@misc{connell1970readings1, author = "Connell, J. H. and Mertz, D. B. and Murdoch, W. W", title = "Readings in Ecology and Ecological Genetics", year = "1970", howpublished = "New York, Harper and Row, 397 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Connell, J. H., Mertz, D. B., and Murdoch, W. W., 1970, Readings in Ecology and Ecological Genetics: New York, Harper and Row, 397 p.}" } @article{doi103733hilgv40n11p331, author = "McMurtry, J. A. and Huffaker, C. B. and van de Vrie, M.", title = "Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: A review: I. Tetranychid enemies: Their biological characters and the impact of spray practices", year = "1970", journal = "Hilgardia", abstract = "The two papers presented here were prepared at the request of the Special Committee of the International Biological Program, as part of a broad program on the ecology and natural control of spider mites (Tetranychidae) on a worldwide basis. Part I is a review of the pertinent literature and a discussion of the biology and ecology of various spider mite enemies, their potential as biological control agents, and the effects of pesticides on their populations. Part II reviews the literature pertaining to tetranychid abundance, and the evidence supporting various hypotheses concerned with their populations. It evaluates the action of various predators and discusses possible ways of implementing biological control. A third paper in this series (Part III), by the same authors, will review the literature and discuss the problem of spider mites from the standpoint of their biology, ecology, pest status, and their relationship to host plants. This paper is expected to be published shortly.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3733/hilg.v40n11p331", doi = "10.3733/hilg.v40n11p331", openalex = "W2324497467" } @article{doi103733hilgv40n11p391, author = "Huffaker, C. B. and van de Vrie, M. and McMurtry, J. A.", title = "Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: A review: II. Tetranychid populations and their possible control by predators: An evaluation", year = "1970", journal = "Hilgardia", abstract = "The two papers presented here were prepared at the request of the Special Committee of the International Biological Program, as part of a broad program on the ecology and natural control of spider mites (Tetranychidae) on a worldwide basis. Part I is a review of the pertinent literature and a discussion of the biology and ecology of various spider mite enemies, their potential as biological control agents, and the effects of pesticides on their populations. Part II reviews the literature pertaining to tetranychid abundance, and the evidence supporting various hypotheses concerned with their populations. It evaluates the action of various predators and discusses possible ways of implementing biological control. A third paper in this series (Part III), by the same authors, will review the literature and discuss the problem of spider mites from the standpoint of their biology, ecology, pest status, and their relationship to host plants. This paper is expected to be published shortly.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3733/hilg.v40n11p391", doi = "10.3733/hilg.v40n11p391", openalex = "W2073176131" } @book{openalexw2062594085, author = "Crow, James F. and Kimura, Makoto", title = "An introduction to population genetics theory", year = "1970", abstract = "An introduction to population genetics theory, An introduction to population genetics theory, مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی", openalex = "W2062594085" } @book{openalexw580562315, author = "Connell, Joseph H. and Mertz, David B. and Murdoch, William W.", title = "Readings in Ecology and Ecological Genetics", year = "1970", journal = "Medical Entomology and Zoology", url = "https://openalex.org/W580562315", openalex = "W580562315" } @article{gilbert1971readings, author = "Gilbert, Edward E.", title = "Readings in Ecology and Ecological Genetics. Joseph H. Connell, David B. Mertz, William W. Murdoch", year = "1971", journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/406801", doi = "10.1086/406801", number = "1", openalex = "W2513664272", pages = "92-93", volume = "46" } @article{doi101146annureven23010178002055, author = "Frankie, Gordon W. and Ehler, L. E.", title = "Ecology of Insects in Urban Environments", year = "1978", journal = "Annual Review of Entomology", abstract = "Numerous insects and other arthropods colonize and reproduce in disturbed and man-made environments. This is particularly apparent in Juban areas. The extent to which these organisms exploit urban environments has only recently been appre­ ciated. Our ignorance in this area can be attributed, in large part, to the general dearth of relevant ecological studies. The purpose of this review is to evaluate and synthesize information important to an understanding of the ecological bases for the reproduction and survival of insects (and to a lesser extent other arthropods) in urban environments. More specifically, we emphasize the need to assess two major components of the insect's environment: resources necessary for survival and the pervasive influence of man. Population, community, and evolutionary case-history studies are analyzed within this conceptual framework. Comparative studies in more than one habitat are given special consideration. Finally, suggestions for future studies on basic and applied questions in urban entomology are offered. Information on insects in urban environments is scattered throughout the agricul­ tural and biological literature. This is not surprising since most of the information has been gathered by specialists in a wide variety of fields. Examples of these fields and representative studies include: ecological and environmental sciences (56, 64, 81, 92, 117, 118, 137, 138, 159, 165, 166), population genetics and evolutionary biology (14, 17, 18,36,38-41,75,99, 151), general pest identification and control (43, 72, 150), biological and integrated control (91, 107, 108, 121, 122), forest entomology (25, 50, 51, 71, 91, 103, 130), plant pathology (53, 143), medical entomology (61, 85, 99, 124, 149, 157), stored-product entomology (10, 19,49, 70, 88, 102, 168, 174), and insecticide toxicology (16).", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.23.010178.002055", doi = "10.1146/annurev.en.23.010178.002055", openalex = "W2140087242", references = "doi101111j155856461972tb00186x" } @article{doi1023071936977, author = "Smith, Paul E. and Southwood, T. R. E.", title = "Ecological Methods with Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations", year = "1979", journal = "Ecology", abstract = "Ecological methods:with particular reference to the study of insect populations, Ecological methods:with particular reference to the study of insect populations, مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1936977", doi = "10.2307/1936977", openalex = "W2111703506" } @article{doi1023072529912, author = "Edwards, A. W. F. and Falconer, D. S.", title = "Introduction to Quantitative Genetics.", year = "1982", journal = "Biometrics", abstract = "Part 1 Genetic constitution of a population: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Part 2 Changes in gene frequency: migration mutation. Part 3 Small populations - changes in gene frequency under simplified conditions. Part 4 Small populations - less simplified conditions. Part 5 Small populations - pedigreed populations and close inbreeding. Part 6 Continuous variation. Part 7 Values and means. Part 8 Variance. Part 9 Resemblance between relatives. Part 10 Heritability. Part 11 Selection - the response and its prediction. Part 12 Selection - the results of experiments. Part 13 Selection - information from relatives. Part 14 Inbreeding and crossbreeding - changes of mean value. Part 15 Inbreeding and crossbreeding - changes of variance. Part 16 Inbreeding and crossbreeding - applications. Part 17 Scale. Part 18 Threshold characters. Part 19 Correlated characters. Part 20 Metric characters under natural selection.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2529912", doi = "10.2307/2529912", openalex = "W2141088880" } @article{doi1023073281335, author = "Margolis, Leo and Esch, G. W. and Holmes, John C. and Kuris, Armand M. and Schad, G. A.", title = "The Use of Ecological Terms in Parasitology (Report of an Ad Hoc Committee of the American Society of Parasitologists)", year = "1982", journal = "Journal of Parasitology", abstract = "L. Margolis, G. W. Esch, J. C. Holmes, A. M. Kuris, G. A. Schad, The Use of Ecological Terms in Parasitology (Report of an Ad Hoc Committee of the American Society of Parasitologists), The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Feb., 1982), pp. 131-133", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3281335", doi = "10.2307/3281335", openalex = "W2059029412" } @book{openalexw1495050269, author = "Hedrick, Philip W.", title = "Genetics of populations", year = "1983", abstract = "The Fourth Edition of Genetics of Populations is the most current, comprehensive, and accessible introduction to the field for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in genetics, evolution, conservation, and related fields. In the past several years, interest in the application of population genetics principles to new molecular data has increased greatly, and Dr. Hedrick's new edition exemplifies his commitment to keeping pace with this dynamic area of study. Reorganized to allow students to focus more sharply on key material, the Fourth Edition integrates coverage of theoretical issues with a clear presentation of experimental population genetics and empirical data. Drawing examples from both recent and classic studies, and using a variety of organisms to illustrate the vast developments of population genetics, this text provides students and researchers with the most comprehensive resource in the field.", openalex = "W1495050269" } @article{doi101111j155856461988tb02510x, author = "Grosberg, Richard K.", title = "LIFE‐HISTORY VARIATION WITHIN A POPULATION OF THE COLONIAL ASCIDIAN BOTRYLLUS SCHLOSSERI. I. THE GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF SEASONAL VARIATION", year = "1988", journal = "Evolution", abstract = "Many empirical analyses of life-history tactics are based on the assumption that demographic variation ought to be greatest among populations or species living in different environments. However, in a single population of the sessile colonial sea squirt Botryllus schlosseri, there are two discrete life-history morphs. Semelparous colonies are characterized by a) death immediately following the production of a single clutch, b) early age at first reproduction, c) rapid growth to first reproduction, and d) high reproductive effort. In contrast, iteroparous colonies a) produce at least three clutches before dying, b) postpone sexual reproduction until they are nearly twice the age of semelparous colonies, c) grow at about half the rate of semelparous colonies, and d) invest roughly 75\% less in reproductive effort than semelparous colonies. Semelparous colonies numerically dominate the population through midsummer; later in the summer, iteroparous colonies are most numerous. Field and laboratory common-garden experiments, along with breeding studies, indicate that the demographic differences between the morphs are genetically determined. Consequently, the seasonal switch from dominance by semelparous colonies to dominance by iteroparous colonies may be an evolved response to a seasonally changing environment. On theoretical grounds, temporal variation in selection is thought to play a relatively unimportant role in maintaining genetic polymorphism; nonetheless, the seasonally recurrent life-history polymorphism shown in this study indicates that temporal variation in selection can lead to the maintenance of genetic polymorphism for traits strongly affecting fitness.