@article{doi102475ajss31695411, author = "Marsh, O. C.", title = "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs", year = "1878", journal = "American Journal of Science", url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-16.95.411", doi = "10.2475/ajs.s3-16.95.411", openalex = "W4210463586" } @article{doi102475ajss319111253, author = "Marsh, O. C.", title = "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, Part III", year = "1880", journal = "American Journal of Science", url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-19.111.253", doi = "10.2475/ajs.s3-19.111.253", openalex = "W2335351155" } @article{doi102475ajss321125417, author = "Marsh, O. C.", title = "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, Part V", year = "1881", journal = "American Journal of Science", url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-21.125.417", doi = "10.2475/ajs.s3-21.125.417", openalex = "W4234179596" } @article{woodward1910on6, author = "Woodward, A. S", title = "On a skull of Megalosaurus from the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton (Gloucestershire)", year = "1910", journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 66, p. 111-115", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Woodward, A. S., 1910, On a skull of Megalosaurus from the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton (Gloucestershire): Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 66, p. 111-115.}" } @article{walker1964triassic5, author = "Walker, A. D", title = "Triassic reptiles from the Elgin", year = "1964", journal = "Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 248, p. 53-134", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, A. D., 1964, Triassic reptiles from the Elgin: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 248, p. 53-134.}" } @article{galton1973a1, author = "Galton, P. M", title = "A femur of a small theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of England", year = "1973", journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 47, p. 996-1001", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Galton, P. M., 1973, A femur of a small theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of England: Journal of Paleontology, v. 47, p. 996-1001.}" } @misc{galton1974iliosuchus2, author = "Galton, P. M", title = "Iliosuchus, a Jurassic dinosaur from Oxfordshire and Utah", year = "1974", howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 19, p. 587-589", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Galton, P. M., 1974, Iliosuchus, a Jurassic dinosaur from Oxfordshire and Utah: Palaeontology, v. 19, p. 587-589.}" } @misc{waldman1974megalosaurids4, author = "Waldman, M", title = "Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset", year = "1974", howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 17, p. 325-339", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Waldman, M., 1974, Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset: Palaeontology, v. 17, p. 325-339.}" } @article{doi101038268230a0, author = "Galton, Peter M.", title = "The ornithopod dinosaur Dryosaurus and a Laurasia–Gondwanaland connection in the Upper Jurassic", year = "1977", journal = "Nature", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/268230a0", doi = "10.1038/268230a0", openalex = "W2025187971" } @article{doi101126science20544131377, author = "Bonaparte, José F.", title = "Dinosaurs: A Jurassic Assemblage from Patagonia", year = "1979", journal = "Science", abstract = "The first Jurassic assemblage of carnosaurs and sauropods from South America has been recorded in the Callovian-Oxfordian beds of Patagonia. The new genus of carnosaur is related to Allosaurus. The two new genera of sauropods are cetiosaurids, comparable with but different from Cetiosaurus, and more primitive than Haplocanthosaurus.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.205.4413.1377", doi = "10.1126/science.205.4413.1377", openalex = "W2083626107" } @article{doi101016s0016699580800386, author = "Galton, Peter M.", title = "Armored dinosaurs(Ornithischia: Ankylosauria)) from the Middle and Upper Jurassic of England", year = "1980", journal = "Geobios", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-6995(80)80038-6", doi = "10.1016/s0016-6995(80)80038-6", openalex = "W2040220207", references = "doi101038268230a0, doi101111j155856461978tb01120x, doi101126science20544131377, doi101144gsljgs1889045010404, doi105281zenodo16226902, doi105962bhltitle118972, doi105962bhltitle63658, doi105962p313819, ostrom2020stratigraphy" } @article{doi105281zenodo16673433, author = "Galton, Peter M. and Powell, H. Philip", title = "The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England", year = "1980", journal = "Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution)", abstract = "(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.", url = "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16673433", doi = "10.5281/zenodo.16673433", openalex = "W2743484795" } @misc{galton1980the3, author = "Galton, P. M. and Powell, H. P", title = "The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England", year = "1980", howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 23, p. 411-443", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Galton, P. M., and Powell, H. P., 1980, The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England: Palaeontology, v. 23, p. 411-443.}" } @article{doi10108002724634198110011899, author = "Galton, Peter M.", title = "A juvenile stegosaurian dinosaur, “ Astrodon pusillus,” from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal, with comments on Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous biogeography", year = "1981", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT The holotype of the small sauropod dinosaur Astrodon pusillus Lapparent and Zbyszewski, 1957, from the Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Portugal is shown to be the remains of a juvenile individual of the stegosaur Dacentrurus. The records of Astrodon from the Upper Jurassic of North America and the Lower Cretaceous of Africa are based on material of juvenile sauropods. However, teeth from the Lower Cretaceous of Portugal are correctly referred to Astrodon as A. valdensis (Lydekker). A review is presented of the intercontinental genera that the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous faunas of Western Europe shared with faunas of corresponding ages in North America and Africa.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1981.10011899", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1981.10011899", openalex = "W2004448594", references = "doi101126science16402435" } @article{doi101016s0016699583800205, author = "Galton, Peter M. and Powell, H. Philip", title = "Stegosaurian Dinosaurs from the Bathonian(Middle Jurassic) of England, the earliest record of the family Stegosauridae", year = "1983", journal = "Geobios", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-6995(83)80020-5", doi = "10.1016/s0016-6995(83)80020-5", openalex = "W2035553270", references = "doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101017s0016756800110714, doi10108002693445186112027929, doi10108002724634198110011899, doi101126science19242441123, doi101144gsljgs1887043010452, doi1023071440541, doi105962bhltitle63658, openalexw2071502736" } @article{doi101127njgpm19831983141, author = "Galton, Peter M.", title = "Sarcolestes leedsi Lydekker, an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of England", year = "1983", journal = "Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte", url = "https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1983/1983/141", doi = "10.1127/njgpm/1983/1983/141", openalex = "W3048317645" } @article{doi10108002724634198510011859, author = "Galton, Peter M.", title = "British plated dinosaurs (Ornithischia, Stegosauridae)", year = "1985", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT All specimens of the Stegosauridae from England are described. The material from the lower and upper Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire is the earliest record of the family. The holotype femur of Omosaurus vetustus Huene is tentatively referred to the genus Lexovisaurus Hoffstetter as L.? vetustus (Huene). Lexovisaurus durobrivensis (Hulke) includes Omosaurus durobrivensis Hulke, O. leedsi Seeley, and Stegosaurus priscus Nopcsa; it is represented by two partial skeletons and isolated bones from the Lower Oxford Clay (middle Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire. The dermal armor of Lexovisaurus consisted of large, thin plates with the height more than twice the anteroposterior width, in addition to at least one pair of parasacral spines. The holotype femur of Omosaurus phillipsi Seeley (Oxfordian, Upper Jurassic, Yorkshire) is from a juvenile individual and is generically and specifically indeterminate. Dacentrurus armatus (Owen) includes Omosaurus hastiger Owen and?O. lennieri Nopcsa; it is represented by a partial skeleton and isolated bones from the lower Kimmeridge Clay (Kimmeridgian, Upper Jurassic) of Wiltshire and Dorsetshire. In Dacentrurus, the vertebral centra are massive, the solid pedicel-like region of the dorsal neural arches is short, and the minimum angle between the transverse process and the neural arch is 55°. The armor consists of at least small plates plus elongate and massive tail spines. Craterosaurus pottonensis Seeley consists of a partial neural arch of a dorsal vertebra from the Neo-comian (Lower Cretaceous) of Bedfordshire. This taxon is characterized by a very deep depression in the top of the arch posterior to the prezygapophyses. The relationships of Dacentrurus and Lexovisaurus are discussed, but the record is too poor to reconstruct any meaningful phylogenetic relationships.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1985.10011859", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1985.10011859", openalex = "W2017400691", references = "doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101038041534b0, doi101086407120, doi101126science16402435, doi1023071440541, doi1023071786846, doi102475ajss31484513, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105962bhltitle61785, doi105962bhltitle63658, olson1972stratigraphy, openalexw1959044725, openalexw3196794502, openalexw616953834" } @article{doi101111j109636421985tb00871x, author = "Alexander, R. McN.", title = "Mechanics of posture and gait of some large dinosaurs", year = "1985", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Dimensions of dinosaur bones and of models of dinosaurs have been used as the basis for calculations designed to throw light on the posture and gaits of dinosaurs. Estimates of the masses of some dinosaurs, obtained from the volumes of models, are compared with previous estimates. The positions of dinosaurs' centres of mass, derived from models, show that some large quadrupedal dinosaurs supported most of their weight on their hind legs and were probably capable of rearing up on their hind legs. Distributions of bending moments along the backs of large dinosaurs are derived from measurements on models. The tensions required in epaxial muscles to enable Diplodocus to stand are calculated. It is likely that the long neck of this dinosaur was supported by some structure running through the notches in the neural spines of its cervical and dorsal vertebrae. The nature of this hypothetical structure is discussed. An attempt is made to reconstruct the walking gait of sauropod dinosaurs, from the pattern of footprints in fossil tracks. The dimensions of dinosaur leg bones are compared to predictions for mammals of equal body mass, obtained by extrapolation of allometric equations. Their dimensions are also used to calculate a quantity which is used as an indicator of strength in bending. Comparisons with values for modern animals lead to speculations about the athletic performance of dinosaurs. Estimates of pressures exerted on the ground by the feet of dinosaurs are used in a discussion of the ability of dinosaurs to walk over soft ground.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb00871.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb00871.x", openalex = "W2052779339", references = "doi1010029781119719984, doi1010079781475709643, doi101038261129a0, doi101038265114a0, doi101111j146979981983tb04266x, doi1015159780691183978018, doi1023072530028, doi1023073494271, doi102307jctv143mdjg, doi105962bhltitle11332, doi105962bhltitle5716" } @article{doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, author = "Anderson, John F. and Hall-Martin, A.J. and Russell, Dale A.", title = "Long‐bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs", year = "1985", journal = "Journal of Zoology", abstract = "The mid‐shaft circumferences of the humerus and femur are closely related to body weight in living terrestrial vertebrates. Because these elements are frequently preserved in subfossil and fossil vertebrate skeletal materials, the relationship can be used to estimate body weight in extinct vertebrates. When the allometric equations are applied to the mid‐shaft circumferences of these elements in dinosaurs, the weights calculated for some giant sauropods (Brachiosaurus) are found to be lighter than previous estimates.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x", openalex = "W2160621949", references = "bakker1972anatomical, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101017s0094837300004322, doi101038238081a0, doi101086410790, doi101111j136520281979tb00256x, doi101111j146979981979tb03940x, doi101111j146979981979tb03964x, doi101111j146979981983tb05785x, doi1023072987996, openalexw654491377" } @article{doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, author = "Galton, Peter M.", title = "Diet of prosauropod dinosaurs from the late Triassic and early Jurassic", year = "1985", journal = "Lethaia", abstract = "Prosauropods were not scavenger-predators, rather they were the dominant large terrestrial herbivores during the late Triassic and early Jurassic. The herbivorous adaptations of anchisaurids include spatulate teeth with anteroposteriorly expanded crowns (maximum width apical to base of crown) which are obliquely inclined with respect to the jaws so each slightly overlaps the tooth behind it, and which have coarse marginal serrations at 45° to the cutting edges. Most of the teeth of yunnanosaurids lack serrations and resemble those of sauropod dinosaurs in form and in having self-sharpening surfaces, formed by tooth-to-tooth wear, which increased the efficiency of dealing with more resistant plant material. Anchisaurids and yunnanosaurids had a ventrally set jaw articulation; the teeth and skull of melanorosaurids are unknown. All prosauropods were high browsers that extended the feeding range with a long neck and tripodal feeding (long hindlimbs and stout tail for support). They used herding and the enormous claw on the pollex for defense, and probably had a muscular gastric mill with stones that was used for grinding the food. They account for at least 95\% of the biomass in their respective faunas.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1985.tb00690.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1502-3931.1985.tb00690.x", openalex = "W1972780372", references = "benton1983dinosaur, béland1979ectothermy, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101002jmor1051480307, doi101007bf03042684, doi101038274661a0, doi101038scientificamerican047558, doi101098rstb19610007, doi101127njgpm19831983141, doi102307jctvqc6gzx, doi105962bhltitle52196, walker1964triassic" } @article{doi10108002724634198610011619, author = "Carpenter, Kenneth and Breithaupt, Brent H.", title = "Latest Cretaceous occurrence of nodosaurid ankylosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) in Western North America and the gradual extinction of the dinosaurs", year = "1986", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT The presence of nodosaurid ankylosaurs in the Lance, Hell Creek, and Laramie formations of western North America is confirmed, thereby extending the geochronological range of this family into the Maastrichtian (Lancian). The material includes a cervical spine and a skull referable to Edmontonia sp., and numerous teeth, plates and a basioccipital, which are questionably assigned to Edmontonia sp. Comparison of the amount of nodosaurid material known from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) with that from the Lancian deposits indicates a substantial decrease in the relative abundance of nodosaurids in the Maastrichtian. Furthermore, the stratigraphic distribution of these nodosaurs is apparently limited to the lower part of the Lancian deposits, suggesting that they became extinct before the end of the Cretaceous. If true, this would support the hypothesis that the dinosaur extinction at the end of the Maastrichtian was gradual, not catastrophic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1986.10011619", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1986.10011619", openalex = "W1983683915", references = "doi101017s0094837300008071, doi101127njgpm19831983141" } @article{doi1023073514457, author = "Lockley, Martin G.", title = "The Paleobiological and Paleoenvironmental Importance of Dinosaur Footprints", year = "1986", journal = "Palaios", abstract = "The serious study of dinosaur tracks, or applied dinosaur ichnology, is a field with considerable potential for paloebiological and paleoenvironmental interpretation. Despite being a neglected area of study, paleontologists have realized the potential of tracks in enhancing paleobiological interpretations pertaining to taxonomy, locomotion, social behaviour, biostratigraphic zonation and evolution. Where the study has really lagged behind is in its application to paleoenvironmental analysis. Recent studies have shown that tracks provide important, sometimes spectacular, paleogeographic evidence of shoreline configuration, paleoslope, absolute water depth and sediment saturation. In effect they may tell one as much about the paleoenvironment as they do about the trackmaker. In addition they have to be considered seriously for their contribution to the bioor 'dinoturbation' process and for their taphonomic effects. The hitherto unrecognized geographic and stratigraphic abundance of dinosaur (and other) tracks in many regions indicates that they are a persistent rather than occasional feature of the geologic record. As such they warrant greater attention in many paleoenvironmental studies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3514457", doi = "10.2307/3514457", openalex = "W1970598126", references = "coombs1980swimming, doi1010079783642659232, doi1010160025322767900515, doi1010160031018272900491, doi101017s009483730000676x, doi101038207270a0, doi101038278317a0, doi101038282296a0, doi101038297675a0, doi101111j150239311968tb01724x, openalexw2204429280, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2737139879" } @article{doi105860choice271523, title = "Dynamics of dinosaurs and other extinct giants", year = "1989", journal = "Choice Reviews Online", abstract = "How did the larger dinosaurs run? How and why did they fight? The author applies laws of physics, mechanical engineering and aerodynamics to answer these and other questions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.27-1523", doi = "10.5860/choice.27-1523", openalex = "W1509831708" } @article{doi10108002724634199010011815, author = "Forster, Catherine A.", title = "The postcranial skeleton of the ornithopod dinosaur Tenontosaurus tilletti", year = "1990", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT Tenontosaurus tilletti is a moderate-sized ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) Cloverly Formation in Montana and Wyoming. Tenontosaurus remains are abundant. The vertebral count is 12-16-5-60+, the extremely long tail comprising approximately twothirds the length of the animal. Ossified epaxial tendons are arranged in bundles to each side of the neural spines of the dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae. Ossified hypaxial tendons run longitudinally across the caudal centra and chevrons. The forelimb is relatively long, the humerus is dominated by a strong deltopectoral crest, and the manus is short and broad with a phalangeal formula of 2-3-3-1?