@book{paley1802natural53, author = "Paley, W", title = "Natural Theology", year = "1802", publisher = "or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Collected from the Appearances of Nature: Houston, Texas, St. Thomas Press; Reprint, 1972", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Paley, W., 1802, Natural Theology: or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Collected from the Appearances of Nature: Houston, Texas, St. Thomas Press; Reprint, 1972.}" } @misc{laplace1812introduction32, author = "Laplace, P. S. and de, Marquis", title = "Introduction to the Analytical Theory of Probability", year = "1812", howpublished = "Paris, vi p.; English translation, 1896", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Laplace, P. S., Marquis de., 1812, Introduction to the Analytical Theory of Probability: Paris, vi p.; English translation, 1896.}" } @misc{parkinson1822outlines54, author = "Parkinson, J", title = "Outlines of Oryctology", year = "1822", howpublished = "An Introduction to the Study of Fossil Organic Remains: London", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parkinson, J., 1822, Outlines of Oryctology: An Introduction to the Study of Fossil Organic Remains: London.}" } @article{buckland1824notice4, author = "Buckland, W", title = "Notice on the Megalosaurus or great fossil lizard of Stonesfield", year = "1824", journal = "Transactions of the Geological Society of London, v. 2, no. 1, p. 390-396", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Buckland, W., 1824, Notice on the Megalosaurus or great fossil lizard of Stonesfield: Transactions of the Geological Society of London, v. 2, no. 1, p. 390-396.}" } @inproceedings{sedgwick1831proceedings61, author = "Sedgwick, A", title = "Proceedings of the Geological Society of London", year = "1831", booktitle = "London, Geological Society of London", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sedgwick, A., 1831, Proceedings of the Geological Society of London: London, Geological Society of London.}" } @misc{meyer1832palaeologica42, author = "Meyer, H. von", title = "Palaeologica zur Geschichte der Erde und ihrer Geschopfe", year = "1832", howpublished = "Frankfurt am Main", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Meyer, H. von, 1832, Palaeologica zur Geschichte der Erde und ihrer Geschopfe: Frankfurt am Main.}" } @misc{eudesdeslongchamps1838mmoire15, author = "Eudes-Deslongchamps, J. A", title = "Mmoire sur le Poikilopleuron bucklandi, grand saurien fossile, intermdiaire entre les crocodiles et les lezards", year = "1838", howpublished = "Memoirs de Societe Linnanne de Normandie, v. 6, p. 37-146", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eudes-Deslongchamps, J. A., 1838, Mmoire sur le Poikilopleuron bucklandi, grand saurien fossile, intermdiaire entre les crocodiles et les lezards: Memoirs de Societe Linnanne de Normandie, v. 6, p. 37-146.}" } @article{owen1841description48, author = "Owen, R", title = "Description of the Lepidosiren annectens", year = "1841", journal = "Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, v. 18, p. 327-361", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Owen, R., 1841, Description of the Lepidosiren annectens: Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, v. 18, p. 327-361.}" } @misc{owen1841report49, author = "Owen, R", title = "Report on British fossil reptiles", year = "1841", howpublished = "Report Eleventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. 66-204", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Owen, R., 1841, Report on British fossil reptiles. Report Eleventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. 66-204.}" } @misc{murchison1854siluria46, author = "Murchison, R. I", title = "Siluria", year = "1854", howpublished = "The History of the Oldest Known Rocks Containing Organic Remains: London, John Murray", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Murchison, R. I., 1854, Siluria: The History of the Oldest Known Rocks Containing Organic Remains: London, John Murray.}" } @misc{owen1855monograph50, author = "Owen, R", title = "Monograph of the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden Formations II, Dinosauria", year = "1855", howpublished = "Palaeontogr. Soc., p. 1-54", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Owen, R., 1855, Monograph of the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden Formations II, Dinosauria: Palaeontogr. Soc., p. 1-54.}" } @misc{miller1857the44, author = "Miller, H", title = "THe Testimony of the Rocks; or, Geology in its Bearings on the Two Theologies, Natural and Revealed. [With memorials of the death and character of the author]", year = "1857", howpublished = "Boston; New York, Gould and Lincoln; Sheldon, Blakeman \& Co., 502 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Miller, H., 1857, THe Testimony of the Rocks; or, Geology in its Bearings on the Two Theologies, Natural and Revealed. [With memorials of the death and character of the author]: Boston; New York, Gould and Lincoln; Sheldon, Blakeman \& Co., 502 p.}" } @misc{meyer1861archeopteryx43, author = "Meyer, H. von", title = "Archeopteryx lithographica (Vogel-Feder) und Pterodactylus von Solnhofen", year = "1861", howpublished = "Neues Jb. Miner. Geol. Palaeont., p. 678-679", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Meyer, H. von, 1861, Archeopteryx lithographica (Vogel-Feder) und Pterodactylus von Solnhofen: Neues Jb. Miner. Geol. Palaeont., p. 678-679.}" } @article{owen1864on51, author = "Owen, R", title = "On the Archeopteryx of von Meyer, with a description of the fossil remains of a long-tailed species, from the lithographic stone of Solnhofen", year = "1864", journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 153, p. 33- 47", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Owen, R., 1864, On the Archeopteryx of von Meyer, with a description of the fossil remains of a long-tailed species, from the lithographic stone of Solnhofen: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 153, p. 33- 47.}" } @inproceedings{cope1866remarks6, author = "Cope, E. D", title = "Remarks on dinosaur remains from New Jersey", year = "1866", booktitle = "Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Proceedings, p. 275-279", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cope, E. D., 1866, Remarks on dinosaur remains from New Jersey: Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Proceedings, p. 275-279.}" } @misc{fox1866another17, author = "Fox, W", title = "Another new Wealden reptile", year = "1866", howpublished = "Geological Magazine, v. 3, p. 383", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fox, W., 1866, Another new Wealden reptile: Geological Magazine, v. 3, p. 383.}" } @misc{haeckel1866generelle23, author = "Haeckel, E", title = "Generelle Morphologie der Organismen", year = "1866", howpublished = "Berlin, Georg Reimer; 2 volumes", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Haeckel, E., 1866, Generelle Morphologie der Organismen: Berlin, Georg Reimer; 2 volumes.}" } @misc{hilgard1869187025, author = "Hilgard, E. W", title = "-1870, Report on the geologic age of the Mississippi River delta", year = "1869", howpublished = "Report of the United States Army Engineers; 1969-1870", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hilgard, E. W., 1869-1870, Report on the geologic age of the Mississippi River delta: Report of the United States Army Engineers; 1969-1870.}" } @misc{humphreys1869187028, author = "Humphreys, A. A", title = "-1870, United States Engineers Report, 1869-1870", year = "1869", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Humphreys, A. A., 1869-1870, United States Engineers Report, 1869-1870.}" } @article{cope1870synopsis7, author = "Cope, E. D", title = "Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of North America", year = "1870", journal = "American Philosophical Society Transactions, n.s., v. 14, p. 1- 252", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cope, E. D., 1870, Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of North America: American Philosophical Society Transactions, n.s., v. 14, p. 1- 252.}" } @misc{humphreys1876report29, author = "Humphreys, A. A. and Abbott, H. L", title = "Report on the physics and hydraulics of the Mississippi River", year = "1876", howpublished = "United States Army Corps of Engineers, Professional Paper, v. 13, p. 92-95", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Humphreys, A. A., and Abbott, H. L., 1876, Report on the physics and hydraulics of the Mississippi River: United States Army Corps of Engineers, Professional Paper, v. 13, p. 92-95.}" } @misc{owen1876monograph52, author = "Owen, R", title = "Monograph of the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden Formations VII, Crocodilia and Dinosauria?", year = "1876", howpublished = "Palaeontogr. Soc., p. 2-7", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Owen, R., 1876, Monograph of the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden Formations VII, Crocodilia and Dinosauria?: Palaeontogr. Soc., p. 2-7.}" } @article{marsh1877notice36, author = "Marsh, O. C", title = "Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles", year = "1877", journal = "American Journal of Science, v. 14, p. 514-516", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marsh, O. C., 1877, Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles: American Journal of Science, v. 14, p. 514-516.}" } @misc{balfour1878a1, author = "Balfour, F. M", title = "A Monograph on the Development of Elasmobranch Fishes", year = "1878", howpublished = "London, Macmillan", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Balfour, F. M., 1878, A Monograph on the Development of Elasmobranch Fishes: London, Macmillan.}" } @misc{cope1878a8, author = "Cope, E. D", title = "A new opisthocoelous dinosaur", year = "1878", howpublished = "American Naturalist, v. XII, p. 406", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cope, E. D., 1878, A new opisthocoelous dinosaur: American Naturalist, v. XII, p. 406.}" } @misc{holmes1878188326, author = "Holmes, W. H", title = "(1883), Report on the Geology of the Yellowstone National Park", year = "1878", howpublished = "Washington, D.C., United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 57 p.; Annual Report 12, Part 2", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Holmes, W. H., 1878 (1883), Report on the Geology of the Yellowstone National Park: Washington, D.C., United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 57 p.; Annual Report 12, Part 2.}" } @article{marsh1878notice37, author = "Marsh, O. C", title = "Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles", year = "1878", journal = "American Journal of Science, v. 15, p. 241-244", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marsh, O. C., 1878, Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles: American Journal of Science, v. 15, p. 241-244.}" } @article{marsh1879notice38, author = "Marsh, O. C", title = "Notice of new Jurassic reptiles", year = "1879", journal = "American Journal of Science, v. 21, p. 501-505", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marsh, O. C., 1879, Notice of new Jurassic reptiles: American Journal of Science, v. 21, p. 501-505.}" } @misc{marsh1880odontornithes39, author = "Marsh, O. C", title = "Odontornithes", year = "1880", howpublished = "A monograph on the extinct toothed birds of North America. Professional Paper, Engineering Department, United States Army, pp. 1-201", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marsh, O. C., 1880, Odontornithes: A monograph on the extinct toothed birds of North America. Professional Paper, Engineering Department, United States Army, pp. 1-201.}" } @article{marsh1884principal40, author = "Marsh, O. C", title = "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, 8", year = "1884", journal = "The order of Theropoda: American Journal of Science, v. 27, p. 329-340", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marsh, O. C., 1884, Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, 8: The order of Theropoda: American Journal of Science, v. 27, p. 329-340.}" } @inproceedings{cope1887a9, author = "Cope, E. D", title = "A contribution to the history of the vertebrata of the Trias of North America", year = "1887", booktitle = "Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, v. XXIV, p. 209-228", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cope, E. D., 1887, A contribution to the history of the vertebrata of the Trias of North America: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, v. XXIV, p. 209-228.}" } @article{seeley1887on63, author = "Seeley, H. G", title = "On Aristosuchus pusillus (Owen), being further notes on the fossils described by Sir R. Owen as Poikilopleuron pusilius Owen", year = "1887", journal = "Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 43, p. 221-228", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Seeley, H. G., 1887, On Aristosuchus pusillus (Owen), being further notes on the fossils described by Sir R. Owen as Poikilopleuron pusilius Owen: Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 43, p. 221-228.}" } @misc{gilbert1890lake20, author = "Gilbert, G. K", title = "Lake Bonneville, 1 of United States Geological Survey, Monographs", year = "1890", howpublished = "Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 438 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gilbert, G. K., 1890, Lake Bonneville, 1 of United States Geological Survey, Monographs: Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 438 p.}" } @article{marsh1890description41, author = "Marsh, O. C", title = "Description of new dinosaurian reptiles", year = "1890", journal = "American Journal of Science, v. 39, p. 81-86", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marsh, O. C., 1890, Description of new dinosaurian reptiles: American Journal of Science, v. 39, p. 81-86.}" } @misc{garstang1894preliminary18, author = "Garstang, W", title = "Preliminary note on a New Theory of the Phylogeny of the Chordata", year = "1894", howpublished = "Zoologischer Anzeiger, v. 17, p. 122-125", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Garstang, W., 1894, Preliminary note on a New Theory of the Phylogeny of the Chordata: Zoologischer Anzeiger, v. 17, p. 122-125.}" } @misc{dean1895fishes13, author = "Dean, B", title = "Fishes, Living and Fossil", year = "1895", howpublished = "an Outline of Their Forms and Possible Relationships: New York, Macmillan", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dean, B., 1895, Fishes, Living and Fossil: an Outline of Their Forms and Possible Relationships: New York, Macmillan.}" } @misc{huxley1896science31, author = "Huxley, T. H", title = "Science and education", year = "1896", howpublished = "New York, Appleton \& Co", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huxley, T. H., 1896, Science and education: New York, Appleton \& Co.}" } @misc{sedgwick1898190962, author = "Sedgwick, A", title = "-1909, A Student's Text-Book of Zoology", year = "1898", howpublished = "London, Sonnenschein; 3 Volumes", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sedgwick, A., 1898-1909, A Student's Text-Book of Zoology: London, Sonnenschein; 3 Volumes.}" } @misc{davis1899the10, author = "Davis, W. M", title = "The Geographical Cycle, in Davis, W. M., ed., Geographical Essays", year = "1899", howpublished = "Boston, Ginn and Co., p. 249-278; 777 pp", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Davis, W. M., 1899, The Geographical Cycle, in Davis, W. M., ed., Geographical Essays: Boston, Ginn and Co., p. 249-278; 777 pp.