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb02510.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb02510.x", openalex = "W2312721243", references = "doi10103711774000, doi101086409052, doi101146annureves08110177001045, doi1023071419292, doi1023071605, doi1023071936778, doi1023072402622, doi1023072529912, openalexw1495050269, openalexw2077454220, openalexw580562315" } @article{doi101126science24148721449, author = "Partridge, Linda and Harvey, Paul", title = "The Ecological Context of Life History Evolution", year = "1988", journal = "Science", abstract = "There is now a good theoretical understanding of life history evolution, and detailed explicit optimality models have been constructed. These present a challenge for empirical work examining some of the assumptions, such as the extent and mechanisms of the costs of growth and reproduction. In addition, there is an obvious need for comparative tests of the models. These tests, properly applied, may be particularly informative because they can deal with multiple independent variables, including ecological variables, and can reveal broad trends against a background of constraints on optima and the rate of evolutionary approach to them. Life histories are the probabilities of survival and the rates of reproduction at each age in the life-span. Reproduction is costly, so that fertility at all ages cannot simultaneously be maximized by natural selection. Allocation of reproductive effort has evolved in response to the demographic impact of different environments but is constrained by genetic variance and evolutionary history.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.241.4872.1449", doi = "10.1126/science.241.4872.1449", openalex = "W1974377563", references = "doi101007bf00378945, doi1010160040580974900537, doi101146annureves15110184002235" } @article{doi101111j155856461989tb04226x, author = "Queller, David C. and Goodnight, Keith F.", title = "ESTIMATING RELATEDNESS USING GENETIC MARKERS", year = "1989", journal = "Evolution", abstract = "A new method is described for estimating genetic relatedness from genetic markers such as protein polymorphisms. It is based on Grafen's (1985) relatedness coefficient and is most easily interpreted in terms of identity by descent rather than as a genetic regression. It has several advantages over methods currently in use: it eliminates a downward bias for small sample sizes; it improves estimation of relatedness for subsets of population samples; and it allows estimation of relatedness for a single group or for a single pair of individuals. Individual estimates of relatedness tend to be highly variable but, in aggregate, can still be very useful as data for nonparametric tests. Such tests allow testing for differences in relatedness between two samples or for correlating individual relatedness values with another variable.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04226.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04226.x", openalex = "W1973214225", references = "doi1010160022519364900396, doi101073pnas721143" } @article{doi101007bf00328407, author = "Rice, Kevin J. and Mack, Richard N.", title = "Ecological genetics of Bromus tectorum", year = "1991", journal = "Oecologia", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00328407", doi = "10.1007/bf00328407", openalex = "W2086094837" } @article{doi1023075530, author = "Adams, Jonathan and Krebs, J. R. and Davies, N. B.", title = "Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach", year = "1992", journal = "Journal of Animal Ecology", abstract = "Part 1 Natural selection and life histories: evolutionary models in behavioural ecology evolution of life histories human behavioural ecology. Part 2 Exploitation of resources: decision-making competition for resources interactions between predators and prey. Part 3 Sexual selection and reproductive strategies: sexual selection parental investment mating systems. Part 4 Co-operation and conflict: co-operative breeding in birds and mammals conflict and co-operation in insects communication.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/5530", doi = "10.2307/5530", openalex = "W2136284908" } @article{doi101146annureves24110193000343, author = "Scheiner, Samuel M.", title = "Genetics and Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity", year = "1993", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics", abstract = "To achieve a coherent evolutionary theory, it is necessary to account for the effects of the environment on the process of development. Phenotypic plasticity is the change in the expressed phenotype of a genotype as a function of the environment. Various measures of plasticity exist, many of which can be united within the framework of a polynomial function. This function is the norm of reaction. For the special case of a linear reaction norm, genetic variation can be partitioned into portions that are independent and dependent on the environment. From this partition two heritability measures are derived which can be used, alternatively, to compare populations or make predictions about the response to selection. Genetically, plasticity is likely due both to differences in allelic expression across environments and to changes in interactions among loci; plasticity is not a function of heterozygosity. Plasticity responds to both artificial and natural selection. The evolution of plasticity is modeled in three ways: optimality models, quantitative genetic models, and gametic models. All models make similar predictions about the conditions that will favor plasticity. In need of further development are the extension of quantitative genetic models, and structured population models; also needed are data on the true shapes of reaction norms and genetic variation and covariation for nonlinear reaction norm parameters and multiple environments.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.000343", doi = "10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.000343", openalex = "W2134835006", references = "doi101111j155856461977tb00991x, doi101111j155856461983tb00236x, doi101111j155856461985tb00391x, doi1023072389364, doi1023075403" } @article{doi101093oxfordjournalsjhereda111573, author = "Raymond, Michel and Rousset, François", title = "GENEPOP (Version 1.2): Population Genetics Software for Exact Tests and Ecumenicism", year = "1995", journal = "Journal of Heredity", abstract = "Journal Article GENEPOP (Version 1.2): Population Genetics Software for Exact Tests and Ecumenicism Get access M. Raymond, M. Raymond Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, URA CNRS 327, Laboratoire de Genetique et Environnement, Universite de Montpellier II (CC 065)Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar F. Rousset F. Rousset Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, URA CNRS 327, Laboratoire de Genetique et Environnement, Universite de Montpellier II (CC 065)Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 86, Issue 3, May 1995, Pages 248–249, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573 Published: 01 May 1995 Article history Received: 28 March 1994 Accepted: 04 October 1994 Published: 01 May 1995", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573", doi = "10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573", openalex = "W2253414912" } @book{doi101093oso97801985478460010001, author = "Godin, Jean‐Guy J.", title = "Behavioural Ecology of Teleost Fishes", year = "1997", abstract = "Abstract Teleost (bony) fishes represent the most abundant taxonomic group of vertebrates. They are found in all conceivable types of aquatic environment and are extremely diverse behaviourally. Their evolutionary success as a taxonomic group is partly due to their striking behavioural plasticity. As such they are also extremely useful organisms on which to test mechanistic and functional models of behaviour. Considerable progress has been made over the past decade in understanding how behaviour, ecology, and genetics interact to determine individual survival and reproductive success in fishes, and thus the evolution of their behaviour. Behavioural Ecology of Teleost Fishes reviews the latest advances in behavioural adaptations for survival and reproduction in fishes, and proposes new directions and approaches for future research. The book focuses on behavioural strategies and tactics of habitat selection and space use, foraging, predator avoidance and evasion, and reproduction. It also considers how the behaviour of individuals affects ecological processes at population and community levels. The text will benefit all those with a general interest in behavioural ecology, and will be required reading for students, teachers, and researchers interested in the behaviour and ecology of fishes. It will also be a valuable reference source for biologists, aquaculturists, and conservationists.