-1?. The tibia and femur are subequal in length and moderately robust. The pes has a phalangeal formula of 2-3-4-5-0 with a vestigial metatarsal V. Tenontosaurus is the primitive sister taxon to the iguanodonthadrosaur clade within the Ornithopoda.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1990.10011815", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1990.10011815", openalex = "W2056855247", references = "doi1010079783642695339, doi10100797836426953391, doi101007bf02988144, doi1010381961074a0, doi10108002724634198810011681, doi101086407120, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105479si00963801361666197, doi105479si00963801492127591, olson1972stratigraphy, openalexw2518102587, openalexw2763856194, openalexw3196794502" } @book{openalexw603337959, author = "Lockley, Martin G.", title = "Tracking Dinosaurs: A New Look at an Ancient World", year = "1991", abstract = "Preface 1. Track facts: what, where, and when 2. The meaning of tracks 3. Understanding track preservation 4. Discovery and documentation 5. Classification: a field guide to dinosaur tracks 6. Individual behaviour 7. Social behaviour 8. Ancient ecology 9. Evolution 10. Dinosaur tracks and ancient environments 11. Trampled underfoot 12. Megatracksites: a new era in tracking 13. Myths and misconceptions 14. The dinosaur trackers 15. Epilogue: Trail to the twenty-first century Appendix A. Where to visit dinosaur tracksites Appendix B. Glossary Notes Index.", openalex = "W603337959" } @article{doi101139e93179, author = "Currie, Philip J. and Zhao, Xi-Jin", title = "A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China", year = "1993", journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences", abstract = {In 1987, a Sino-Canadian expedition known as the Dinosaur Project (China – Canada – Alberta – Ex Terra) discovered a large theropod skeleton in the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of the Junggar Basin in northwestern China. The well-preserved skeleton lacks much of the tail and most of the arms, but is otherwise nearly complete. The new genus and species, Sinraptor dongi, represents a poorly understood stage of theropod evolution, even though a related form, Megalosaurus, was the first dinosaur described and named (by W. Buckland in 1824). Sinraptor has a large pneumatopore in the jugal, a pronounced postorbital rugosity, a relatively long intertemporal bar in which the postorbital appears very short in lateral aspect, and a pneumatic palatine. It is more advanced than Piatnitzkysaurus from Argentina, less derived than Allosaurus, and shows its strongest similarities to Yangchuanosaurus. The preorbital skull length of Sinraptor is relatively longer than in Yangchuanosaurus, but the skull is relatively lower. A specimen from Sichuan recently described as "Yangchuanosaurus" hepingensis represents a second species of Sinraptor. Sinraptor and Yangchuanosaurus are united in a new family of theropods, the Sinraptoridae.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-179", doi = "10.1139/e93-179", openalex = "W2126252810" } @article{doi1011440040337, author = "Underhill, John R. and Partington, Mark A.", title = "Jurassic thermal doming and deflation in the North Sea: implications of the sequence stratigraphic evidence", year = "1993", journal = "Geological Society London Petroleum Geology Conference series", abstract = "Although the ‘Mid-Cimmerian event’ or unconformity has been recognized over much of Europe, its exact stratigraphic relations and causal mechanism have remained unclear. Application of a genetic sequence stratigraphic approach (using 17 marine condensed sections and maximum flooding surfaces) to Jurassic sequences across NW Europe allows the stratigraphic succession to be subdivided into a series of time-slices (genetic stratigraphic sequences) and allows the true nature of the unconformity to be determined. They indicate that the main event’s correlative conformity falls in the Aalenian near the break between the opalinum and murchisonae ammonite biochronozones. Further study of the associated spatial and temporal variation indicates that systematic truncation of stratigraphy occurred throughout the North Sea domain (the oldest stratigraphies subcrop in areas adjacent to the triple junction) with subsequent progressive onlap towards the same area. When integrated with igneous evidence, these observations are interpreted to confirm regional (Toarcian–Aalenian) domal uplift, resulting from the impingement of a broad-based (> 1250 km diameter), transient plume head or ‘blob’ at the base of the lithosphere. Progressive pre-rift, Aalenian–early Bathonian marine onlap records differential subsidence in response to the initial deflation of the dome while central regions may have continued to rise. Subsequent subsidence post-dated Bathonian–Callovian volcanism but still pre-dated the timing of most significant (Kimmeridgian–Volgian) rifting. Such temporal relations demonstrate that North Sea volcanism is inconsistent with a classic ‘passive’ rift model. Instead, it seems more appropriate to equate Mid–Late Jurassic North Sea development with an ‘active’ rift model following mantle-driven thermal doming. Integration of sedimentation patterns with basin development suggests that the early Toarcian–early Kimmeridgian succession records a long-term, second-order regressive–transgressive episode related to regional tectonism. Comparison with the current chart of coastal onlap and global sea-level change highlights the correlation of the Intra-Aalenian event with one of the most significant regressions (the 177 Ma event separating the Absaroka and Zuni first-order megacycles). The knowledge that this part of the curve appears to be based exclusively on sections from Dorset and Yorkshire, within and adjacent to the region affected by regional doming, suggests that there remains a need to test this part of the chart using sections from outside the uplifted area and emphasizes the impracticality of using just two relatively closely spaced sections in trying to define a truly global signal. Clearly, sections should be taken from several areas and preferably from different plates as tectonically uncoupled as possible. Until then, the worry will remain that regional tectonic events could overprint any global signal and be erroneously interpreted as abrupt changes in global eustasy. The fact that doubts such as these can be cast upon parts of the eustatic sea-level chart suggests that it is still someway off being a valid global standard with true predictive capabilities.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/0040337", doi = "10.1144/0040337", openalex = "W1869057322", references = "doi1010160191814183900792, doi101144gsjgs14520361" } @article{doi101098rstb19950125, author = "Upchurch, Paul", title = "The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs", year = "1995", journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Abstract Most recent studies of dinosaur phylogeny have concentrated on theropods and ornithischians. As a result, the evolutionary relationships of sauropod dinosaurs are poorly understood. In this paper previous studies of sauropod phylogeny are reviewed and contrasted with the results of a recent cladistic analysis. This analysis forms the basis for a reconstruction of sauropod phylogeny. Sauropods diverged from other dinosaurs at some time in the Upper Triassic, but a large part of their early history is totally unknown. Vulcanodonis currently the most primitive sauropod. Many, but perhaps not all, of the Jurassic Chinese sauropods form a monophyletic radiation (the Euhelopodidae) which may reflect the geographic isolation of China during the Lower Jurassic. Members of the Euhelopodidae, such as Mamenchisaurus, are not considered to be closely related to the Diplodocidae. ‘Forked’ chevrons, which have played such an important role in previous studies of sauropod phylogeny, are here considered to have evolved twice within the Sauropoda. This convergence may reflect a correlation between chevron shape and the use of the tail as a weapon within these two sauropod families. The ‘Neosauropoda’ (sister group to the Euhelopodidae) contains the Brachiosauridae, Camarasauridae and the new superfamilies Titanosauroidea and Diplodocoidea. The Cetiosauridae (here defined in a rather restricted sense) is also provisionally included within the Neosauropoda, but may be removed in future studies. The enigmatic Upper Cretaceous sauropod, Opisthocoelicaudia, is thought to be the sister taxon to the Titanosauridae and not a camarasaurid as previously suggested. The Diplodocoidea contains two well established families, the Dicraeosauridae and Diplodocidae, and the new family Nemegtosauridae. Finally, an overview of sauropod phylogeny is compared with recently published palaeogeographic reconstructions. There are many difficulties associated with the analysis of sauropod biogeographic distribution. Nevertheless, some aspects of sauropod phylogeny may be linked to the break-up of Laurasia and Gondwanaland during the Jurassic and Cretaceous.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1995.0125", doi = "10.1098/rstb.1995.0125", openalex = "W2026763967", references = "doi10102992jb00648, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi101126science2665183267, doi101139e93176, doi1023071292217, doi103989egeol8743extra625, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105962bhlpart4439, doi105962bhltitle60562, doi105962p234849, openalexw3114518543" } @article{doi105962p240778, author = "Madsen, James H. and McIntosh, John S. and Berman, David S.", title = "Skull and atlas-axis complex of the Upper Jurassic sauropod Camarasaurus Cope (Reptilia: Saurischia)", year = "1995", journal = "Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History", abstract = "The skull, lower jaw, and atlas-axis complex of the Upper Jurassic sauropod Camarasaurus Cope are described in detail on the basis of articulated specimens and isolated elements collected primarily from the Cleveland-Lloyd and Dinosaur National Monument quarries in Utah. Two elements heretofore unreported in the sauropod skull and mandible, the stapes and coronoid, are described. Each disarticulated element has been figured in multiple views, and in many instances the same element of several specimens is shown in order to illustrate the range of individual variation. In addition to the materials from the two principal quarries, all cranial materials known to belong to Camarasaurus are listed, and the fragmentary materials belonging to holotypic specimens are also figured. The skull and lower jaw of Camarasaurus are compared with those of the prosauropod Plateosaurus and other sauropods. Unlike many vertebrate groups the sauropods exhibit greater morphological variation in the postcranial skeleton than in the skull, and therefore any attempt to revise the genus Camarasaurus must await the full study of articulated postcranial skeletorts.", url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/p.240778", doi = "10.5962/p.240778", openalex = "W2953828657" } @book{doi107312lock90868, author = "Lockley, Martin G. and Hunt, Adrian P.", title = "Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of the Western United States", year = "1995", booktitle = "Columbia University Press eBooks", abstract = "A comprehensive and illustrated review of fossil vertebrate tracks known to date from the Western United States extending from Texas to California and from Arizona to Washington. Includes tracks from the Paleozoic, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic Eras. Also provides insight on the scientific importance, identification, and preservation of fossil footprints.", url = "https://doi.org/10.7312/lock90868", doi = "10.7312/lock90868", openalex = "W4300932534" } @article{doi101126science2725264986, author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Dutheil, Didier B. and Iarochène, Mohamed and Larsson, Hans C. E. and Lyon, Gabrielle H. and Magwene, Paul M. and Sidor, Christian A. and Varricchio, David J. and Wilson, Jeffrey A.", title = "Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation", year = "1996", journal = "Science", abstract = "Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) fossils discovered in the Kem Kem region of Morocco include large predatory dinosaurs that inhabited Africa as it drifted into geographic isolation. One, represented by a skull approximately 1.6 meters in length, is an advanced allosauroid referable to the African genus Carcharodontosaurus. Another, represented by a partial skeleton with slender proportions, is a new basal coelurosaur closely resembling the Egyptian genus Bahariasaurus. Comparisons with Cretaceous theropods from other continents reveal a previously unrecognized global radiation of carcharodontosaurid predators. Substantial geographic differentiation of dinosaurian faunas in response to continental drift appears to have arisen abruptly at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5264.986", doi = "10.1126/science.272.5264.986", openalex = "W2013182835", references = "coria1995a, doi101007bf02987808, doi101016s0016699509900389, doi101038377224a0, doi101126science2665183267, doi102113gssgfbulliv2335, doi1023072421859, doi105281zenodo1040385, doi105962p226819, openalexw1426920053, openalexw2603028126" } @article{doi105860choice332752, author = "Lockley, Martin G. and Hunt, Adrian P.", title = "Dinosaur tracks and other fossil footprints of the western United States", year = "1996", journal = "Choice Reviews Online", abstract = "For dinosaur lovers and tourists alike, this guide explores the palaeontological treasure trove of the western United States. Concentrating on the rich fossil life of the Colorado Plateau region - including parts of Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico - it gives readers the story behind a track record which extends some 300 million years back in time. Readers learn about America's prehistory as they explore a region with one of the best track records of land animals found anywhere in the world. An appendix lists museums and other major repositories of tracks and replicas, and gives details on tracksites open to the public. Lockley leads his readers to the footprints themselves, and shows fossil explorers how these traces can help to interpret the behaviour of dinosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-2752", doi = "10.5860/choice.33-2752", openalex = "W1570663375", references = "doi1011300091761319910191201fvfitc23co2, openalexw3093435588, openalexw603337959" } @article{sereno1997the, author = "Sereno, Paul C.", title = "THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF DINOSAURS", year = "1997", journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences", abstract = "▪ Abstract Phylogenetic studies and new fossil evidence have yielded fundamental insights into the pattern and timing of dinosaur evolution and the emergence of functionally modern birds. The dinosaurian radiation began in the Middle Triassic, significantly predating the global dominance of dinosaurs by the end of the period. The phylogenetic history of ornithischian and saurischian dinosaurs reveals evolutionary trends such as increasing body size. Adaptations to herbivory in dinosaurs were not tightly correlated with marked floral replacements. Dinosaurian biogeography during the era of continental breakup principally involved dispersal and regional extinction.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435", doi = "10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435", number = "1", openalex = "W2081551955", pages = "435-489", volume = "25", references = "benton1983dinosaur, chinsamy1994dinosaur, crossref1976allosaurus, crossref1995systematics, doi101007978364268836217, doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160031018272900491, doi1010160195667191900155, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101038274661a0, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi101086284406, doi101086407902, doi101093clinids222240, doi101098rstb19910056, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101126science24348951145, doi101126science2555046845, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2665183267, doi101126science2665186779, doi101126science2725264986, doi101139e93176, doi101139e93179, doi101139e93187, doi101146annurevea03050175000415, doi101146annureven10010165000525, doi101353book34649, doi1023071441916, doi1023072421859, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105860choice323881, doi105860choice331556, doi105962p226819, openalexw2603028126, openalexw2788234611, openalexw3146596760, openalexw39955589, parrish1987late, rowe1989a, vonhuene1923carnivorous, wilson1985stenonychosaurus" } @article{doi10108002724634199810011086, author = "Olsen, Paul E. and Smith, Joshua B. and McDonald, Nicholas G.", title = "Type material of the type species of the classic theropod footprint genera Eubrontes, Anchisauripus, and Grallator (Early Jurassic, Hartford and Deerfield basins, Connecticut and Massachusetts, U.S.A.)", year = "1998", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT The classic Early Jurassic age theropod footprints Eubrontes giganteus, Anchisauripus sillimani, and Grallator parallelus were established by Edward Hitchcock in 1836–1847 and are the type ichnospecies of their respective ichnogenera. We identify, describe, and figure the type specimens in detail for the first time since they were named. We also figure and describe the other elements of the type series as well as specimens mistakenly thought to be the types. All of the tracks come from cyclical lacustrine and marginal lacustrine to fluvial strata from an interval spanning about one million years in the Early Jurassic age Meriden and Agawam groups of the Hartford and Deerfield basins of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Based on osteometric comparisons with skeletal material, these three ichnospecies were most likely made by theropod dinosaurs, as usually assumed. Although treated here as distinct ichnogenera, it is possible that their major proportional differences derive from allometric growth with individuals of several related species in one genus or even within one species of trackmaker. The rigorous establishment of these classic ichnological taxa forms a basis for more wide ranging studies of theropod diversity in the early Mesozoic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011086", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1998.10011086", openalex = "W2003962594", references = "doi1010160031018272900491, doi101017s0025315400028575, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi101126science5130998, doi101146annurevearth251337, doi10230725058147, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice332752, doi105962bhltitle125523, doi107312lock90868, openalexw39955589, openalexw606525048" } @article{doi10108002724634199810011115, author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Sereno, Paul C.", title = "Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs", year = "1998", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT Although sauropods played a major role in terrestrial ecosystems during much of the Mesozoic Era, little effort has been directed toward diagnosing Sauropoda and establishing higher-level interrelationships among sauropods. As a consequence, the origin and evolution of major skeletal adaptations in sauropods has remained largely speculative. The cladistic analysis presented here focuses on higher-level relationships among sauropods. Based on 109 characters (32 cranial, 24 axial, 53 appendicular) for 10 sauropod taxa, the most parsimonious arrangement places four genera (Vulcanodon, Shunosaurus, Barapasaurus, and Omeisaurus) as a sequence of sister-taxa to a group of advanced sauropods, defined here as Neosauropoda. Neosauropoda, in turn, is composed of the sister-clades Diplodocoidea and Macronaria; the latter is a new taxon that includes Haplocanthosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Titanosauriformes. Titanosauriformes includes Brachiosauridae and Somphospondyli, a new taxon uniting Euhelopus and Titanosauria. Among macronarians, the position of Haplocanthosaurus is the least stable as a result of the absence of cranial remains. The basic structure of the phylogeny is resilient to various tests and establishes the evolutionary sequence of many functionally significant sauropod adaptations, such as the digitigrade posture of the manus in neosauropods. Other characteristic sauropod adaptations, such as narrow tooth crowns, increases in length and number of cervical vertebrae, and bifid neural spines, are shown to have evolved more than once. As these results underscore, the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods must be based on a broad sampling of character data. The fossil record of sauropods, although relatively limited during the early phase of the radiation (Late Triassic through Early Jurassic), nonetheless indicates that all major clades were established prior to the Late Jurassic, when substantial faunal interchange among major continental regions was still possible. The functional, temporal, and biogeographic implications of the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods are explored.