf00132004, doi101126science18341301164, doi1023071421785, doi1023071868881, doi1023072412191, doi105962bhltitle46249, doi105962bhltitle50683, doi105962bhltitle50860, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303, doi105962bhltitle84435, hindle1964charles, openalexw1600651929"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511755101,
    author = "Beer, Gillian",
    title = "Darwin's Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Insecta mundi",
    abstract = "Gillian Beer's landmark book demonstrates how Darwin overturned fundamental cultural assumptions in his narratives, how George Eliot, Thomas Hardy and other writers pursued and resisted their contradictory implications, and how the stories he produced about natural selection and the struggle for life now underpin our culture. This second edition of Darwin's Plots incorporates a new preface by the author and a foreword by the distinguished American scholar George Levine",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511755101",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511755101",
    openalex = "W1965382451"
}

@book{doi107208chicago97802261495160010001,
    author = "Richards, Robert J.",
    title = "Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior",
    year = "1987",
    abstract = "With insight and wit, Robert J. Richards focuses on the development of evolutionary theories of mind and behavior from their first distinct appearance in the eighteenth century to their controversial state today. Particularly important in the nineteenth century were Charles Darwin's ideas about instinct, reason, and morality, which Richards considers against the background of Darwin's personality, training, scientific and cultural concerns, and intellectual community. Many critics have argued that the Darwinian revolution stripped nature of moral purpose and ethically neutered the human animal. Richards contends, however, that Darwin, Herbert Spencer, and their disciples attempted to reanimate moral life, believing that the evolutionary process gave heart to unselfish, altruistic behavior. Richards's book is now the obvious introduction to the history of ideas about mind and behavior in the nineteenth century. Mark Ridley, Times Literary Supplement Not since the publication of Michael Ghiselin's The Triumph of the Darwinian Method has there been such an ambitious, challenging, and methodologically self-conscious interpretation of the rise and development and evolutionary theories and Darwin's role therein. John C. Greene, His book... triumphantly achieves the goal of all great scholarship: it not only informs us, but shows us why becoming thus informed is essential to understanding our own issues and projects. Daniel C. Dennett, Philosophy of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226149516.001.0001",
    doi = "10.7208/chicago/9780226149516.001.0001",
    openalex = "W1607265796"
}

@article{beddall1988darwin1,
    author = "Beddall, B. G",
    title = "Darwin and divergence",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "the Wallace connection: Journal of Historical Biology, v. 21, p. 1-68",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Beddall, B. G., 1988, Darwin and divergence: the Wallace connection: Journal of Historical Biology, v. 21, p. 1-68.}"
}

@article{doi101007bf00125793,
    author = "Beddall, Barbara G.",
    title = "Darwin and divergence: The Wallace connection",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00125793",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00125793",
    openalex = "W1986930832",
    references = "darwin2009the, doi101093auk1002507, doi101177007327538402200401, doi105962bhltitle104593, doi105962bhltitle128554, doi105962bhltitle166197, doi105962bhltitle17416, doi105962bhltitle50683, openalexw1550375751"
}

@article{doi1023075113,
    author = "Taylor, L. R. and Barrett, Paul H. and GAUTREY, P. J. and Herbert, Sandra and Kohn, David H. and Smith, Sydney",
    title = "Charles Darwin's Notebooks, 1836-1844",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Journal of Animal Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/5113",
    doi = "10.2307/5113",
    openalex = "W2318122289"
}

@article{doi101017s0007087400026005,
    author = "Kohn, David H.",
    title = "Darwin's Ambiguity: The Secularization of Biological Meaning",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "The British Journal for the History of Science",
    abstract = "Darwin is well known for his wondrously ambiguous rhetoric. The author who used an ‘entangled bank’ as his metaphor for Nature and its complex relationships built up the substance of his text from a corresponding entanglement of unresolved theoretical relations. Ambiguous positions, arguments that seem to fold in on themselves, vacillations, contradictions, and pluralities of explanation suffuse Darwin's science and its constituent metascience. The Origin abounds in ambiguities with regard to the technical features of evolutionary biology. But the domain of ambiguity I wish to address is Darwin's metaphysical stance. I want to approach the question of Darwin and secularization through what might be called the trope of ambiguity. My principle concern is with the origins of that ambiguity. These lie in the conflicting cultural and ideological resources Darwin used to construct the theory of natural selection.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400026005",
    doi = "10.1017/s0007087400026005",
    openalex = "W2134431578",
    references = "darwin2009the, doi101007bf00125354, doi101007bf00125744, doi101007bf00133143, doi101017cbo9780511755101, doi101017cbo9781107280403, doi10103711845000, doi101177007327538202000301, doi1023071857970, doi102307429625, doi105962bhltitle46292, doi105962bhltitle68064, doi107208chicago97802261495160010001"
}

@article{doi101007bf00857687,
    author = "Lennox, James G.",
    title = "Darwin was a teleologist",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Biology \& Philosophy",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00857687",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00857687",
    openalex = "W1994184160",
    references = "openalexw1600651929"
}

@book{openalexw1600651929,
    author = "Ospovat, Dov",
    title = "The Development of Darwin's Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural Selection, 1838–1859",
    year = "1994",
    abstract = "List of illustrations Preface Acknowledgements Note on manuscript citations Introduction: Darwin and his fellow naturalists 1. Darwin and the biology of the 1830s: some parallels 2. Darwin before Malthus 3. Natural selection and perfect adaptation, 1838-1844 4. Part II of Darwin's work on species 5. Natural history after Cuvier: the branching conception of nature 6. Darwin and the branching conception 7. Classification and the 'principle of divergence' 8. The principle of divergence and the transformation of Darwin's theory 9. Natural selection and 'natural improvement' Conclusion: the development of Darwin's theory as a social progress Notes Bibliography Index.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1600651929",
    openalex = "W1600651929"
}

@book{openalexw1515814298,
    author = "Dennett, Daniel C.",
    title = "Darwin's dangerous idea: evolution and the meanings of life",
    year = "1995",
    abstract = "In this groundbreaking and very accessible book, Daniel C. Dennett, the acclaimed author of Consciousness Explained, demonstrates the power of the theory of natural selection and shows how Darwin's great idea transforms and illuminates our traditional view of our place in the universe. Following Darwinian thinking to its logical conclusions is a risky business, with pitfalls for everybody. Creationists and others who reject evolution are not the only ones to fall into the traps. Many who accept the validity of Darwin's conclusions hesitate before their implications and distort his theory, fearful that it is politically incorrect or antireligious, or that it robs life of all spirituality. Dennett explains the scientific theory of natural selection in vivid terms, and shows how it extends far beyond biology.",
    openalex = "W1515814298"
}