}" } @misc{vonzittel1901history67, author = "Von Zittel, K", title = "History of Geology and Paleontology", year = "1901", howpublished = "London, Walter Scott", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Von Zittel, K., 1901, History of Geology and Paleontology: London, Walter Scott.}" } @inproceedings{woodward1901on71, author = "Woodward, A. S", title = "On some extinct reptiles from Patagonia, of the genera Miolania, Dinilysia and Genyodectes", year = "1901", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, v. 1, p. 169-184", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Woodward, A. S., 1901, On some extinct reptiles from Patagonia, of the genera Miolania, Dinilysia and Genyodectes: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, v. 1, p. 169-184.}" } @misc{davis1902river11, author = "Davis, W. M", title = "River Terraces in New England, in Davis, W. M., ed., Geographical Essays", year = "1902", howpublished = "Boston, Ginn and Co., p. 514-586", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Davis, W. M., 1902, River Terraces in New England, in Davis, W. M., ed., Geographical Essays: Boston, Ginn and Co., p. 514-586.}" } @misc{chamberlin1904the5, author = "Chamberlin, T. C", title = "The methods of the earth-science", year = "1904", howpublished = "Popular Science Monthly, v. 66, p. 66-75", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Chamberlin, T. C., 1904, The methods of the earth-science: Popular Science Monthly, v. 66, p. 66-75.}" } @misc{gaskell1908the19, author = "Gaskell, W. H", title = "The Origin of Vertebrates", year = "1908", howpublished = "London, Longman", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gaskell, W. H., 1908, The Origin of Vertebrates: London, Longman.}" } @article{lull1908the33, author = "Lull, R. S", title = "The evolution of the elephant", year = "1908", journal = "American Journal of Science, v. 25, p. 169-212; Series 4", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lull, R. S., 1908, The evolution of the elephant: American Journal of Science, v. 25, p. 169-212; Series 4.}" } @misc{davis1909geographical12, author = "Davis, W. M", title = "Geographical Essays", year = "1909", howpublished = "Boston, Ginn and Co., 777 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Davis, W. M., 1909, Geographical Essays: Boston, Ginn and Co., 777 p.}" } @misc{goodrich1909vertebrata21, author = "Goodrich, E. S", title = "Vertebrata Craniata (First Fascicle", year = "1909", howpublished = "Cyclostomes and Fishes), IX of A Treatise on Zoology: London, Black", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Goodrich, E. S., 1909, Vertebrata Craniata (First Fascicle: Cyclostomes and Fishes), IX of A Treatise on Zoology: London, Black.}" } @article{woodward1910on72, author = "Woodward, A. S", title = "On a skull of Megalosaurus from the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton (Gloucestershire)", year = "1910", journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 66, p. 111-115", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Woodward, A. S., 1910, On a skull of Megalosaurus from the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton (Gloucestershire): Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 66, p. 111-115.}" } @misc{patten1912the55, author = "Patten, W", title = "The Evolution of the Vertebrates and Their Kin", year = "1912", howpublished = "London, Churchill", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Patten, W., 1912, The Evolution of the Vertebrates and Their Kin: London, Churchill.}" } @misc{wegener1912die68, author = "Wegener, A", title = "Die enstehung der Kontinente", year = "1912", howpublished = "Geologische Rundschau, v. 3, p. 276-292", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wegener, A., 1912, Die enstehung der Kontinente: Geologische Rundschau, v. 3, p. 276-292.}" } @misc{price1924the58, author = "Price, G. McC", title = "The Phantom of Organic Evolution", year = "1924", howpublished = "New York, Fleming H. Revell Co", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Price, G. McC., 1924, The Phantom of Organic Evolution: New York, Fleming H. Revell Co.}" } @misc{brewster1927creation2, author = "Brewster, E. T", title = "Creation; A History of Non-Evolutionary Theories", year = "1927", howpublished = "Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 295 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brewster, E. T., 1927, Creation; A History of Non-Evolutionary Theories: Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 295 p.}" } @misc{shipley1927the64, author = "Shipley, M", title = "The War on Modern Science", year = "1927", howpublished = "A Short History of Fundamentalist Attacks on Evolution and Modernism: New York", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Shipley, M., 1927, The War on Modern Science: A Short History of Fundamentalist Attacks on Evolution and Modernism: New York.}" } @misc{fenneman1931physiography16, author = "Fenneman, N. M", title = "Physiography of the Western United States", year = "1931", howpublished = "New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 534 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fenneman, N. M., 1931, Physiography of the Western United States: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 534 p.}" } @misc{morgan1932the45, author = "Morgan, T. H", title = "The Scientific Basis of Evolution", year = "1932", howpublished = "New York, W.W. Norton", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morgan, T. H., 1932, The Scientific Basis of Evolution: New York, W.W. Norton.}" } @misc{price1935the59, author = "Price, G. McC", title = "The Modern Flood Theory of Geology", year = "1935", howpublished = "New York, Fleming H. Revell Co", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Price, G. McC., 1935, The Modern Flood Theory of Geology: New York, Fleming H. Revell Co.}" } @article{price1941genesis60, author = "Price, G. McC", title = "Genesis Vindicated", year = "1941", journal = "Takoma Park, Md. and Washington, D.C., Review and Herald Publishing Association", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Price, G. McC., 1941, Genesis Vindicated: Takoma Park, Md. and Washington, D.C., Review and Herald Publishing Association.}" } @book{simpson1944tempo65, author = "Simpson, G. G", title = "Tempo and Mode in Evolution [1st ed.]", year = "1944", publisher = "New York, Columbia University Press, 237 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Simpson, G. G., 1944, Tempo and Mode in Evolution [1st ed.]: New York, Columbia University Press, 237 p.}" } @misc{dobzhansky1947evolutionary14, author = "Dobzhansky, T. and Spassky, B", title = "Evolutionary changes in laboratory cultures of D. pseudoobscura", year = "1947", howpublished = "Evolution, v. 1, p. 191-216", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dobzhansky, T., and Spassky, B., 1947, Evolutionary changes in laboratory cultures of D. pseudoobscura: Evolution, v. 1, p. 191-216.}" } @article{marsh1947evolution35, author = "Marsh, F. L", title = "Evolution, Creation, and Science", year = "1947", journal = "Washington, D.C., Review and Herald Publishing Association", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marsh, F. L., 1947, Evolution, Creation, and Science: Washington, D.C., Review and Herald Publishing Association.}" } @book{simpson1949the66, author = "Simpson, G. G", title = "The Meaning of Evolution", year = "1949", publisher = "New Haven, Conecticut, Yale University Press", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Simpson, G. G., 1949, The Meaning of Evolution: New Haven, Conecticut, Yale University Press.}" } @misc{andswinton1954fossil, author = "Swinton, W. E.", title = "Fossil amphibians and reptiles /", year = "1954", url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.119547", doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.119547", openalex = "W1505393622" } @book{newton1960the47, author = "Newton, I. and Motte-Cajori, 1687/", title = "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", year = "1960", publisher = "Berkeley, University of California Press", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Newton, I., and Motte-Cajori, 1687/1960, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy: Berkeley, University of California Press.}" } @misc{hooke1961by27, author = "Hooke, R. and 1665, Micrographia: London and Martyn and Reprinted, Allestry;", title = "by Dover Books, New York", year = "1961", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hooke, R., 1665, Micrographia: London, Martyn \& Allestry; Reprinted, 1961, by Dover Books, New York.}" } @misc{andswinton1962fossil, author = "Swinton, W. E.", title = "Fossil amphibians and reptiles /", year = "1962", url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.122264", doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.122264", openalex = "W4300671255" } @misc{wegener1966the69, author = "Wegener, A", title = "The Origin of Continents and Oceans [Translated from the 4th revised edition in German (1929) by J", year = "1966", howpublished = "Biram, with an introduction by B.C. King]. London. Methuen", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wegener, A., 1966, The Origin of Continents and Oceans [Translated from the 4th revised edition in German (1929) by J. Biram, with an introduction by B.C. King]. London. Methuen.}" } @article{doi101111j1469185x1969tb01218x, author = "Carroll, Robert L.", title = "PROBLEMS OF THE ORIGIN OF REPTILES", year = "1969", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "SUMMARY The fossil records of the four living reptilian orders can be traced into the Triassic. The earlier ancestry of the turtles has not been established. Squamates and rhyncho‐cephalians evolved from the Late Permian eosuchians; crocodiles from the thecodonts. The ancestry of the eosuchians and thecodonts is to be found in the central stock of Permo‐Carboniferous reptiles, the captorhinomorphs. The earliest captorhino‐morphs, from the Lower Pennsylvanian, are already fully developed reptiles. The limnoscelids and solenodonsaurids are more primitive forms, retaining features typical of anthracosaurian amphibians. Neither reptiles nor any appropriate ancestors are known prior to the Lower Pennsylvanian. Because of the absence of any true ancestors, the nature of the amphibian‐reptilian transition must be studied on the basis of amphibians contemporary with the early reptiles. The Permian seymouriamorphs have long been accepted as relicts of the group which gave rise to reptiles, although Seymouria itself is specialized in many features of its anatomy. The Middle Pennsylvanian genus Gephyrostegus appears to resemble much more closely the anatomy expected in the ancestors of reptiles. This genus forms the basis for consideration of the anatomical, physiological and behavioural changes which culminated in the origin of reptiles. Study of the earliest known reptiles and their closest relatives among contemporary amphibians indicates that the initial adaptation leading to the emergence of the class was assumption of a terrestrial habit, with accompanying small body size. The small body size of the immediate ancestors of reptiles would have made it possible for them to produce sufficiently small eggs that they could develop in damp places on land without initially being supported and protected by extraembryonic membranes. The rapid increase in body size in all lineages of Pennsylvanian reptiles indicates the prior development of an amniotic egg. Fundamental to the emergence of reptiles was modification in the jaw mechanism from the kinetic inertial system of amphibians to a static pressure system. The latter was presumably developed in order for the developing reptiles to utilize more active terrestrial prey. This change in the jaw mechanism is reflected in the reorganization of the palate which serves as a morphological basis for denning the establishment of reptilian status. At approximately the same stage as the change in palatal structure, the definitive reptilian vertebral pattern was developed. The apparent closure of the otic notch and the probable reorientation of the stapes in the amphibian‐reptilian transition presumably resulted from the decrease in relative skull size and do not appear to be related to any change in hearing ability. The tympanum probably maintained the same relative relationship with the squamosal and supratemporal throughout this transition. On the basis of the present fossil record, all adequately known Palaeozoic reptiles appear to have had a common ancestry among the predecessors of the known gephyro‐stegids. The family Diadectidae is the only important group whose specific relationships cannot be established. On the basis of this study, the following taxonomic changes are suggested: the family Limnoscelidae should not be included among the captorhinomorphs. The seymouria‐morph concept should be restricted to forms having the specializations of Seymouria, the discosauriscids and kotlassids. Gephyrostegids should be specifically excluded from the Seymouriamorpha and should be included in a separate taxon among the anthra‐cosaurs of equal rank with embolomeres and seymouriamorphs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1969.tb01218.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.1969.tb01218.x", openalex = "W2027446743" } @article{halstead1970scrotum24, author = "Halstead, L. B", title = "Scrotum humanum Brooks 1763--the first named dinosaur", year = "1970", journal = "Journal of Insignificant Research, v. 5, p. 14-15", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Halstead, L. B., 1970, Scrotum humanum Brooks 1763--the first named dinosaur: Journal of Insignificant Research, v. 5, p. 14-15.}" } @book{mackay1970extraordinary34, author = "Mackay, C", title = "Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds", year = "1970", publisher = "New York, Farrar, Straus \& Giroux; Noonday Press", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mackay, C., 1970, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds: New York, Farrar, Straus \& Giroux; Noonday Press.}" } @article{gerstner1972the, author = "Gerstner, Patsy A.", title = "The Early Study of Fossil Reptiles in America", year = "1972", journal = "Journal of Geological Education", url = "https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-20.2.86", doi = "10.5408/0022-1368-20.2.86", number = "2", openalex = "W2515651346", pages = "86-87", volume = "20" } @article{doi101139e76070, author = "McGowan, Cheri L.", title = "The description and phenetic relationships of a new Ichthyosaur genus from the Upper Jurassic of England", year = "1976", journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences", abstract = "A large and previously unknown ichthyosaur is reported from the Kimmeridge Clay (Upper Jurassic) of Stowbridge, Norfolk, England. The only valid genera described from the Upper and Middle Jurassic are considered to be Ophthalmosaurus Seeley and Nannopterygius von Huene, and since the Stowbridge specimen is distinct from these, a new genus and species, Grendelius mordax gen. et sp. nov., are erected. Using cluster and principal coordinates analyses, G. mordax was found to have closest phenetic affinities with Platypterygius americanus (Nace) of the North American Cretaceous, and with an undescribed ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland, and least phenetic affinity with Ophthalmosaurus discus (Marsh).The phenetic analysis also revealed that the division of the Ichthyosauria into latipinnates and longipinnates is questionable. Stenopterygius quadriscissus (Quenstedt), long considered a longipinnate, is herein shown to have closer phenetic affinity with latipinnate ichthyosaurs. The close phenetic affinity between the skulls of P. americanus and the undescribed Swiss ichthyosaur is inconsistent with currently held views of cranial evolution in ichthyosaurs, and points to the shortcomings of tracing evolutionary trends in temporal sequences of fossils.