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198547846.001.0001", doi = "10.1093/oso/9780198547846.001.0001", openalex = "W1925505063" } @article{openalexw1513341262, author = "Ebert, Timothy A. and Cartwright, B.", title = "Biology and ecology of Aphis gossypii glover (Homoptera: Aphididae)", year = "1997", journal = "Southwestern Entomologist", abstract = "Aphis gossypii Glover is a destructive pest of over two dozen crops world wide. Damage to a few of these crops is due to direct feeding, but for most of these crops its impact is through its role as a virus vector. As expected, this has resulted in many articles dealing with methods of controlling this insect. The aphid has the ability to become resistant to many pesticides and there is growing concern over environmental impacts of pesticide use. As a result, manipulation of the agroecosystem will play an ever increasing role in the management of this insect. Most aspects of the biology of this aphid are covered in this review. The recurrent theme centers around the importance of host plant influences on the biology of the aphid. In addition to examining the literature on the biology of the aphid, a large section is devoted to which influence mortality in the aphid, and to aphid borne viruses transmitted by this aphid. This review covers the literature from 1912 to 1995, but articles on aphid management (e.g. pesticide efficacy, planting date) were omitted except where they deal with the aphid's biology or ecology. Research on the biology of this aphid has been heavily skewed into several disparate categories. First, research has focused on the influence of host plant and temperature on the reproductive rate of this aphid. Second, research has focused on the cause for alate production such as nutritional stress, other nutritional factors, crowding, and temperature. Third, research has focused on the viral borne pathogens transmitted by this aphid. Three specific cases are highlighted: citrus tristeza, cucumber mosaic virus, and the potyviruses. Last, research has focused on the role of which feed on this aphid. Due to the complexity of research possible in this area, very little research has explored the effect of these beneficial organisms on life history traits of this aphid.", openalex = "W1513341262", references = "doi101111j157074581994tb01769x" } @article{doi101111j109583121999tb01157x, author = "Taberlet, Pierre and Luikart, Gordon", title = "Non-invasive genetic sampling and individual identification", year = "1999", journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Individual identification via non-invasive sampling is of prime importance in conservation genetics and in behavioural ecology. This approach allows for genetics studies of wild animals without having to catch them, or even to observe them. The material used as a source of DNA is usually faeces, shed hairs, or shed feathers. It has been recendy shown that this material may lead to genotyping errors, mainly due to allelic dropout. In addition to these technical errors, there are problems with accurately estimating the probability of identity (PI, or the probability of two individuals having identical genotypes) because of the presence of close relatives in natural populations. As a consequence, before initiating an extensive study involving non-invasive sampling, we strongly suggest conducting a pilot study to assess both the technical difficulties and the PI for the genetic markers to be used. This pilot study could be carried out in three steps: (i) estimation of the PI using preliminary genetic data; (ii) simulations taking into account the PI and choosing the technical error rate mat is sufficiently low for assessing the scientific question; (iii) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments to check if it is technically possible to achieve this error rate.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01157.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01157.x", openalex = "W2010722055" } @article{allen2002ecology, author = "Allen, Phil S. and Meyer, Susan E.", title = "Ecology and ecological genetics of seed dormancy in downy brome", year = "2002", journal = "Weed Science", url = "https://doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0241:eaegos]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0241:eaegos]2.0.co;2", number = "2", openalex = "W2172657677", pages = "241-247", volume = "50", references = "doi10100797813490462709, doi101007bf00328407, doi101016000632079290659b, doi1010160304374681900275, doi101016s0065266008600486, doi10108007060660109506904, doi101093jxb376729, doi101104pp942840, doi101146annureves23110192000431, doi1016140043174520020500248aohttq20co2" } @article{doi101046j13652427200200887x, author = "Wiens, John A.", title = "Riverine landscapes: taking landscape ecology into the water", year = "2002", journal = "Freshwater Biology", abstract = "1. Landscape ecology deals with the influence of spatial pattern on ecological processes. It considers the ecological consequences of where things are located in space, where they are relative to other things, and how these relationships and their consequences are contingent on the characteristics of the surrounding landscape mosaic at multiple scales in time and space. Traditionally, landscape ecologists have focused their attention on terrestrial ecosystems, and rivers and streams have been considered either as elements of landscape mosaics or as units that are linked to the terrestrial landscape by flows across boundaries or ecotones. Less often, the heterogeneity that exists within a river or stream has been viewed as a `riverscape' in its own right. 2. Landscape ecology can be unified about six central themes: (1) patches differ in quality (2) patch boundaries affect flows, (3) patch context matters, (4) connectivity is critical, (5) organisms are important, and (6) the importance of scale. Although riverine systems differ from terrestrial systems by virtue of the strong physical force of hydrology and the inherent connectivity provided by water flow, all of these themes apply equally to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and to the linkages between the two. 3. Landscape ecology therefore has important insights to offer to the study of riverine ecosystems, but these systems may also provide excellent opportunities for developing and testing landscape ecological theory. The principles and approaches of landscape ecology should be extended to include freshwater systems; it is time to take the `land' out of landscape ecology.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00887.x", doi = "10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00887.x", openalex = "W2159194951" } @article{doi101046j14718286200200305x, author = "Hardy, Olivier J. and Vekemans, Xavier", title = "spag e d i: a versatile computer program to analyse spatial genetic structure at the individual or population levels", year = "2002", journal = "Molecular Ecology Notes", abstract = "Abstract spag e d i version 1.0 is a software primarily designed to characterize the spatial genetic structure of mapped individuals or populations using genotype data of codominant markers. It computes various statistics describing genetic relatedness or differentiation between individuals or populations by pairwise comparisons and tests their significance by appropriate numerical resampling. spag e d i is useful for: (i) detecting isolation by distance within or among populations and estimating gene dispersal parameters; (ii) assessing genetic relatedness between individuals and its actual variance, a parameter of interest for marker based inferences of quantitative inheritance; (iii) assessing genetic differentiation among populations, including the case of haploids or autopolyploids.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00305.x", doi = "10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00305.x", openalex = "W2107356656", references = "doi101093genetics1391457, doi101093genetics893583, doi101093oxfordjournalsjhereda111573" } @article{doi101126science1078311, author = "Rosenberg, Noah A. and Pritchard, Jonathan K. and Weber, James L. and Cann, Howard M. and Kídd, Kenneth K. and Zhivotovsky, Lev A. and Feldman, Marcus W.", title = "Genetic Structure of Human Populations", year = "2002", journal = "Science", abstract = "We studied human population structure using genotypes at 377 autosomal microsatellite loci in 1056 individuals from 52 populations. Within-population differences among individuals account for 93 to 95\% of genetic variation; differences among major groups constitute only 3 to 5\%. Nevertheless, without using prior information about the origins of individuals, we identified six main genetic clusters, five of which correspond to major geographic regions, and subclusters that often correspond to individual populations. General agreement of genetic and predefined populations suggests that self-reported ancestry can facilitate assessments of epidemiological risks but does not obviate the need to use genetic information in genetic association studies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1078311", doi = "10.1126/science.1078311", openalex = "W2141042406", references = "doi101006tpbi20011543, doi101038368455a0, doi101038ng761, doi101073pnas9494516, doi101086302825, doi101086339929, doi101093genetics1552945, doi101093genetics1592699, doi101126science2965566261b, doi101186gb200237comment2007" } @article{doi101046j1365294x200402008x, author = "Paetkau, David and Slade, Robert and Burden, Michael and Estoup, Arnaud", title = "Genetic assignment methods for the direct, real‐time estimation of migration rate: a simulation‐based exploration of accuracy and power", year = "2003", journal = "Molecular Ecology", abstract = "Genetic assignment methods use genotype likelihoods to draw inference about where individuals were or were not born, potentially allowing direct, real-time estimates of dispersal. We used simulated data sets to test the power and accuracy of Monte Carlo resampling methods in generating statistical thresholds for identifying F0 immigrants in populations with ongoing gene flow, and hence for providing direct, real-time estimates of migration rates. The identification of accurate critical values required that resampling methods preserved the linkage disequilibrium deriving from recent generations of immigrants and reflected the sampling variance present in the data set being analysed. A novel Monte Carlo resampling method taking into account these aspects was proposed and its efficiency was evaluated. Power and error were relatively insensitive to the frequency assumed for missing alleles. Power to identify F0 immigrants was improved by using large sample size (up to about 50 individuals) and by sampling all populations from which migrants may have originated. A combination of plotting genotype likelihoods and calculating mean genotype likelihood ratios (DLR) appeared to be an effective way to predict whether F0 immigrants could be identified for a particular pair of populations using a given set of markers.