@article{doi101353jhi20000014,
    author = "Claeys, Grégory",
    title = {The "Survival of the Fittest" and the Origins of Social Darwinism},
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Ideas",
    abstract = {In late September 1838 a young man, aged 29, a former medical student and amateur naturalist, who had spent several years in the South Pacific studying plant and animal life, but who remained puzzled as to why "favourable variants" of each species survived while "unfavourable variants" were destroyed, sat perusing a book, as he later recalled, "for amusement." 1 The work which provoked Charles Darwin was T. R. Malthus's Essay on Population (1798), which he later claimed first suggested to him the idea that "on the whole the best fitted live." This idea Darwin would popularize through the notion of the "struggle for existence," a phrase which he famously claimed to use as a "metaphor" but which meant simply "the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms." 2 That application resulted in the publication [End Page 223] of the Origin of Species in 1859, an occasion hailed as "the greatest event of Queen Victoria's reign," 3 even "by far the most important... in the history of the modern West." 4 It is well known, too, that Darwin's appreciation of Malthus was not unique even among naturalists. The year before the Origin of Species appeared another young man, Alfred Russel Wallace, aged 25, encountered the very same book. "There suddenly," he later recalled, flashed upon him "the idea of the survival of the fittest." 5 We know Wallace today, thus, as the codiscoverer of theory of natural selection, who presented a paper jointly with Darwin at the Linnean Society on that momentous evening of 1 July 1858 to mark their brilliant achievement. 6},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2000.0014",
    doi = "10.1353/jhi.2000.0014",
    openalex = "W2159298138",
    references = "darwin2009the, doi1010079781349054527, doi101007bf00125744, doi101086201464, doi1023071846724, doi1023071863359, doi102307588281, doi1031389781487579609, doi1043249781003191889, doi1097839781512816976, openalexw2032875823, openalexw649766170"
}

@article{doi101126science1064815,
    author = "Hector, Andy and Hooper, Rowan",
    title = "Darwin and the First Ecological Experiment",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Could the very first ecological experiment have taken place in an English country garden? Apparently so, according to the Perspective by Hector and Hooper. These authors describe an elegant series of ecology experiments carried out during the early 19th century by George Sinclair, head gardener to the Duke of Bedford, in the gardens of Woburn Abbey.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064815",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1064815",
    openalex = "W1479842787",
    references = "doi101007bf00125354"
}

@book{openalexw2103828688,
    author = "Browne, Janet",
    title = "Charles Darwin: voyaging",
    year = "2003",
    booktitle = "UCL Discovery (University College London)",
    abstract = "Few lives of great men offer so much interest - and so many mysteries-as the life of Charles Darwin. Many books have been devoted to various aspects of his theories, his personality, even his inexplicable ill-health. Now, in this truly magisterial biography, Janet Browne brings Darwin to us whole. With great subtlety and understanding, using a range of materials and subject matter she is uniquely qualified to deploy, she enables us to see Darwin and the world of 19th century science with fascinating clarity. This volume, the first of two, takes him from childhood and university through the BEAGLE voyage, which shaped him as a scientist, and the years of experiment and thought leading up to his difficult decision to publish THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES.",
    openalex = "W2103828688"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511606595,
    author = "Pauly, Daniel",
    title = "Darwin's Fishes",
    year = "2004",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "In Darwin's Fishes, Daniel Pauly presents an encyclopaedia of ichthyology, ecology and evolution, based upon everything that Charles Darwin ever wrote about fish. Entries are arranged alphabetically and can be about, for example, a particular fish taxon, an anatomical part, a chemical substance, a scientist, a place, or an evolutionary or ecological concept. The reader can start wherever they like and are then led by a series of cross-references on a fascinating voyage of interconnected entries, each indirectly or directly connected with original writings from Darwin himself. Along the way, the reader is offered interpretation of the historical material put in the context of both Darwin's time and that of contemporary biology and ecology. This book is intended for anyone interested in fishes, the work of Charles Darwin, evolutionary biology and ecology, and natural history in general.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511606595",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511606595",
    openalex = "W2798312162",
    references = "doi101007bf00125793, doi1010160022519364900384, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139171434009, doi101038scientificamerican117998, doi101126science1059199, doi1015159780691183978018, doi1015159780691207278, doi1023071982238, doi10432497802030907329, doi105962bhltitle27468"
}

@article{doi101111j14676443200400239x,
    author = "Hodgson, Geoffrey M.",
    title = "Social Darwinism in Anglophone Academic Journals: A Contribution to the History of the Term",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal of Historical Sociology",
    abstract = "Abstract This essay is a partial history of the term “Social Darwinism”. Using large electronic databases, it is shown that the use of the term in leading Anglophone academic journals was rare up to the 1940s. Citations of the term were generally disapproving of the racist or imperialist ideologies with which it was associated. Neither Herbert Spencer nor William Graham Sumner were described as Social Darwinists in this early literature. Talcott Parsons (1932, 1934, 1937) extended the meaning of the term to describe any extensive use of ideas from biology in the social sciences. Subsequently, Richard Hofstadter (1944) gave the use of the term a huge boost, in the context of a global anti‐fascist war.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.2004.00239.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1467-6443.2004.00239.x",
    openalex = "W2149470921",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511558481, doi101353jhi20000014, doi1021825philosophica82319"
}

@article{doi101007s1073900791268,
    author = "Fagan, Melinda Bonnie",
    title = "Wallace, Darwin, and the Practice of Natural History",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-007-9126-8",
    doi = "10.1007/s10739-007-9126-8",
    openalex = "W2083088366",
    references = "doi101007bf00125793, doi101016s0169534797897923, doi10103710001000, doi10103712293000, doi101038369716c0, doi101111j109636421858tb02500x, doi101537ase188722495, doi1023072485224, doi102307jctvjsf433, doi105860choice396411, doi105860choice413408, openalexw2103828688"
}

@article{doi101007s1140700790437,
    author = "Singleton, Mark",
    title = "Yoga, Eugenics, and Spiritual Darwinism in the Early Twentieth Century",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "International Journal of Hindu Studies",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11407-007-9043-7",
    doi = "10.1007/s11407-007-9043-7",
    openalex = "W2106730738",
    references = "doi101353jhi20000014"
}