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e76-070", doi = "10.1139/e76-070", openalex = "W2170747693" } @misc{picodellamirandola197712856, author = "Pico della Mirandola, G. and 1463-1494, Heptaplus; or and Discourse on the Seven Days of Creation: New York, Philosophical Library", title = "128 p.; Translated with an introduction and glossary by J.B", year = "1977", howpublished = "McGaw", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Pico della Mirandola, G., 1463-1494, Heptaplus; or, Discourse on the Seven Days of Creation: New York, Philosophical Library, 1977, 128 p.; Translated with an introduction and glossary by J.B. McGaw.}" } @article{cox1979fossil, author = "Cox, Barry", title = "Fossil pseudo-reptiles", year = "1979", journal = "Nature", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/278124a0", doi = "10.1038/278124a0", number = "5700", openalex = "W2066744456", pages = "124-125", volume = "278" } @article{doi101017s0094837300003778, author = "Sepkoski, J. John", title = "A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record", year = "1981", journal = "Paleobiology", abstract = "Data on numbers of marine families within 91 metazoan classes known from the Phanerozoic fossil record are analyzed. The distribution of the 2800 fossil families among the classes is very uneven, with most belonging to a small minority of classes. Similarly, the stratigraphic distribution of the classes is very uneven, with most first appearing early in the Paleozoic and with many of the smaller classes becoming extinct before the end of that era. However, despite this unevenness, a Q -mode factor analysis indicates that the structure of these data is rather simple. Only three factors are needed to account for more than 90\% of the data. These factors are interpreted as reflecting the three great “evolutionary faunas” of the Phanerozoic marine record: a trilobite-dominated Cambrian fauna, a brachiopod-dominated later Paleozoic fauna, and a mollusc-dominated Mesozoic-Cenozoic, or “modern,” fauna. Lesser factors relate to slow taxonomic turnover within the major faunas through time and to unique aspects of particular taxa and times. Each of the three major faunas seems to have its own characteristic diversity so that its expansion or contraction appears as being intimately associated with a particular phase in the history of total marine diversity. The Cambrian fauna expands rapidly during the Early Cambrian radiations and maintains dominance during the Middle to Late Cambrian “equilibrium.” The Paleozoic fauna then ascends to dominance during the Ordovician radiations, which increase diversity dramatically; this new fauna then maintains dominance throughout the long interval of apparent equilibrium that lasts until the end of the Paleozoic Era. The modern fauna, which slowly increases in importance during the Paleozoic Era, quickly rises to dominance with the Late Permian extinctions and maintains that status during the general rise in diversity to the apparent maximum in the Neogene. The increase in diversity associated with the expansion of each new fauna appears to coincide with an approximately exponential decline of the previously dominant fauna, suggesting possible displacement of each evolutionary fauna by its successor.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300003778", doi = "10.1017/s0094837300003778", openalex = "W2505144080", references = "doi10100797814613088367, doi1010160012825272900724, doi101017s0094837300004917, doi101017s009483730000508x, doi101017s0094837300005236, doi101017s0094837300005352, doi101017s0094837300005649, doi101017s0094837300005972, doi101017s0094837300012549, doi101126science17740541065, doi101126science2064415217, doi101130spe89p63, doi1023071483846, doi1023071796560, doi1023072405671, doi1023072412725, doi1023072412728, doi1023072806339, doi107312simp93764, openalexw1504049102, openalexw645218623" } @article{carroll1982early, author = "Carroll, R L", title = "Early Evolution of Reptiles", year = "1982", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.000511", doi = "10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.000511", number = "1", openalex = "W2161983230", pages = "87-109", volume = "13", references = "doi101007978146848851721, doi101093sysbio242233, doi101111j146979981972tb01731x, doi101130spe28p1, doi1023071935678, doi1023072412685, doi1023072806339, doi105962bhltitle8440, doi107312crac92306005, openalexw2912468146" } @misc{grosseteste1982untitled22, author = "Grosseteste, R. and 1175?-1253, Hexaemeron and in Dales, R. C. and Gieben, S. and eds., Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi: London and [, Oxford University Press", title = "], for the British Academy, v", year = "1982", howpublished = "6; 371 pp. [Text in Latin]", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Grosseteste, R., 1175?-1253, Hexaemeron, in Dales, R. C., and Gieben, S., eds., Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi: London, Oxford University Press [1982], for the British Academy, v. 6; 371 pp. [Text in Latin].}" } @article{doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, author = "Benton, Michael J.", title = "Classification and phylogeny of the diapsid reptiles", year = "1985", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Reptiles with two temporal openings in the skull are generally divided into two groups–the Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, Sphenodon, ‘eosuchians’) and the Archosauria (crocodiles, thecodontians, dinosaurs, pterosaurs). Recent suggestions that these two are not sister-groups are shown to be unproven, whereas there is strong evidence that they form a monophyletic group, the Diapsida, on the basis of several synapomorphies of living and fossil forms. A cladistic analysis of skull and skeletal characters of all described Permo-Triassic diapsid reptiles suggests some significant rearrangements to commonly held views. The genus Petrolacosaurus is the sister-group of all later diapsids which fall into two large groups–the Archosauromorpha (Pterosauria, Rhynchosauria, Prolacertiformes, Archosauria) and the Lepidosauromorpha (Younginiformes, Sphenodontia, Squamata). The pterosaurs are not archosaurs, but they are the sister-group of all other archosauromorphs. There is no close relationship between rhynchosaurs and sphenodontids, nor between Prolacerta or Tanystropheus and lizards. The terms ‘Eosuchia’, ‘Rhynchocephalia’ and ‘Protorosauria’ have become too wide in application and they are not used. A cladistic classification of the Diapsida is given, as well as a phylogenetic tree which uses cladistic and stratigraphic data.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01796.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01796.x", openalex = "W2098234288", references = "benton1983dinosaur, bonde1974interrelationships, carroll1982early, doi1010160016703783901205, doi1010160031018282900347, doi101038142004a0, doi101098rstb19570003, doi101098rstb19610007, doi101098rstb19650003, doi101098rstb19740001, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101111j146979981913tb06148x, doi101111j146979981972tb01731x, doi101146annureven10010165000525, doi1023071292217, doi1023071375442, doi1023071441916, doi1023071443592, doi1023072412482, doi1023072806339, doi105962bhltitle7369, doi105962bhltitle82144, doi105962bhltitle8440, openalexw1564473436, openalexw2912468146, openalexw3140893762" } @article{doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, author = "Gauthier, Jacques and Kluge, Arnold G. and Rowe, Timothy", title = "AMNIOTE PHYLOGENY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF FOSSILS", year = "1988", journal = "Cladistics", abstract = "Abstract- Several prominent cladists have questioned the importance of fossils in phylogenctic inference, and it is becoming increasingly popular to simply fit extinct forms, if they are considered at all, to a cladogram of Recent taxa. Gardiner's (1982) and Løvtrup's (1985) study of amniote phylogeny exemplifies this differential treatment, and we focused on that group of organisms to test the proposition that fossils cannot overturn a theory of relationships based only on the Recent biota. Our parsimony analysis of amniote phylogeny, special knowledge contributed by fossils being scrupulously avoided, led to the following best fitting classification, which is similar to the novel hypothesis Gardiner published: (lepidosaurs (turtles (mammals (birds, crocodiles)))). However, adding fossils resulted in a markedly different most parsimonious cladogram of the extant taxa: (mammals (turtles (lepidosaurs (birds, crocodiles)))). That classification is like the traditional hypothesis, and it provides a better fit to the stratigraphic record. To isolate the extinct taxa responsible for the latter classification, the data were successively partitioned with each phylogenetic analysis, and we concluded that: (1) the ingroup, not the outgroup, fossils were important; (2) synapsid, not reptile, fossils were pivotal; (3) certain synapsid fossils, not the earliest or latest, were responsible. The critical nature of the synapsid fossils seemed to lie in the particular combination of primitive and derived character slates they exhibited. Classifying those fossils, along with mammals, as the sister group to the lineage consisting of birds and crocodiles resulted in a relatively poor fit to data; one involving a 2-4 fold increase in evolutionary reversals! Thus, the importance of the critical fossils, collectively or individually, seems to reside in their relative primitive-ness, and the simplest explanation for their more conservative nature is that they have had less time to evolve. While fossils may be important in phylogenetic inference only under certain conditions, there is no compelling reason to prejudge their contribution. We urge systematists to evaluate fairly all of the available evidence.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00514.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00514.x", openalex = "W1978557909", references = "crossref1943the, currie1985cranial, doi101001jama194302840160064031, doi1010079781468488517, doi101007978146848851721, doi101016002555648290027x, doi1010160169534789901626, doi101016b9781483198279500198, doi101016b9781483231426500124, doi101017cbo9780511693281002, doi101038142004a0, doi10108002724634198810011708, doi101086628623, doi101093sysbio1811, doi101093sysbio33183, doi1010970000505319311100000026, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101111j109636421977tb01031x, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101146annureven10010165000525, doi1023071005355, doi1023071220820, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023072412407, doi1023072412685, doi1023072413134, doi1023072413259, doi1023072413454, doi1023072485224, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi10560219780801847806, doi105962bhltitle6408, doi105962bhltitle82144, openalexw1534787790, openalexw1534857865, openalexw2954279587, openalexw2983381470, openalexw3146596760, openalexw3184837389, openalexw575222456, roaf1943the" } @article{doi101146annureves20110189002243, author = "Donoghue, Michael J. and Doyle, James A. and Gauthier, Jacques and Kluge, Arnold G. and Rowe, Timothy B.", title = "The Importance of Fossils in Phylogeny Reconstruction", year = "1989", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics", abstract = "Species distribution models (SDMs) are numerical tools that combine observations of species occurrence or abundance with environmental estimates. They are used to gain ecological and evolutionary insights and to predict distributions across landscapes,...Read More", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.002243", doi = "10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.002243", openalex = "W2154597917", references = "doi1010160198025483901334, doi10108002724634198810011708, doi1023072412685, doi1023072413259, openalexw78510971" } @article{doi101111j109636421995tb00932x, author = "Laurin, Michel and Reisz, Robert R.", title = "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny", year = "1995", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Journal Article A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny Get access MICHEL LAURIN, MICHEL LAURIN 1Department of Zoology, Erindale Campus, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ROBERT R. REISZ ROBERT R. REISZ 1Department of Zoology, Erindale Campus, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 113, Issue 2, February 1995, Pages 165–223, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x Published: 28 June 2008 Article history Received: 01 February 1994 Accepted: 01 July 1994 Published: 28 June 2008", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x", openalex = "W2060242315", references = "carroll1982early, doi101007978140206754912413, doi101016s0016699588800664, doi10108002724634198810011708, doi101098rstb19570003, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j146979981972tb01731x, doi101111j155856461981tb04969x, doi101130spe28p1, doi1015159783110848281, doi1023071292217, doi1023071375442, doi1023071441916, doi1023073514548, doi105860choice300927, doi105860choice392183, doi105962bhltitle8440, openalexw2261909166, openalexw3112865229, openalexw638862129, openalexw78510971" } @article{doi101017s0016756800007603, author = "Brasier, Martin D. and Shields, Graham and Kuleshov, V. N. and Жегалло, Е. А.", title = "Integrated chemo- and biostratigraphic calibration of early animal evolution: Neoproterozoic–early Cambrian of southwest Mongolia", year = "1996", journal = "Geological Magazine", abstract = "Abstract Five overlapping sections from the thick Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian sediments of western Mongolia were analysed to yield a remarkable carbon-isotope, strontium-isotope and small shellyfossil (SSF) record. Chemostratigraphy suggests that barren limestones of sequences 3 and 4, which lie above the two Maikhan Uul diamictites, are post-Sturtian but pre-Varangerian in age. Limestones and dolomites of sequence 5, with Boxonia grumulosa, have geochemical signatures consistent with a post-Varangerian (Ediacarian) age. A major negative δ 13 C anomaly (feature ‘W’) in sequence 6 lies a shortdistance above an Anabarites trisulcatus Zone SSF asemblage with hexactinellid sponges, of probable late Ediacarian age. Anomaly ‘W’ provides an anchor point for cross-correlation charts of carbon isotopes and small shelly fossils. Trace fossil assemblages with a distinctly Cambrian character first appear in sequence 8(Purella Zone), at the level of carbon isotopic feature ‘B’, provisionally correlated with the upper part of cycle Z in Siberia. A paradox is found from sequence 10 to 12 in Mongolia: Tommotian-type SSFs continue to appear, accompanied by Nemakit-Daldynian/Tommotian-type 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios but by increasingly heavyδ 13 C values that cannot be matched in the Tommotian of eastern Siberia. The steady rate of generic diversification in Mongolia also contrasts markedly with the Tommotian ‘diversity explosion’ in eastern Siberia, which occurs just above a major karstic emergence surface. One explanation is that sequences 10 to 12 in Mongolia preserve a pre-Tommotian portion of the fossil record that was missing or removed in easternSiberia. The Mongolian sections certainly deserve an important place in tracing the true course and timing of the ‘Cambrian radiation’.