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2004.02008.x", doi = "10.1046/j.1365-294x.2004.02008.x", openalex = "W2152021152", references = "doi101017s0016672300012994, doi101073pnas94179197, doi10108001621459198310477973, doi101086282771, doi101093genetics1552945, doi101093genetics16297, doi101093genetics16331177, doi101093genetics762379, doi101111j1365294x1995tb00227x, doi101111j1365294x200402396x, doi101111j155856461984tb05657x, doi101111j251761611995tb02031x" } @article{doi1018900012965820030840559caegac20co2, author = "Whitham, Thomas G. and Young, William P. and Martinsen, Gregory D. and Gehring, Catherine A. and Schweitzer, Jennifer A. and Shuster, Stephen M. and Wimp, Gina M. and Fischer, Dylan G. and Bailey, Joseph K. and Lindroth, Richard L. and Woolbright, Scott A. and Kuske, Cheryl R.", title = "COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS: A CONSEQUENCE OF THE EXTENDED PHENOTYPE", year = "2003", journal = "Ecology", abstract = "We present evidence that the heritable genetic variation within individual species, especially dominant and keystone species, has community and ecosystem consequences. These consequences represent extended phenotypes, i.e., the effects of genes at levels higher than the population. Using diverse examples from microbes to vertebrates, we demonstrate that the extended phenotype can be traced from the individuals possessing the trait, to the community, and to ecosystem processes such as leaf litter decomposition and N mineralization. In our development of a community genetics perspective, we focus on intraspecific genetic variation because the extended phenotypes of these genes can be passed from one generation to the next, which provides a mechanism for heritability. In support of this view, common-garden experiments using synthetic crosses of a dominant tree show that their progeny tend to support arthropod communities that resemble those of their parents. We also argue that the combined interactions of extended phenotypes contribute to the among-community variance in the traits of individuals within communities. The genetic factors underlying this among-community variance in trait expression, particularly those involving genetic interactions among species, constitute community heritability. These findings have diverse implications. (1) They provide a genetic framework for understanding community structure and ecosystem processes. The effects of extended phenotypes at these higher levels need not be diffuse; they may be direct or may act in relatively few steps, which enhances our ability to detect and predict their effects. (2) From a conservation perspective, we introduce the concept of the minimum viable interacting population (MVIP), which represents the size of a population needed to maintain genetic diversity at levels required by other interacting species in the community. (3) Genotype × environment interactions in dominant and keystone species can shift extended phenotypes to have unexpected consequences at community and ecosystem levels, an issue that is especially important as it relates to global change. (4) Documenting community heritability justifies a community genetics perspective and is an essential first step in demonstrating community evolution. (5) Community genetics requires and promotes an integrative approach, from genes to ecosystems, that is necessary for the marriage of ecology and genetics. Few studies span from genes to ecosystems, but such integration is probably essential for understanding the natural world. Corresponding Editor: A. A. Agrawal", url = "https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0559:caegac]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0559:caegac]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2108013961", references = "doi101016s0169534701022832, doi101046j14390388200200356x, doi101086410450, doi101111j155856461977tb00991x, doi101111j155856461983tb00236x, doi1015159780691185507, doi1023072408842, doi1023072529912, doi1023072531471, doi107208chicago97802264249720010001, doi107208chicago97802267976700010001, goodnight1992contextual, openalexw2798374369" } @article{doi101093bib52150, author = "Kumar, Sudhir", title = "MEGA3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment", year = "2004", journal = "Briefings in Bioinformatics", abstract = "With its theoretical basis firmly established in molecular evolutionary and population genetics, the comparative DNA and protein sequence analysis plays a central role in reconstructing the evolutionary histories of species and multigene families, estimating rates of molecular evolution, and inferring the nature and extent of selective forces shaping the evolution of genes and genomes. The scope of these investigations has now expanded greatly owing to the development of high-throughput sequencing techniques and novel statistical and computational methods. These methods require easy-to-use computer programs. One such effort has been to produce Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, with its focus on facilitating the exploration and analysis of the DNA and protein sequence variation from an evolutionary perspective. Currently in its third major release, MEGA3 contains facilities for automatic and manual sequence alignment, web-based mining of databases, inference of the phylogenetic trees, estimation of evolutionary distances and testing evolutionary hypotheses. This paper provides an overview of the statistical methods, computational tools, and visual exploration modules for data input and the results obtainable in MEGA.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/5.2.150", doi = "10.1093/bib/5.2.150", openalex = "W2146396346", references = "doi101007bf01731581, doi101007bf02407308, doi101016b9781483232119500097, doi101093bioinformatics17121244, doi101093genetics1233585, doi101093nar22224673, doi101093nar25173389, doi101093oso97801951358480010001, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040023, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040259, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040343, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040410, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040454, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040771, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi1023072408678, doi1023072412074, doi105860choice392183, openalexw2032279931, openalexw3217097258" } @article{doi101111j14610248200400618x, author = "Dall, Sasha R. X. and Houston, Alasdair I. and McNamara, John M.", title = "The behavioural ecology of personality: consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective", year = "2004", journal = "Ecology Letters", abstract = "Abstract Individual humans, and members of diverse other species, show consistent differences in aggressiveness, shyness, sociability and activity. Such intraspecific differences in behaviour have been widely assumed to be non‐adaptive variation surrounding (possibly) adaptive population‐average behaviour. Nevertheless, in keeping with recent calls to apply Darwinian reasoning to ever‐finer scales of biological variation, we sketch the fundamentals of an adaptive theory of consistent individual differences in behaviour. Our thesis is based on the notion that such ‘personality differences’ can be selected for if fitness payoffs are dependent on both the frequencies with which competing strategies are played and an individual's behavioural history. To this end, we review existing models that illustrate this and propose a game theoretic approach to analyzing personality differences that is both dynamic and state‐dependent. Our motivation is to provide insights into the evolution and maintenance of an apparently common animal trait: personality, which has far reaching ecological and evolutionary implications.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00618.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00618.x", openalex = "W1980446206", references = "doi101023a1012294324713, openalexw1973833797" } @article{doi101111j14718286200501155x, author = "Peakall, Rod and Smouse, Peter E.", title = "genalex 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research", year = "2005", journal = "Molecular Ecology Notes", abstract = "Abstract genalex is a user‐friendly cross‐platform package that runs within Microsoft Excel, enabling population genetic analyses of codominant, haploid and binary data. Allele frequency‐based analyses include heterozygosity, F statistics, Nei's genetic distance, population assignment, probabilities of identity and pairwise relatedness. Distance‐based calculations include amova, principal coordinates analysis (PCA), Mantel tests, multivariate and 2D spatial autocorrelation and twogener. More than 20 different graphs summarize data and aid exploration. Sequence and genotype data can be imported from automated sequencers, and exported to other software. Initially designed as tool for teaching, genalex 6 now offers features for researchers as well. Documentation and the program are available at http://www.anu.edu.au/BoZo/GenAlEx/", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x", openalex = "W2004444667", references = "doi101017s0016672300033620, doi101046j1365294x200301702x, doi101046j1365294x200402008x, doi101093genetics1312479, doi101093genetics15241753, doi101111j109583121999tb01157x, doi101111j1365294x1995tb00227x, doi101111j155856461989tb04226x, doi1023071942552, doi1023072413122" } @article{doi101177117693430500100003, author = "Excoffier, Laurent and Laval, Guillaume and Schneider, Stefan", title = "Arlequin (version 3.0): An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis", year = "2005", journal = "Evolutionary Bioinformatics", abstract = "Arlequin ver 3.0 is a software package integrating several basic and advanced methods for population genetics data analysis, like the computation of standard genetic diversity indices, the estimation of allele and haplotype frequencies, tests of departure from linkage equilibrium, departure from selective neutrality and demographic equilibrium, estimation or parameters from past population expansions, and thorough analyses of population subdivision under the AMOVA framework. Arlequin 3 introduces a completely new graphical interface written in C++, a more robust semantic analysis of input files, and two new methods: a Bayesian estimation of gametic phase from multi-locus genotypes, and an estimation of the parameters of an instantaneous spatial expansion from DNA sequence polymorphism. Arlequin can handle several data types like DNA sequences, microsatellite data, or standard multi-locus genotypes. A Windows version of the software is freely available on http://cmpg.unibe.ch/software/arlequin3.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/117693430500100003", doi = "10.1177/117693430500100003", openalex = "W4239149238", references = "doi101093bioinformaticsbtg359, doi101093genetics1053767, doi101093genetics1233585, doi101093genetics1312479, doi101093genetics1391457, doi101093genetics1472915, doi101093oxfordjournalsjhereda111573" } @article{doi101534genetics106062711, author = "Bijma, Piter and Muir, William M. and van Arendonk, J.A.M.", title = "Multilevel Selection 1: Quantitative Genetics of Inheritance and Response to Selection", year = "2006", journal = "Genetics", abstract = "Interaction among individuals is universal, both in animals and in plants, and substantially affects evolution of natural populations and responses to artificial selection in agriculture. Although quantitative genetics has successfully been applied to many traits, it does not provide a general theory accounting for interaction among individuals and selection acting on multiple levels. Consequently, current quantitative genetic theory fails to explain why some traits do not respond to selection among individuals, but respond greatly to selection among groups. Understanding the full impacts of heritable interactions on the outcomes of selection requires a quantitative genetic framework including all levels of selection and relatedness. Here we present such a framework and provide expressions for the response to selection. Results show that interaction among individuals may create substantial heritable variation, which is hidden to classical analyses. Selection acting on higher levels of organization captures this hidden variation and therefore always yields positive response, whereas individual selection may yield response in the opposite direction. Our work provides testable predictions of response to multilevel selection and reduces to classical theory in the absence of interaction. Statistical methodology provided elsewhere enables empirical application of our work to both natural and domestic populations.