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115", openalex = "W1981694118", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi1010079789400904095, doi101038063003a0, doi101038114085a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi101111j109636421985tb00871x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101126science2562999, doi101126science2665183267, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi1023071292217, doi1023073514751, doi1023073514816, doi102307jctv143mdjg, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss321125417, doi102475ajss32313381, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice331556, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2173200745, openalexw2472827083, openalexw616953834, openalexw653009579" } @article{doi101126science28053661048, author = "Sampson, Scott D. and Witmer, Lawrence M. and Forster, Catherine A. and Krause, David W. and O’Connor, Patrick M. and Dodson, Peter and Ravoavy, Florent", title = "Predatory Dinosaur Remains from Madagascar: Implications for the Cretaceous Biogeography of Gondwana", year = "1998", journal = "Science", abstract = "Recent discoveries of fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar include several specimens of a large theropod dinosaur. One specimen includes a nearly complete and exquisitely preserved skull with thickened pneumatic nasals, a median frontal horn, and a dorsal projection on the parietals. The new materials are assigned to the enigmatic theropod group Abelisauridae on the basis of a number of unique features. Fossil remains attributable to abelisaurids are restricted to three Gondwanan landmasses: South America, Madagascar, and the Indian subcontinent. This distribution is consistent with a revised paleogeographic reconstruction that posits prolonged links between these landmasses (via Antarctica), perhaps until late in the Late Cretaceous.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5366.1048", doi = "10.1126/science.280.5366.1048", openalex = "W2026696841", references = "doi101016003101829190145h, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi10103837343, doi101038377301a0, doi101126science2665183267, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science27953581915, doi101139e93176, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi105962p226819, openalexw648313615, sereno1997the" } @article{doi101126science28253921298, author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Beck, Allison L. and Dutheil, Didier B. and Gado, Boubacar and Larsson, Hans C. E. and Lyon, Gabrielle H. and Marcot, Jonathan D. and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Sadleir, Rudyard W. and Sidor, Christian A. and Varricchio, David D. and Wilson, Gregory P. and Wilson, Jeffrey A.", title = "A Long-Snouted Predatory Dinosaur from Africa and the Evolution of Spinosaurids", year = "1998", journal = "Science", abstract = "Fossils discovered in Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) rocks in the Tenere Desert of central Niger provide new information about spinosaurids, a peculiar group of piscivorous theropod dinosaurs. The remains, which represent a new genus and species, reveal the extreme elongation and transverse compression of the spinosaurid snout. The postcranial bones include blade-shaped vertebral spines that form a low sail over the hips. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the enlarged thumb claw and robust forelimb evolved during the Jurassic, before the elongated snout and other fish-eating adaptations in the skull. The close phylogenetic relationship between the new African spinosaurid and Baryonyx from Europe provides evidence of dispersal across the Tethys seaway during the Early Cretaceous.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5392.1298", doi = "10.1126/science.282.5392.1298", openalex = "W2161814413", references = "doi101016s0195667105800199, doi101038324359a0, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101111j136531211989tb00328x, doi101126science2725264986, doi101127njgpa1991996151, doi101144gsjgs15310005, doi102113gssgfbulliv2335, doi105860choice331556, openalexw2989049194" } @article{doi1023073889325, author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Sereno, Paul C.", title = "Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs", year = "1998", journal = "Memoir Society of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "Jeffrey A. Wilson, Paul C. Sereno, Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs, Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology), Vol. 5, Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs (Jun. 15, 1998), pp. 1-68", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3889325", doi = "10.2307/3889325", openalex = "W4231375646" } @article{doi10108002724634199910011178, author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A.", title = "A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs", year = "1999", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT The vertebrae of sauropods are characterized by numerous bony struts that connect the costovertebral and intervertebral articulations, centrum, and neural spine of the presacral, sacral, and anterior caudal vertebrae. A nomenclature for sauropod vertebral laminae is proposed that: 1) utilizes the morphological landmarks connected by the laminae (rather than their spatial orientation); and 2) provides the same name for serial homologues. This landmark-based nomenclature for vertebral laminae, which establishes the first criterion of homology (similarity), is the first step towards interpreting their phylogenetic significance. Nineteen different neural arch laminae are identified in sauropods, although all are never present in a single vertebra. Vertebral laminae can be divided into four regional categories, with each distinct lamina abbreviated with a simple four-letter acronym: diapophyseal laminae; parapophyseal laminae; zygapophyseal laminae; and spinal laminae. The distribution of neural arch laminae in presacral, sacral, and caudal vertebrae is evaluated to assess homology in sauropods and other saurischians. Five diapophyseal laminae and six zygapophyseal laminae characterize saurischian dinosaurs. Parapophyseal laminae and spinodiapophyseal laminae are unique to a subgroup of sauropods that includes Barapasaurus, Omeisaurus, and Neosauropoda. The presence of diapophyseal laminae in caudal vertebrae characterizes diplodocids. Vertebral laminae probably partitioned pneumatic diverticuli on the neural arch and provided structural support for the axial column. Their basic architecture evolved in saurischians prior to the Late Triassic (Carnian), 25 million years before the first known sauropod.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1999.10011178", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1999.10011178", openalex = "W2059909554", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101038063003a0, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101126science11282807, doi1023072413454, doi1023073514751, doi1023073889325, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105860choice353642, doi105962p226819, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2989049194, openalexw3184837389" } @article{doi101126science2845415798, author = "Stevens, Kent A. and Parrish, J. Michael", title = "Neck Posture and Feeding Habits of Two Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs", year = "1999", journal = "Science", abstract = "Articulated digital reconstructions of two diplodocid sauropods revealed cervical poses and feeding envelopes. The necks of Diplodocus and Apatosaurus were nearly straight but gently declined such that the heads, which were themselves angled downward relative to the neck, were close to ground level in their neutral, undeflected posture. Both necks were less flexible than conventionally depicted, and Diplodocus was less capable of lateral and dorsal curvature than Apatosaurus. The results suggest that these sauropods were adapted to ground feeding or low browsing, contrary to the view that diplodocid sauropods were high browsers.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5415.798", doi = "10.1126/science.284.5415.798", openalex = "W1973201036", references = "doi101111j109636421985tb00871x" } @article{doi101126science28454232137, author = "Sereno, Paul C.", title = "The Evolution of Dinosaurs", year = "1999", journal = "Science", abstract = "The ascendancy of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and opportunistic as their demise and replacement by therian mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. The dinosaurian radiation, launched by 1-meter-long bipeds, was slower in tempo and more restricted in adaptive scope than that of therian mammals. A notable exception was the evolution of birds from small-bodied predatory dinosaurs, which involved a dramatic decrease in body size. Recurring phylogenetic trends among dinosaurs include, to the contrary, increase in body size. There is no evidence for co-evolution between predators and prey or between herbivores and flowering plants. As the major land masses drifted apart, dinosaurian biogeography was molded more by regional extinction and intercontinental dispersal than by the breakup sequence of Pangaea.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2137", doi = "10.1126/science.284.5423.2137", openalex = "W1974320804", references = "brouwers1987dinosaurs, coria1995a, doi101007978364268836217, doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160031018272900491, doi1010160031018282900852, doi1010160198025483901334, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi10103820167, doi101038248168a0, doi101038277560a0, doi10103831927, doi10103832642, doi10103834356, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi101038387390a0, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199210011473, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi10108002724634199810011101, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101093oso97801985491780010001, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x1997tb00024x, doi101111j155856461973tb05912x, doi101111j155856461996tb04496x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science27953581915, doi101126science28053661048, doi101126science28253921298, doi101126science2845414616, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101139e93187, doi101146annurevea03050175000415, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi1015159780691224244, doi1023071292217, doi1023073514751, doi1023073515466, openalexw1528487914, rowe1989a, sereno1997the" } @article{doi101126science28654431342, author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Beck, Allison L. and Dutheil, Didier B. and Larsson, Hans C. E. and Lyon, Gabrielle H. and Moussa, Bourahima and Sadleir, Rudyard W. and Sidor, Christian A. and Varricchio, David J. and Wilson, Gregory P. and Wilson, Jeffrey A.", title = "Cretaceous Sauropods from the Sahara and the Uneven Rate of Skeletal Evolution Among Dinosaurs", year = "1999", journal = "Science", abstract = "Lower Cretaceous fossils from central Niger document the succession of sauropod dinosaurs on Africa as it drifted into geographic isolation. A new broad-toothed genus of Neocomian age (approximately 135 million years ago) shows few of the specializations of other Cretaceous sauropods. A new small-bodied sauropod of Aptian-Albian age (approximately 110 million years ago), in contrast, reveals the highly modified cranial form of rebbachisaurid diplodocoids. Rates of skeletal change in sauropods and other major groups of dinosaurs are estimated quantitatively and shown to be highly variable.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5443.1342", doi = "10.1126/science.286.5443.1342", openalex = "W2126320337", references = "coria1995a, doi101126science28253921298" } @article{doi101016s001678780180047x, author = "Whyte, M. and Romano, M.", title = "Probable stegosaurian dinosaur tracks from the Saltwick Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Yorkshire, England", year = "2001", journal = "Proceedings of the Geologists' Association", url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/86fe0df84abf6527802512c0111401ea1543a1a5", doi = "10.1016/S0016-7878(01)80047-X", is_oa = "true", number = "1", pages = "45-54", semanticscholar_citation_count = "83", semanticscholar_id = "86fe0df84abf6527802512c0111401ea1543a1a5", volume = "112" } @article{doi10108010420940109380189, author = "Whyte, M. A. and Romano, M.", title = "A dinosaur ichnocoenosis from the middle jurassic of Yorkshire, UK", year = "2001", journal = "Ichnos/Ichnos : an international journal for plant and animal traces", abstract = "An assemblage of dinosaur tracks from the undersurface of a sandstone bed in the Saltwick Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Yorkshire shows a range of morphological types, preservational variants and behavioral styles. The tracks are combinations of transmitted prints and underprints and include three distinct trackways. One trackway was made by an animal walking on exposed damp sand, another was left by an animal swimming diagonally across a current and being swept down current, while the third may have been made by an animal either running or pushing off with its feet as it drifted down current. Environmental conditions that existed during the formation of the trackways varied between crevasse splay floods and exposed damp sand. The morphology of the swimming tracks is sufficiently distinctive to warrant the erection of a new ichnogenus and ichnospecies—Characichnos tridactylus. Previously described material from Kansas, Wyoming and New Mexico can be attributed to this new ichnogenus, while specimens from Germany and Utah are only provisionally referred to it. This indicates a known range from Triassic to Cretaceous.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940109380189", doi = "10.1080/10420940109380189", openalex = "W1990900938", references = "coombs1980swimming, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016019181418890106x, doi101016s001678780180047x, doi101038261129a0, doi101111j136531211991tb00851x, doi102110scn7502, doi1023072530028, doi105860choice273305, doi105860choice332752, openalexw2173200745, openalexw3093286468" } @article{doi101046j10963642200200029x, author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A.", title = "Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis", year = "2002", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. (2002): Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 217-276, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x", url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x", doi = "10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x", openalex = "W2018305891", references = "doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101007978140206754912413, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j155856461983tb05533x, doi101126science28053661048, doi101126science28454232137, doi101242dev1212333, doi1023071292217, doi1023072408332, doi1023072992353, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss321125417, doi102475ajss32313381, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi107312crac92306005, openalexw1025856234, openalexw3114518543, ostrom2019osteology" } @article{doi101046j10963642200200037x, author = "Chatterjee, Sankar and Zheng, Zhong", title = "Cranial anatomy of Shunosaurus, a basal sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China", year = "2002", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Chatterjee, Sankar, Zheng, Zhong (2002): Cranial anatomy of Shunosaurus, a basal sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (1): 145-169, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00037.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00037.x", url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00037.x", doi = "10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00037.x", openalex = "W2144944681", references = "doi105962bhltitle60562" } @article{doi101126science1065522, author = "Olsen, Paul E. and Kent, Dennis V. and Sues, Hans‐Dieter and Koeberl, Christian and Huber, Heinz and Montanari, Alessandro and Rainforth, Emma C. and Fowell, Sarah J. and Szajna, Michael J. and Hartline, B. W.", title = "Ascent of Dinosaurs Linked to an Iridium Anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary", year = "2002", journal = "Science", abstract = "Analysis of tetrapod footprints and skeletal material from more than 70 localities in eastern North America shows that large theropod dinosaurs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extinction. This extraordinary turnover is associated with an iridium anomaly (up to 285 parts per trillion, with an average maximum of 141 parts per trillion) and a fern spore spike, suggesting that a bolide impact was the cause. Eastern North American dinosaurian diversity reached a stable maximum less than 100,000 years after the boundary, marking the establishment of dinosaur-dominated communities that prevailed for the next 135 million years.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065522", doi = "10.1126/science.1065522", openalex = "W2107051375", references = "doi1010160031018295001719, doi101126science22546661030, doi101126science3616622, doi1023073514751, doi105860choice332752, doi107312lock90868" } @article{doi101017s1477201903001007, author = "Yates, Adam M.", title = "A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs", year = "2003", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "Synopsis Juvenile sauropodomorph specimens from a Late Triassic/Early Jurassic fissure fill in Pant‐y‐ffynnon Quarry, South Wales are redescribed and named as a new species, Thecodontosaurus caducus. T. caducus can be diagnosed by the presence of pleurocoel‐like pits on the neurocentral sutures of the sixth, seventh and eighth cervical vertebrae. It is further distinguished from the type species of the genus, T. antiquus, by the primitive shape of its proximal humerus and ilium. Data from this specimen are incorporated into a cladistic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships. It is found that Thecodontosaurus is basal to all other sauropodomorphs, with the exception of Saturnalia from the late Carnian of Brazil. As such Thecodontosaurus is a key taxon, with a novel combination of characters that has important implications for early dinosaur phylogenetics. Thecodontosaurus provides evidence that ‘prosauropods’ are paraphyletic with respect to Sauropoda and that Herrera‐sauridae lies outside the clade containing Sauropodomorpha + Theropoda.