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800007603", doi = "10.1017/s0016756800007603", openalex = "W2146761970", references = "doi1010160012821x77900607, doi1010160016703786903960, doi1010160301926894000708, doi101016s0016003220904155, doi101038269209a0, doi101038321832a0, doi101038364299a0, doi101111j136530911982tb00085x, doi101111j136530911993tb01364x, doi101144gsjgs13360637, doi101306212f7bb72b2411d78648000102c1865d" } @book{doi101093oso97801985404720010001, author = "Janvier, Philippe", title = "Early Vertebrates", year = "1996", abstract = "Abstract This book presents our current knowledge of the early vertebrates, which were mainly fish, but included some land vertebrates, and lived about 470 to 250 million years ago. It centres on anatomical and phylogenetic questions, but includes information about fossil discovery and preparation, as well as the analysis of the characteristics from which their relationships may be reconstructed. It addresses critically both old and new problems in the evolution of certain anatomical structures and deals briefly with the animals' way of life, extinction, and former distribution. In addition, the author gives a potted history of the field of vertebrate palaeontology and the rise of cladistics, a major methodological revolution in comparative biology. The book is the first in theif field to use a cladistic approach. For each major vertebrate group, the reader will find a diagram of relationships, or cladogram, with a selection of characters at each node, and a cuccinct phylogenetic classification. The book is illustrated with numerous line drawings, culminating in a series of reconstructions of early vertebrates and their environment, which may have a more popular appeal.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198540472.001.0001", doi = "10.1093/oso/9780198540472.001.0001", openalex = "W4388321741" } @article{doi10108002724634199710011027, author = "Witmer, Lawrence M.", title = "The Evolution of the Antorbital Cavity of Archosaurs: A Study in Soft-Tissue Reconstruction in the Fossil Record with an Analysis of the Function of Pneumaticity", year = "1997", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT The most commonly cited apomorphy of Archosauriformes is an opening in the snout known as the antorbital cavity. Despite the ubiquity and prominence of the antorbital cavity, its function and importance in craniofacial evolution have been problematic. Discovering the significance of the antorbital cavity is a two step process: first, establishing the function of the bony cavity (that is, its soft-tissue relations), and second, determining the biological role of the enclosed structure. The first step is the most fundamental, and hence is examined at length. Three hypotheses for the function of the antorbital cavity have been advanced, suggesting that it housed (1) a gland, (2) a muscle, or (3) a paranasal air sinus. Thus, resolution is correctly viewed as a “soft-tissue problem,” and is addressed within the context of the extant phylogenetic bracket (EPB) approach for reconstructing the unpreserved features of fossil organisms. The soft-anatomical relations of the antorbital cavity (or any bony structure) are important because (1) soft tissues generally have morphogenetic primacy over bony tissues and (2) inferences about soft tissues are the foundation for a cascading suite of paleobiological inferences. The EPB approach uses the shared causal associations between soft tissues and their osteological correlates (i.e., the signatures imparted to the bones by the soft tissues) that are observed in the extant outgroups of the fossil taxon of interest to infer the soft-anatomical attributes of the fossil; based on the assessment at the outgroup node, a hierarchy characterizing the strength of the inference can be constructed. This general approach is applied to the problem of the function of the antorbital cavity, taking each hypothesized soft-tissue candidate—gland, muscle, and air sac—in turn, (1) establishing the osteological correlates of each soft-tissue system in the EPB of any fossil archosaur (i.e., extant birds and crocodilians), (2) formulating a hypothesis of homology based on similarities in these causal associations between birds and crocodilians, (3) testing this hypothesis by surveying fossil archosaurs for the specified osteological correlates, and (4) accepting or rejecting the hypothesis based on its phylogenetic congruence. Using this approach, fossil archosaurs can be reliably reconstructed with a Glandula nasalis, M. pterygoideus, pars dorsalis, and Sinus antorbitalis that are homologous with those of extant archosaurs; however, the osteological correlates of only the antorbital paranasal air sinus involve the several structures associated with the antorbital cavity. Additional evidence for the pneumatic nature of the antorbital cavity comes from the presence of numerous accessory cavities (especially in theropod dinosaurs) surrounding the main antorbital cavity. To address the origin of the antorbital cavity, the EPB approach was applied to basal archosauriforms; the data are not as robust, but nevertheless suggest that the cavity appeared as a housing for a paranasal air sinus. The second step in discovering the evolutionary significance of the antorbital cavity is to assess the function of the enclosed paranasal air sac. In fact, the function of all pneumaticity is investigated here. Rather than the enclosed volume of air (i.e., the empty space) being functionally important, better explanations result by focusing on the pneumatic epithelial diverticulum itself. It is proposed here that the function of the epithelial air sac is simply to pneumatize bone in an opportunistic manner within the constraints of a particular biomechanical loading regime. Trends in facial evolution in three clades of archosaurs (crocodylomorphs, ornithopod dinosaurs, and theropod dinosaurs) were examined in light of this new perspective. Crocodylomorphs and ornithopods both show trends for reduction and enclosure of the antorbital cavity (but for different reasons), whereas theropods show a trend for relatively poorly constrained expansion. These findings are consistent with the view of air sacs as opportunistic pneumatizing machines, with weight reduction and design optimality as secondary effects.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1997.10011027", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1997.10011027", openalex = "W1973023986", references = "coria1995a, crossref1976allosaurus, currie1985cranial, doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160021929082902469, doi101016b9781483231426500124, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0022336000059126, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi101038019118a0, doi101038063003a0, doi101038114085a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199210011473, doi10108002724634199310011511, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi101098rstb19610007, doi101098rstb19650003, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101098rstb19910056, doi101098rstb19920117, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109600311991tb00045x, doi101111j109636421978tb01049x, doi101111j146363951921tb00489x, doi101111j1469185x1990tb01427x, doi101111j146979981913tb06148x, doi101111j155856461965tb01720x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science11282807, doi101126science2665183267, doi101126science2725264986, doi101139e93179, doi10125900071285586941029, doi1015468p4gnhz, doi1015468yhxmzl, doi1023072406439, doi1023072413454, doi1023072421859, doi1023072992444, doi10230730135049, doi1023073514548, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105860choice326223, doi105962bhlpart22965, doi105962bhltitle54054, doi105962p226819, madsen1976a, openalexw1489366593, openalexw1534857865, openalexw193970361, openalexw2603028126, openalexw2788234611, openalexw3140893762, openalexw3184837389, openalexw607142922, openalexw616953834, rowe1989a, sues1978a, walker1964triassic" } @article{doi101098rstb19980225, author = "Dilkes, David W.", title = "The early Triassic rhynchosaur Mesosuchus browni and the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph reptiles", year = "1998", journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Restudy of the unique diapsid reptile Mesosuchus browni Watson, from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (late Early Triassic to early Middle Triassic) of the Burgersdorp Formation (Tarkastad Subgroup; Beaufort Group) of South Africa, confirms that it is the most plesiomorphic known member of the Rhynchosauria. A new phylogenetic analysis of basal taxa of Archosauromorpha indicates that Choristodera falls outside of the Sauria, Prolacertiformes is a paraphyletic taxon with Prolacerta sharing a more recent common ancestor with Archosauriformes than with any other clade, Megalancosaurus and Drepanosaurus are sister taxa in the clade Drepanosauridae within Archosauromorpha, and are the sister group to the clade Tanystropheidae composed of Tanystropheus, Macrocnemus, and Langobardisaurus. Combination of the phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs and their known stratigraphic ranges reveals significant gaps in the fossil records of Late Permian and Triassic diapsids. Extensions of the temporal ranges of several lineages of diapsids into the Late Permian suggests that more groups of terrestrial reptiles survived the end-Permian mass extinction than thought previously.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0225", doi = "10.1098/rstb.1998.0225", openalex = "W2133909495", references = "doi101098rstb19570003, doi101098rstb19740001, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101111j146979981913tb06148x, doi105962bhltitle8440, openalexw2261909166, openalexw2390705542, openalexw3208547338" } @article{doi101111j109583121998tb01148x, author = "Lee, Michael S. Y.", title = "Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships", year = "1998", journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "The affinities of three problematic groups of elongate, burrowing reptiles (amphisbaenians, dibamids and snakes) are reassessed through a phylogenetic analysis of all the major groups of squamates, including the important fossil taxa Sineoamphisbaena, mosasauroids and Pachyrhachis; 230 phylogenetically informative osteological characters were evaluated in 22 taxa. Snakes (including Pachyrhachis) are anguimorphs, being related firstly to large marine mosasauroids, and secondly to monitor lizards (varanids). Scincids and cordylids are not related to lacertiforms as previously thought, but to anguimorphs. Amphisbaenians and dibamids are closely related, and Sineoamphisbaena is the sister group to this clade. The amphisbaenian-dibamid-Sineoamphisbaena clade, in turn, is related to gekkotans and xantusiids. When the fossil taxa are ignored, snakes, amphisbaenians and dibamids form an apparently well-corroborated clade nested within anguimorphs. However, nearly all of the characters supporting this arrangement are correlated with head-first burrowing (miniaturization, cranial consolidation, body elongation, limb reduction), and invariably co-occur in other tetrapods with similar habits. These characters are potentially very misleading because of their sheer number and because they largely represent reductions or losses. It takes very drastic downweighting of these linked characters to alter tree topology: if fossils are excluded from the analysis, a (probably spurious) clade consisting of elongate, fossorial taxa almost always results. These results underscore the importance of including all relevant taxa in phylogenetic analyses. Inferring squamate phylogeny depends critically on the inclusion of certain (fossil) taxa with combinations of character states that demonstrate convergent evolution of the elongate, fossorial ecomorph in amphisbaenians and dibamids, and in snakes. In the all-taxon analysis, the position of snakes within anguimorphs is more strongly-corroborated than the association of amphisbaenians and dibamids with gekkotans. When the critical fossil taxa are deleted, snakes 'attract' the amphisbaenian-dibamid clade on the basis of a suite of correlated characters. While snakes remain anchored in anguimorphs, the amphisbaenian-dibamid clade moves away from gekkotans to join them. Regardless of the varying positions of the three elongate burrowing taxa, the interrelationships between the remaining limbed squamates ('lizards') are constant; thus, the heterodox affinities of scincids, cordylids, and xantusiids identified in this analysis appear to be robust. Finally, the position of Pachyrhachis as a basal snake rather than (as recently suggested) a derived snake is supported on both phylogenetic and evolutionary grounds.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb01148.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb01148.x", openalex = "W2158224559", references = "doi101098rstb19920117, doi101111j109636421978tb00376x, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j109636421995tb00932x, doi105281zenodo16435343, doi105860choice325663, openalexw2912468146" } @article{doi101126science2835404998, author = "Hedges, S. Blair and Poling, Laura L.", title = "A Molecular Phylogeny of Reptiles", year = "1999", journal = "Science", abstract = "The classical phylogeny of living reptiles pairs crocodilians with birds, tuataras with squamates, and places turtles at the base of the tree. New evidence from two nuclear genes, and analyses of mitochondrial DNA and 22 additional nuclear genes, join crocodilians with turtles and place squamates at the base of the tree. Morphological and paleontological evidence for this molecular phylogeny is unclear. Molecular time estimates support a Triassic origin for the major groups of living reptiles.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5404.998", doi = "10.1126/science.283.5404.998", openalex = "W2125036863", references = "doi101111j109636421995tb00932x" } @article{doi101016s0012825202001046, author = "Stanley, George D.", title = "The evolution of modern corals and their early history", year = "2003", journal = "Earth-Science Reviews", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-8252(02)00104-6", doi = "10.1016/s0012-8252(02)00104-6", openalex = "W2106579816", references = "crossref1995systematics, doi10100797814615121963, doi101007s003380050222, doi1010160169534794901635, doi101017s0094837300005352, doi101038305019a0, doi101038367231a0, doi101093icb391160, doi101126science27252651155, doi101126science2765310235, doi101126science2845411118, doi1023071483846, doi105860choice323881, doi105860choice332723, openalexw607087370" } @article{doi101007s1033600400509, author = "Mayr, Gérald", title = "A partial skeleton of a new fossil loon (Aves, Gaviiformes) from the early Oligocene of Germany with preserved stomach content", year = "2004", journal = "Journal für Ornithologie", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-004-0050-9", doi = "10.1007/s10336-004-0050-9", openalex = "W2154550441" } @article{doi101146annurevecolsys36102003152631, author = "Shine, Richard", title = "Life-History Evolution in Reptiles", year = "2005", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics", abstract = "▪ Abstract Two consequences of terrestrial ectothermy (low energy needs and behavioral control of body temperatures) have had major consequences for the evolution of reptile life-history traits. For example, reproducing females can manipulate incubation temperatures and thus phenotypic traits of their offspring by retaining developing eggs in utero. This ability has resulted in multiple evolutionary transitions from oviparity to viviparity in cool-climate reptile populations. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of operative temperatures in terrestrial habitats also has favored careful nest-site selection and a matching of embryonic reaction norms to thermal regimes during incubation (e.g., via temperature-dependent sex determination). Many of the life-history features in which reptiles differ from endothermic vertebrates—such as their small offspring sizes, large litter sizes, and infrequent reproduction—are direct consequences of ectothermy, reflecting freedom from heat-conserving constraints on body size and energy storage. Ectothermy confers immense flexibility, enabling a dynamic matching of life-history traits to local circumstances. This flexibility has generated massive spatial and temporal variation in life-history traits via phenotypic plasticity as well as adaptation. The diversity of life histories in reptiles can best be interpreted within a conceptual framework that views reptiles as low-energy, variable-temperature systems.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152631", doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152631", openalex = "W2136938707", references = "doi101007bf00344996, doi101007bf00346972, doi101086283547, doi101086285141, doi101086409470, doi101086410622, doi101098rspb19970181, doi1023071445695, doi1023073545800, doi10560219780801847806, openalexw1488067709, openalexw1525648878" } @article{doi1021131081135, author = "Rubidge, Bruce S.", title = "27th Du Toit Memorial Lecture: Re-uniting lost continents - Fossil reptiles from the ancient Karoo and their wanderlust", year = "2005", journal = "South African Journal of Geology", url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/108.1.135", doi = "10.2113/108.1.135", openalex = "W2413592034", references = "doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101086283249, doi101111j109636421981tb01127x, doi101111j146979981913tb06148x, doi101130spe28p1, lucas2001theropod, openalexw205674743, openalexw65326690" } @article{doi10108010635150500541698, author = "Finarelli, John A. and Flynn, John J.", title = "Ancestral State Reconstruction of Body Size in the Caniformia (Carnivora, Mammalia): The Effects of Incorporating Data from the Fossil Record", year = "2006", journal = "Systematic Biology", abstract = {A recent molecular phylogeny of the mammalian order Carnivora implied large body size as the ancestral condition for the caniform subclade Arctoidea using the distribution of species mean body sizes among living taxa. "Extant taxa-only" approaches such as these discount character state observations for fossil members of living clades and completely ignore data from extinct lineages. To more rigorously reconstruct body sizes of ancestral forms within the Caniformia, body size and first appearance data were collected for 149 extant and 367 extinct taxa. Body sizes were reconstructed for four ancestral nodes using weighted squared-change parsimony on log-transformed body mass data. Reconstructions based on extant taxa alone favored large body sizes (on the order of 10 to 50 kg) for the last common ancestors of both the Caniformia and Arctoidea. In contrast, reconstructions incorporating fossil data support small body sizes (< 5 kg) for the ancestors of those clades. When the temporal information associated with fossil data was discarded, body size reconstructions became ambiguous, demonstrating that incorporating both character state and temporal information from fossil taxa unambiguously supports a small ancestral body size, thereby falsifying hypotheses derived from extant taxa alone. Body size reconstructions for Caniformia, Arctoidea, and Musteloidea were not sensitive to potential errors introduced by uncertainty in the position of extinct lineages relative to the molecular topology, or to missing body size data for extinct members of an entire major clade (the aquatic Pinnipedia). Incorporating character state observations and temporal information from the fossil record into hypothesis testing has a significant impact on the ability to reconstruct ancestral characters and constrains the range of potential hypotheses of character evolution. Fossil data here provide the evidence to reliably document trends of both increasing and decreasing body size in several caniform clades. More generally, including fossils in such analyses incorporates evidence of directional trends, thereby yielding more reliable ancestral character state reconstructions.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150500541698", doi = "10.1080/10635150500541698", openalex = "W2104579758", references = "doi10108010635150490445706" } @article{doi10108010635150600755396, author = "Müller, Johannes and Reisz, Robert R.", title = "The Phylogeny of Early Eureptiles: Comparing Parsimony and Bayesian Approaches in the Investigation of a Basal Fossil Clade", year = "2006", journal = "Systematic Biology", abstract = {For the first time the phylogenetic relationships of early eureptiles, consisting of captorhinids, diapsids, and protorothyridids, are investigated in a modern phylogenetic context using both parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Ninety parsimony-informative characters and 25 taxa were included in the analyses. The Bayesian analysis was run with and without a gamma-shape parameter allowing for variable rates across characters. In addition, we ran two more Bayesian analyses that included 42 autapomorphies and thus parsimony-uninformative characters in order to test the effect of variable branch lengths. The different analyses largely converged to the same topology, suggesting that the "protorothyridid" Coelostegus is the sister taxon of all other eureptiles and that the remaining "protorothyridids" are paraphyletic. Also, there is a close relationship between diapsids and Anthracodromeus, Cephalerpeton, and Protorothyris, a grouping of Thuringothyris with captorhinids, and a variable position of the "protorothyridids" Brouffia, Hylonomus, and Paleothyris. The lack of resolution in some parts of the tree might be due to "hard polytomies" and short divergence times between the respective taxa. The tree topology is consistent with the hypothesis that the temporal fenestrations of diapsid reptiles appear to be the consequence of a more lightly built skeleton, indicating a significant ecological shift in the early stages of diapsid evolution. Bayesian analysis is a very useful additional approach in studies of fossil taxa in which more traditional statistical support like the bootstrap is often weak. However, the exclusive use of the Mk model appears suitable only if autapomorphic characters are included, whereas the Mk+gamma model performed well with or without autapomorphies.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150600755396", doi = "10.1080/10635150600755396", openalex = "W1980715304", references = "carroll1982early, doi101016b9781483232102500066, doi101016b9781483232119500097, doi10108001621459199510476572, doi101080106351501753462876, doi10108010635150490264699, doi101093bioinformatics178754, doi101093molbevmsg028, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva025811, doi101111j146979981972tb01731x, doi1023073514548, openalexw1484431148" } @article{doi101098rspb20063664, author = "Fitzgerald, Erich M. G.", title = "A bizarre new toothed mysticete (Cetacea) from Australia and the early evolution of baleen whales", year = "2006", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Extant baleen whales (Cetacea, Mysticeti) are all large filter-feeding marine mammals that lack teeth as adults, instead possessing baleen, and feed on small marine animals in bulk. The early evolution of these superlative mammals, and their unique feeding method, has hitherto remained enigmatic. Here, I report a new toothed mysticete from the Late Oligocene of Australia that is more archaic than any previously described. Unlike all other mysticetes, this new whale was small, had enormous eyes and lacked derived adaptations for bulk filter-feeding. Several morphological features suggest that this mysticete was a macrophagous predator, being convergent on some Mesozoic marine reptiles and the extant leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). It thus refutes the notions that all stem mysticetes were filter-feeders, and that the origins and initial radiation of mysticetes was linked to the evolution of filter-feeding. Mysticetes evidently radiated into a variety of disparate forms and feeding ecologies before the evolution of baleen or filter-feeding. The phylogenetic context of the new whale indicates that basal mysticetes were macrophagous predators that did not employ filter-feeding or echolocation, and that the evolution of characters associated with bulk filter-feeding was gradual.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3664", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2006.3664", openalex = "W2046109738", references = "doi10108002724634198710011647" } @article{doi101016jpalaeo200611037, author = "Orchard, Michael J.", title = "Conodont diversity and evolution through the latest Permian and Early Triassic upheavals", year = "2007", journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.037", doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.037", openalex = "W2038292898" } @article{doi10108010635150701397635, author = "Marjanović, David and Laurin, Michel", title = "Fossils, Molecules, Divergence Times, and the Origin of Lissamphibians", year = "2007", journal = "Systematic Biology", abstract = "A review of the paleontological literature shows that the early dates of appearance of Lissamphibia recently inferred from molecular data do not favor an origin of extant amphibians from temnospondyls, contrary to recent claims. A supertree is assembled using new Mesquite modules that allow extinct taxa to be incorporated into a time-calibrated phylogeny with a user-defined geological time scale. The supertree incorporates 223 extinct species of lissamphibians and has a highly significant stratigraphic fit. Some divergences can even be dated with sufficient precision to serve as calibration points in molecular divergence date analyses. Fourteen combinations of minimal branch length settings and 10 random resolutions for each polytomy give much more recent minimal origination times of lissamphibian taxa than recent studies based on a phylogenetic analyses of molecular sequences. Attempts to replicate recent molecular date estimates show that these estimates depend strongly on the choice of calibration points, on the dating method, and on the chosen model of evolution; for instance, the estimate for the date of the origin of Lissamphibia can lie between 351 and 266 Mya. This range of values is generally compatible with our time-calibrated supertree and indicates that there is no unbridgeable gap between dates obtained using the fossil record and those using molecular evidence, contrary to previous suggestions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701397635", doi = "10.1080/10635150701397635", openalex = "W2105571914", references = "doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi10108010635150490445706, doi10108010635150490522304, doi101093bioinformatics149817, doi101093bioinformatics192301, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva003974, doi1012060003009020062970001tatol20co2, doi1016660022336020030770822mbatho20co2, doi105860choice392183, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3217097258, openalexw638862129" } @article{doi101098rsbl20090326, author = "Modesto, Sean P. and Scott, Diane and Reisz, Robert R.", title = "Arthropod remains in the oral cavities of fossil reptiles support inference of early insectivory", year = "2009", journal = "Biology Letters", abstract = "Inference of feeding preferences in fossil terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) has been drawn predominantly from craniodental morphology, and less so from fossil specimens preserving conclusive evidence of diet in the form of oral and/or gut contents. Recently, the pivotal role of insectivory in tetrapod evolution was emphasized by the identification of putative insectivores as the closest relatives of the oldest known herbivorous amniotes. We provide the first compelling evidence for insectivory among early tetrapods on the basis of two 280-million-year-old (late Palaeozoic) fossil specimens of a new species of acleistorhinid parareptile with preserved arthropod cuticle on their toothed palates. Their dental morphology, consisting of homodont marginal dentition with cutting edges and slightly recurved tips, is consistent with an insectivorous diet. The intimate association of arthropod cuticle with the oral region of two small reptiles, from a rich fossil locality that has otherwise not produced invertebrate remains, strongly supports the inference of insectivory in the reptiles. These fossils lend additional support to the hypothesis that the origins and earliest stages of higher vertebrate evolution are associated with relatively small terrestrial insectivores.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0326", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2009.0326", openalex = "W2114667518" } @article{doi101111j1469185x200900094x, author = "Langer, Max C. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Novas, Fernando E.", title = "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs", year = "2009", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = {The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x", openalex = "W2121596487", references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi1010160031018281900924, doi1010160031018295000178, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103820167, doi10106313060577, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gsjgs14720321, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20080415, doi10432497802030907329, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice465038, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw114509570, openalexw1496509561, openalexw1535663436, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3208547338, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic" } @article{weaver2009fossil, author = "Weaver, Janelle", title = "Fossil evidence of early reptiles' last meal", year = "2009", journal = "Nature", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/news.2009.1160", doi = "10.1038/news.2009.1160", openalex = "W2087346167", references = "doi101007bf02985876, doi101007s1033600400509, doi101038nature03102, doi101098rsbl20050374, doi101098rsbl20090326, doi101139e01050" } @article{doi101073pnas0912622107, author = "Müller, Johannes and Scheyer, Torsten M. and Head, Jason J. and Barrett, Paul M. and Werneburg, Ingmar and Ericson, Per G. P. and Pol, Diego and Sánchez‐Villagra, Marcelo R.", title = "Homeotic effects, somitogenesis and the evolution of vertebral numbers in recent and fossil amniotes", year = "2010", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", abstract = "The development of distinct regions in the amniote vertebral column results from somite formation and Hox gene expression, with the adult morphology displaying remarkable variation among lineages. Mammalian regionalization is reportedly very conservative or even constrained, but there has been no study investigating vertebral count variation across Amniota as a whole, undermining attempts to understand the phylogenetic, ecological, and developmental factors affecting vertebral column variation. Here, we show that the mammalian (synapsid) and reptilian lineages show early in their evolutionary histories clear divergences in axial developmental plasticity, in terms of both regionalization and meristic change, with basal synapsids sharing the conserved axial configuration of crown mammals, and basal reptiles demonstrating the plasticity of extant taxa. We conducted a comprehensive survey of presacral vertebral counts across 436 recent and extinct amniote taxa. Vertebral counts were mapped onto a generalized amniote phylogeny as well as individual ingroup trees, and ancestral states were reconstructed by using squared-change parsimony. We also calculated the relationship between presacral and cervical numbers to infer the relative influence of homeotic effects and meristic changes and found no correlation between somitogenesis and Hox-mediated regionalization. Although conservatism in presacral numbers characterized early synapsid lineages, in some cases reptiles and synapsids exhibit the same developmental innovations in response to similar selective pressures. Conversely, increases in body mass are not coupled with meristic or homeotic changes, but mostly occur in concert with postembryonic somatic growth. Our study highlights the importance of fossils in large-scale investigations of evolutionary developmental processes.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912622107", doi = "10.1073/pnas.0912622107", openalex = "W2163250180", references = "doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108010635150600755396, doi105860choice451445" } @article{doi101093sysbiosyr047, author = "Pyron, R. Alexander", title = "Divergence Time Estimation Using Fossils as Terminal Taxa and the Origins of Lissamphibia", year = "2011", journal = "Systematic Biology", abstract = "Were molecular data available for extinct taxa, questions regarding the origins of many groups could be settled in short order. As this is not the case, various strategies have been proposed to combine paleontological and neontological data sets. The use of fossil dates as node age calibrations for divergence time estimation from molecular phylogenies is commonplace. In addition, simulations suggest that the addition of morphological data from extinct taxa may improve phylogenetic estimation when combined with molecular data for extant species, and some studies have merged morphological and molecular data to estimate combined evidence phylogenies containing both extinct and extant taxa. However, few, if any, studies have attempted to estimate divergence times using phylogenies containing both fossil and living taxa sampled for both molecular and morphological data. Here, I infer both the phylogeny and the time of origin for Lissamphibia and a number of stem tetrapods using Bayesian methods based on a data set containing morphological data for extinct taxa, molecular data for extant taxa, and molecular and morphological data for a subset of extant taxa. The results suggest that Lissamphibia is monophyletic, nested within Lepospondyli, and originated in the late Carboniferous at the earliest. This research illustrates potential pitfalls for the use of fossils as post hoc age constraints on internal nodes and highlights the importance of explicit phylogenetic analysis of extinct taxa. These results suggest that the application of fossils as minima or maxima on molecular phylogenies should be supplemented or supplanted by combined evidence analyses whenever possible.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr047", doi = "10.1093/sysbio/syr047", openalex = "W2167709329", references = "doi101017s1477201906002008, doi10103831927, doi101038nature06865, doi101080106351501753462876, doi10108010635150490445706, doi10108010635150701397635, doi10108010635150802022231, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg180, doi101093nargkh340, doi101093oso97801995350330010001, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva003974, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva026092, doi101186147121487214, doi1012019780429258411, doi101371journalpbio0040088, doi105860choice293880, openalexw2989049194" } @article{doi101093sysbiosyr107, author = "Parham, James F. and Donoghue, Philip C. J. and Bell, Christopher J. and Calway, Tyler and Head, Jason J. and Holroyd, Patricia A. and Inoue, Jun and Irmis, Randall B. and Joyce, Walter G. and Ksepka, Daniel T. and Patané, José Salvatore Leister and Smith, Nathan D. and Tarver, James E. and van Tuinen, Marcel and Yang, Ziheng and Angielczyk, Kenneth D. and Greenwood, Jenny M. and Hipsley, Christy A. and Jacobs, Louis L. and Makovicky, Peter J. and Müller, Johannes and Smith, Krister T. and Theodor, Jessica M. and Warnock, Rachel C. M. and Benton, Michael J.", title = "Best Practices for Justifying Fossil Calibrations", year = "2011", journal = "Systematic Biology", abstract = "Our ability to correlate biological evolution with climate change, geological evolution, and other historical patterns is essential to understanding the processes that shape biodiversity. Combining data from the fossil record with molecular phylogenetics represents an exciting synthetic approach to this challenge. The first molecular divergence dating analysis (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1962) was based on a measure of the amino acid differences in the hemoglobin molecule, with replacement rates established (calibrated) using paleontological age estimates from textbooks (e.g., Dodson 1960). Since that time, the amount of molecular sequence data has increased dramatically, affording ever-greater opportunities to apply molecular divergence approaches to fundamental problems in evolutionary biology.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr107", doi = "10.1093/sysbio/syr107", openalex = "W2113525598", references = "doi101016jepsl200909013, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jtig200403007, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101038nature08745, doi101093molbevmsj024, doi101093molbevmsl150, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva025892, doi101093sysbio3817, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi101111j14698137201103794x, doi101126science1101012, doi101126science13334591105, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101371journalpbio0040088, doi101371journalpone0009329, doi1023072992432, doi104095215638, openalexw1535663436, openalexw2989049194, openalexw592572837" } @article{doi1012063521, author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J.", title = "The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades", year = "2011", journal = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History", abstract = {Archosaurs have a 250 million year record that originated shortly after the Permian-Triassic extinction event and is continued today by two extant clades, the crocodylians and the avians. The two extant lineages exemplify two bauplan extremes among a diverse and complex evolutionary history, but little is known about the common ancestor of these lineages. Renewed interest in early archosaurs has led to nearly a doubling of the known taxa in the last 20 years. This study presents a thorough phylogenetic analysis of 80 species-level taxa ranging from the latest Permian to the early part of the Jurassic using a dataset of 412 characters. Each terminal taxon is explicitly described and all specimens used in the analysis are clearly stated. Additionally, each character is discussed in detail and nearly all of the character states are illustrated in either a drawing or highlighted on a specimen photograph. A combination of novel characters and comprehensive character sampling has bridged previously published analyses that focus on particular archosauriform subclades. A well-resolved, robustly supported consensus tree (MPTs = 360) found a monophyletic Archosauria consisting of two major branches, the crocodylian-line and avian-line lineages. The monophyly of clades such as Ornithosuchidae, Phytosauria, Aetosauria, Crocodylomorpha, and Dinosauria is supported in this analysis. However, phytosaurs are recovered as the closest sister-taxon to Archosauria, rather than basal crocodylian-line archosaurs, for the first time. Among taxa classically termed as "rauisuchians," a monophyletic poposauroid clade was found as the sister-taxon to a group of paraphyletic "rauisuchians" and monophyletic crocodylomorphs. Hence, crocodylomorphs are well nested within a clade of "rauisuchians," and are not more closely related to aetosaurs than to taxa such as Postosuchus. Basal crocodylomorphs such as Hesperosuchus and similar forms ("Sphenosuchia") were found as a paraphyletic grade leading to the clade Crocodyliformes. Among avian-line archosaurs, Dinosauria is well supported. A monophyletic clade containing Silesaurus and similar forms is well supported as the sister-taxon to Dinosauria. Pterosaurs are robustly supported at the base of the avian-line. A time-calibrated phylogeny of Archosauriformes indicates that the origin and initial diversification of Archosauria occurred during the Early Triassic following the Permian-Triassic extinction. Furthermore, all major basal archosaur clades except Crocodylomorpha were established by the end of the Anisian. Early archosaur evolution is characterized by high rates of homoplasy, long ghost lineages, and high rates of character evolution. The rate of character evolution among archosaurs in the Early Triassic is unmatched relative to archosaur rates for the remainder of the Triassic. These data imply that much of the early history of Archosauria has not been recovered from the fossil record. Not only were archosaurs diverse by the Middle Triassic, but they had nearly a cosmopolitan biogeographic distribution by the end of the Anisian.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1206/352.1", doi = "10.1206/352.1", openalex = "W2009094188", references = "benton1983dinosaur, boulenger1904vion, doi101002jmor10018, doi101007bf02101113, doi101007bf02986571, doi1010160034666791900282, doi101016jcretres200405002, doi101016jgeobios200304008, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017s0006323197005100, doi101017s0016756807003925, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101038114085a0, doi101038248168a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199210011473, doi10108002724634199310011511, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi10108002724634199910011201, doi10108002724634200310010947, doi10108008912960600719988, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rspb20043047, doi101098rspb20071370, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19610007, doi101098rstb19650003, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j109636422001tb01313x, doi101111j109636422001tb01314x, doi101111j10963642200700325x, doi101126science10246376, doi101126science1101012, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science1144066, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science1874180947, doi101126science2562999, doi101126science2665183267, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science28454232137, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gslsp20032170111, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi1012060003009020042860001mptaso20co2, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101371journalpone0002995, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420020220593cvancf20co2, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, doi1016710390290218, doi101671a1097, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss321125417, doi105962bhlpart22965, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, galton1977onstaurikosaums, nesbitt2009a, openalexw1574544995, openalexw2183707334, openalexw2310875238, openalexw2894525608, openalexw834136096, padian1990the, riggs2003isotopic, rowe1989a, sereno1997the, smith1990osteology, walker1964triassic, welles1954new" } @article{doi1033740140530101, author = "Gauthier, Jacques A. and Kearney, Maureen and Maisano, Jessica A. and Rieppel, Olivier and Behlke, Adam D.", title = "Assembling the Squamate Tree of Life: Perspectives from the Phenotype and the Fossil Record", year = "2012", journal = "Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History", abstract = "We assembled a dataset of 192 carefully selected species—51 extinct and 141 extant—and 976 apomorphies distributed among 610 phenotypic characters to investigate the phylogeny of Squamata (“lizards,” including snakes and amphisbaenians). These data enabled us to infer a tree much like those derived from previous morphological analyses, but with better support for some key clades. There are also several novel elements, some of which pose striking departures from traditional ideas about lizard evolution (e.g., that mosasaurs and polyglyphanodontians are on the scleroglossan stem, rather than parts of the crown, and related to varanoids and teiids, respectively). Long-bodied, limb-reduced, “snake-like” fossorial lizards—most notably dibamids, amphisbaenians and snakes—have been and continue to be the chief source of character conflict in squamate morphological phylogenetics. Carnivorous lizards (especially snakes, mosasaurs and varanoids) have proven a close second. Genetic data, presumably less burdened by the potential for adaptive convergence related to fossoriality, were expected to resolve these conflicts. Although recent gene phylogenies seem to do so, they also differ radically from any phylogeny based on the phenotype, especially for the most ancient crown squamate divergences that occured during the latter half of the Mesozoic. Our study relied on traditionally prepared specimens as well as high-resolution computed tomography scans that afforded unprecendented access to the cranial anatomy of Squamata. This, along with the inclusion of stem fossils, provided an unparalleled sample of the phenotype enabling us to more fully explore the extreme incongruences between molecular and morphological topologies for the squamate tree of life. Despite this extensive new database, we were unable to find morphological support for the major rearrangement of the deep divergences in Squamata proposed by recent molecular studies. Instead, our data strongly support the same fundamental topology suggested by most previous morphological studies—an Iguania-Scleroglossa basal split, a sister-group relationship between Gekkota and Autarchoglossa, and the divergence between Anguimorpha and Scincomorpha—and documents the extreme degree of morphological homoplasy required by those molecular topologies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101", doi = "10.3374/014.053.0101", openalex = "W2126709923", references = "doi101093nqs5vi146318i, doi101111j109636421978tb00376x, doi101126science2562999, doi105281zenodo16435343, openalexw78510971" } @article{doi101098rspb20131733, author = "Friedman, Matt and Keck, Benjamin P. and Dornburg, Alex and Eytan, Ron I. and Martin, Christopher H. and Hulsey, C. Darrin and Wainwright, Peter C. and Near, Thomas J.", title = "Molecular and fossil evidence place the origin of cichlid fishes long after Gondwanan rifting", year = "2013", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Cichlid fishes are a key model system in the study of adaptive radiation, speciation and evolutionary developmental biology. More than 1600 cichlid species inhabit freshwater and marginal marine environments across several southern landmasses. This distributional pattern, combined with parallels between cichlid phylogeny and sequences of Mesozoic continental rifting, has led to the widely accepted hypothesis that cichlids are an ancient group whose major biogeographic patterns arose from Gondwanan vicariance. Although the Early Cretaceous (ca 135 Ma) divergence of living cichlids demanded by the vicariance model now represents a key calibration for teleost molecular clocks, this putative split pre-dates the oldest cichlid fossils by nearly 90 Myr. Here, we provide independent palaeontological and relaxed-molecular-clock estimates for the time of cichlid origin that collectively reject the antiquity of the group required by the Gondwanan vicariance scenario. The distribution of cichlid fossil horizons, the age of stratigraphically consistent outgroup lineages to cichlids and relaxed-clock analysis of a DNA sequence dataset consisting of 10 nuclear genes all deliver overlapping estimates for crown cichlid origin centred on the Palaeocene (ca 65-57 Ma), substantially post-dating the tectonic fragmentation of Gondwana. Our results provide a revised macroevolutionary time scale for cichlids, imply a role for dispersal in generating the observed geographical distribution of this important model clade and add to a growing debate that questions the dominance of the vicariance paradigm of historical biogeography.