@article{doi101098rsnr20060171,
    author = "van Wyhe, John",
    title = "Mind the gap: did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years?",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Notes and Records the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science",
    abstract = "It is widely believed that Charles Darwin avoided publishing his theory of evolution for many years. Many explanations have been proposed to identify Darwin's reasons or motives for doing so. This essay demonstrates that Darwin's delay is a recent historiographical theme for which there is no clear evidence, and indeed is overwhelmingly contradicted by the historical evidence. It is also shown that Darwin's belief in evolution was not a secret before publication. Instead of a man afraid of his secret theory's being revealed to his prejudiced contemporaries, it is demonstrated that Darwin was understandably very busy and began his species book when he had completed work in hand, just as he had intended all along. This essay therefore rewrites a fundamental chapter in the story of Darwin's life and work as usually told.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171",
    doi = "10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171",
    openalex = "W2124451761",
    references = "doi101017s0007087400026005"
}

@article{doi101017s0140525x08003543,
    author = "Penn, Derek C. and Holyoak, Keith J. and Povinelli, Daniel J.",
    title = "Darwin's mistake: Explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Behavioral and Brain Sciences",
    abstract = {Over the last quarter century, the dominant tendency in comparative cognitive psychology has been to emphasize the similarities between human and nonhuman minds and to downplay the differences as "one of degree and not of kind" (Darwin 1871). In the present target article, we argue that Darwin was mistaken: the profound biological continuity between human and nonhuman animals masks an equally profound discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. To wit, there is a significant discontinuity in the degree to which human and nonhuman animals are able to approximate the higher-order, systematic, relational capabilities of a physical symbol system (PSS) (Newell 1980). We show that this symbolic-relational discontinuity pervades nearly every domain of cognition and runs much deeper than even the spectacular scaffolding provided by language or culture alone can explain. We propose a representational-level specification as to where human and nonhuman animals' abilities to approximate a PSS are similar and where they differ. We conclude by suggesting that recent symbolic-connectionist models of cognition shed new light on the mechanisms that underlie the gap between human and nonhuman minds.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08003543",
    doi = "10.1017/s0140525x08003543",
    openalex = "W2118450042",
    references = "doi101017s0140525x00076512, doi101017s0140525x0100396x, doi101017s0140525x99002149, doi1010370033295x1042211, doi10103711059000, doi10103712293000, doi101038nrn1180, doi10106313067010, doi101126science1098410, doi101126science1146282, doi101371journalpbio0050139, doi101537ase188722495, doi104159harvard9780674419131, doi105962bhltitle17416, doi107551mitpress52360010001, doi107551mitpress97802625146200010001, doi107551mitpress97802625273470010001, openalexw2531563875"
}

@misc{darwin2009the,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin",
    year = "2009",
    abstract = "This book, the first of three-volumes detailing the life of Charles Darwin, published five years after his death, was edited by his son Francis, who was his father's collaborator in experiments in botany and who after his death took on the responsibility of overseeing the publication of his remaining manuscript works and letters. In the preface to the first volume, Francis Darwin explains his editorial principles: 'In choosing letters for publication I have been largely guided by the wish to illustrate my father's personal character. But his life was so essentially one of work, that a history of the man could not be written without following closely the career of the author.' Among the family history, anecdotes and reminiscences of scientific colleagues is a short autobiographical essay which Charles Darwin wrote for his children and grandchildren, rather than for publication. This account of Darwin the man has never been bettered.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511702884",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511702884",
    openalex = "W2159440094"
}

@article{doi101007s1073900992050,
    author = "Pearce, Trevor",
    title = "“A Great Complication of Circumstances” – Darwin and the Economy of Nature",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-009-9205-0",
    doi = "10.1007/s10739-009-9205-0",
    openalex = "W2109061214",
    references = "doi101007bf00125354, doi101007bf00125744, doi101007bf00125793, doi101007bf00132004, doi101007bf00133143, doi101016s001600323892229x, doi101017ccol9780521403320, doi101111j109636421858tb02500x, doi105860choice304384, doi105962bhltitle39738, doi105962bhltitle50860, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303, doi107326000348199622635, openalexw1986508432, openalexw2103828688, openalexw2798650415, openalexw52563376"
}

@article{doi101093jxbern179,
    author = "Ellison, Aaron M. and Gotelli, Nicholas J.",
    title = "Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous plants—Darwin's ‘most wonderful plants in the world’",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Botany",
    abstract = "Carnivory has evolved independently at least six times in five angiosperm orders. In spite of these independent origins, there is a remarkable morphological convergence of carnivorous plant traps and physiological convergence of mechanisms for digesting and assimilating prey. These convergent traits have made carnivorous plants model systems for addressing questions in plant molecular genetics, physiology, and evolutionary ecology. New data show that carnivorous plant genera with morphologically complex traps have higher relative rates of gene substitutions than do those with simple sticky traps. This observation suggests two alternative mechanisms for the evolution and diversification of carnivorous plant lineages. The 'energetics hypothesis' posits rapid morphological evolution resulting from a few changes in regulatory genes responsible for meeting the high energetic demands of active traps. The 'predictable prey capture hypothesis' further posits that complex traps yield more predictable and frequent prey captures. To evaluate these hypotheses, available data on the tempo and mode of carnivorous plant evolution were reviewed; patterns of prey capture by carnivorous plants were analysed; and the energetic costs and benefits of botanical carnivory were re-evaluated. Collectively, the data are more supportive of the energetics hypothesis than the predictable prey capture hypothesis. The energetics hypothesis is consistent with a phenomenological cost-benefit model for the evolution of botanical carnivory, and also accounts for data suggesting that carnivorous plants have leaf construction costs and scaling relationships among leaf traits that are substantially different from those of non-carnivorous plants.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern179",
    doi = "10.1093/jxb/ern179",
    openalex = "W2167953193",
    references = "doi105962bhltitle50683"
}

@article{doi101111j1365294x200803946x,
    author = "Nosil, Patrik and Funk, Daniel J. and Ortíz-Barrientos, Daniel",
    title = "Divergent selection and heterogeneous genomic divergence",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Molecular Ecology",
    abstract = "Levels of genetic differentiation between populations can be highly variable across the genome, with divergent selection contributing to such heterogeneous genomic divergence. For example, loci under divergent selection and those tightly physically linked to them may exhibit stronger differentiation than neutral regions with weak or no linkage to such loci. Divergent selection can also increase genome-wide neutral differentiation by reducing gene flow (e.g. by causing ecological speciation), thus promoting divergence via the stochastic effects of genetic drift. These consequences of divergent selection are being reported in recently accumulating studies that identify: (i) 'outlier loci' with higher levels of divergence than expected under neutrality, and (ii) a positive association between the degree of adaptive phenotypic divergence and levels of molecular genetic differentiation across population pairs ['isolation by adaptation' (IBA)]. The latter pattern arises because as adaptive divergence increases, gene flow is reduced (thereby promoting drift) and genetic hitchhiking increased. Here, we review and integrate these previously disconnected concepts and literatures. We find that studies generally report 5-10\% of loci to be outliers. These selected regions were often dispersed across the genome, commonly exhibited replicated divergence across different population pairs, and could sometimes be associated with specific ecological variables. IBA was not infrequently observed, even at neutral loci putatively unlinked to those under divergent selection. Overall, we conclude that divergent selection makes diverse contributions to heterogeneous genomic divergence. Nonetheless, the number, size, and distribution of genomic regions affected by selection varied substantially among studies, leading us to discuss the potential role of divergent selection in the growth of regions of differentiation (i.e. genomic islands of divergence), a topic in need of future investigation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03946.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03946.x",
    openalex = "W2038837161",
    references = "doi101016jtree200502010, doi101016jtree200709008, doi101046j1365294x200301731x, doi101073pnas0502030102, doi101073pnas0506330102, doi101073pnas0509685103, doi101111j001438202006tb01143x, doi101111j00221112200400433x, doi101111j155856461989tb04237x, doi101146annureves16110185002141, doi101146annureves23110192001403, doi1023071435536, doi1023071439305"
}