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201903001007", doi = "10.1017/s1477201903001007", openalex = "W2118203199", references = "doi101007bf02985709, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi101093sysbio24137, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105962bhlpart22965, openalexw1585246501" } @article{doi101017s1477201903001044, author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Upchurch, Paul", title = "A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (dinosauria ‐ sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a ‘Gondwanan’ distribution", year = "2003", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "Synopsis Titanosaurs represent approximately one‐third of sauropod diversity and were geographically widespread throughout the Cretaceous, especially on southern continents. Titanosaurs evolved numerous appendicular synapomorphies that account for their specialised ‘wide‐gauge’ limb posture, which can be recognised in their trackways. The macronarian origin of titanosaurs is only recently agreed upon and aspects of their inter‐relationships remain poorly understood. Titanosauria is named for the poorly known genus Titanosaurus, which was coined by Lydekker in 1877 on the basis of a partial femur and two incomplete caudal vertebrae. Fourteen species have since been referred to Titanosaurus, which distribute the genus across Argentina, Europe, Madagascar, India and Laos, and throughout 60 million years of the Cretaceous. Despite its centrality to titanosaur systematics and biogeography, the genus Titanosaurus has never been revised. A re‐evaluation of all Titanosaurus species recognises as diagnostic only five. The type species T. indicus is invalid because it is based on ‘obsolescent’ characters ‐ once diagnostic features that have gained a broadertaxonomic distribution over time. Consequently, the genus Titanosaurus and its co‐ordinated rank‐taxa (e.g. Titanosaurinae, Titanosauridae, Titanosauroidea) must be abandoned. The unranked taxon Titanosauria, however, remains valid. A new phylogenetic taxonomy is proposed for Titanosauria that utilises nodes that have been judged stable by the most recent cladistic analyses. The early appearance of titanosaur ichnofossils (Middle Jurassic) and body fossils (Late Jurassic) precludes a vicariant origin for the group, but such a pattern cannot yet be ruled out for lower‐level taxa within Titanosauria.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201903001044", doi = "10.1017/s1477201903001044", openalex = "W2151812052", references = "doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101111j109636421932tb01553x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi102475ajss31695411, doi105860choice273305, openalexw1025856234" } @article{doi10108010420940390255484, author = "Gatesy, Stephen M.", title = "Direct and Indirect Track Features: What Sediment Did a Dinosaur Touch?", year = "2003", journal = "Ichnos/Ichnos : an international journal for plant and animal traces", abstract = "Studies of dinosaur tracks have benefited from a distinction between true tracks and those made in subsurface layers—undertracks. However, the straightforward definition of true tracks becomes problematic when dealing with deep tracks, which often perforate or incise surface layers rather than simply distort them. Deep tracks from the Late Triassic of Greenland were made by theropods moving their feet through a volume of sediment along a complex three-dimensional trajectory. I suggest that designating different portions of the track as direct or indirect features is fruitful for reconstructing foot motion. Identifying which sedimentary grains, rather than which layers, were touched by the foot avoids dismissing deep tracks as undertracks and overlooking a valuable source of kinematic data.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940390255484", doi = "10.1080/10420940390255484", openalex = "W1991585260" } @article{doi101144pygs543185, author = "Romano, M. and Whyte, M. A.", title = "Jurassic dinosaur tracks and trackways of the Cleveland Basin, Yorkshire: preservation, diversity and distribution", year = "2003", journal = "Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society", abstract = "SUMMARY Dinosaur tracks are abundant in the Middle Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire and indeed characterize the non-marine sequences developed within the Cleveland Basin. These tracks and associated trackways provide valuable evidence of the possible diversity of the dinosaur communities, their potential makers and behaviour and useful insights into the habitats and palaeoenvironment during the time of deposition. The uneven historical development of research into Yorkshire dinosaur tracks is reviewed and the Middle Jurassic lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy of the region is outlined. Next, the probable palaeoenvironment of the Middle Jurassic Cleveland Basin, generally regarded as a coastal plain and fluvial complex, is briefly summarized. The terminology used to describe the dominant preservational types of dinosaur tracks, such as surface, transmitted and underprints, is clearly defined, with examples from the Yorkshire sequences. The Yorkshire tracks show considerable morphological diversity and at present 29 different morphotypes have been recognized, which possibly represent at least 15 ichnotaxa. These morphotypes include both quadrupedal and bipedal forms, as well as a distinctive suite of raking prints resulting from swimming activity. The distribution and abundance of the known dinosaur tracks within the Middle Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire is described. For the first time, a range chart of dinosaur tracks is presented that illustrates the persistence of some morphotypes throughout the Ravenscar Group (Middle Jurassic) of the Cleveland Basin. Track distribution and diversity data allow reconstruction of the Yorkshire dinosaur communities that were made up of between 7–10 common types, belonging to sauropods, stegosaurids, ornithopods and theropods. The area is a ‘megatracksite’ of global importance.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.54.3.185", doi = "10.1144/pygs.54.3.185", openalex = "W2086170470", references = "crossref1997the, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016001282527990059x, doi101016019181418890106x, doi101016s001678780180047x, doi101038261129a0, doi10108010420940109380189, doi1023071441916, doi105860choice273305, doi105860choice322751, doi105860choice332752, openalexw3093286468, openalexw560220492" } @book{doi1015468gbdyof, author = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M.", title = "The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs", year = "2003", abstract = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576", url = "https://doi.org/10.15468/gbdyof", doi = "10.15468/gbdyof", openalex = "W69964179" } @article{doi1016710272463420030230344teovpi20co2, author = "Wedel, Mathew J.", title = "The evolution of vertebral pneumaticity in sauropod dinosaurs", year = "2003", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT The vertebrae of sauropod dinosaurs are characterized by complex architecture involving laminae, fossae, and internal chambers of various shapes and sizes. These structures are interpreted as osteological correlates of an intricate system of air sacs and pneumatic diverticula similar to that of birds. In basal sauropods pneumatic features are limited to fossae. Camerae and camellae are internalized pneumatic chambers independently acquired in neosauropods and some Chinese forms. The polycamerate and camellate vertebrae of higher neosauropods are characterized by internal pneumatic chambers of considerable complexity. The independent acquisition of these derived morphologies in Mamenchisaurus, derived diplodocids, and most titanosauriforms is correlated with increasing size and neck length. The presacrai vertebrae of basal sauropods were probably pneumatized by diverticula of cervical air sacs similar to those of birds. Although pneumatic characters in sauropods are most extensive and complex in presacrai vertebrae, the sacrum was also pneumatized in most neosauropods. Pneumatization of the proximal caudal vertebrae was achieved independently in diplodocids and titanosaurids. In birds, the synsacrum is pneumatized via abdominal air sacs which function primarily in lung ventilation. The presence of pneumatized sacral and caudal vertebrae in neosauropods indicates that abdominal air sacs were probably present in at least some sauropods.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0344:teovpi]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0344:teovpi]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W1969596295", references = "doi1010160031018275900279, doi101038229172a0, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x" } @article{doi101671a1097, author = "Dzik, Jerzy", title = "A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland", year = "2003", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "Abstract An accumulation of skeletons of the pre-dinosaur Silesaurus opolensis, gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Keuper (Late Triassic) claystone of Krasiejów in southern Poland. The strata are correlated with the late Carnian Lehrberg Beds and contain a diverse assemblage of tetrapods, including the phytosaur Paleorhinus, which in other regions of the world co-occurs with the oldest dinosaurs. A narrow pelvis with long pubes and the extensive development of laminae in the cervical vertebrae place S. opolensis close to the origin of the clade Dinosauria above Pseudolagosuchus, which agrees with its geological age. Among the advanced characters is the beak on the dentaries, and the relatively low tooth count. The teeth have low crowns and wear facets, which are suggestive of herbivory. The elongate, but weak, front limbs are probably a derived feature.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/a1097", doi = "10.1671/a1097", openalex = "W2101751293", references = "doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rstb19990489, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw2310875238, openalexw2788234611, openalexw606525048, openalexw616953834, sereno1997the" } @article{doi101098rspb20042692, author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Conrad, Jack L.", title = "New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid–Cretaceous", year = "2004", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Abelisauroid predators have been recorded almost exclusively from South America, India and Madagascar, a distribution thought to document persistent land connections exclusive of Africa. Here, we report fossils from three stratigraphic levels in the Cretaceous of Niger that provide definitive evidence that abelisauroid dinosaurs and their immediate antecedents were also present on Africa. The fossils include an immediate abelisauroid antecedent of Early Cretaceous age (ca. 130-110 Myr ago), early members of the two abelisauroid subgroups (Noasauridae, Abelisauridae) of Mid-Cretaceous age (ca. 110 Myr ago) and a hornless abelisaurid skull of early Late Cretaceous age (ca. 95 Myr ago). Together, these fossils fill in the early history of the abelisauroid radiation and provide key evidence for continued faunal exchange among Gondwanan landmasses until the end of the Early Cretaceous (ca. 100 Myr ago).", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2692", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2004.2692", openalex = "W2165747516", references = "doi1010160025322777900457, doi10103835016061, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science28053661048, doi101126science28253921298, doi1016710272463420020220460ancroc20co2, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi105860choice331556, doi105962p226819, openalexw3114518543, openalexw3214948090" } @article{doi1022179revmacn688, author = "Martinelli, Agustín G. and Forasiepi, Analía M.", title = "Late Cretaceous vertebrates from bajo de Santa Rosa (Allen Formation), Río Negro province, Argentina, with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauridae)", year = "2004", journal = "Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales", abstract = "A large and diverse collection of vertebrate remains from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Allen Formation (Malargüe Group) at the Bajo deSanta Rosalocality (Río Negro Province,Argentina) is described here. The vertebrates are represented by: chondrichthyans; diplomystid siluriform, lepisosteid, cf. percichthyid and dipnoid osteichthyans; pipid and leptodactylid anurans; chelid turthes; sphenodonts; elasmosaurid plesiosaurs; madtsoiid snakes; faveoolitid and megaloolithid eggshells; and hadrosaurid, cf. carcharodontosaurid and titanosaurid dinosaurs. A new small saltasaurine titanosaurid, Bonatitan reigi gen. et sp. nov., is described. It is diagnosed by the following association of characters: 1) longitudinal groove located on the suture between parietals that continues posteriorly over the supraoccipital to the foramen magnum; 2) basisphenoid tubera long and narrow (more than twice as long as wide); 3) dorsal to middle caudal vertebrae with deep oval to circular pits present on both sides of the prespinal lamina; 4) anterior caudal vertebra with spino-postzygapophysial and spino-prezygapophysial laminae; 5) neural arch of anterior caudals with deep interzygapophysial fossae with numerous pits; 6) anterior caudal vertebra with an accessory sub-horizontal lamina extending from the antero-ventral portion of the postzygapophysis to the mid-portion of the spino-prezygapophysial lamina; and finally, 7) anterior caudal vertebra with a prominent axial crest on the ventral surface of the cemtrum. The first record of sphenodonts and cf. carcharodontosaurid theropods is recognized for the upper Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, as well as the earliest record of percichthyids (Perciformes). The vertebrate record is mainly composed of terrestrial and freshwater taxa, but a few marine elements are found (elasmosaurids) indicating a marine influence during the deposition of the Allen Formation in the area of Bajo deSanta Rosa. The vertebrate remains support a Campanian-Maastrichtian age for the Allen Formation. Comparisons with other South American Campanian-Maastrichtian localities suggest a similar fossil vertebrate composition, with relatively few differences between the Patagonian and extra Patagonian South American records. Key words: Late Cretaceous, osteichthyans, chondrichthyans, anurans, turtles, sphenodonts, plesiosaurs, ophidians, dinosaurs,Patagonia.", url = "https://doi.org/10.22179/revmacn.6.88", doi = "10.22179/revmacn.6.88", openalex = "W2580867742", references = "crossref1998predatory, doi101016s089953629890642x, doi101017s0022336000017480, doi101038377224a0, doi10108002724634199410011563, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science28053661048, doi1023073889325, doi105281zenodo13660782" } @article{doi101017s0016756806002561, author = "Galton, P. and Knoll, Fabien", title = "A saurischian dinosaur braincase from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) near Oxford, England: from the theropod Megalosaurus or the sauropod Cetiosaurus?", year = "2006", journal = "Geological Magazine", abstract = "A dinosaur braincase from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Oxfordshire (England) is described. The specimen, which has historical significance, has been erratically attributed to either a sauropod or a theropod on the basis of vague phenetic resemblances. It is here re-interpreted in the light of recent cladistic analyses of dinosaurs, allowing the first proper character-based discussion of its affinities. It resembles those of ornithischian and prosauropod dinosaurs in the absence of a prominent, caudolaterally directed bony sheet from either the crista tuberalis (as in all theropods) or the crista prootica (as in all sauropods except juveniles of the eusauropod Shunosaurus). This braincase shows two synapomorphic characters of the Eusauropoda: the region of the cranium is rostrocaudally shortened and the long axis of the supratemporal fenestra is transversely oriented. For these characters, ornithischians, theropods, and prosauropods retain the plesiomorphic condition. It is concluded that the specimen is an important exemplar of a Middle Jurassic sauropod braincase and it is suggested that it could be from the eusauropod Cetiosaurus.", url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cabffee09ef6fbb34356500fa1837fd44b87dfdc", doi = "10.1017/S0016756806002561", is_oa = "true", number = "6", pages = "905-921", semanticscholar_citation_count = "18", semanticscholar_id = "cabffee09ef6fbb34356500fa1837fd44b87dfdc", volume = "143" } @article{doi101038nature04633, author = "Sander, P. Martin and Mateus, Octávio and Laven, Thomas and Knötschke, Nils", title = "Bone histology indicates insular dwarfism in a new Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur", year = "2006", journal = "Nature", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04633", doi = "10.1038/nature04633", openalex = "W1985815554", references = "doi1010160016714284900346, doi101016jtree200508012, doi10103835086500, doi101038nature02699, doi101038nature03635, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1023073060311, doi10560219780801881206, openalexw51761775" } @article{doi10108008912960600719988, author = "Irmis, Randall B. and Parker, William G. and Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Liu, Jun", title = "Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record", year = "2006", journal = "Historical Biology", abstract = "Abstract Ornithischian dinosaurs are one of the most taxonomically diverse dinosaur clades during the Mesozoic, yet their origin and early diversification remain virtually unknown. In recent years, several new Triassic ornithischian taxa have been proposed, mostly based upon isolated teeth. New discoveries of skeletal material of some of these tooth taxa indicate that these teeth can no longer be assigned to the Ornithischia using unambiguous synapomorphies. The Triassic record of ornithischian dinosaurs now comprises only three probable occurrences: Pisanosaurus and an unnamed heterodontosaurid from Argentina, and an unnamed specimen from the uppermost Triassic of South Africa. This revised Triassic record suggests that ornithischians were not very diverse or abundant through the Triassic, and there are large gaps in the Triassic ornithischian fossil record. Moreover, traditional living analogues for interpreting the feeding ecology of early ornithischians from their tooth morphology are generally inappropriate, and “herbivorous” archosaur teeth such as those found in early ornithischians are not necessarily diagnostic of herbivorous feeding.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960600719988", doi = "10.1080/08912960600719988", openalex = "W2168969964", references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi101016s0016699594802521, doi101126science2835400335, doi101126science28454232137, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi102138rmg20024812, doi1023073514751, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice331556, padian1990the" } @article{doi10108025761900202212131807, author = "Sadleir, Rudyard W. and Barrett, Paul M. and Powell, H. Philip", title = "The Anatomy and Systematics of Eustreptospondylus Oxoniensis, A Theropod Dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Oxfordshire, England", year = "2006", journal = "Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society", abstract = "Recent work on theropod phylogeny has concentrated on the interrelationships of taxa that lie close to the ancestry of birds (coelurosaurs), whereas only a small number of studies have investigated the evolution of more primitive theropods (e.g. basal tetanurans). Ghost lineages implied by theropod phylogenies suggest that the Middle Jurassic was an important time in tetanuran evolution, witnessing the initial radiation and diversification of the clade. However, Middle Jurassic theropod specimens are rare and often incomplete.The holotype specimen of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, from the Middle Oxford Clay (upper Callovian) of Oxfordshire, England, represents the most complete Middle Jurassic theropod specimen from Europe. This taxon therefore has the potential to shed much needed light on basal tetanuran evolution at a critical time in the clade's history. Although several previous authors considered the anatomy and systematics of Eustreptospondylus, none of these accounts provided a comprehensive description and their utility is therefore limited.Here, we provide a detailed redescription of Eustreptospondylus and confirm its phylogenetic position as a basal member of Spinosauroidea. The taxon exhibits several anatomical features that appear to be incipient versions of the highly specialized character states found in more derived members of the clade (e.g. development of the premaxillary/maxillary embayment). The results of this work also suggest that Spinosauroidea may have originated in the Middle Jurassic of Europe, later dispersing to Gondwana.