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.106.062711", doi = "10.1534/genetics.106.062711", openalex = "W2132362070", references = "cooper2004group, doi1010160022519364900384, doi101016s0065345408603526, doi101038238413a0, doi10103835012234, doi101046j14390388200200356x, doi101111j146918091949tb02451x, doi101111j155856461965tb01731x, doi101111j155856461977tb00991x, doi101111j155856461983tb00236x, doi1023072408842, doi1023072529912, doi105962bhltitle27468, goodnight1992contextual" } @article{doi101111j1469185x200700010x, author = "Réale, D. and Reader, S. and Sol, D. and McDougall, P. T. and Dingemanse, N.", title = "Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution", year = "2007", journal = "Biological Reviews", abstract = "Temperament describes the idea that individual behavioural differences are repeatable over time and across situations. This common phenomenon covers numerous traits, such as aggressiveness, avoidance of novelty, willingness to take risks, exploration, and sociality. The study of temperament is central to animal psychology, behavioural genetics, pharmacology, and animal husbandry, but relatively few studies have examined the ecology and evolution of temperament traits. This situation is surprising, given that temperament is likely to exert an important influence on many aspects of animal ecology and evolution, and that individual variation in temperament appears to be pervasive amongst animal species. Possible explanations for this neglect of temperament include a perceived irrelevance, an insufficient understanding of the link between temperament traits and fitness, and a lack of coherence in terminology with similar traits often given different names, or different traits given the same name. We propose that temperament can and should be studied within an evolutionary ecology framework and provide a terminology that could be used as a working tool for ecological studies of temperament. Our terminology includes five major temperament trait categories: shyness‐boldness, exploration‐avoidance, activity, sociability and aggressiveness. This terminology does not make inferences regarding underlying dispositions or psychological processes, which may have restrained ecologists and evolutionary biologists from working on these traits. We present extensive literature reviews that demonstrate that temperament traits are heritable, and linked to fitness and to several other traits of importance to ecology and evolution. Furthermore, we describe ecologically relevant measurement methods and point to several ecological and evolutionary topics that would benefit from considering temperament, such as phenotypic plasticity, conservation biology, population sampling, and invasion biology.", url = "https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/25732/reader\_07\_integratinganimaltemperament.pdf?sequence=1\&isAllowed=y", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00010.x", is_oa = "true", number = "2", pages = "291-318", semanticscholar_citation_count = "3268", semanticscholar_id = "6c8a3a23a9dda76402597d002ba0ca649befabe0", volume = "82" } @article{openalexw2119799171, author = "Excoffier, Laurent and Laval, Guillaume and Schneider, Stefan", title = "Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis.", year = "2007", journal = "PubMed", abstract = "Arlequin ver 3.0 is a software package integrating several basic and advanced methods for population genetics data analysis, like the computation of standard genetic diversity indices, the estimation of allele and haplotype frequencies, tests of departure from linkage equilibrium, departure from selective neutrality and demographic equilibrium, estimation or parameters from past population expansions, and thorough analyses of population subdivision under the AMOVA framework. Arlequin 3 introduces a completely new graphical interface written in C++, a more robust semantic analysis of input files, and two new methods: a Bayesian estimation of gametic phase from multi-locus genotypes, and an estimation of the parameters of an instantaneous spatial expansion from DNA sequence polymorphism. Arlequin can handle several data types like DNA sequences, microsatellite data, or standard multi-locus genotypes. A Windows version of the software is freely available on http://cmpg.unibe.ch/software/arlequin3.", openalex = "W2119799171", references = "doi101093bioinformaticsbtg359, doi101093genetics1053767, doi101093genetics1233585, doi101093genetics1312479, doi101093genetics1391457, doi101093genetics1472915, doi101093oxfordjournalsjhereda111573, doi101093oxfordjournalsjhereda111627, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040727, doi101111j155856461995tb04456x, doi1023072409372, doi1023072532296" } @article{doi101098rstb20100222, author = "Réale, Denis and Dingemanse, Niels J. and Kazem, Anahita J.N. and Wright, Jonathan", title = "Evolutionary and ecological approaches to the study of personality", year = "2010", journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "This introduction to the themed issue on Evolutionary and ecological approaches to the study of personality provides an overview of conceptual, theoretical and methodological progress in research on animal personalities over the last decade, and places the contributions to this volume in context. The issue has three main goals. First, we aimed to bring together theoreticians to contribute to the development of models providing adaptive explanations for animal personality that could guide empiricists, and stimulate exchange of ideas between the two groups of researchers. Second, we aimed to stimulate cross-fertilization between different scientific fields that study personality, namely behavioural ecology, psychology, genomics, quantitative genetics, neuroendocrinology and developmental biology. Third, we aimed to foster the application of an evolutionary framework to the study of personality.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0222", doi = "10.1098/rstb.2010.0222", openalex = "W2170542651", references = "doi101073pnas931910262" } @article{doi101093molbevmsr121, author = "Tamura, Koichiro and Peterson, Daniel G. and Peterson, Nora and Stecher, Glen and Nei, M and Kumar, Sudhir", title = "MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods", year = "2011", journal = "Molecular Biology and Evolution", abstract = "Comparative analysis of molecular sequence data is essential for reconstructing the evolutionary histories of species and inferring the nature and extent of selective forces shaping the evolution of genes and species. Here, we announce the release of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 5 (MEGA5), which is a user-friendly software for mining online databases, building sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees, and using methods of evolutionary bioinformatics in basic biology, biomedicine, and evolution. The newest addition in MEGA5 is a collection of maximum likelihood (ML) analyses for inferring evolutionary trees, selecting best-fit substitution models (nucleotide or amino acid), inferring ancestral states and sequences (along with probabilities), and estimating evolutionary rates site-by-site. In computer simulation analyses, ML tree inference algorithms in MEGA5 compared favorably with other software packages in terms of computational efficiency and the accuracy of the estimates of phylogenetic trees, substitution parameters, and rate variation among sites. The MEGA user interface has now been enhanced to be activity driven to make it easier for the use of both beginners and experienced scientists. This version of MEGA is intended for the Windows platform, and it has been configured for effective use on Mac OS X and Linux desktops. It is available free of charge from http://www.megasoftware.net.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121", doi = "10.1093/molbev/msr121", openalex = "W2132632499", references = "doi101007bf01734359, doi101007bf02101694, doi10108010635150390235520, doi10108010635150490522304, doi101093bioinformatics149817, doi101093bioinformaticsbtl446, doi101093biomet762297, doi101093oso97801951358480010001, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040023, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040454, doi101093sysbiosyq010, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101186147121055113, openalexw3217097258" } @article{doi101111j10958649201002874x, author = "Conrad, J. Louise and Weinersmith, Kelly L. and Brodin, Tomas and Saltz, Julia B. and Sih, Andrew", title = "Behavioural syndromes in fishes: a review with implications for ecology and fisheries management", year = "2011", journal = "Journal of Fish Biology", abstract = "This review examines the contribution of research on fishes to the growing field of behavioural syndromes. Current knowledge of behavioural syndromes in fishes is reviewed with respect to five main axes of animal personality: (1) shyness-boldness, (2) exploration-avoidance, (3) activity, (4) aggressiveness and (5) sociability. Compared with other taxa, research on fishes has played a leading role in describing the shy-bold personality axis and has made innovative contributions to the study of the sociability dimension by incorporating social network theory. Fishes are virtually the only major taxon in which behavioural correlations have been compared between populations. This research has guided the field in examining how variation in selection regime may shape personality. Recent research on fishes has also made important strides in understanding genetic and neuroendocrine bases for behavioural syndromes using approaches involving artificial selection, genetic mapping, candidate gene and functional genomics. This work has illustrated consistent individual variation in highly complex neuroendocrine and gene expression pathways. In contrast, relatively little work on fishes has examined the ontogenetic stability of behavioural syndromes or their fitness consequences. Finally, adopting a behavioural syndrome framework in fisheries management issues including artificial propagation, habitat restoration and invasive species, may promote restoration success. Few studies, however, have examined the ecological relevance of behavioural syndromes in the field. Knowledge of how behavioural syndromes play out in the wild will be crucial to incorporating such a framework into management practices.