@article{doi101111j14698137200902914x,
    author = "Harder, Lawrence D. and Johnson, Steven D.",
    title = "Darwin's beautiful contrivances: evolutionary and functional evidence for floral adaptation",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "New Phytologist",
    abstract = "Although not 'a professed botanist', Charles Darwin made seminal contributions to understanding of floral and inflorescence function while seeking evidence of adaptation by natural selection. This review considers the legacy of Darwin's ideas from three perspectives. First, we examine the process of floral and inflorescence adaptation by surveying studies of phenotypic selection, heritability and selection responses. Despite widespread phenotypic and genetic capacity for natural selection, only one-third of estimates indicate phenotypic selection. Second, we evaluate experimental studies of floral and inflorescence function and find that they usually demonstrate that reproductive traits represent adaptations. Finally, we consider the role of adaptation in floral diversification. Despite different diversification modes (coevolution, divergent use of the same pollen vector, pollinator shifts), evidence of pollination ecotypes and phylogenetic patterns suggests that adaptation commonly contributes to floral diversity. Thus, this review reveals a contrast between the inconsistent occurrence of phenotypic selection and convincing experimental and comparative evidence that floral traits are adaptations. Rather than rejecting Darwin's hypotheses about floral evolution, this contrast suggests that the tempo of creative selection varies, with strong, consistent selection during episodes of diversification, but relatively weak and inconsistent selection during longer, 'normal' periods of relative phenotypic stasis.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02914.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02914.x",
    openalex = "W2142916221",
    references = "doi105962bhltitle50683"
}

@article{doi10118617456150443,
    author = "Ragan, Mark A.",
    title = "Trees and networks before and after Darwin",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Biology Direct",
    abstract = "It is well-known that Charles Darwin sketched abstract trees of relationship in his 1837 notebook, and depicted a tree in the Origin of Species (1859). Here I attempt to place Darwin's trees in historical context. By the mid-Eighteenth century the Great Chain of Being was increasingly seen to be an inadequate description of order in nature, and by about 1780 it had been largely abandoned without a satisfactory alternative having been agreed upon. In 1750 Donati described aquatic and terrestrial organisms as forming a network, and a few years later Buffon depicted a network of genealogical relationships among breeds of dogs. In 1764 Bonnet asked whether the Chain might actually branch at certain points, and in 1766 Pallas proposed that the gradations among organisms resemble a tree with a compound trunk, perhaps not unlike the tree of animal life later depicted by Eichwald. Other trees were presented by Augier in 1801 and by Lamarck in 1809 and 1815, the latter two assuming a transmutation of species over time. Elaborate networks of affinities among plants and among animals were depicted in the late Eighteenth and very early Nineteenth centuries. In the two decades immediately prior to 1837, so-called affinities and/or analogies among organisms were represented by diverse geometric figures. Series of plant and animal fossils in successive geological strata were represented as trees in a popular textbook from 1840, while in 1858 Bronn presented a system of animals, as evidenced by the fossil record, in a form of a tree. Darwin's 1859 tree and its subsequent elaborations by Haeckel came to be accepted in many but not all areas of biological sciences, while network diagrams were used in others. Beginning in the early 1960s trees were inferred from protein and nucleic acid sequences, but networks were re-introduced in the mid-1990s to represent lateral genetic transfer, increasingly regarded as a fundamental mode of evolution at least for bacteria and archaea. In historical context, then, the Network of Life preceded the Tree of Life and might again supersede it.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6150-4-43",
    doi = "10.1186/1745-6150-4-43",
    openalex = "W2089628129",
    references = "doi1041599780674042995, doi105962bhltitle104593, doi105962bhltitle40014"
}

@article{doi101007s1053901092137,
    author = "Mallet, James",
    title = "Why was Darwin’s view of species rejected by twentieth century biologists?",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Biology \& Philosophy",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-010-9213-7",
    doi = "10.1007/s10539-010-9213-7",
    openalex = "W2142056223",
    references = "doi101007bf00125354, doi105962bhltitle94306"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511762215,
    author = "Johnson, Dirk R.",
    title = "Nietzsche's Anti-Darwinism",
    year = "2010",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Friedrich Nietzsche's complex connection to Charles Darwin has been much explored, and both scholarly and popular opinions have tended to assume a convergence in their thinking. In this study, Dirk Johnson challenges that assumption and takes seriously Nietzsche's own explicitly stated 'anti-Darwinism'. He argues for the importance of Darwin for the development of Nietzsche's philosophy, but he places emphasis on the antagonistic character of their relationship and suggests that Nietzsche's mature critique against Darwin represents the key to understanding his broader (anti-)Darwinian position. He also offers an original reinterpretation of the Genealogy of Morals, a text long considered sympathetic to Darwinian naturalism, but which he argues should be taken as Nietzsche's most sophisticated critique of both Darwin and his followers. His book will appeal to all who are interested in the philosophy of Nietzsche and its cultural context.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511762215",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511762215",
    openalex = "W1504885575",
    references = "doi101007bf00125744, doi101007bf00351923, doi101017cbo9780511755101, doi101017s0007087400026005, doi101086201464, doi101111j146801491984tb01919x, doi101177007327538402200401, doi101537ase188722495, doi1023071432560, doi1023072026591, doi1023072092889, doi102307jctvjsf71g, doi107208chicago97802261495160010001, openalexw1508522130, openalexw1515814298"
}