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131807", doi = "10.1080/25761900.2022.12131807", openalex = "W4293439070" } @article{doi101126science1132885, author = "Royo‐Torres, Rafael and Cobos, Alberto and Alcalá, Luís", title = "A Giant European Dinosaur and a New Sauropod Clade", year = "2006", journal = "Science", abstract = "Fossils of a giant sauropod dinosaur, Turiasaurus riodevensis, have been recovered from terrestrial deposits of the Villar del Arzobispo Formation (Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary) of Riodeva (Teruel Province, Spain). Its humerus length (1790 millimeters) and estimated mass (40 to 48 metric tons) indicate that it may have been the most massive terrestrial animal in Europe and one of the largest in the world. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the fossil represents a member of a hitherto unrecognized group of primitive European eusauropods that evolved in the Jurassic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132885", doi = "10.1126/science.1132885", openalex = "W2049933588" } @article{doi10167102724634200626944rotpso20co2, author = "Maidment, Susannah C. R. and Wei, Guangbiao and Norman, David", title = "Re-description of the postcranial skeleton of the middle Jurassic stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii", year = "2006", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT Previous descriptions of the postcranial skeleton of the primitive stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii (Middle Jurassic: People's Republic of China) are insufficient for character determinations in cladistic analysis. Reexamination of the postcranium has revealed several important characters, most of which are retained plesiomorphies that have not been identified previously. For example, Huayangosaurus retains ossified tendons, the loss of which has been used as a synapomorphy of Stegosauria. These purported stegosaurian synapomorphies now serve to unite the monophyletic clade Stegosauridae, defined as all stegosaurs more closely related to Stegosaurus than to Huayangosaurus. In addition, some anatomical characters previously used as ‘ankylosauromorph’ synapomorphies have now been identified in Huayangosaurus: this suggests that these characters occur more basally within Thyreophora. The plesiomorphic status of Huayangosaurus suggests that substantial convergence between ankylosaurs and stegosaurs occurred during their respective evolutionary histories, reflecting coincident functional morphological changes associated with the adoption of obligate quadrupedality.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[944:rotpso]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[944:rotpso]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2175341422", references = "doi101016s0016699583800205" } @article{doi10172216517swr, author = "Akbar, Khalid Farooq and Hale, Wiliam H.G. and Headley, Alistair D and Athar, Mohammad", title = "Heavy Metal Contamination of Roadside Soils of Northern England", year = "2006", journal = "Soil and Water Research", abstract = "Environmental pollution of heavy metals from automobiles has attained much attention in the recent past. The present research was conducted to study heavy metal contamination in roadside soils of northern England. Roadside soil samples were collected from 35 sites in some counties of northern England and analysed for four heavy metals (cadmium, copper, lead, zinc). Their concentrations and distributions in different road verge zones (border, verge, slope, ditch) were determined. Lead concentration was the highest in the soil and ranged from 25.0 to 1198.0 μg/g (mean, 232.7 μg/g). Zinc concentration ranged from 56.7 to 480.0 μg/g (mean, 174.6 μg/g) and copper concentration ranged from 15.5 to 240.0 μg/g (mean, 87.3 μg/g). Cadmium concentration was the lowest in the soil and varied from 0.3 to 3.8 μg/g (mean, 1.4 μg/g). Though the levels of heavy metals in roadside soils were higher as compared to their natural background levels in British soils, their concentrations in general, however, were below the 'critical trigger concentrations' for the contaminated soils. All the four heavy metals exhibited a significant decrease in the roadside soils with the increasing distance from the road. The border zone had the highest mean concentration of the four metals whereas the ditch zone exhibited the lowest mean concentration.", url = "https://doi.org/10.17221/6517-swr", doi = "10.17221/6517-swr", openalex = "W127642046", references = "doi1023071796493" } @article{doi101017s1477201907002271, author = "Butler, Richard J. and Upchurch, Paul and Norman, David", title = "The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs", year = "2007", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "Synopsis Ornithischia is a familiar and diverse clade of dinosaurs whose global phylogeny has remained largely unaltered since early cladistic analyses in the mid 1980s. Current understanding of ornithischian evolution is hampered by a paucity of explicitly numerical phylogenetic analyses that consider the entire clade. As a result, it is difficult to assess the robustness of current phylogenetic hypotheses for Ornithischia and the effect that the addition of new taxa or characters is likely to have on the overall topology of the clade. The new phylogenetic analysis presented here incorporates a range of new basal taxa and characters in an attempt to rigorously test global ornithischian phylogeny. Parsimony analysis is carried out with 46 taxa and 221 characters. Although the strict component consensus tree shows poor resolution in a number of areas, application of reduced consensus methods provides a well‐resolved picture of ornithischian interrelationships. Surprisingly, Heterodontosauridae is placed as the most basal group of all well‐known ornithischians, phylogenetically distant from a stem‐defined Ornithopoda, creating a topology that is more congruent with the known ornithischian stratigraphical record. There is no evidence for a monophyletic ‘Fabrosauridae’, and Lesothosaurus (the best‐known ‘fabrosaur') occupies an unusual position as the most basal member of Thyreophora. Other relationships within Thyreophora remain largely stable. The primitive thyreophoran Scelidosaurus is the sister taxon of Eurypoda (stegosaurs and ankylosaurs), rather than a basal ankylosaur as implied by some previous studies. The taxonomic content of Ornithopoda differs significantly from previous analyses and basal relationships within the clade are weakly supported, requiring further investigation. ‘Hypsilopho‐dontidae’ is paraphyletic, with some taxa (Agilisaurus, Hexinlusaurus, Othnielia) placed outside of Ornithopoda as non‐cerapodans. Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria are monophyletic and are united as Marginocephalia; however, the stability of these clades is reduced by a number of poorly preserved basal taxa. This analysis reaffirms much of the currently accepted ornithischian topology. Nevertheless, instability in the position and content of several clades (notably Heterodontosauridae and Ornithopoda) indicates that considerable future work on ornithischian phylogeny is required and causes problems for several current phylogenetic definitions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201907002271", doi = "10.1017/s1477201907002271", openalex = "W2107074601", references = "doi101007bf00377897, doi101007bf02988144, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101038248168a0, doi10108002724634198310011956, doi10108002724634198510011859, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108008912960600719988, doi101086273307, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rspb20043047, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19650003, doi101111j109636421998tb02533x, doi101111j155856461988tb02497x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science2562999, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi10120600030082200635301ydanpc20co2, doi1015259780520941434, doi1015468gbdyof, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023072408870, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105479si00963801361666197, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, openalexw1535663436, openalexw1574544995, openalexw225597919, openalexw2310875238, openalexw2603335639, openalexw2894525608, openalexw3215057009, openalexw616953834, owen2015monograph, padian1989presence" } @article{doi101126science1143325, author = "Irmis, Randall B. and Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Padian, Kevin and Smith, Nathan D. and Turner, Alan H. and Woody, Daniel and Downs, Alex", title = "A Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage from New Mexico and the Rise of Dinosaurs", year = "2007", journal = "Science", abstract = "It has generally been thought that the first dinosaurs quickly replaced more archaic Late Triassic faunas, either by outcompeting them or when the more archaic faunas suddenly became extinct. Fossils from the Hayden Quarry, in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of New Mexico, and an analysis of other regional Upper Triassic assemblages instead imply that the transition was gradual. Some dinosaur relatives preserved in this Chinle assemblage belong to groups previously known only from the Middle and lowermost Upper Triassic outside North America. Thus, the transition may have extended for 15 to 20 million years and was probably diachronous at different paleolatitudes.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1143325", doi = "10.1126/science.1143325", openalex = "W2056991518", references = "benton1983dinosaur, doi1010160034666791900282, doi1010160169534789901626, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199610011361, doi10108008912960600719988, doi101086413056, doi101098rspb20043047, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science2605109794, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi101671a1097, sereno1997the" } @article{doi101144001676492006032, author = "Naish, Darren and Martill, David M.", title = "Dinosaurs of Great Britain and the role of the Geological Society of London in their discovery: basal Dinosauria and Saurischia", year = "2007", journal = "Journal of the Geological Society", abstract = "Beginning with Buckland's 1824 description of Megalosaurus, the Geological Society of London played a leading role during the 19th century discovery of dinosaurs in Britain. Here we review the society's role and assess the current knowledge of saurischian dinosaurs in the country. Of Britain's 108 dinosaur species (excluding nomina nuda and objective synonyms), 32\% have been named in the pages of Society publications. Britain has a rich and diverse dinosaur record ranging from the Rhaetian to the Cenomanian, and includes a surprising taxonomic diversity. Alleged Lower and Middle Triassic dinosaurs from Britain are suspect or erroneous. Sauropodomorphs represent all of the major clades and several have their earliest global appearances in the British record (Diplodocoidea, Rebbachisauridae and Titanosauria), implying that this region was biogeographically important for this group. The British theropod record is diverse, and includes the earliest spinosaurids, carcharodontosaurids and coelurosaurs. Although some specimens are represented by near-complete skeletons, much material is fragmentary and indeterminate, and c. 54\% of British dinosaur taxa are considered nomina dubia. In part this high number results from the genesis of dinosaur science in Britain and the corresponding obsolescence of supposedly diagnostic characters.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492006-032", doi = "10.1144/0016-76492006-032", openalex = "W2103621504", references = "doi101017s0016756806002561, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101098rstb19950125, doi1011111475498300277, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101126science13234331023, doi101126science28253921298, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi105281zenodo5373094, openalexw2735326487, openalexw2764433274, openalexw3215057009, vonhuene1923carnivorous, woodward1910on, zhao1998the" } @article{doi101371journalpone0001230, author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Witmer, Lawrence M. and Whitlock, John A. and Maga, Abdoulaye and Idé, Oumarou and Rowe, Timothy A.", title = "Structural Extremes in a Cretaceous Dinosaur", year = "2007", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Fossils of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur, Nigersaurus taqueti, document for the first time the cranial anatomy of a rebbachisaurid sauropod. Its extreme adaptations for herbivory at ground-level challenge current hypotheses regarding feeding function and feeding strategy among diplodocoids, the larger clade of sauropods that includes Nigersaurus. We used high resolution computed tomography, stereolithography, and standard molding and casting techniques to reassemble the extremely fragile skull. Computed tomography also allowed us to render the first endocast for a sauropod preserving portions of the olfactory bulbs, cerebrum and inner ear, the latter permitting us to establish habitual head posture. To elucidate evidence of tooth wear and tooth replacement rate, we used photographic-casting techniques and crown thin sections, respectively. To reconstruct its 9-meter postcranial skeleton, we combined and size-adjusted multiple partial skeletons. Finally, we used maximum parsimony algorithms on character data to obtain the best estimate of phylogenetic relationships among diplodocoid sauropods. Nigersaurus taqueti shows extreme adaptations for a dinosaurian herbivore including a skull of extremely light construction, tooth batteries located at the distal end of the jaws, tooth replacement as fast as one per month, an expanded muzzle that faces directly toward the ground, and hollow presacral vertebral centra with more air sac space than bone by volume. A cranial endocast provides the first reasonably complete view of a sauropod brain including its small olfactory bulbs and cerebrum. Skeletal and dental evidence suggests that Nigersaurus was a ground-level herbivore that gathered and sliced relatively soft vegetation, the culmination of a low-browsing feeding strategy first established among diplodocoids during the Jurassic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001230", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0001230", openalex = "W2111030938", references = "doi10100797844317693306, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101038274661a0, doi101038nature02048, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas932514623, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101126science1118806, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi105860choice260307, doi105962bhltitle102117, doi105962bhltitle60562, doi105962p234818, larsson2000forebrain, openalexw2983381470, openalexw2989049194" } @article{doi101017s0016756808005475, author = "Benson, Roger and Xu, Xing", title = "The anatomy and systematic position of the theropod dinosaur Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis Hu, 1964 from the Early Cretaceous of Alanshan, People's Republic of China", year = "2008", journal = "Geological Magazine", abstract = "Abstract There is little consensus on the systematic position of the colossal theropod dinosaur Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis from the Cretaceous (Aptian–?Albian or Upper Cretaceous) Ulansuhai Formation of Inner Mongolia, which has been recovered as a derived member of both Allosauroidea and Spinosauroidea by numerical phylogenetic analyses. Redescription of the type material of C. tashuikouensis reveals an unusual combination of morphological features that render determination of its systematic position problematic. It possesses anatomical features that have been proposed as synapomorphies of Neotetanurae: a preacetabular fossa on the ilium, and a wedge-shaped cross-section of the shaft of the third metatarsal. It also shares some features with specific allosauroid taxa: a pronounced ulnar epicondyle on the humerus, and a prominent medial shelf bounding the preacetabular fossa on the ilium (also present in tyrannosauroids). However, it lacks some features that are present in all other allosauroids: a marked depression on the anterior surface of the distal humerus adjacent to the ulnar condyle, and a humerus that is less than 0.4 times the length of the femur; it furthermore possesses a tibial astragalar facet that is approximately 10\% of the tibial length, which suggests a more basal position within Tetanurae. Chilantaisaurus shares certain features with some spinosauroids: an enlarged and elongated first manual ungual, and a suprastragalar buttress that has been modified to a vertical ridge, but these characters are not unique to spinosauroids. A highly reduced fourth trochanter may be an autapomorphy of Chilantaisaurus, as has previously been suggested, or unite the taxon with Coelurosauria in an entirely novel grouping. On the basis of these observations it is likely that Chilantaisaurus is a neotetanuran, but unlikely that it is an allosauroid. Chilantaisaurus may belong to an alternative lineage of very large theropods that continued into the Cretaceous from the diversification of basal neotetanurans during the Middle Jurassic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808005475", doi = "10.1017/s0016756808005475", openalex = "W2157255425", references = "doi10108025761900202212131807" } @article{doi101098rspb20081554, author = "Novas, Fernando E. and Pol, Diego and Canale, Juan I. and Porfiri, Juan D. and Calvo, Jorge O.", title = "A bizarre Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Patagonia and the evolution of Gondwanan dromaeosaurids", year = "2008", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Fossils of a predatory dinosaur provide novel information about the evolution of unenlagiines, a poorly known group of dromaeosaurid theropods from Gondwana. The new dinosaur is the largest dromaeosaurid yet discovered in the Southern Hemisphere and depicts bizarre cranial and postcranial features. Its long and low snout bears numerous, small-sized conical teeth, a condition resembling spinosaurid theropods. Its short forearms depart from the characteristically long-armed condition of all dromaeosaurids and their close avian relatives. The new discovery amplifies the range of morphological disparity among unenlagiines, demonstrating that by the end of the Cretaceous this clade included large, short-armed forms alongside crow-sized, long-armed, possibly flying representatives. The new dinosaur is the youngest record of dromaeosaurids from Gondwana and represents a previously unrecognized lineage of large predators in Late Cretaceous dinosaur faunas mainly dominated by abelisaurid theropods.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1554", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2008.1554", openalex = "W2065351263", references = "doi101038nature03285, doi1022179revmacn688, doi102307jctvqc6gzx, doi105860choice434677, openalexw834136096" } @article{doi101126science1161833, author = "Brusatte, Stephen L. and Benton, Michael J. and Ruta, Marcello and Lloyd, Graeme T.", title = "Superiority, Competition, and Opportunism in the Evolutionary Radiation of Dinosaurs", year = "2008", journal = "Science", abstract = {The rise and diversification of the dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, from 230 to 200 million years ago, is a classic example of an evolutionary radiation with supposed competitive replacement. A comparison of evolutionary rates and morphological disparity of basal dinosaurs and their chief "competitors," the crurotarsan archosaurs, shows that dinosaurs exhibited lower disparity and an indistinguishable rate of character evolution. The radiation of Triassic archosaurs as a whole is characterized by declining evolutionary rates and increasing disparity, suggesting a decoupling of character evolution from body plan variety. The results strongly suggest that historical contingency, rather than prolonged competition or general "superiority," was the primary factor in the rise of dinosaurs.