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1733", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2013.1733", openalex = "W2012815525", references = "doi101007978146848851721" } @article{doi103732ajb1200416, author = "Magallón, Susana and Hilu, Khidir W. and Quandt, Dietmar", title = "Land plant evolutionary timeline: Gene effects are secondary to fossil constraints in relaxed clock estimation of age and substitution rates", year = "2013", journal = "American Journal of Botany", abstract = "PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Land plants play an essential role in the evolution of terrestrial life. Their time of origin and diversification is fundamental to understanding the evolution of life on land. We investigated the timing and the rate of molecular evolution of land plants, evaluating the effects of different types of molecular data, including temporal information from fossils, and using different molecular clock methods. • METHODS: Ages and absolute rates were estimated independently with two substitutionally different data sets: a highly conserved 4-gene data set and matK, a fast-evolving gene. The vascular plant backbone and the crown nodes of all major lineages were calibrated with fossil-derived ages. Dates and absolute rates were estimated while including or excluding the calibrations and using two relaxed clocks that differ in their implementation of temporal autocorrelation. • KEY RESULTS: Land plants diverged from streptophyte alga 912 (870-962) million years ago (Mya) but diversified into living lineages 475 (471-480) Mya. Ages estimated for all major land-plant lineages agree with their fossil record, except for angiosperms. Different genes estimated very similar ages and correlated absolute rates across the tree. Excluding calibrations resulted in the greatest age differences. Different relaxed clocks provided similar ages, but different and uncorrelated absolute rates. • CONCLUSIONS: Whole-genome rate accelerations or decelerations may underlie the similar ages and correlated absolute rates estimated with different genes. We suggest that pronounced substitution rate changes around the angiosperm crown node may represent a challenge for relaxed clocks to model adequately.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200416", doi = "10.3732/ajb.1200416", openalex = "W2145697624", references = "doi10108000241160410006483, doi101146annurevearth042711105313, openalexw1921158499" } @article{doi101371journalpone0088987, author = "Scheyer, Torsten M. and Romano, Carlo and Jenks, Jim and Bucher, Hugo", title = "Early Triassic Marine Biotic Recovery: The Predators' Perspective", year = "2014", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Examining the geological past of our planet allows us to study periods of severe climatic and biological crises and recoveries, biotic and abiotic ecosystem fluctuations, and faunal and floral turnovers through time. Furthermore, the recovery dynamics of large predators provide a key for evaluation of the pattern and tempo of ecosystem recovery because predators are interpreted to react most sensitively to environmental turbulences. The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe crisis experienced by life on Earth, and the common paradigm persists that the biotic recovery from the extinction event was unusually slow and occurred in a step-wise manner, lasting up to eight to nine million years well into the early Middle Triassic (Anisian) in the oceans, and even longer in the terrestrial realm. Here we survey the global distribution and size spectra of Early Triassic and Anisian marine predatory vertebrates (fishes, amphibians and reptiles) to elucidate the height of trophic pyramids in the aftermath of the end-Permian event. The survey of body size was done by compiling maximum standard lengths for the bony fishes and some cartilaginous fishes, and total size (estimates) for the tetrapods. The distribution and size spectra of the latter are difficult to assess because of preservation artifacts and are thus mostly discussed qualitatively. The data nevertheless demonstrate that no significant size increase of predators is observable from the Early Triassic to the Anisian, as would be expected from the prolonged and stepwise trophic recovery model. The data further indicate that marine ecosystems characterized by multiple trophic levels existed from the earliest Early Triassic onwards. However, a major change in the taxonomic composition of predatory guilds occurred less than two million years after the end-Permian extinction event, in which a transition from fish/amphibian to fish/reptile-dominated higher trophic levels within ecosystems became apparent.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088987", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0088987", openalex = "W1976104635", references = "doi101007s0044201018120, doi101016jearscirev201305014, doi101016jtree201303008, doi101038ngeo1475, doi101038nmeth2019, doi10108000241160410006483, doi10108002724634198710011647, doi10108010292389409380462, doi101098rspb20091845, doi101111j14754983201201165x, doi101126science1097023, doi101126science1213454, doi101144sp35813, doi101146annurevearth042711105329, openalexw2183707334, openalexw2898156694" } @article{doi101111pala12150, author = "Friedman, Matt", title = "The early evolution of ray‐finned fishes", year = "2015", journal = "Palaeontology", abstract = "Abstract Ray‐finned fishes (A ctinopterygii) constitute approximately half of all living vertebrate species. A stable hypothesis of relationships among major modern lineages has emerged over the past decade, supported by both anatomy and molecules. Diversity is unevenly partitioned across the actinopterygian tree, with most species concentrated within a handful of geologically young (i.e. C retaceous) teleost clades. Extant non‐teleost groups are portrayed as ‘living fossils’, but this moniker should not be taken as evidence of especially primitive structure: each of these lineages is characterized by profound specializations. Attribution of fossils to the crowns and apical stems of C ladistia, C hondrostei and N eopterygii is uncontroversial, but placements of P alaeozoic taxa along deeper branches of actinopterygian phylogeny are less secure. Despite these limitations, some major outlines of actinopterygian diversification seem reasonably clear from the fossil record: low richness and disparity in the D evonian; elevated morphological variety, linked to increases in taxonomic dominance, in the early C arboniferous; and further gains in taxonomic dominance in the E arly T riassic associated with earliest appearance of trophically diverse crown neopterygians.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12150", doi = "10.1111/pala.12150", openalex = "W2079287427", references = "doi101007978146848851721, doi101016jearscirev201305014, doi101038nature14065, doi101111brv12161, doi105962p313860" } @article{doi101038ncomms10825, author = "Fischer, Valentin and Bardet, Nathalie and Benson, Roger and Arkhangelsky, M. S. and Friedman, Matt", title = "Extinction of fish-shaped marine reptiles associated with reduced evolutionary rates and global environmental volatility", year = "2016", journal = "Nature Communications", abstract = "Despite their profound adaptations to the aquatic realm and their apparent success throughout the Triassic and the Jurassic, ichthyosaurs became extinct roughly 30 million years before the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Current hypotheses for this early demise involve relatively minor biotic events, but are at odds with recent understanding of the ichthyosaur fossil record. Here, we show that ichthyosaurs maintained high but diminishing richness and disparity throughout the Early Cretaceous. The last ichthyosaurs are characterized by reduced rates of origination and phenotypic evolution and their elevated extinction rates correlate with increased environmental volatility. In addition, we find that ichthyosaurs suffered from a profound Early Cenomanian extinction that reduced their ecological diversity, likely contributing to their final extinction at the end of the Cenomanian. Our results support a growing body of evidence revealing that global environmental change resulted in a major, temporally staggered turnover event that profoundly reorganized marine ecosystems during the Cenomanian.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10825", doi = "10.1038/ncomms10825", openalex = "W2295669701", references = "doi101016jcub201410064, doi101016jgloplacha201312007, doi101017cbo9780511802461005, doi101017s0016756812000994, doi1010292001pa000623, doi10108002724634199910011160, doi101080027246342011595464, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg180, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg412, doi101098rspb20091845, doi101111brv12038, doi101111brv12203, doi101111j2041210x201200223x, doi101111pala12142, doi101126scienceaaa3716, doi101371journalpone0029234, doi101371journalpone0031838, doi101371journalpone0103152, doi1023071268794, doi1023073802723, druckenmiller2010a, openalexw2896296657" } @article{doi101073pnas1607237113, author = "Clarke, John T. and Lloyd, Graeme T. and Friedman, Matt", title = "Little evidence for enhanced phenotypic evolution in early teleosts relative to their living fossil sister group", year = "2016", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", abstract = {Since Darwin, biologists have been struck by the extraordinary diversity of teleost fishes, particularly in contrast to their closest "living fossil" holostean relatives. Hypothesized drivers of teleost success include innovations in jaw mechanics, reproductive biology and, particularly at present, genomic architecture, yet all scenarios presuppose enhanced phenotypic diversification in teleosts. We test this key assumption by quantifying evolutionary rate and capacity for innovation in size and shape for the first 160 million y (Permian-Early Cretaceous) of evolution in neopterygian fishes (the more extensive clade containing teleosts and holosteans). We find that early teleosts do not show enhanced phenotypic evolution relative to holosteans. Instead, holostean rates and innovation often match or can even exceed those of stem-, crown-, and total-group teleosts, belying the living fossil reputation of their extant representatives. In addition, we find some evidence for heterogeneity within the teleost lineage. Although stem teleosts excel at discovering new body shapes, early crown-group taxa commonly display higher rates of shape evolution. However, the latter reflects low rates of shape evolution in stem teleosts relative to all other neopterygian taxa, rather than an exceptional feature of early crown teleosts. These results complement those emerging from studies of both extant teleosts as a whole and their sublineages, which generally fail to detect an association between genome duplication and significant shifts in rates of lineage diversification.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607237113", doi = "10.1073/pnas.1607237113", openalex = "W2526255529", references = "doi101111brv12161, doi101111brv12203" } @article{doi101016jpalwor201707001, author = "Botting, Joseph P. and Muir, Lucy A.", title = "Early sponge evolution: A review and phylogenetic framework", year = "2017", journal = "Palaeoworld", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2017.07.001", doi = "10.1016/j.palwor.2017.07.001", openalex = "W2735775311", references = "doi10100797814615074751, doi101016jcub200902052, doi101016jpalaeo200401022, doi101016jpalaeo201202009, doi101017s0022336000017315, doi101021j150516a002, doi101038nature06614, doi101038nature07673, doi101038nature13400, doi101073pnas1111784109, doi101111j14754983200700656x, doi101126sciadv1602159, doi101126science1182369, doi101126science1206375, doi101126science1242592, doi101139e11018, doi101371journalpbio1000602, ma2016early" } @article{doi1010800272463420171410484, author = "Peecook, Brandon R. and Steyer, Jean‐Sébastien and Tabor, Neil J. and Smith, Roger M. H.", title = "Updated geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Triassic Ntawere Formation of northeastern Zambia, with special emphasis on the archosauromorphs", year = "2017", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "The two vertebrate fossil assemblages from the?Middle Triassic Ntawere Formation have been known since the 1960s, but little new work has been done since the description of novel taxa in the 1960s and 1970s. Three recent field seasons have increased vertebrate diversity in the upper Ntawere assemblage and expanded biostratigraphic connections between the lower and upper Ntawere assemblages and assemblages in fossiliferous basins across southern Pangea. The upper Ntawere contains hybodontoid sharks, ptychoceratodontid lungfish, large- and small-bodied stereospondyl amphibians (Cherninia, ‘Stanocephalosaurus,’ Batrachosuchus, a new taxon), stahleckeriid dicynodonts (Sangusaurus, Zambiasaurus), traversodontid and trirachodontid cynodonts (Luangwa, a new species, Cricodon), and at least four archosauromorphs, including a large loricatan pseudosuchian, a shuvosaurid poposauroid, and silesaurid dinosauriforms (Lutungutali), whereas the lower Ntawere contains the cynodonts Cynognathus and Diademodon and species of the dicynodont Kannemeyeria. The lower and upper Ntawere assemblages have been correlated with the middle and upper subzones of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin, South Africa, into a network of connections between assemblages in modern day Tanzania, Argentina, Brazil, Namibia, Antarctica, and India. Although lower Ntawere correlations are reinforced by the occurrence of Cynognathus, new observations from the upper Ntawere, in combination with field work in Tanzania, Namibia, and Brazil, have shifted the geographic focus of biostratigraphic connection away from the Karoo later in the Triassic. A recent radiometric date from Argentina from below the horizon correlated with both the Karoo and the lower Ntawere places these, and all higher assemblages, into the Carnian Stage of the Late Triassic.Citation for this article: Peecook, B. R., J. S. Steyer, N. J. Tabor, and R. M. H. Smith. 