@article{doi101146annurevecolsys102209144644,
    author = "Pinho, Catarina and Hey, Jody",
    title = "Divergence with Gene Flow: Models and Data",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics",
    abstract = "Since Darwin first proposed that new species could arise without geographic separation, biologists have debated whether or not divergence occurs in the presence of gene exchange. Today we understand that new species can diverge while exchanging genes, depending on the strength of disruptive natural selection and the factors that affect the linkage relationships of genes under disruptive selection. This mode of diversification—divergence with gene flow—includes sympatric speciation, in which gene exchange occurs since onset of divergence, and secondary contact following a period of geographic isolation, as well as all sorts of situations in which gene flow happens intermittently. In recent years, statistical tools have been developed that can reveal the action of gene flow during divergence. Isolation-with-migration (IM) models include parameters for population size, time of population separation, and gene exchange, and they have been used extensively to estimate levels of gene exchange. A survey of studies that have used these models shows that a plurality find little evidence of gene flow; however, many report nonzero gene exchange.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144644",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144644",
    openalex = "W2116370454",
    references = "doi101007bf02101694, doi101017s0305004100009580, doi101093aibsbulletin2214b, doi101093genetics16297, doi101098rsta19220009, doi101111j146918091949tb02451x, doi101146annurevge22120188002513, doi1023071435536, doi102307jctvjsf433, doi105860choice396411"
}

@article{doi101016jshpsc201110014,
    author = "Richards, Robert J.",
    title = "Darwin’s principles of divergence and natural selection: Why Fodor was almost right",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.10.014",
    doi = "10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.10.014",
    openalex = "W2167106225",
    references = "doi101007bf00125793, doi101007bf00132004, doi101017cbo9781107280403, doi10103881288, doi101093aibsbulletin2214b, doi1023072260026, doi1023075113, doi105860choice380277, doi107208chicago97802267120550010001, openalexw1600651929, openalexw3146647032"
}

@article{doi101017s000708741100032x,
    author = "Dilley, Stephen",
    title = "Charles Darwin's use of theology in the Origin of Species",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "The British Journal for the History of Science",
    abstract = "This essay examines Darwin's positiva (or positive) use of theology in the first edition of the Origin of Species in three steps. First, the essay analyses the Origin's theological language about God's accessibility, honesty, methods of creating, relationship to natural laws and lack of responsibility for natural suffering; the essay contends that Darwin utilized positiva theology in order to help justify (and inform) descent with modification and to attack special creation. Second, the essay offers critical analysis of this theology, drawing in part on Darwin's mature ruminations to suggest that, from an epistemic point of view, the Origin's positiva theology manifests several internal tensions. Finally, the essay reflects on the relative epistemic importance of positiva theology in the Origin's overall case for evolution. The essay concludes that this theology served as a handmaiden and accomplice to Darwin's science.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s000708741100032x",
    doi = "10.1017/s000708741100032x",
    openalex = "W2150950444",
    references = "doi101017s0007087400026005"
}

@article{doi101002aqc2458,
    author = "Schiller, Laurenne and Alava, Juan José and Grove, Jack S. and Reck, Günther and Pauly, Daniel",
    title = "The demise of Darwin's fishes: evidence of fishing down and illegal shark finning in the Galápagos Islands",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2458",
    doi = "10.1002/aqc.2458",
    openalex = "W2148277392",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511606595"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9781107280403,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "The Correspondence of Charles Darwin",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "This volume is part of the definitive edition of letters written by and to Charles Darwin, the most celebrated naturalist of the nineteenth century. Notes and appendixes put these fascinating and wide-ranging letters in context, making the letters accessible to both scholars and general readers. Darwin depended on correspondence to collect data from all over the world, and to discuss his emerging ideas with scientific colleagues, many of whom he never met in person. The letters are published chronologically: Volume 21 includes letters from 1873, the year in which Darwin received responses to his work on human and animal expression. Also in this year, Darwin continued his work on carnivorous plants and plant movement, finding unexpected similarities between the plant and animal kingdoms, raised a subscription for his friend Thomas Henry Huxley, and decided to employ a scientific secretary for the first time - his son Francis.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107280403",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9781107280403",
    openalex = "W1575985639",
    references = "doi101038436643a, doi101073pnas97136947, doi101111j109636421858tb02500x, doi105962bhltitle154975"
}

@article{doi101098rsnr20130057,
    author = "Smith, Charles H.",
    title = "Wallace, Darwin and Ternate 1858",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Notes and Records the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science",
    abstract = "Recent debates on the mailing date of Alfred Russel Wallace's 'Ternate essay' to Charles Darwin in the spring of 1858 have ignored certain details that, once taken into account, alter the matter considerably. Here, a closer look is taken at the critical question of whether Wallace's manuscript-accompanying letter represented a reply to the Darwin letter that arrived in Ternate on 9 March; it is concluded that it very probably did not.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2013.0057",
    doi = "10.1098/rsnr.2013.0057",
    openalex = "W2147679187",
    references = "doi101007s1206401301881"
}

@article{doi101111plb12171,
    author = "Kutschera, U. and Niklas, Karl J.",
    title = "Darwin‐Wallace Demons: survival of the fastest in populations of duckweeds and the evolutionary history of an enigmatic group of angiosperms",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Plant Biology",
    abstract = "In evolutionary biology, the term 'Darwinian fitness' refers to the lifetime reproductive success of an individual within a population of conspecifics. The idea of a 'Darwinian Demon' emerged from this concept and is defined here as an organism that commences reproduction almost immediately after birth, has a maximum fitness, and lives forever. It has been argued that duckweeds (sub-family Lemnoideae, order Alismatales), a group containing five genera and 34 species of small aquatic monocotyledonous plants with a reduced body plan, can be interpreted as examples of 'Darwinian Demons'. Here we focus on the species Spirodela polyrhiza (Great duckweed) and show that these miniaturised aquatic angiosperms display features that fit the definition of the hypothetical organism that we will call a 'Darwin-Wallace Demon' in recognition of the duel proponents of evolution by natural selection. A quantitative analysis (log-log bivariate plot of annual growth in dry biomass versus standing dry body mass of various green algae and land plants) revealed that duckweeds are thus far the most rapidly growing angiosperms in proportion to their body mass. In light of this finding, we discuss the disposable soma and metabolic optimising theories, summarise evidence for and against the proposition that the Lemnoideae (family Araceae) reflect an example of reductive evolution, and argue that, under real-world conditions (environmental constraints and other limitations), 'Darwin-Wallace Demons' cannot exist, although the concept remains useful in much the same way that the Hardy-Weinberg law does.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12171",
    doi = "10.1111/plb.12171",
    openalex = "W2043206849",
    references = "doi101007s1206401301872"
}