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1161833", doi = "10.1126/science.1161833", openalex = "W2030637789", references = "benton1983dinosaur, doi101017s009483730001263x, doi101017s009483730001280x, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j14754983200600614x, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1084786, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science2314734129, doi101126science28454232137, doi101126science28554321386, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1041599780674417922, doi105860choice396411" } @article{doi101144001676492007154, author = "Naish, Darren and Martill, David M.", title = "Dinosaurs of Great Britain and the role of the Geological Society of London in their discovery: Ornithischia", year = "2008", journal = "Journal of the Geological Society", abstract = "Completing our survey of British non-avian dinosaurs, we here review the ornithischians of Britain. Heterodontosaurids are present in the Lower Cretaceous Lulworth Formation of Dorset, and a few earlier possible records imply a long presence in the region of this clade. Britain's thyreophoran record is rich and includes the earliest well-represented taxon, Scelidosaurus, as well as Middle Jurassic stegosaurs and ankylosaurs including a reasonably good Cretaceous record of polacanthids and nodosaurids. Cretaceous stegosaurs are known only from fragmentary remains, but the proposal that stegosaurs were present as early as the Rhaetian is rejected. Among British iguanodontian ornithopods, the possible dryosaurid Callovosaurus is the oldest global record whereas the proposed synonymy of Cumnoria with Camptosaurus requires confirmation. Iguanodon has become a taxonomic dumping ground for assorted iguanodontians and is in need of revision: most of the British species referred to this genus are almost certainly not closely allied to the neotype species I. bernissartensis and require new generic names. Fragmentary remains suggest the early presence of hadrosaurids in Britain. The only British record of Marginocephalia, the Wessex Formation skull roof named Yaverlandia bitholus, appears not to belong to this clade but seems to be from a maniraptoran theropod.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492007-154", doi = "10.1144/0016-76492007-154", openalex = "W1994950706", references = "doi101016s0016699583800205" } @article{openalexw1558791606, author = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and López‐Arbarello, Adriana", title = "ARCHOSAUR EVOLUTION DURING THE JURASSIC: A SOUTHERN PERSPECTIVE", year = "2008", journal = "reroDoc Digital Library", abstract = "The fossil record of archosaurs - crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs and dinosaurs - from the Jurassic of the Southern Hemisphere is critically reviewed, and its evolutionary implications are evaluated. Although several important faunas and also isolated finds are known from Gondwana, the record in total is still very patchy, and any evolutionary scenario based on this record should be seen as tentative. Compared to the Northern Hemisphere, southern archosaurs are much more poorly known, which is especially true for terrestrial crocodiles and pterosaurs. Marine crocodiles are rather well represented in south-western South America, whereas the report of terrestrial archosaurs is currently best for Africa. However, in South America, important and especially promising archosaur faunas are known from the Callovian Canadon Asfalto and the (?)Tithonian Canadon Calcareo formations of Chubut province, Argentina. Early and Middle Jurassic Gondwanan archosaurs demonstrate that the faunas of that period still had a generally Pangean distribution, whereas first indications of differential archosaur evolution in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are evident in Late Jurassic Gondwanan faunas.", openalex = "W1558791606", references = "doi101016s0016699583800205" } @article{doi101017s0016756809990240, author = "Xijin, Zhao and Benson, Roger and Brusatte, Stephen L. and Currie, Philip J.", title = "The postcranial skeleton of Monolophosaurus jiangi (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China, and a review of Middle Jurassic Chinese theropods", year = "2009", journal = "Geological Magazine", abstract = "Abstract The Middle Jurassic was a critical time in the evolution of theropod dinosaurs, highlighted by the origination and radiation of the large-bodied and morphologically diverse Tetanurae. Middle Jurassic tetanurans are rare but have been described from Europe, South America and China. In particular, China has yielded a number of potential basal tetanurans, but these have received little detailed treatment in the literature. Here we redescribe the postcranial skeleton of one of the most complete Chinese Middle Jurassic theropods, Monolophosaurus. Several features confirm the tetanuran affinities of Monolophosaurus, but the possession of ‘primitive’ traits such as a double-faceted pubic peduncle of the ilium and a hood-like supracetabular crest suggest a basal position within Tetanurae. This conflicts with most published cladistic analyses that place Monolophosaurus in a more derived position within Allosauroidea. We review the Middle Jurassic record of Chinese theropods and compare Monolophosaurus to other Middle Jurassic theropods globally. These comparisons suggest that Monolophosaurus and Chuandongocoelurus formed an endemic theropod clade limited to the Middle Jurassic of Asia. Other Middle Jurassic Chinese theropods deserve further study.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809990240", doi = "10.1017/s0016756809990240", openalex = "W2113963001", references = "doi10108025761900202212131807" } @article{doi101098rspb20081909, author = "Mateus, Octávio and Maidment, Susannah C. R. and Christiansen, Nicolai A.", title = "A new long-necked ‘sauropod-mimic’ stegosaur and the evolution of the plated dinosaurs", year = "2009", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Stegosaurian dinosaurs have a quadrupedal stance, short forelimbs, short necks, and are generally considered to be low browsers. A new stegosaur, Miragaia longicollum gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, has a neck comprising at least 17 cervical vertebrae. This is eight additional cervical vertebrae when compared with the ancestral condition seen in basal ornithischians such as Scutellosaurus. Miragaia has a higher cervical count than most of the iconically long-necked sauropod dinosaurs. Long neck length has been achieved by 'cervicalization' of anterior dorsal vertebrae and probable lengthening of centra. All these anatomical features are evolutionarily convergent with those exhibited in the necks of sauropod dinosaurs. Miragaia longicollum is based upon a partial articulated skeleton, and includes the only known cranial remains from any European stegosaur. A well-resolved phylogeny supports a new clade that unites Miragaia and Dacentrurus as the sister group to Stegosaurus; this new topology challenges the common view of Dacentrurus as a basal stegosaur.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1909", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2008.1909", openalex = "W2115815477", references = "doi101016s0016699580800386, sánchezhernández2007dinosaurs" } @article{doi101111j10963642200900569x, author = "Benson, Roger", title = "A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods", year = "2009", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda), the oldest named dinosaur taxon, from the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of England, is a valid taxon diagnosed by a unique character combination of the lectotype dentary. Abundant referred material is described and several autapomorphies are identified: ventral surfaces of first and third to fifth sacral centra evenly rounded, ventral surface of second sacral centrum bearing longitudinal, angular ridge; dorsally directed flange around midheight on the scapular blade; an array of posterodorsally inclined grooves on the lateral surface of the median iliac ridge; anteroposteriorly thick ischial apron with an almost flat medial surface; and complementary groove and ridge structures on the articular surfaces between metatarsals II and III.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00569.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00569.x", openalex = "W2019441231", references = "benson2008a, crossref1976allosaurus, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101111j109600311999tb00277x, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science28454232137, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo5373094, openalexw3215057009, woodward1910on" } @article{doi101111j10963642200900591x, author = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Milner, Angela C. and Moore-Fay, Scott", title = "Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England", year = "2009", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M., Milner, Angela C., Moore-Fay, Scott (2010): Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (1): 155-195, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00591.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00591.x", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00591.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00591.x", openalex = "W2139842739", references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi10108025761900202212131807, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101126science28454232137, doi102307jctvqc6gzx, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105860choice331556, openalexw2989049194, openalexw3215057009, openalexw3217097258, openalexw70084438, owen2015monograph, vonhuene1923carnivorous, woodward1910on" } @article{doi101111j1469185x200900094x, author = "Langer, Max C. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Novas, Fernando E.", title = "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs", year = "2009", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = {The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x", openalex = "W2121596487", references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi1010160031018281900924, doi1010160031018295000178, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103820167, doi10106313060577, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gsjgs14720321, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20080415, doi10432497802030907329, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice465038, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw114509570, openalexw1496509561, openalexw1535663436, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3208547338, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic" } @article{doi101371journalpone0006924, author = "Remes, Kristian and Ortega, Francisco and Fierro, Ignacio Villanueva and Joger, Ulrich and Kosma, Ralf and Ferrer, José Manuel Marı́n and for the Project PALDES and for the Niger Project SNHM and Ide, Oumarou Amadou and Maga, Abdoulaye", title = "A New Basal Sauropod Dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the Early Evolution of Sauropoda", year = "2009", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "BACKGROUND: The early evolution of sauropod dinosaurs is poorly understood because of a highly incomplete fossil record. New discoveries of Early and Middle Jurassic sauropods have a great potential to lead to a better understanding of early sauropod evolution and to reevaluate the patterns of sauropod diversification. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A new sauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Niger, Spinophorosaurus nigerensis n. gen. et sp., is the most complete basal sauropod currently known. The taxon shares many anatomical characters with Middle Jurassic East Asian sauropods, while it is strongly dissimilar to Lower and Middle Jurassic South American and Indian forms. A possible explanation for this pattern is a separation of Laurasian and South Gondwanan Middle Jurassic sauropod faunas by geographic barriers. Integration of phylogenetic analyses and paleogeographic data reveals congruence between early sauropod evolution and hypotheses about Jurassic paleoclimate and phytogeography. CONCLUSIONS: Spinophorosaurus demonstrates that many putatively derived characters of Middle Jurassic East Asian sauropods are plesiomorphic for eusauropods, while South Gondwanan eusauropods may represent a specialized line. The anatomy of Spinophorosaurus indicates that key innovations in Jurassic sauropod evolution might have taken place in North Africa, an area close to the equator with summer-wet climate at that time. Jurassic climatic zones and phytogeography possibly controlled early sauropod diversification.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006924", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0006924", openalex = "W1981745406", references = "doi101017s0016756806002561, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j155856461983tb05533x, doi1023072408332, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105860choice304391, openalexw3215057009, openalexw3217097258" } @article{doi102110palo2007p07070r, author = "Jackson, Stephen and Whyte, M. A. and Romano, M.", title = "LABORATORY-CONTROLLED SIMULATIONS OF DINOSAUR FOOTPRINTS IN SAND: A KEY TO UNDERSTANDING VERTEBRATE TRACK FORMATION AND PRESERVATION", year = "2009", journal = "Palaios", abstract = "Dinosaur tracks and trackways yield invaluable information as to the identity, size, and gait of the trackmaker and the conditions of the media (‫؍‬substrate) it traversed.Correctly interpreting tracks requires consideration of their three-dimensional morphology.Laboratory-controlled simulations were conducted to investigate the subsurface track morphology formed from differently shaped feet, as the shape of the footprint deteriorates with depth.A circular, triangular, and a tridactyl dinosaur foot-shaped template, or indenter, were indented vertically into two types of sand, with four moisture contents-dry, 10\%, 20\%, and saturated.The morphology of all three indenters was preserved most accurately in the moist sand.Tracks in dry and saturated sand were distorted by a greater degree of media deformation.Digit imprints of tridactyl tracks were only clearly discernible in near-surface layers and were deformed by shear zones or inward movement of sediment in dry and saturated sand.The long digits of the template produced the greatest degree of outward displacement, and tracks became wider with depth and deepest in the heel region.This was most distinct in dry sand, where extensive shear zones in cross section demonstrated the outward and upward movement of sediment.All tracks in saturated sand were characterized by considerable downward displacement of sediment and features related to the upward pull of sediment as the templates were withdrawn.These diagnostic features allow vertebrate tracks to be differentiated from nonbiogenic, soft-sediment deformation.Fossil tracks studied from the Middle Jurassic succession of the Cleveland Basin, Yorkshire, demonstrate affinities to the experimental tracks formed in saturated sand.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2007.p07-070r", doi = "10.2110/palo.2007.p07-070r", openalex = "W2089482175", references = "doi101016jpalaeo200412022, doi101016s001678780180047x, doi10103820167, doi101098rstb19970035, doi101111j146979981991tb04794x, doi101144gslsp20042280106, doi101144pygs543185, doi1023073514457, doi1023073514816, doi105860choice273305, doi105860choice393984, openalexw2764433274" } @article{doi102110palo2009p09044r, author = "Marynowski, Leszek and Simoneit, Bernd R.T.", title = "WIDESPREAD UPPER TRIASSIC TO LOWER JURASSIC WILDFIRE RECORDS FROM POLAND: EVIDENCE FROM CHARCOAL AND PYROLYTIC POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS", year = "2009", journal = "Palaios", abstract = "Laboratory tests indicate that 15\% O2, instead of 12\%, is required for the propagation of a widespread forest fire, a 3\% increase from what was previously assumed. The presence of widespread wildfire records in the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic of Central Europe suggests that the lower limit for O2 during this time was at least 15\%. Wildfire records are based on the co-occurrence of charcoal fragments and elevated concentrations of pyrolytic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In all samples charcoal fragments are large to medium-sized and angular, suggesting that they were transported by rivers only short distances after charcoalification. Calculated combustion temperatures vary with stratigraphic position and average 295–377 °C, which is characteristic for ground or near-surface wildfires. The most extensive wildfires occurred in the earliest Jurassic and their intensities successively decreased with time. Average concentrations of the sum of pyrolytic PAHs for the lowermost Jurassic Zagaje Formation reached ∼1253 µg/g total organic carbon (TOC), whereas for the Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic Skloby Formation they did not exceed ∼16 µg/g TOC. Charcoal-bearing sequences were also characterized by the presence of phenyl-PAHs (Ph-PAHs) and oxygen-containing aromatic compounds. The dominance of the more stable Ph-PAH isomers in these immature to low-maturity sedimentary rocks supports their pyrolytic origin. The oxygenated PAHs may also be derived from combustion processes.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2009.p09-044r", doi = "10.2110/palo.2009.p09-044r", openalex = "W2130529687", references = "doi101038338057a0, doi104202app20080415" } @article{doi104202app20080049, author = "dos Santos, Vanda Faria and García, José Joaquín Moratalla and Royo‐Torres, Rafael", title = "New Sauropod Trackways from the Middle Jurassic of Portugal", year = "2009", journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica", abstract = "The Galinha tracksite reveals a sequence of Bajocian–Bathonian limestones belonging to the Serra de Aire Formation (West−Central Portugal) and is one of the few sites in the world where Middle Jurassic sauropod dinosaur tracks can be found. This tracksite is characterised by the presence of long, wide gauge sauropod trackways, the Middle Jurassic age of which suggests these dinosaurs were more widely distributed over time than previously thought. Two trackways contain unique pes and manus prints with morphologies that allow a new sauropod ichnotaxon to be described: Polyonyx gomesi igen. et isp. nov. On the basis of different manus/pes prints and trackway features, the proposal is made to subdivide Sauropodomorpha ichno−morphotypes into five groups: Tetrasauropus−like, Otozoum−like, Breviparopus/Parabronto− podus−like; Brontopodus−like, and Polyonyx−like. Polyonyx gomesi igen. et isp. nov. is thought to represent a non− neosauropod eusauropod, with a well developed manus digit I. The posterior orientation of this digit print suggests they were made by a eusauropod dinosaur with a posteriorly rotated pollex. The manus print morphologies observed in two trackways suggest a stage of manus structure intermediate between the primitive non−tubular sauropod manus and the tu− bular metacarpal arrangement characteristic of more derived sauropods. The low heteropody (manus:pes area ratio 1:2) of the trackway renders it possible they could have been made by eusauropods such as Turiasaurus riodevensis, which has a similar manus:pes area ratio. The Polyonyx igen. nov. trackway was made by non−neosauropod eusauropod, and suggests", url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2008.0049", doi = "10.4202/app.2008.0049", openalex = "W2165573263", references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi101016s001678780180047x, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101046j14401738200300386x, doi101051jphystap019020010017801, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101126science1132885, doi101130001676061986971163naldts20co2, doi101144pygs543185, openalexw114509570, openalexw3215902281, openalexw581267017" } @article{doi104202app20090007, author = "Taylor, Michael P. and Wedel, Mathew J. and Naish, Darren", title = "Head and Neck Posture in Sauropod Dinosaurs Inferred from Extant Animals", year = "2009", journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica", abstract = {The neck posture of sauropod dinosaurs has long been controversial. Recent reconstructions position the cervical vertebrae and skull in an "osteological neutral pose" (ONP), the best fit arrived at by articulating the vertebrae with the zygapophyses in maximum contact. This approach in isolation suggests that most or all sauropods held their necks horizontally. However, a substantial literature on extant amniotes (mammals, turtles, squamates, crocodilians and birds) shows that living animals do not habitually maintain their necks in ONP. Instead, the neck is maximally extended and the head is maximally flexed, so that the mid-cervical region is near vertical. Unless sauropods behaved differently from all extant amniote groups, they must have habitually held their necks extended and their heads flexed. The life orientation of the heads of sauropods has been inferred from the inclination of the semi-circular canals. However, extant animals show wide variation in inclination of the "horizontal" semi-circular canal: the orientation of this structure is not tightly constrained and can give only a general idea of the life posture of extinct animals' heads.