2018. Updated geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Triassic Ntawere Formation of northeastern Zambia, with special emphasis on the archosauromorphs; pp. 8–38 in C. A. Sidor and S. J. Nesbitt (eds.), Vertebrate and Climatic Evolution in the Triassic Rift Basins of Tanzania and Zambia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 17. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37(6, Supplement).", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1410484", doi = "10.1080/02724634.2017.1410484", openalex = "W2794678684", references = "doi101016jpalaeo201001011, doi101017s1755691013000376, doi101038s4155901703055, doi101111brv12161, doi101371journalpone0081917, doi105962p150189" } @article{doi101126sciadv1602159, author = "Brayard, Arnaud and Krumenacker, Laurel J. and Botting, Joseph P. and Jenks, James F. and Bylund, Kevin G. and Fara, Emmanuel and Vennin, Emmanuelle and Olivier, Nicolas and Goudemand, Nicolas and Saucède, Thomas and Charbonnier, Sylvain and Romano, Carlo and Doguzhaeva, Larisa A. and Thuy, Ben and Hautmann, Michael and Stephen, Daniel A. and Thomazo, Christophe and Escarguel, Gilles", title = "Unexpected Early Triassic marine ecosystem and the rise of the Modern evolutionary fauna", year = "2017", journal = "Science Advances", abstract = "In the wake of the end-Permian mass extinction, the Early Triassic (\textasciitilde 251.9 to 247 million years ago) is portrayed as an environmentally unstable interval characterized by several biotic crises and heavily depauperate marine benthic ecosystems. We describe a new fossil assemblage-the Paris Biota-from the earliest Spathian (middle Olenekian, \textasciitilde 250.6 million years ago) of the Bear Lake area, southeastern Idaho, USA. This highly diversified assemblage documents a remarkably complex marine ecosystem including at least seven phyla and 20 distinct metazoan orders, along with algae. Most unexpectedly, it combines early Paleozoic and middle Mesozoic taxa previously unknown from the Triassic strata, among which are primitive Cambrian-Ordovician leptomitid sponges (a 200-million year Lazarus taxon) and gladius-bearing coleoid cephalopods, a poorly documented group before the Jurassic (\textasciitilde 50 million years after the Early Triassic). Additionally, the crinoid and ophiuroid specimens show derived anatomical characters that were thought to have evolved much later. Unlike previous works that suggested a sluggish postcrisis recovery and a low diversity for the Early Triassic benthic organisms, the unexpected composition of this exceptional assemblage points toward an early and rapid post-Permian diversification for these clades. Overall, it illustrates a phylogenetically diverse, functionally complex, and trophically multileveled marine ecosystem, from primary producers up to top predators and potential scavengers. Hence, the Paris Biota highlights the key evolutionary position of Early Triassic fossil ecosystems in the transition from the Paleozoic to the Modern marine evolutionary fauna at the dawn of the Mesozoic era.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602159", doi = "10.1126/sciadv.1602159", openalex = "W2588343230", references = "doi101016003101829400093n, doi101016jepsl200704023, doi101016jpalaeo200611037, doi101017s0094837300003778, doi101038ngeo1667, doi101073pnas1317692111, doi10108011035898709454746, doi101126science1097023, doi101126science1174638, doi101126science1224126, doi101371journalpone0088987, doi101666100891, doi101666101591, doi10182618200374254198901" } @article{doi101038s4155901806566, author = "Foffa, Davide and Young, Mark T. and Stubbs, Thomas L. and Dexter, Kyle G. and Brusatte, Stephen L.", title = "The long-term ecology and evolution of marine reptiles in a Jurassic seaway", year = "2018", journal = "Nature Ecology \& Evolution", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0656-6", doi = "10.1038/s41559-018-0656-6", openalex = "W2889190964", references = "doi101017pab201615, doi101038ncomms10825, doi101111brv12038, doi101126scienceaaa3716" } @article{doi101038s4155901910473, author = "Ford, David P. and Benson, Roger", title = "The phylogeny of early amniotes and the affinities of Parareptilia and Varanopidae", year = "2019", journal = "Nature Ecology \& Evolution", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1047-3", doi = "10.1038/s41559-019-1047-3", openalex = "W2996431919", references = "doi101016jjtbi201009010, doi101038s4155901910473, doi101073pnas1319091111, doi10108001621459199510476572, doi10108010635150600755396, doi101093molbevmsi225, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040082, doi101093sysbiosyq085, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j146979981972tb01731x, doi101111j155856461983tb05533x, doi107717peerj1778" } @article{doi101126scienceabf5787, author = "Sander, P. Martin and Griebeler, Eva Maria and Klein, Nicole and Vélez‐Juarbe, Jorge and Wintrich, Tanja and Revell, Liam J. and Schmitz, Lars", title = "Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans", year = "2021", journal = "Science", abstract = "sp. nov. with a 2-meter-long skull from the Middle Triassic Fossil Hill Fauna of Nevada, USA, underscoring rapid size evolution despite the absence of many modern primary producers. Surprisingly, the Fossil Hill Fauna rivaled the composition of modern marine mammal faunas in terms of size range, and energy-flux models suggest that Middle Triassic marine food webs were able to support several large-bodied ichthyosaurs at high trophic levels, shortly after ichthyosaur origins.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf5787", doi = "10.1126/science.abf5787", openalex = "W4200461273", references = "doi1010801477201920171394922, doi101098rstb20130038, doi101111evo13680, doi101126sciadv1602159, doi101126scienceaaa3716, doi101371journalpone0078573, doi101371journalpone0088987, doi101371journalpone0146092" } @article{doi101126sciadvabq1898, author = "Simões, Tiago R. and Kammerer, Christian F. and Caldwell, Michael W. and Pierce, Stephanie E.", title = "Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles", year = "2022", journal = "Science Advances", abstract = "Climate change-induced mass extinctions provide unique opportunities to explore the impacts of global environmental disturbances on organismal evolution. However, their influence on terrestrial ecosystems remains poorly understood. Here, we provide a new time tree for the early evolution of reptiles and their closest relatives to reconstruct how the Permian-Triassic climatic crises shaped their long-term evolutionary trajectory. By combining rates of phenotypic evolution, mode of selection, body size, and global temperature data, we reveal an intimate association between reptile evolutionary dynamics and climate change in the deep past. We show that the origin and phenotypic radiation of reptiles was not solely driven by ecological opportunity following the end-Permian extinction as previously thought but also the result of multiple adaptive responses to climatic shifts spanning 57 million years.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq1898", doi = "10.1126/sciadv.abq1898", openalex = "W4294250173", references = "doi1010179781316711644, doi101038s4155901910473, doi101098rspb20180361, doi101111j146979981972tb01731x" } @article{doi101126scienceadf1622, author = "Dai, Xu and Davies, Joshua H.F.L. and Yuan, Zhiwei and Brayard, Arnaud and Ovtcharova, Maria and Xu, Guanghui and Liu, Xiaokang and Smith, Christopher P. A. and Schweitzer, Carrie E. and Li, Mingtao and Perrot, Morgann and Jiang, Shouyi and Miao, Luyi and Cao, Yiran and Yan, Jia and Bai, Ruoyu and Wang, Feng‐Yu and Guo, Wei and Song, Huyue and Song, Huyue and Tian, Li and Corso, Jacopo Dal and Liu, Yuting and Chu, Daoliang and Song, Haijun and Song, Haijun", title = "A Mesozoic fossil lagerstätte from 250.8 million years ago shows a modern-type marine ecosystem", year = "2023", journal = "Science", abstract = "Finely preserved fossil assemblages (lagerstätten) provide crucial insights into evolutionary innovations in deep time. We report an exceptionally preserved Early Triassic fossil assemblage, the Guiyang Biota, from the Daye Formation near Guiyang, South China. High-precision uranium-lead dating shows that the age of the Guiyang Biota is 250.83 +0.07/-0.06 million years ago. This is only 1.08 ± 0.08 million years after the severe Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and this assemblage therefore represents the oldest known Mesozoic lagerstätte found so far. The Guiyang Biota comprises at least 12 classes and 19 orders, including diverse fish fauna and malacostracans, revealing a trophically complex marine ecosystem. Therefore, this assemblage demonstrates the rapid rise of modern-type marine ecosystems after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adf1622", doi = "10.1126/science.adf1622", openalex = "W4319812171", references = "doi101111brv12161, doi101126sciadv1602159, doi101371journalpone0088987, doi103389feart2022899541" } @article{doi101093sysbiosyaf087, author = "Jenkins, Kelsey M. and Meyer, Dalton L. and Bhullar, Bhart‐Anjan S.", title = "Phylogenetic Paradigm Shifts in Early Amniote Evolution", year = "2025", journal = "Systematic Biology", abstract = {The dichotomy within Amniota (mammals and reptiles) was recognized early in the history of phylogenetic systematics, and with it developed a canonical understanding of the evolutionary relationships of early-diverging clades. In recent years, the relationships of these clades have shifted dramatically among studies, which has profound effects on how researchers interpret evolutionary patterns in early amniotes. To gain a fuller understanding of the early evolution of amniotes, we compiled one of the largest amniote-wide phylogenetic datasets, including 590 fully illustrated characters and 150 taxa representing all the major clades of "pelycosaurian" stem mammals, pan-reptiles, and several outgroups. We analyzed this dataset under Bayesian and Parsimony frameworks, which resulted in different topologies, particularly among stem mammals and near-crown and within-crown Reptilia. To explore the effect sampling has on tree topology, we conducted three series of exclusion experiments, each consisting of ten analyses, each with ten fewer OTUs than the previous, as well as 26 exclusion analyses removing one major clade of early diverging amniote or individual OTU at a time. This experiment showed that taxon sampling has a major effect on early amniote tree topology, and many of the topologies we found bear striking similarities to those reported in recent publications. Furthermore, we identify and discuss several unique effects that taxon exclusion may have on phylogenies. To address poorly resolved (i.e., polytomies) and unstable portions of amniote phylogeny, where branches frequently move or dismantle depending on sampling and choice of analytical technique, we encourage more detailed anatomical work on early amniotes, particularly stem mammals, and expansion of morphological phylogenetic datasets.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaf087", doi = "10.1093/sysbio/syaf087", openalex = "W4417305077", references = "doi101098rsos241298, doi101111pala70038" } @article{doi101098rsos241298, author = "Jenkins, Xavier A. and Benson, Roger and Ford, David P. and Browning, Claire and Fernández, Vincent and Griffiths, Elizabeth and Choiniere, Jonah N. and Peecook, Brandon R.", title = "Cranial osteology and neuroanatomy of the late Permian reptile Milleropsis pricei and implications for early reptile evolution", year = "2025", journal = "Royal Society Open Science", abstract = "shares with neodiapsids that are absent both in other 'parareptiles' and in early diverging groups of 'eureptiles'. Traits shared between Milleropsis and neodiapsids include: the presence of a tympanic emargination on the quadrate, quadratojugal and squamosal, the loss of epipterygoid contribution to the basicranial articulation suggesting a more kinetic palatoquadrate, the absence of a sphenethmoid and the pathway of the abducens nerve through the braincase. Our findings suggest that the early reptile neurocranium, a region poorly sampled in phylogenetic analyses due to relative visual inaccessibility and poor preservation, has the potential to inform the phylogenetic relationships of early reptiles.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241298", doi = "10.1098/rsos.241298", openalex = "W4406177532", references = "carroll1982early, doi101016jnimb201309030, doi101016s0016699588800664, doi101038142004a0, doi101046j13652818200201010x, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j109636421995tb00932x, doi1033740140530101, doi103724spj1002200808016, doi107717peerj1778" } @article{doi101111pala70038, author = "Jenkins, Kelsey and Behlke, Adam D. B. and Sues, Hans‐Dieter", title = "New anatomical details concerning the cranial structure of the early Permian stem reptile Protorothyris archeri revealed by μCT, with implications for the evolution of olfaction in reptiles", year = "2025", journal = "Palaeontology", abstract = "Abstract Re‐examination of early‐diverging stem reptiles can provide valuable phylogenetic data and insights into the evolution of sensory systems during the terrestrialization of tetrapods in the late Palaeozoic. Here, we apply μCT imaging to a previously undescribed specimen of Protorothyris archeri. Our segmentations revealed previously unknown anatomical details of this species, including enlarged dentary teeth, denticles on the parabasisphenoid, and the morphology of the internal surfaces of the dermatocranial elements. We included this specimen within a phylogenetic matrix of 177 operational taxonomic units and 628 morphological characters designed to examine the relationships of early‐diverging amniotes, particularly stem reptiles. Bayesian and parsimony analyses reveal that there is still topological discordance among some clades (e.g. caseasaurs, varanopids), although these analyses confirm that ‘protorothyridids’ do not form a clade, consistent with other recent phylogenetic analyses. The position of P. archeri as an early‐diverging stem reptile in our analyses suggests that it may provide insight into the evolution of the olfactory system as the reptile lineage diversified throughout the Permian, based on the morphology of the cristae cranii. However, more anatomical work is needed to determine if the depth of the cristae cranii is indicative of olfactory bulb size and capability.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.70038", doi = "10.1111/pala.70038", openalex = "W7116955307", references = "doi101016jneuroimage200805004, doi101038s4155901702405, doi10108010635150701477825, doi101093bioinformatics178754, doi101093sysbiosyy032, doi101098rsos241298, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j109636421995tb00932x, doi101126science2835404998, doi101371journalpbio0040088, rowe2023evolution" }