@article{doi1012150961754x2732650,
    author = "Babich, Babette",
    title = "NIETZSCHE AND/OR/VERSUS DARWIN",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Common Knowledge",
    abstract = "This essay claims that, despite the explicit opposition to Darwin in his writings, Nietzsche is regarded as a Darwinist both by the educated public and, increasingly, by Anglo analytic philosophers. In part, the problem is that, while scholars correctly observe the influence on Nietzsche's thinking of Spencer and Malthus, Roux and Haeckel — names commonly associated with Darwin — they pay no attention to the greater impact on Nietzsche's thought of Empedocles and other ancient scientists. Nietzsche mounted a cogent condemnation of Darwin's views, moreover, on the empirical insight that there is more calm and abundance in the natural world than civilized humanity supposes, with its fantasies of nature red in tooth and claw. Nietzsche continues to be associated with Darwin owing to Darwin's class-based racism, but Nietzsche's argument was that slave morality inexorably works against the triumph of the master in favor of the average (rather than of the exceptional) man. This insight drives Nietzsche's view of the “last man,” or slavishly moral human being, and of what he called the Übermensch, which, it is inadequately recognized, was is a concept drawn from Lucian (second century) and used satirically to contrast Dionysian abundance with vapid social values that promote ruthless competition for supposedly limited resources.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-2732650",
    doi = "10.1215/0961754x-2732650",
    openalex = "W2049571971",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511762215"
}

@article{doi105399uokonturen703523,
    author = "Gliboff, Sander",
    title = "Ascent, Descent, and Divergence: Darwin and Haeckel on the Human Family Tree",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Konturen",
    abstract = "In their pathbreaking discussions of the human family tree in the 1860s and 1870s, Ernst Haeckel and Charles Darwin had to account for both the ascent of the species and its diversification into races. But what was the cause and the pattern of diversification, and when did it begin? Did we attain a common humanity first, which all the races still share? Or did we split up as apes and have to find our own separate and perhaps not equivalent ways to become human? Using texts and images from their principal works, this essay recovers Haeckel’s and Darwin’s views on these points, relates them to the monogenist-polygenist debate, and compares them to Alfred Russel Wallace’s 1864 attempt at a compromise.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5399/uo/konturen.7.0.3523",
    doi = "10.5399/uo/konturen.7.0.3523",
    openalex = "W2138198459",
    references = "doi101002sici109686442000051121129aidajpa1130co2k, doi1010079781349054527, doi101038098306b0, doi10129879780300268461022, doi1023072016062, doi1023072412825, doi1023073025211, doi102307jctvjsf433, doi105962bhltitle56969, openalexw111542321"
}

@article{doi101111bij12740,
    author = "Smith, Charles H.",
    title = "Did Wallace's Ternate essay and letter on natural selection come as a reply to Darwin's letter of 22 December 1857? A brief review",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Charles Darwin's possible misappropriation of content from Alfred Russel Wallace's ‘Ternate essay’ of 1858 remains a topic of discussion, despite a lack of solid evidence proving misadventure. In this note new observations help clarify one critical element of the story: whether Wallace's materials represented in part a reply to the Darwin letter dated 22 December 1857. The conclusion is that they very likely did not, and in turn probably were sent in March, not April, 1858.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12740",
    doi = "10.1111/bij.12740",
    openalex = "W2178914554",
    references = "doi101007s1206401301881"
}

@article{doi101371journalpbio2000234,
    author = "Roux, Camille and Fraïssé, Christelle and Romiguier, Jonathan and Anciaux, Yoann and Galtier, Nicolas and Bierne, Nicolas",
    title = "Shedding Light on the Grey Zone of Speciation along a Continuum of Genomic Divergence",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "PLoS Biology",
    abstract = {Speciation results from the progressive accumulation of mutations that decrease the probability of mating between parental populations or reduce the fitness of hybrids-the so-called species barriers. The speciation genomic literature, however, is mainly a collection of case studies, each with its own approach and specificities, such that a global view of the gradual process of evolution from one to two species is currently lacking. Of primary importance is the prevalence of gene flow between diverging entities, which is central in most species concepts and has been widely discussed in recent years. Here, we explore the continuum of speciation thanks to a comparative analysis of genomic data from 61 pairs of populations/species of animals with variable levels of divergence. Gene flow between diverging gene pools is assessed under an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework. We show that the intermediate "grey zone" of speciation, in which taxonomy is often controversial, spans from 0.5\% to 2\% of net synonymous divergence, irrespective of species life history traits or ecology. Thanks to appropriate modeling of among-locus variation in genetic drift and introgression rate, we clarify the status of the majority of ambiguous cases and uncover a number of cryptic species. Our analysis also reveals the high incidence in animals of semi-isolated species (when some but not all loci are affected by barriers to gene flow) and highlights the intrinsic difficulty, both statistical and conceptual, of delineating species in the grey zone of speciation.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2000234",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pbio.2000234",
    openalex = "W2949352374",
    references = "doi101007s1070901195473, doi101111mec12796"
}

@book{doi107208chicago97802264370640010001,
    author = "Richards, Evelleen",
    title = "Darwin and the Making of Sexual Selection",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226437064.001.0001",
    doi = "10.7208/chicago/9780226437064.001.0001",
    openalex = "W2953459087"
}

@article{doi101007s112290171491z,
    author = "Ginnobili, Santiago and Blanco, Daniel",
    title = "Wallace’s and Darwin’s natural selection theories",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Synthese",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1491-z",
    doi = "10.1007/s11229-017-1491-z",
    openalex = "W2735423098",
    references = "doi101007s1206401301881, doi101007s1206401301890, doi101016jshpsc201609004"
}

@article{doi101007s1319401701940,
    author = "Pence, Charles H. and Swaim, Daniel",
    title = "The economy of nature: the structure of evolution in Linnaeus, Darwin, and the modern synthesis",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "European Journal for Philosophy of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13194-017-0194-0",
    doi = "10.1007/s13194-017-0194-0",
    openalex = "W2773921459",
    references = "doi101353jhi20170032"
}