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2009.0007", doi = "10.4202/app.2009.0007", openalex = "W2110739090", references = "doi105860choice435907" } @article{doi101007s0011401006506, author = "Chure, Daniel J. and Britt, Brooks B. and Whitlock, John A. and Wilson, Jeffrey A.", title = "First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition", year = "2010", journal = "Die Naturwissenschaften", abstract = "Sauropod dinosaur bones are common in Mesozoic terrestrial sediments, but sauropod skulls are exceedingly rare--cranial materials are known for less than one third of sauropod genera and even fewer are known from complete skulls. Here we describe the first complete sauropod skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas, Abydosaurus mcintoshi, n. gen., n. sp., known from 104.46 +/- 0.95 Ma (megannum) sediments from Dinosaur National Monument, USA. Abydosaurus shares close ancestry with Brachiosaurus, which appeared in the fossil record ca. 45 million years earlier and had substantially broader teeth. A survey of tooth shape in sauropodomorphs demonstrates that sauropods evolved broad crowns during the Early Jurassic but did not evolve narrow crowns until the Late Jurassic, when they occupied their greatest range of crown breadths. During the Cretaceous, brachiosaurids and other lineages independently underwent a marked diminution in tooth breadth, and before the latest Cretaceous broad-crowned sauropods were extinct on all continental landmasses. Differential survival and diversification of narrow-crowned sauropods in the Late Cretaceous appears to be a directed trend that was not correlated with changes in plant diversity or abundance, but may signal a shift towards elevated tooth replacement rates and high-wear dentition. Sauropods lacked many of the complex herbivorous adaptations present within contemporaneous ornithischian herbivores, such as beaks, cheeks, kinesis, and heterodonty. The spartan design of sauropod skulls may be related to their remarkably small size--sauropod skulls account for only 1/200th of total body volume compared to 1/30th body volume in ornithopod dinosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-010-0650-6", doi = "10.1007/s00114-010-0650-6", openalex = "W1989949799", references = "doi101073pnas932514623, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi105860choice435907" } @article{doi10108008912960903503345, author = "Marty, Daniel and Belvedere, Matteo and Meyer, Christian A. and Mietto, Paolo and Paratte, Géraldine and Lovis, Christel and Thüring, Basil", title = "Comparative analysis of Late Jurassic sauropod trackways from the Jura Mountains (NW Switzerland) and the central High Atlas Mountains (Morocco): implications for sauropod ichnotaxonomy", year = "2010", journal = "Historical Biology", abstract = "Late Jurassic sauropod trackways from the Jura Mountains (NW Switzerland) and the central High Atlas Mountains (Morocco) are described and compared. Emphasis is put on track preservation and trackway configuration. The trackways are similar with respect to preservation and the pes and manus track outlines, but they show a large range of trackway configuration. Only one of the trackways reveals digit and claw impressions, and thus differences in trackway gauge and the position of pes and manus tracks are the most explicit characters for their distinction. The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous ichnotaxa Brontopodus, Parabrontopodus and Breviparopus are reviewed and a differential diagnosis is given for the trackways studied. The reference trackway of Breviparopus corresponds to one of the studied trackways of Morocco. Parabrontopodus and Breviparopus are considered to be both valid ichnotaxa, even though we recommend the latter to be formally erected based on better-preserved tracks than those currently exposed. The analysed trackways and ichnotaxa suggest that trackway configuration, notably trackway gauge (width), is not decisively influenced by extrinsic factors such as ontogenetic stage, locomotion speed and substrate properties. However, it cannot be excluded that it is related to other factors such as individual behaviour or even sexual dimorphism.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960903503345", doi = "10.1080/08912960903503345", openalex = "W2030598013", references = "crossref1998dinosaurs, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jtim200507008, doi101016s0012821x0100588x, doi101016s001678780180047x, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101038261129a0, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108010420940802471027, doi101130001676061986971163naldts20co2, doi101144pygs543185, doi101306m43478, doi1016660094837320050310676aohmma20co2, doi1023073060311, doi104202app20080049, mateus2010a, openalexw39955589, openalexw603337959" } @article{doi101080104209402010510026, author = "Jackson, Simon J. and Whyte, M. A. and Romano, Mike", title = "Range of Experimental Dinosaur (Hypsilophodon foxii) Footprints Due to Variation in Sand Consistency: How Wet Was the Track?", year = "2010", journal = "Ichnos/Ichnos : an international journal for plant and animal traces", abstract = "The laboratory-controlled simulations of dinosaur footprints in this study revealed characteristic track features that could be used to identify the consistency of sand substrates and provide an insight into the paleoenvironment. A model foot of Hypsilophodon foxii was indented into three sands of four different moisture (= water) contents. The two intermediate moist states were characterized by shallow tridactyl impressions, in which only digits II–IV were impressed, showing details of padding and claws. Where the foot penetrated more deeply, in the dry and saturated states, the hallux and heel were also impressed; in these cases, the foot detail was not preserved accurately and track morphology deviated significantly from that of the foot. Dry sand tracks were characterized by the outward and upward movement of sediment and tracks in saturated sand by mainly downward displacement. The finer-grained saturated sand was also associated with liquefaction and closure of digit imprints. Tracks from the Middle Jurassic Cleveland Basin of Yorkshire showed features of the saturated state. The range of experimental track morphotypes formed by one foot highlighted the difficulties in assigning a print type to a particular trackmaker and the importance of excluding preservational variants from ichnotaxonomic studies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2010.510026", doi = "10.1080/10420940.2010.510026", openalex = "W2007103212", references = "doi10108010420940109380189, doi102110palo2007p07070r, doi1023073514457" } @article{doi10108014772011003594870, author = "Agnolín, Federico L. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Pais, Diego F. and Salisbury, Steven W.", title = "A reappraisal of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaur faunas from Australia and New Zealand: evidence for their Gondwanan affinities", year = "2010", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "It has often been assumed that Australasian Cretaceous dinosaur faunas were for the most part endemic, but with some Laurasian affinities. In this regard, some Australasian dinosaurs have been considered Jurassic relicts, while others were thought to represent typical Laurasian forms or endemic taxa. Furthermore, it has been proposed that some dinosaurian lineages, namely oviraptorosaurians, dromaeosaurids, ornithomimosaurians and protoceratopsians, may have originated in Australia before dispersing to Asia during the Early Cretaceous. Here we provide a detailed review of Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs from Australia and New Zealand, and compare them with taxa from other Gondwanan landmasses. Our results challenge the traditional view of Australian dinosaur faunas, with the majority of taxa displaying affinities that are concordant with current palaeobiogeographic models of Gondwanan terrestrial vertebrate faunal distribution. We reinterpret putative Australian ‘hypsilophodontids’ as basal ornithopods (some of them probably related to South American forms), and the recently described protoceratopsians are referred to Genasauria indet. and Ornithopoda indet. Among Theropoda, the Australian pigmy ‘Allosaurus’ is referred to the typical Gondwanan clade Abelisauroidea. Similarities are also observed between the enigmatic Australian theropod Rapator, Australovenator and the South American carcharodontosaurian Megaraptor. Timimus and putative oviraptorosaurians are referred to Dromaeosauridae. The present revision demonstrates that Australia's non-avian Cretaceous dinosaurian faunas were reminiscent of those found in other, roughly contemporaneous, Gondwanan landmasses, and are suggestive of faunal interchange with these regions via Antarctica.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772011003594870", doi = "10.1080/14772011003594870", openalex = "W2151988812", references = "chinsamy1998polar, crossref1998encyclopedia, deklerk2000a, doi101017s0016756804000330, doi10108002724634198510011859, doi10108002724634199510011230, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa101747, doi101098rspb20060443, doi101126science10246376, doi101126science11282807, doi101126science24248841403, doi101126science28454232137, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105860choice331556, doi105860choice353642, doi107312kiel11918, openalexw1821824396, openalexw1879660213, openalexw2173200745, openalexw597685939, openalexw616953834" } @article{doi101111j1469185x201000137x, author = "Sander, P. Martin and Christian, Andreas and Clauß, Marcus and Fechner, Regina and Gee, Carole T. and Griebeler, Eva-Maria and Gunga, Hanns‐Christian and Hummel, Jürgen and Mallison, Heinrich and Perry, Steven F. and Preuschoft, Holger and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Remes, Kristian and Tütken, Thomas and Wings, Oliver and Witzel, U.", title = "Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism", year = "2010", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "The herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were the largest terrestrial animals ever, surpassing the largest herbivorous mammals by an order of magnitude in body mass. Several evolutionary lineages among Sauropoda produced giants with body masses in excess of 50 metric tonnes by conservative estimates. With body mass increase driven by the selective advantages of large body size, animal lineages will increase in body size until they reach the limit determined by the interplay of bauplan, biology, and resource availability. There is no evidence, however, that resource availability and global physicochemical parameters were different enough in the Mesozoic to have led to sauropod gigantism.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x", openalex = "W2090710319", references = "amiot2006oxygen, christiansen2004mass, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jez513, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101017s1464793101005735, doi101021j150446a008, doi101038262207a0, doi101038344858a0, doi10103835086558, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas251548698, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421985tb00871x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science1118806, doi101139e93176, doi101146annurevecolsys36102003152631, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101242jeb029009, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi1015159781400881376, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1023072407154, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi10560219780801881206, doi105860choice271523, doi105860choice304997, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice490282, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw114509570, openalexw1504554173, openalexw1534857865, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1585246501, openalexw1607828269, openalexw2318111898, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2983381470, openalexw3015256845, openalexw575222456, seymour1976dinosaurs" } @article{doi101144sp3434, author = "Noè, Leslie F. and Liston, Jeff and Chapman, Sandra D.", title = "‘Old bones, dry subject’: the dinosaurs and pterosaur collected by Alfred Nicholson Leeds of Peterborough, England", year = "2010", journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications", abstract = "Abstract Alfred Nicholson Leeds, F.G.S., amassed one of the largest collections of fossil vertebrates from a single geological horizon anywhere in the world. The Leeds Collection is world famous for its large marine reptiles, but also includes the remains of a fine range of dinosaurs and a fragmentary pterosaur. The Leeds Collection ornithodirans were almost exclusively recovered from the Peterborough Member of the Oxford Clay Formation, with a single specimen of a sauropod derived from the underlying Kellaways Formation. The Leeds Collection includes the remains of at least 12 individual dinosaurs representing at least eight taxa (with other remains currently generically indeterminate) and a single fragmentary rhamphorhynchid pterosaur. Perhaps most intriguingly of all, in 1898 Alfred Leeds discovered a probable reptile egg, later attributed to a dinosaur. Each dinosaur and the pterosaur from the Leeds Collection is discussed, and, where known, details of the provenance, a brief history of research and pertinent archive material are included to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the Leeds Collection ornithodirans to date.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp343.4", doi = "10.1144/sp343.4", openalex = "W2046421914", references = "doi101127njgpm19831983141" } @article{doi1010292011pa002160, author = "Korte, Christoph and Hesselbo, Stephen P.", title = "Shallow marine carbon and oxygen isotope and elemental records indicate icehouse‐greenhouse cycles during the Early Jurassic", year = "2011", journal = "Paleoceanography", abstract = "For much of the Mesozoic record there has been an inconclusive debate on the possible global significance of isotopic proxies for environmental change and of sequence stratigraphic depositional sequences. We present a carbon and oxygen isotope and elemental record for part of the Early Jurassic based on marine benthic and nektobenthic molluscs and brachiopods from the shallow marine succession of the Cleveland Basin, UK. The invertebrate isotope record is supplemented with carbon isotope data from fossil wood, which samples atmospheric carbon. New data elucidate two major global carbon isotope events, a negative excursion of ∼2‰ at the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian boundary, and a positive excursion of ∼2‰ in the Late Pliensbachian. The Sinemurian–Pliensbachian boundary event is similar to the slightly younger Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event and is characterized by deposition of relatively deepwater organic‐rich shale. The Late Pliensbachian strata by contrast are characterized by shallow marine deposition. Oxygen isotope data imply cooling locally for both events. However, because deeper water conditions characterize the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian boundary in the Cleveland Basin the temperature drop is likely of local significance; in contrast a cool Late Pliensbachian shallow seafloor agrees with previous inference of partial icehouse conditions. Both the large‐scale, long‐term and small‐scale, short‐duration isotopic cycles occurred in concert with relative sea level changes documented previously from sequence stratigraphy. Isotope events and the sea level cycles are concluded to reflect processes of global significance, supporting the idea of an Early Jurassic in which cyclic swings from icehouse to greenhouse and super greenhouse conditions occurred at timescales from 1 to 10 Ma.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2011pa002160", doi = "10.1029/2011pa002160", openalex = "W1628518003", references = "doi101016jsedgeo200412016, doi101016s0009254103000329, doi1010292008pa001607, doi101130g315791, doi101144gslsp19910580119, doi1023071796493" } @article{doi101111j1469185x201100190x, author = "Benson, Roger and Butler, Richard J. and Carrano, Matthew T. and O’Connor, Patrick M.", title = "Air‐filled postcranial bones in theropod dinosaurs: physiological implications and the ‘reptile’–bird transition", year = "2011", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "Pneumatic (air-filled) postcranial bones are unique to birds among extant tetrapods. Unambiguous skeletal correlates of postcranial pneumaticity first appeared in the Late Triassic (approximately 210 million years ago), when they evolved independently in several groups of bird-line archosaurs (ornithodirans). These include the theropod dinosaurs (of which birds are extant representatives), the pterosaurs, and sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Postulated functions of skeletal pneumatisation include weight reduction in large-bodied or flying taxa, and density reduction resulting in energetic savings during foraging and locomotion. However, the influence of these hypotheses on the early evolution of pneumaticity has not been studied in detail previously. We review recent work on the significance of pneumaticity for understanding the biology of extinct ornithodirans, and present detailed new data on the proportion of the skeleton that was pneumatised in 131 non-avian theropods and Archaeopteryx. This includes all taxa known from significant postcranial remains. Pneumaticity of the cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae occurred early in theropod evolution. This 'common pattern' was conserved on the line leading to birds, and is likely present in Archaeopteryx. Increases in skeletal pneumaticity occurred independently in as many as 12 lineages, highlighting a remarkably high number of parallel acquisitions of a bird-like feature among non-avian theropods. Using a quantitative comparative framework, we show that evolutionary increases in skeletal pneumaticity are significantly concentrated in lineages with large body size, suggesting that mass reduction in response to gravitational constraints at large body sizes influenced the early evolution of pneumaticity. However, the body size threshold for extensive pneumatisation is lower in theropod lineages more closely related to birds (maniraptorans). Thus, relaxation of the relationship between body size and pneumatisation preceded the origin of birds and cannot be explained as an adaptation for flight. We hypothesise that skeletal density modulation in small, non-volant, maniraptorans resulted in energetic savings as part of a multi-system response to increased metabolic demands. Acquisition of extensive postcranial pneumaticity in small-bodied maniraptorans may indicate avian-like high-performance endothermy.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00190.