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02874.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02874.x", openalex = "W2144863680", references = "doi101016jtree200806001, doi101093behecoarp018" } @article{doi101111j17550998201002943x, author = "Helyar, Sarah and Hemmer‐Hansen, Jakob and Bekkevold, Dorte and Taylor, MI and Ogden, Rob and Limborg, Morten T. and Cariani, Alessia and Maes, Gregory E. and Diopere, Eveline and Carvalho, G. R. and Nielsen, Einar Eg", title = "Application of SNPs for population genetics of nonmodel organisms: new opportunities and challenges", year = "2011", journal = "Molecular Ecology Resources", abstract = "Recent improvements in the speed, cost and accuracy of next generation sequencing are revolutionizing the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs are increasingly being used as an addition to the molecular ecology toolkit in nonmodel organisms, but their efficient use remains challenging. Here, we discuss common issues when employing SNP markers, including the high numbers of markers typically employed, the effects of ascertainment bias and the inclusion of nonneutral loci in a marker panel. We provide a critique of considerations specifically associated with the application and population genetic analysis of SNPs in nonmodel taxa, focusing specifically on some of the most commonly applied methods.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02943.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02943.x", openalex = "W2155309921", references = "doi101093jheredesh074, doi101111j14718286200701931x" } @article{doi101093aobmct154, author = "Fernández‐Pascual, Eduardo and Jiménez‐Alfaro, Borja and Caujapé‐Castells, Juli and Jaén‐Molina, Ruth and Díaz, Tomás E.", title = "A local dormancy cline is related to the seed maturation environment, population genetic composition and climate", year = "2013", journal = "Annals of Botany", abstract = "BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Seed dormancy varies within species in response to climate, both in the long term (through ecotypes or clines) and in the short term (through the influence of the seed maturation environment). Disentangling both processes is crucial to understand plant adaptation to environmental changes. In this study, the local patterns of seed dormancy were investigated in a narrow endemic species, Centaurium somedanum, in order to determine the influence of the seed maturation environment, population genetic composition and climate. METHODS: Laboratory germination experiments were performed to measure dormancy in (1) seeds collected from different wild populations along a local altitudinal gradient and (2) seeds of a subsequent generation produced in a common garden. The genetic composition of the original populations was characterized using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) PCR and principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA), and its correlation with the dormancy patterns of both generations was analysed. The effect of the local climate on dormancy was also modelled. KEY RESULTS: An altitudinal dormancy cline was found in the wild populations, which was maintained by the plants grown in the common garden. However, seeds from the common garden responded better to stratification, and their release from dormancy was more intense. The patterns of dormancy variation were correlated with genetic composition, whereas lower temperature and summer precipitation at the population sites predicted higher dormancy in the seeds of both generations. CONCLUSIONS: The dormancy cline in C. somedanum is related to a local climatic gradient and also corresponds to genetic differentiation among populations. This cline is further affected by the weather conditions during seed maturation, which influence the receptiveness to dormancy-breaking factors. These results show that dormancy is influenced by both long-and short-term climatic variation. Such processes at such a reduced spatial scale highlight the potential of plants to adapt to fast environmental changes.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct154", doi = "10.1093/aob/mct154", openalex = "W2171829639", references = "allen2002ecology" } @article{doi101093molbevmst197, author = "Tamura, Koichiro and Stecher, Glen and Peterson, Daniel S. and Filipski, Alan and Kumar, Sudhir", title = "MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0", year = "2013", journal = "Molecular Biology and Evolution", abstract = "The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software has matured to contain a large collection of methods and tools of computational molecular evolution. Here, we describe new additions that make MEGA a more comprehensive tool for building timetrees of species, pathogens, and gene families using rapid relaxed-clock methods. Methods for estimating divergence times and confidence intervals are implemented to use probability densities for calibration constraints for node-dating and sequence sampling dates for tip-dating analyses. They are supported by new options for tagging sequences with spatiotemporal sampling information, an expanded interactive Node Calibrations Editor, and an extended Tree Explorer to display timetrees. Also added is a Bayesian method for estimating neutral evolutionary probabilities of alleles in a species using multispecies sequence alignments and a machine learning method to test for the autocorrelation of evolutionary rates in phylogenies. The computer memory requirements for the maximum likelihood analysis are reduced significantly through reprogramming, and the graphical user interface has been made more responsive and interactive for very big data sets. These enhancements will improve the user experience, quality of results, and the pace of biological discovery. Natively compiled graphical user interface and command-line versions of MEGA11 are available for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS from www.megasoftware.net.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197", doi = "10.1093/molbev/mst197", openalex = "W2152207030", references = "doi101038scientificamerican117998, doi101073pnas1213199109, doi101093bib52150, doi101093bioinformatics102189, doi101093bioinformatics17121244, doi101093bioinformaticsbts507, doi101093molbevmsr121, doi101093oso97801951358480010001, doi101126science1211028, openalexw3217097258" } @article{doi101111jbi12110, author = "Pinzón, Jorge H. and Sampayo, Eugenia M. and Cox, Evelyn F. and Chauka, Leonard J. and Chen, Chaolun Allen and Voolstra, Christian R. and LaJeunesse, Todd C.", title = "Blind to morphology: genetics identifies several widespread ecologically common species and few endemics among Indo‐Pacific cauliflower corals (Pocillopora, Scleractinia)", year = "2013", journal = "Journal of Biogeography", abstract = "Abstract Aim Using high‐resolution genetic markers on samples gathered from across their wide distributional range, we endeavoured to delimit species diversity in reef‐building Pocillopora corals. They are common, ecologically important, and widespread throughout the Indo‐Pacific, but their phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental conditions and their nearly featureless microskeletal structures confound taxonomic assignments and limit an understanding of their ecology and evolution. Location Indo‐Pacific, Red Sea, Arabian/Persian Gulf. Methods Sequence analysis of nuclear ribosomal (internal transcribed spacer 2, ITS 2) and mitochondrial (open reading frame) loci were combined with population genetic data (seven microsatellite loci) for Pocillopora samples collected throughout the Indo‐Pacific, Red Sea and Arabian Gulf, in order to assess the evolutionary divergence, reproductive isolation, frequency of hybridization and geographical distributions of the genus. Results Between five and eight genetically distinct lineages comparable to species were identified with minimal or no hybridization between them. Colony morphology was generally incongruent with genetics across the full range of sampling, and the total number of species is apparently consistent with lower estimates from competing morphologically based hypotheses (about seven or eight taxa). The most commonly occurring genetic lineages were widely distributed and exhibited high dispersal and gene flow, factors that have probably minimized allopatric speciation. Uniquely among scleractinian genera, this genus contains a monophyletic group of broadcast spawners that evolved recently from an ancestral brooder. Main conclusions The delineation of species diversity guided by genetics fundamentally advances our understanding of Pocillopora geographical distributions, ecology and evolution. Because traditional diagnostic features of colony and branch morphology are proving to be of limited utility, the identification of Pocillopora species for future ecological and experimental work should rely on genetic characters that will improve research and aid in conservation strategies for these and other reef‐building corals, including the detection of real and mistaken endemic populations.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12110", doi = "10.1111/jbi.12110", openalex = "W2149681625", references = "doi101093bioinformatics178754, doi101093bioinformaticsbtm233, doi101093genetics1552945, doi101093genetics16441567, doi101093nar22224673, doi101093oxfordjournalsjhereda111573, doi101111j1365294x200502553x, doi101111j14718286200501155x, doi101111j14718286200701931x, openalexw3217097258" } @incollection{falk2013population, author = "Falk, Donald A. and Richards, Christopher M. and Montalvo, Arlee M. and Knapp, Eric E.", title = "Population and Ecological Genetics in Restoration Ecology", year = "2013", booktitle = "Foundations of Restoration Ecology", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.41003482.7", doi = "10.2307/jj.41003482.7", openalex = "W7151974137", pages = "14-41" } @article{doi101111zoj12092, author = "Schmidt‐Roach, Sebastian and Miller, Karen J. and Lundgren, Petra and Andreakis, Nikos", title = "With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics", year = "2014", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Molecular studies have been instrumental for refining species boundaries in the coral genus Pocillopora and revealing hidden species diversity within the extensively studied global species Pocillopora damicornis. Here we formally revise the taxonomic status of species closely related to and within the P. damicornis species complex, taking into account both genetic evidence and new data on morphometrics, including fine-scale corallite and coenosteum structure. We found that mitochondrial molecular phylogenies are congruent with groups based on gross-morphology, therefore reflecting species-level differentiation. However, high levels of gross morphological plasticity and shared morphological characteristics mask clear separation for some groups. Fine-scale morphological variation, particularly the shape and type of columella, was useful for differentiating between clades and provides an excellent signature of the evolutionary relationships among genetic lineages. As introgressive hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting complicate the delineation of species within the genus on the basis of a single species concept, the Unified Species Concept may represent a suitable approach in revising Pocillopora taxonomy. Eight species are herein described (P. damicornis, P. acuta, P. aliciae, P. verrucosa, P. meandrina, P. eydouxi, P. cf. brevicornis), including a novel taxon – Pocillopora bairdi sp. nov. (Schmidt-Roach, this study). Citation synonyms and type materials are presented. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12092", doi = "10.1111/zoj.12092", openalex = "W2171806591", references = "doi101016jtree200401003, doi101017cbo9781139567411, doi10108010635150701701083, doi101093bioinformaticsbtn129, doi101093molbevmsm092, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva026036, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040454, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101111jbi12110, doi1023072408678, doi105860choice332723" } @article{doi101126science1243518, author = "Hellenthal, Garrett and Busby, George and Band, Gavin and Wilson, James F. and Capelli, Cristian and Falush, Daniel and Myers, Simon", title = "A Genetic Atlas of Human Admixture History", year = "2014", journal = "Science", abstract = "Modern genetic data combined with appropriate statistical methods have the potential to contribute substantially to our understanding of human history. We have developed an approach that exploits the genomic structure of admixed populations to date and characterize historical mixture events at fine scales. We used this to produce an atlas of worldwide human admixture history, constructed by using genetic data alone and encompassing over 100 events occurring over the past 4000 years. We identified events whose dates and participants suggest they describe genetic impacts of the Mongol empire, Arab slave trade, Bantu expansion, first millennium CE migrations in Eastern Europe, and European colonialism, as well as unrecorded events, revealing admixture to be an almost universal force shaping human populations.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243518", doi = "10.1126/science.1243518", openalex = "W1979677919", references = "doi101038nature02168, doi101038nature06258, doi101038ng1847, doi101086519795, doi101093genetics1552945, doi101093genetics16441567, doi101109518626, doi101111j14718286200501155x, doi101126science1172257, doi101371journalpgen0020190, doi101371journalpgen1000529, doi101371journalpgen1002453" } @article{doi101139cjfas20130558, author = "Mittelbach, Gary G. and Ballew, Nick and Kjelvik, Melissa K.", title = "Fish behavioral types and their ecological consequences", year = "2014", journal = "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences", abstract = "Fish have proven to be model organisms for the study of animal personalities, and a rich literature documents consistent interindividual behavioral differences in a variety of species. However, relatively few studies have examined the ecological consequences of such consistent interindividual differences in behaviors in fish or other organisms, especially under field conditions. In this review and perspective, we discuss the factors that may lead to the formation and maintenance of behavioral types in fish populations. We then examine what is known about the effects of personality variation on individual growth and survival, breeding behaviors and reproductive success, habitat use, diet, and ontogenetic niche shifts, migration and dispersal, as well as potential consequences for species interactions and ecosystem functioning. We focus as much as possible on studies conducted under natural or seminatural conditions, as such field studies are most relevant to elucidating the ecological consequences of behavioral variation. Finally, we discuss the potential importance of consistent individual differences in behaviors to fisheries management and conservation, specifically examining consequences for recreational and commercial fishing, hatchery rearing, and stock enhancement.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0558", doi = "10.1139/cjfas-2013-0558", openalex = "W1725059466", references = "doi101093behecoarp018" } @article{doi107717peerj281, author = "Kamvar, Zhian N. and Tabima, Javier F. and Grünwald, Niklaus J.", title = "Poppr: an R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and/or sexual reproduction", year = "2014", journal = "PeerJ", abstract = "Many microbial, fungal, or oomcyete populations violate assumptions for population genetic analysis because these populations are clonal, admixed, partially clonal, and/or sexual. Furthermore, few tools exist that are specifically designed for analyzing data from clonal populations, making analysis difficult and haphazard. We developed the R package poppr providing unique tools for analysis of data from admixed, clonal, mixed, and/or sexual populations. Currently, poppr can be used for dominant/codominant and haploid/diploid genetic data. Data can be imported from several formats including GenAlEx formatted text files and can be analyzed on a user-defined hierarchy that includes unlimited levels of subpopulation structure and clone censoring. New functions include calculation of Bruvo's distance for microsatellites, batch-analysis of the index of association with several indices of genotypic diversity, and graphing including dendrograms with bootstrap support and minimum spanning networks. While functions for genotypic diversity and clone censoring are specific for clonal populations, several functions found in poppr are also valuable to analysis of any populations. A manual with documentation and examples is provided. Poppr is open source and major releases are available on CRAN: http://cran.r-project.org/package=poppr. More supporting documentation and tutorials can be found under 'resources' at: http://grunwaldlab.cgrb.oregonstate.edu/.", url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.281", doi = "10.7717/peerj.281", openalex = "W2016603972", references = "doi101093bioinformaticsbtq706, doi101093genetics893583, doi101111j14718286200501155x, doi1023071934145" } @article{doi101111mec13471, author = "Saenz‐Agudelo, Pablo and DiBattista, Joseph D. and Piatek, Marek J. and Gaither, Michelle R. and Harrison, Hugo B. and Nanninga, Gerrit B. and Berumen, Michael L.", title = "Seascape genetics along environmental gradients in the Arabian Peninsula: insights from ddRAD sequencing of anemonefishes", year = "2015", journal = "Molecular Ecology", abstract = "Understanding the processes that shape patterns of genetic structure across space is a central aim of landscape genetics. However, it remains unclear how geographical features and environmental variables shape gene flow, particularly for marine species in large complex seascapes. Here, we evaluated the genomic composition of the two-band anemonefish Amphiprion bicinctus across its entire geographical range in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, as well as its close relative, Amphiprion omanensis endemic to the southern coast of Oman. Both the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea are complex and environmentally heterogeneous marine systems that provide an ideal scenario to address these questions. Our findings confirm the presence of two genetic clusters previously reported for A. bicinctus in the Red Sea. Genetic structure analyses suggest a complex seascape configuration, with evidence of both isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by environment (IBE). In addition to IBD and IBE, genetic structure among sites was best explained when two barriers to gene flow were also accounted for. One of these coincides with a strong oligotrophic-eutrophic gradient at around 16-20˚N in the Red Sea. The other agrees with a historical bathymetric barrier at the straight of Bab al Mandab. Finally, these data support the presence of interspecific hybrids at an intermediate suture zone at Socotra and indicate complex patterns of genomic admixture in the Gulf of Aden with evidence of introgression between species. Our findings highlight the power of recent genomic approaches to resolve subtle patterns of gene flow in marine seascapes.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13471", doi = "10.1111/mec.13471", openalex = "W2197145080", references = "doi101111jbi12649" } @article{doi1011552015431487, author = "Govindaraj, Mahalingam and Vetriventhan, Mani and Srinivasan, Mahalingam", title = "Importance of Genetic Diversity Assessment in Crop Plants and Its Recent Advances: An Overview of Its Analytical Perspectives", year = "2015", journal = "Genetics Research International", abstract = "The importance of plant genetic diversity (PGD) is now being recognized as a specific area since exploding population with urbanization and decreasing cultivable lands are the critical factors contributing to food insecurity in developing world. Agricultural scientists realized that PGD can be captured and stored in the form of plant genetic resources (PGR) such as gene bank, DNA library, and so forth, in the biorepository which preserve genetic material for long period. However, conserved PGR must be utilized for crop improvement in order to meet future global challenges in relation to food and nutritional security. This paper comprehensively reviews four important areas; (i) the significance of plant genetic diversity (PGD) and PGR especially on agriculturally important crops (mostly field crops); (ii) risk associated with narrowing the genetic base of current commercial cultivars and climate change; (iii) analysis of existing PGD analytical methods in pregenomic and genomic era; and (iv) modern tools available for PGD analysis in postgenomic era. This discussion benefits the plant scientist community in order to use the new methods and technology for better and rapid assessment, for utilization of germplasm from gene banks to their applied breeding programs. With the advent of new biotechnological techniques, this process of genetic manipulation is now being accelerated and carried out with more precision (neglecting environmental effects) and fast-track manner than the classical breeding techniques. It is also to note that gene banks look into several issues in order to improve levels of germplasm distribution and its utilization, duplication of plant identity, and access to database, for prebreeding activities. Since plant breeding research and cultivar development are integral components of improving food production, therefore, availability of and access to diverse genetic sources will ensure that the global food production network becomes more sustainable. The pros and cons of the basic and advanced statistical tools available for measuring genetic diversity are briefly discussed and their source links (mostly) were provided to get easy access; thus, it improves the understanding of tools and its practical applicability to the researchers.