@article{doi101086694183,
    author = "Buchanan, Roderick D. and Bradley, James",
    title = "“Darwin’s Delay”: A Reassessment of the Evidence",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Isis",
    abstract = "The suggestion that Darwin delayed publishing his species theory has long occupied a central part of his biographical storyline. The notion of a fretful delay reached a melodramatic apogee in Adrian Desmond and James Moore’s best-selling 1991 biography. Janet Browne’s acclaimed work downplayed the pathos but depicted a somewhat hesitant Darwin. In 2007 John van Wyhe upended this tableau, arguing that there was no evidence to support a secretive, fear-based delay. Contrary to van Wyhe, this essay suggests that Darwin was only selectively and strategically open about his belief in transmutation prior to his barnacle project. The 1844 appearance of the anonymously published Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation was one in a series of blows that prompted Darwin to reappraise the evidential requirements of his species theory. Nonetheless, much depends on how one interprets the barnacle project. Darwin’s decision to take on the whole group guaranteed its lengthy duration and effectively delayed his species work. The barnacle project could not be considered a necessary preparation, since it was not undertaken to address species theory problems. The evidence and insights Darwin gained from it were largely incidental and came after his decision to tackle the whole group. However, the credentialing motivations behind it were driven by field-generated self-doubts that are difficult to separate from fear. Darwin gained much-needed confidence from it and was far more open about his species theorizing afterward. The project helped Darwin become the authoritative figure he needed to be.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/694183",
    doi = "10.1086/694183",
    openalex = "W2754298487",
    references = "doi101016jshpsc201110014, doi101017s0269889703000772"
}

@article{doi101353jhi20170032,
    author = "Priest, Greg",
    title = "Charles Darwin’s Theory of Moral Sentiments: What Darwin’s Ethics Really Owes to Adam Smith",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Ideas",
    abstract = {When we read the Origin, we cannot help but hear echoes of the Wealth of Nations. Darwin's "economy of nature" features a "division of labour" that leads to complexity and productivity. We should not, however, analyze Darwin's ethics through this lens. Darwin did not draw his economic ideas from Smith, nor did he base his ethics on an economic foundation. Darwin's ethics rest on Smith's notion from the Theory of Moral Sentiments of an innate human faculty of sympathy. Darwin gave this faculty an evolutionary interpretation and built on this foundation an ethics far removed from what is commonly supposed.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2017.0032",
    doi = "10.1353/jhi.2017.0032",
    openalex = "W2765791275",
    references = "doi101007bf00125744, doi101017cbo9780511701559, doi1015159781400873487009, doi1023072140787, doi105860choice365021, doi105860choice373850, doi105860choice391690, doi105860choice396411, doi105860choice416644, doi107208chicago97802261495160010001, openalexw2103828688"
}

@article{doi101093biolinneanbly003,
    author = "Dagg, Joachim L.",
    title = "Comparing the respective transmutation mechanisms of Patrick Matthew, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "A comparison of the evolutionary mechanisms of Patrick Matthew, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace highlights their differences. In Matthew's scheme, catastrophes initiate periods of radiation and speciation until a fully stocked environment enters into stasis. Catastrophes first need to exterminate competing species before the survivors can radiate into free niches and diversify into new species. In Darwin's early theory, conditions of life, such as those prevailing under domestication, first need to increase the variability of a species before natural selection can transform it. In Darwin's mature theory, competition replaces conditions as the main drive behind evolutionary change, and sympatric speciation becomes possible. Wallace's theory differs from both Matthew's and Darwin's. Interspecific competition is not a brake halting transmutation (as in Matthew's theory) nor is intraspecific competition a sufficient drive for it. Although each theory integrated natural selection with variability, competition and changed conditions in distinct ways, each allowed for species transmutation somehow. The result was similar (transmutation), but the mechanisms yielding that result (the integration of natural selection with variability, competition and change in conditions) differed significantly.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/bly003",
    doi = "10.1093/biolinnean/bly003",
    openalex = "W2790459582",
    references = "doi101007s1073900791268, doi101016jshpsc201110014"
}

@article{doi101098rsnr20180015,
    author = "Tanghe, Koen",
    title = "On The Origin of Species: The story of Darwin's title",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Notes and Records the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science",
    abstract = "Abstract The genesis of Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) is well known, and the changes that it underwent in subsequent editions are well documented. However, less is known or has been published about the genesis of its original title and about the seven modifications that it subsequently underwent. That original title was much longer than the title of the unfinished big ‘Species Book’ that preceded and inspired The Origin: Natural Selection. Why did Darwin use an extended version of this elegant, short title for The Origin? And what was the rationale behind the later modifications? Contrary to what is often claimed or implied, the criticism of his publisher, John Murray, does not offer the only and certainly not the full answer to the latter question.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0015",
    doi = "10.1098/rsnr.2018.0015",
    openalex = "W2888712149",
    references = "doi101016jshpsc201110014"
}

@article{doi1028968cfttv4i229584,
    author = "Helmreich, Stefan",
    title = "Ghost Lineages, Ghost Acres, and Darwin’s “Diagram of Divergence of Taxa” in On the Origin of Species",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Catalyst Feminism Theory Technoscience",
    abstract = {tree schema that would later come to be known as the "},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.28968/cftt.v4i2.29584",
    doi = "10.28968/cftt.v4i2.29584",
    openalex = "W2895813369",
    references = "doi101007bf00125354"
}

@book{doi101093oso97801987082160010001,
    author = "Bradley, Ben",
    title = "Darwin's Psychology",
    year = "2020",
    abstract = "Abstract Darwin has long been hailed as forefather to behavioural science, and even more so nowadays, with the growing popularity of evolutionary psychologies. This is the first book to examine Darwin’s own extensive writings about psychological matters. It finds that Darwin’s fulcrum was the agency of living creatures—both in his psychology and in his theory of evolution. A careful reading of Darwin’s writings on topics from climbing plants to babies shows that no individual-based theory of evolution can explain everything about human action. The interpersonal domain, group-life and culture, are also key, whether we consider the dynamics of conscience, emotional expressions or the dramas of desire. For example, Darwin argues that the anatomy and physiology of evolutionarily ‘purposeless’ facial movements gain meaning through their perception by others. His explanation of blushing adds a layer of complexity to such recognition—my blush results from my perception of how you are reading me. A similar reflexive dynamic governs how Darwin understands sexual desire, conscience, the setting of social standards, and the place of culture in human agency. Testing the main plank of Darwin’s psychology—that a capacity for group-interaction underpins the most human aspects of human agency—has awaited contemporary research, being recently confirmed by film-studies of young babies. Darwin’s writings frame a surprisingly well-resourced arena for elaboration of a socialized, agentic account of how we and our fellow creatures live. Moreover, Darwin stands at the forefront of moves toward an evolutionary biology in which organisms lead and genes follow.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708216.001.0001",
    doi = "10.1093/oso/9780198708216.001.0001",
    openalex = "W3108073647",
    references = "doi101017bjt20178, doi101017s0007087400026005"
}

@article{doi101007s40656021003769,
    author = "Portera, Mariagrazia and Mandrioli, Mauro",
    title = "Who's afraid of epigenetics? Habits, instincts, and Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "History \& Philosophy of the Life Sciences",
    abstract = "Our paper aims at bringing to the fore the crucial role that habits play in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection. We have organized the paper in two steps: first, we analyse value and functions of the concept of habit in Darwin's early works, notably in his Notebooks, and compare these views to his mature understanding of the concept in the Origin of Species and later works; second, we discuss Darwin's ideas on habits in the light of today's theories of epigenetic inheritance, which describe the way in which the functioning and expression of genes is modified by the environment, and how these modifications are transmitted over generations. We argue that Darwin's lasting and multifaceted interest in the notion of habit, throughout his intellectual life, is both conceptually and methodologically relevant. From a conceptual point of view, intriguing similarities can be found between Darwin's (early) conception of habit and contemporary views on epigenetic inheritance. From a methodological point of view, we suggest that Darwin's plastic approach to habits, from his early writings up to the mature works, can provide today's evolutionary scientists with a viable methodological model to address the challenging task of extending and expanding evolutionary theory, with particular reference to the integration of epigenetic mechanisms into existing models of evolutionary change. Over his entire life Darwin has modified and reassessed his views on habits as many times as required by evidence: his work on this notion may represent the paradigm of a habit of good scientific research methodology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-021-00376-9",
    doi = "10.1007/s40656-021-00376-9",
    openalex = "W3127041822",
    references = "doi101007s406560150090x, doi1010160022519364900384, doi1010160022519364900396, doi101017cbo9781139171434, doi101038nature05913, doi101038nn3594, doi101073pnas0806560105, doi101086288419, doi101146annurevneuro29051605112851, doi1015159781400847266, doi103366edinburgh97814744457880010001, doi105860choice185702"
}

@article{doi1011111755099813326,
    author = "Korunes, Katharine L. and Samuk, Kieran",
    title = "pixy: Unbiased estimation of nucleotide diversity and divergence in the presence of missing data",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Molecular Ecology Resources",
    abstract = "regardless of the form or amount of missing data. In summary, our software solves a long-standing problem in applied population genetics and highlights the importance of properly accounting for missing data in population genetic analyses.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13326",
    doi = "10.1111/1755-0998.13326",
    openalex = "W3123129704",
    references = "doi101093genetics762379, doi101111mec12796"
}

@incollection{doi10129879780300268461022,
    author = "Desmond, Adrian and Moore, James W.",
    title = "Darwin’s Sacred Cause: Race Slavery and the Quest for Human Origins",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "Yale University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "About the book: This book, by Darwin's most celebrated modern biographers, gives a completely new explanation of why he came to his shattering theories about human origins. Until now, Desmond and Moore argue, the source of the moral fire which gives such intensity and urgency to Darwin's ideas has gone unnoticed. By examining minutely Darwin's manuscripts and correspondence (published and unpublished) and covert notebooks, where many of the clues lie, they show that the key to unlocking the mystery of how such an ostensibly conservative man could hold views which his contemporaries considered both radical and bestial, lay in his utter detestation of slavery. Darwin's Sacred Cause will be one of the major contributions to the worldwide Darwin anniversary celebrations in 2009.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300268461-022",
    doi = "10.12987/9780300268461-022",
    openalex = "W1504163334"
}

@article{doi1034024prometeica20232714347,
    author = "Labrador-Montero, Daniel",
    title = "Darwin y el nexo entre divergencia y competencia",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Prometeica - Revista de Filosofía y Ciencias",
    abstract = "Este artículo tiene como objetivo ofrecer una revisión y reinterpretación al problema teórico en la teoría de Darwin en el que se pone en relación el principio de divergencia y la competencia entre los seres vivos. Respecto a este asunto ha habido dos interpretaciones fundamentales. La primera de ellas es la de aquellos que defienden que la divergencia se ve favorecida porque implica una reducción de la competencia a la que se enfrentan los seres vivos que se desplazan de nicho ecológico. Por otro lado, algunos abogan — aunque es una posición menos extendida— por una interpretación en la que la reducción de la competencia no es la ventaja, sino que lo es la especialización y, por tanto, el incremento en la competitividad, es decir, el tener mejores herramientas o capacidades para competir. En este artículo se defiende esta última tesis, fundamentalmente sostenida por William Tammone, pero desde otra perspectiva y sustentada en otros argumentos que se nutren de la propuesta de Trevor Pearce acerca de la noción de economía natural de Darwin.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.34024/prometeica.2023.27.14347",
    doi = "10.34024/prometeica.2023.27.14347",
    openalex = "W4385365999",
    references = "doi101007s406560150090x"
}

@incollection{doi101007978303142629217,
    author = "Ceccarelli, David",
    title = "Redrawing the Boundaries of Darwinism: Addressing Darwin’s Endorsement of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics in Darwin’s Celebrations, 1909–1959–2009",
    year = "2024",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42629-2\_17",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-031-42629-2\_17",
    openalex = "W4402119653",
    references = "doi101007s1206401301890, doi101017s0007087400026005, doi101017s0007087405006977"
}

@article{doi101007s1073902409772w,
    author = "Anderson, Eric Burns",
    title = "Invasion on So Grand a Scale: Darwin, Lyell, and Invasive Species",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-024-09772-w",
    doi = "10.1007/s10739-024-09772-w",
    openalex = "W4395449839",
    references = "doi101016jshpsc201609004"
}

@article{doi101007s10739025098392,
    author = "Inkpen, S Andrew",
    title = "Why Darwin and Wallace Disagreed About Domestic Varieties.",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Journal of the history of biology",
    abstract = "By the late 1850s, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace had independently formulated similar theories of evolution by natural selection, yet they diverged notably in their treatment of artificial selection. This difference, evident in their 1858 joint presentation to the Linnean Society, has sparked scholarly debate over whether it reflects a deep, enduring divergence or a more superficial misunderstanding. I argue that this difference reflects substantial disagreement, but not for the reasons traditionally offered. I argue that while both Darwin and Wallace acknowledged that artificial selection could lead to (i) traits shaped by the aesthetic preferences, whims, or novelty-seeking tendencies of human breeders, and (ii) organisms highly dependent on the artificial environments in which they were cultivated, they disagreed about whether natural selection could produce comparable outcomes. Darwin thought natural selection could, under certain conditions, yield traits and dependencies analogous to those seen in domesticated varieties, whereas Wallace denied that such parallels could be drawn. This difference, I argue, makes sense in light of their wider respective projects and goals. Finally, turning to the vexed and related question of whether Wallace accepted Darwin's argument by analogy, I agree with previous scholarship that Wallace could have accepted the cogency of Darwin's analogy, both in 1858 and at the time he wrote Darwinism in 1889, since this was consistent with his other theoretical commitments. But he certainly questioned the desirability of drawing such an analogy.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41586977/",
    doi = "10.1007/s10739-025-09839-2",
    pmid = "41586977"
}