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/431487", doi = "10.1155/2015/431487", openalex = "W1969660305", references = "doi101093bioinformaticsbtp187, doi101093bioinformaticsbts460, doi101093oxfordjournalsjhereda109497, doi101111j14718286200501155x, doi101371journalpgen1002453, doi102135cropsci20031235, openalexw2119799171" } @article{doi101086685893, author = "Killen, Shaun S. and Glazier, Douglas S. and Rezende, Enrico L. and Clark, Thomas D. and Atkinson, David and Willener, Astrid S. T. and Halsey, Lewis G.", title = "Ecological Influences and Morphological Correlates of Resting and Maximal Metabolic Rates across Teleost Fish Species", year = "2016", journal = "The American Naturalist", abstract = "Rates of aerobic metabolism vary considerably across evolutionary lineages, but little is known about the proximate and ultimate factors that generate and maintain this variability. Using data for 131 teleost fish species, we performed a large-scale phylogenetic comparative analysis of how interspecific variation in resting metabolic rates (RMRs) and maximum metabolic rates (MMRs) is related to several ecological and morphological variables. Mass- and temperature-adjusted RMR and MMR are highly correlated along a continuum spanning a 30- to 40-fold range. Phylogenetic generalized least squares models suggest that RMR and MMR are higher in pelagic species and that species with higher trophic levels exhibit elevated MMR. This variation is mirrored at various levels of structural organization: gill surface area, muscle protein content, and caudal fin aspect ratio (a proxy for activity) are positively related with aerobic capacity. Muscle protein content and caudal fin aspect ratio are also positively correlated with RMR. Hypoxia-tolerant lineages fall at the lower end of the metabolic continuum. Different ecological lifestyles are associated with contrasting levels of aerobic capacity, possibly reflecting the interplay between selection for increased locomotor performance on one hand and tolerance to low resource availability, particularly oxygen, on the other. These results support the aerobic capacity model of the evolution of endothermy, suggesting elevated body temperatures evolved as correlated responses to selection for high activity levels.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/685893", doi = "10.1086/685893", openalex = "W2290005196", references = "doi101098rstb20072099, doi101111j1469185x201000122x" } @article{doi101186s1286201606548, author = "Addamo, Anna Maria and Vertino, Agostina and Stolarski, Jarosław and García-Jiménez, Ricardo and Taviani, Marco and Machordom, Annie", title = "Merging scleractinian genera: the overwhelming genetic similarity between solitary Desmophyllum and colonial Lophelia", year = "2016", journal = "BMC Evolutionary Biology", abstract = "BACKGROUND: In recent years, several types of molecular markers and new microscale skeletal characters have shown potential as powerful tools for phylogenetic reconstructions and higher-level taxonomy of scleractinian corals. Nonetheless, discrimination of closely related taxa is still highly controversial in scleractinian coral research. Here we used newly sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes and 30 microsatellites to define the genetic divergence between two closely related azooxanthellate taxa of the family Caryophylliidae: solitary Desmophyllum dianthus and colonial Lophelia pertusa. RESULTS: In the mitochondrial control region, an astonishing 99.8 \% of nucleotides between L. pertusa and D. dianthus were identical. Variability of the mitochondrial genomes of the two species is represented by only 12 non-synonymous out of 19 total nucleotide substitutions. Microsatellite sequence (37 loci) analysis of L. pertusa and D. dianthus showed genetic similarity is about 97 \%. Our results also indicated that L. pertusa and D. dianthus show high skeletal plasticity in corallum shape and similarity in skeletal ontogeny, micromorphological (septal and wall granulations) and microstructural characters (arrangement of rapid accretion deposits, thickening deposits). CONCLUSIONS: Molecularly and morphologically, the solitary Desmophyllum and the dendroid Lophelia appear to be significantly more similar to each other than other unambiguous coral genera analysed to date. This consequently leads to ascribe both taxa under the generic name Desmophyllum (priority by date of publication). Findings of this study demonstrate that coloniality may not be a robust taxonomic character in scleractinian corals.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0654-8", doi = "10.1186/s12862-016-0654-8", openalex = "W2402769049", references = "doi101111zoj12092" } @article{doi101126sciadv1601759, author = "Braje, Todd J. and Rick, Torben C. and Szpak, Paul and Newsome, Seth D. and McCain, Joseph M. and Smith, Emma A. Elliott and Glassow, Michael A. and Hamilton, Scott L.", title = "Historical ecology and the conservation of large, hermaphroditic fishes in Pacific Coast kelp forest ecosystems", year = "2017", journal = "Science Advances", abstract = ") has become a complex, multimillion-dollar industry. The fishery is of concern because of high harvest levels and potential indirect impacts of sheephead removals on the structure and function of kelp forest ecosystems. California sheephead are protogynous hermaphrodites that, as predators of sea urchins and other invertebrates, are critical components of kelp forest ecosystems in the northeast Pacific. Overfishing can trigger trophic cascades and widespread ecological dysfunction when other urchin predators are also lost from the system. Little is known about the ecology and abundance of sheephead before commercial exploitation. Lack of a historical perspective creates a gap for evaluating fisheries management measures and marine reserves that seek to rebuild sheephead populations to historical baseline conditions. We use population abundance and size structure data from the zooarchaeological record, in concert with isotopic data, to evaluate the long-term health and viability of sheephead fisheries in southern California. Our results indicate that the importance of sheephead to the diet of native Chumash people varied spatially across the Channel Islands, reflecting modern biogeographic patterns. Comparing ancient (\textasciitilde 10,000 calibrated years before the present to 1825 CE) and modern samples, we observed variability and significant declines in the relative abundance of sheephead, reductions in size frequency distributions, and shifts in the dietary niche between ancient and modern collections. These results highlight how size-selective fishing can alter the ecological role of key predators and how zooarchaeological data can inform fisheries management by establishing historical baselines that aid future conservation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601759", doi = "10.1126/sciadv.1601759", openalex = "W2584763220", references = "doi101111j14672979201200464x" } @article{doi101126sciadvabg3088, author = "Santoro, Érika P. and Borges, Ricardo M. and Espinoza, Josh L. and Freire, Marcelo and Messias, Camila S. M. A. and Villela, Helena and de Mattos Pereira, Leandro and Vilela, Caren L. S. and Rosado, João G. and Cardoso, Pedro and Rosado, Phillipe M. and Assis, Juliana M. and Duarte, Gustavo and Perna, Gabriela and Rosado, Alexandre Soares and Macrae, Andrew and Dupont, Christopher L. and Nelson, Karen E. and Sweet, Michael and Voolstra, Christian R. and Peixoto, Raquel S.", title = "Coral microbiome manipulation elicits metabolic and genetic restructuring to mitigate heat stress and evade mortality", year = "2021", journal = "Science Advances", abstract = {exposed to bleaching conditions in a long-term mesocosm experiment and inoculated with a selected BMC consortium or a saline solution placebo. All corals were affected by heat stress, but the observed "post-heat stress disorder" was mitigated by BMCs, signified by patterns of dimethylsulfoniopropionate degradation, lipid maintenance, and coral host transcriptional reprogramming of cellular restructuration, repair, stress protection, and immune genes, concomitant with a 40\% survival rate increase and stable photosynthetic performance by the endosymbiotic algae. This study provides insights into the responses that underlie probiotic host manipulation. We demonstrate that BMCs trigger a dynamic microbiome restructuring process that instigates genetic and metabolic alterations in the coral host that eventually mitigate coral bleaching and mortality.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg3088", doi = "10.1126/sciadv.abg3088", openalex = "W3191241810", references = "doi101016jzool201802004, doi101038s41467019109695" } @article{doi103389fmars20251490894, author = "Peixoto, Ualerson Iran and Hijaz, Miriana and Hobday, Alistair J. and Bentes, Bianca and Passarone, Rafaela and Lucena‐Frédou, Flávia and Isaac, Victoria", title = "Ecological risk assessment of marine resources caught as bycatch in industrial bottom trawl shrimp fishery in the Amazon Continental Shelf", year = "2025", journal = "Frontiers in Marine Science", abstract = "Ecological risk assessment (ERA) has been widely used to assess species’ vulnerability to the impacts of fishing and then to prioritize any additional management actions to reduce impacts. The Ecological Risk Assessment for the Effects of the Fishing framework is based on a hierarchy of qualitative and semi-quantitative tools that work well in data-deficient situations. This study first used the Scale Intensity and Consequence (SICA) and Productive and Susceptibility Analyses (PSA) tools to evaluate the impacts of the industrial bottom trawl of southern brown shrimp on the Amazon Continental shelf in Northern Brazil. A total of 540 species were identified as having direct or indirect interaction with the trawls. The SICA identified that the main risk was related to fishing capture activities, potentially impacting the species’ population size. Of the 47 species evaluated in the PSA, 12 displayed low vulnerability, 23 displayed moderate vulnerability, and 12 displayed high vulnerability to the impacts of fishing. Future fisheries management should focus on reducing species vulnerability by prioritizing data collection for the most at-risk species. Also, fishing gear modification, such as bycatch exclusion devices (BRDs), should be employed to decrease the species’ vulnerability.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1490894", doi = "10.3389/fmars.2025.1490894", openalex = "W4407112428", references = "doi101016jtree200409004, doi101038s41586020031739, doi101086401873, doi101126science1059199, doi101126science1098222, doi101126science1255641, doi101126science2795352860, doi101146annurevecolsys33010802150515, doi1023071440619, doi1023071930126, openalexw580562315" }