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00190.x", openalex = "W2003924744", references = "doi101002jez513, doi101002jmor10470, doi101002sici1097018520000215261125aidar630co27, doi101007s0011400804883, doi101007s001140090614x, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101038nature07856, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi10108002724634199710011018, doi101086284325, doi101093auk12041206, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg412, doi101093sysbio41118, doi101098rstb19890106, doi101111j10963642200600245x, doi101111j10963642200900569x, doi101126science1180219, doi1012066481, doi101371journalpone0003303, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi10167102724634200727127tpasom20co2, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice392183, doi105860choice434677, doi105962bhltitle60562, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3086315876, ostrom2019osteology, owen1857monograph, owen2015monograph" } @article{doi101111j15023931201100276x, author = "Avanzini, Marco and Piñuela, Laura and García-Ramos, José Carlos", title = "Late Jurassic footprints reveal walking kinematics of theropod dinosaurs", year = "2011", journal = "Lethaia", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00276.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00276.x", openalex = "W1880620305", references = "doi101016s0016699588800913, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi101139e91009, doi101144pygs543185, doi102110palo2007p07070r" } @article{doi101126science1198467, author = "Martínez, Ricardo N. and Sereno, Paul C. and Alcober, Oscar A. and Colombi, Carina E. and Renne, Paul R. and Montañez, Isabel P. and Currie, Brian S.", title = "A Basal Dinosaur from the Dawn of the Dinosaur Era in Southwestern Pangaea", year = "2011", journal = "Science", abstract = "Upper Triassic rocks in northwestern Argentina preserve the most complete record of dinosaurs before their rise to dominance in the Early Jurassic. Here, we describe a previously unidentified basal theropod, reassess its contemporary Eoraptor as a basal sauropodomorph, divide the faunal record of the Ischigualasto Formation with biozones, and bracket the formation with (40)Ar/(39)Ar ages. Some 230 million years ago in the Late Triassic (mid Carnian), the earliest dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial carnivores and small herbivores in southwestern Pangaea. The extinction of nondinosaurian herbivores is sequential and is not linked to an increase in dinosaurian diversity, which weakens the predominant scenario for dinosaurian ascendancy as opportunistic replacement.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1198467", doi = "10.1126/science.1198467", openalex = "W2025986670", references = "currie2009stratigraphy, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi101080147720192010484650, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science2605109794, doi101126science28454232137, doi101146annurevearth251435, nesbitt2009a, sereno1997the" } @article{doi105860choice490282, title = "Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: understanding the life of giants", year = "2011", journal = "Choice Reviews Online", abstract = "List of Contributors Preface List of Institutional Abbreviations Introduction 1. Sauropod Biology and the Evolution of Gigantism: What Do We Know? / Marcus Clauss Part 1. Nutrition 2. Sauropod Feeding and Digestive Physiology / Jurgen Hummel and Marcus Clauss 3. Dietary Options for the Sauropod Dinosaurs from an Integrated Botanical and Paleobotanical Perspective / Carole T. Gee 4. The Diet of Sauropod Dinosaurs: Implications of Carbon Isotope Analysis on Teeth, Bones, and Plants / Thomas Tutken Part 2. Physiology 5. Structure and Function of the Sauropod Respiratory System / Steven F. Perry, Thomas Breuer, and Nadine Pajor 6. Reconstructing Body Volume and Surface Area of Dinosaurs Using Laser Scanning and Photogrammetry / Stefan Stoinski, Tim Suthau, and Hanns-Christian Gunga 7. Body Mass Estimation, Thermoregulation, and Cardiovascular Physiology of Large Sauropods / Bergita Ganse, Alexander Stahn, Stefan Stoinski, Tim Suthau, and Hanns-Christian Gunga Part 3. Construction 8. How to Get Big in the Mesozoic: The Evolution of the Sauropodomorph Body Plan / Oliver W. M. Rauhut, Regina Fechner, Kristian Remes, and Katrin Reis 9. Characterization of Sauropod Bone Structure / Maitena Dumont, Anke Pyzalla, Aleksander Kostka, and Andras Borbely 10. Finite Element Analyses and Virtual Syntheses of Biological Structures and Their Application to Sauropod Skulls / Ulrich Witzel, Julia Mannhardt, Rainer Goessling, Pascal de Micheli, and Holger Preuschoft 11. Walking with the Shoulder of Giants: Biomechanical Conditions in the Tetrapod Shoulder Girdle as a Basis for Sauropod Shoulder Reconstruction / Bianca Hohn 12. Why So Huge? Biomechanical Reasons for the Acquisition of Large Size in Sauropod and Theropod Dinosaurs / Holger Preuschoft, Bianca Hohn, Stefan Stoinski, and Ulrich Witzel 13. Plateosaurus in 3D: How CAD Models and Kinetic-Dynamic Modeling Bring an Extinct Animal to Life / Heinrich Mallison 14. Rearing Giants: Kinetic-Dynamic Modeling of Sauropod Bipedal and Tripodal Poses / Heinrich Mallison 15. Neck Posture in Sauropods / Andreas Christian and Gordon Dzemski Part 4. Growth 16. The Life Cycle of Sauropod Dinosaurs / Eva-Maria Griebeler and Jan Werner 17. Sauropod Bone Histology and Its Implications for Sauropod Biology / P. Martin Sander, Nicole Klein, Koen Stein, and Oliver Wings Part 5. Epilogue 18. Skeletal Reconstruction of Brachiosaurus brancai in the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin: Summarizing 70 Years of Sauropod Research / Kristian Remes, David M. Unwin, Nicole Klein, Wolf-Dieter Heinrich, and Oliver Hampe Appendix: Compilation of Published Body Mass Data for a Variety of Basal Sauropodomorphs and Sauropods Index", url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-0282", doi = "10.5860/choice.49-0282", openalex = "W293512402", references = "amiot2006oxygen, christiansen2004mass, doi101002mmng200900004, doi1010160012825273900287, doi1010160031018275900279, doi1010160375650595000240, doi101016b9780126764604500081, doi101016jpalaeo200401006, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s009483730000676x, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi101038229172a0, doi101038262207a0, doi10103835086558, doi101038nature00930, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas251548698, doi101073pnas932514623, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science1138709, doi101242jeb02443, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320000260734aaateo20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016660094837320030290243vpasat20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi101666080251, doi1016710272463420020220766tehits20co2, doi1023071310735, doi1023073515313, doi104039ent912935, doi105860choice271523, doi105860choice324505, doi105962bhltitle118957, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1534857865, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1590241584, openalexw2473973115, openalexw2729191089, openalexw603337959, seymour1976dinosaurs" } @article{doi101016jpgeola201205008, author = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M.", title = "A reappraisal of a putative record of abelisauroid theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of England", year = "2012", journal = "Proceedings of the Geologists Association", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2012.05.008", doi = "10.1016/j.pgeola.2012.05.008", openalex = "W2027231935", references = "doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139e93179, doi101371journalpone0002995, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi1015468gbdyof, doi105860choice434677, openalexw2788234611, sereno1997the" } @article{doi101080147720192012746589, author = "Tschopp, Emanuel and Mateus, Octávio", title = "The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs", year = "2012", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "A new taxon of diplodocid sauropod, Kaatedocus siberi gen. et sp. nov., is recognized based on well-preserved cervical vertebrae and skull from the Morrison Formation (Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic) of northern Wyoming, USA. A phylogenetic analysis places it inside Diplodocinae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata: Diplodocidae), as a sister taxon to a clade uniting Tornieria africana and the classical diplodocines Barosaurus lentus and Diplodocus. The taxon is diagnosed by a unique combination of plesiomorphic and derived traits, as well as the following unambiguous autapomorphies within Diplodocidae: frontals separated anteriorly by a U-shaped notch; squamosals restricted to the post-orbital region; presence of a postparietal foramen; a narrow, sharp and distinct sagittal nuchal crest; the paired basal tuber with a straight anterior edge in ventral view; anterior end of the prezygapophyses of mid- and posterior cervical vertebrae is often an anterior extension of the pre-epipophysis, which projects considerably anterior to the articular facet; anterodorsal corner of the lateral side of the posterior cervical vertebrae marked by a rugose tuberosity; posterior margin of the prezygapophyseal articular facet of posterior cervical vertebrae bordered posteriorly by conspicuous transverse sulcus; posterior cervical neural spines parallel to converging. The inclusion of K. siberi and several newly described characters into a previously published phylogenetic analysis recovers the new taxon as basal diplodocine, which concurs well with the low stratigraphical position of the holotype specimen. Dinheirosaurus and Supersaurus now represent the sister clade to Apatosaurus and Diplodocinae and therefore the most basal diplodocid genera. The geographical location in the less known northern parts of the Morrison Fm., where K. siberi was found, corroborates previous hypotheses on faunal provinces within the formation. The probable subadult ontogenetic stage of the holotype specimen allows analysis of ontogenetic changes and their influence on diplodocid phylogeny.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2012.746589", doi = "10.1080/14772019.2012.746589", openalex = "W2133304736", references = "doi101371journalpone0030060" } @article{doi101098rspb20120660, author = "Pol, Diego and Rauhut, Oliver W. M.", title = "A Middle Jurassic abelisaurid from Patagonia and the early diversification of theropod dinosaurs", year = "2012", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Abelisaurids are a clade of large, bizarre predatory dinosaurs, most notable for their high, short skulls and extremely reduced forelimbs. They were common in Gondwana during the Cretaceous, but exceedingly rare in the Northern Hemisphere. The oldest definitive abelisaurids so far come from the late Early Cretaceous of South America and Africa, and the early evolutionary history of the clade is still poorly known. Here, we report a new abelisaurid from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia, Eoabelisaurus mefi gen. et sp. nov., which predates the so far oldest known secure member of this lineage by more than 40 Myr. The almost complete skeleton reveals the earliest evolutionary stages of the distinctive features of abelisaurids, such as the modification of the forelimb, which started with a reduction of the distal elements. The find underlines the explosive radiation of theropod dinosaurs in the Middle Jurassic and indicates an unexpected diversity of ceratosaurs at that time. The apparent endemism of abelisauroids to southern Gondwana during Pangean times might be due to the presence of a large, central Gondwanan desert. This indicates that, apart from continent-scale geography, aspects such as regional geography and climate are important to reconstruct the biogeographical history of Mesozoic vertebrates.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0660", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2012.0660", openalex = "W2131888672", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101038nature04511, doi101038nature08322, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200900569x, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101126science1161833, doi101371journalpone0005361, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi1015468gbdyof, doi104202app20080102, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw3206657856" } @article{doi101111j10963642201200853x, author = "D’Emic, Michael D.", title = "The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs", year = "2012", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "D, Michael D., Emic (2012): The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (3): 624-671, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x", openalex = "W1746891551", references = "doi101016s1631069102014294, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101111j10960031200700161x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101139e93176, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1022179revmacn688, doi105860choice435907, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2294506137" } @article{doi101371journalpone0030060, author = "Knoll, Fabien and Witmer, Lawrence M. and Ortega, Francisco and Ridgely, Ryan C. and Schwarz, Daniela", title = "The Braincase of the Basal Sauropod Dinosaur Spinophorosaurus and 3D Reconstructions of the Cranial Endocast and Inner Ear", year = "2012", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "BACKGROUND: Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest animals ever to walk on land, and, as a result, the evolution of their remarkable adaptations has been of great interest. The braincase is of particular interest because it houses the brain and inner ear. However, only a few studies of these structures in sauropods are available to date. Because of the phylogenetic position of Spinophorosaurus nigerensis as a basal eusauropod, the braincase has the potential to provide key evidence on the evolutionary transition relative to other dinosaurs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The only known braincase of Spinophorosaurus ('Argiles de l'Irhazer', Irhazer Group; Agadez region, Niger) differs significantly from those of the Jurassic sauropods examined, except potentially for Atlasaurus imelakei (Tilougguit Formation, Morocco). The basisphenoids of Spinophorosaurus and Atlasaurus bear basipterygoid processes that are comparable in being directed strongly caudally. The Spinophorosaurus specimen was CT scanned, and 3D renderings of the cranial endocast and inner-ear system were generated. The endocast resembles that of most other sauropods in having well-marked pontine and cerebral flexures, a large and oblong pituitary fossa, and in having the brain structure obscured by the former existence of relatively thick meninges and dural venous sinuses. The labyrinth is characterized by long and proportionally slender semicircular canals. This condition recalls, in particular, that of the basal non-sauropod sauropodomorph Massospondylus and the basal titanosauriform Giraffatitan. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Spinophorosaurus has a moderately derived paleoneuroanatomical pattern. In contrast to what might be expected early within a lineage leading to plant-eating graviportal quadrupeds, Spinophorosaurus and other (but not all) sauropodomorphs show no reduction of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear. This character-state is possibly a primitive retention in Spinophorosaurus, but due the scarcity of data it remains unclear whether it is also the case in the various later sauropods in which it is present or whether it has developed homoplastically in these taxa. Any interpretations remain tentative pending the more comprehensive quantitative analysis underway, but the size and morphology of the labyrinth of sauropodomorphs may be related to neck length and mobility, among other factors.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030060", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0030060", openalex = "W2034908959", references = "doi101002ar20983, doi10100797844317693306, doi101017s0016756806002561, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas0704250104, doi101126science28654431342, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi1016710272463420072732caomct20co2, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104202app20090007" } @article{doi101371journalpone0044318, author = "Ősi, Attila and Prondvai, Edina and Butler, Richard J. and Weishampel, David B.", title = "Phylogeny, Histology and Inferred Body Size Evolution in a New Rhabdodontid Dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary", year = "2012", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "BACKGROUND: Rhabdodontid ornithopod dinosaurs are characteristic elements of Late Cretaceous European vertebrate faunas and were previously collected from lower Campanian to Maastrichtian continental deposits. Phylogenetic analyses have placed rhabdodontids among basal ornithopods as the sister taxon to the clade consisting of Tenontosaurus, Dryosaurus, Camptosaurus, and Iguanodon. Recent studies considered Zalmoxes, the best known representative of the clade, to be significantly smaller than closely related ornithopods such as Tenontosaurus, Camptosaurus, or Rhabdodon, and concluded that it was probably an island dwarf that inhabited the Maastrichtian Haţeg Island. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Rhabdodontid remains from the Santonian of western Hungary provide evidence for a new, small-bodied form, which we assign to Mochlodon vorosi n. sp. The new species is most similar to the early Campanian M. suessi from Austria, and the close affinities of the two species is further supported by the results of a global phylogenetic analysis of ornithischian dinosaurs. Bone histological studies of representatives of all rhabdodontids indicate a similar adult body length of 1.6-1.8 m in the Hungarian and Austrian species, 2.4-2.5 m in the subadults of both Zalmoxes robustus and Z. shqiperorum and a much larger, 5-6 m adult body length in Rhabdodon. Phylogenetic mapping of femoral lengths onto the results of the phylogenetic analysis suggests a femoral length of around 340 mm as the ancestral state for Rhabdodontidae, close to the adult femoral lengths known for Zalmoxes (320-333 mm). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our analysis of body size evolution does not support the hypothesis of autapomorhic nanism for Zalmoxes. However, Rhabdodon is reconstructed as having undergone autapomorphic giantism and the reconstructed small femoral length (245 mm) of Mochlodon is consistent with a reduction in size relative to the ancestral rhabdodontid condition. Our results imply a pre-Santonian divergence between western and eastern rhabdodontid lineages within the western Tethyan archipelago.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044318", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0044318", openalex = "W2004173110", references = "doi101002jmor10524, doi101007978140206754912413, doi101016s1631068303000022, doi101080027246342012694385, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10960031200800209x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101371journalpbio0040321, doi101371journalpone0029958, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice503272, doi105962p313819, openalexw225597919" } @book{openalexw1585246501, author = "Farlow, James O. and Brett-Surman, Michael K.", title = "The Complete Dinosaur", year = "2012", booktitle = "Opus: Research \& Creativity (Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne)", abstract = "PREFACE: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman PART ONE: THE DISCOVERY OF DINOSAURS The Earliest Discoveries: William A. S. Sarjeant European Dinosaur Hunters: Hans-Dieter Sues North American Dinosaur Hunters: Edwin H. Colbert Asian Dinosaur Hunters: John R. Lavas Dinosaur Hunters of the Southern Continents: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. PART TWO: THE STUDY OF DINOSAURS Hunting for Dinosaur Bones: David D. Gillette The Osteology of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K.Brett-Surman The Taxonomy and Systematics of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K. Brett-Surman Dinosaurs and Geologic Time: James O. Farlow The Scientific Study of Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Chapman Molecular Paleontology: Rationale and Techniques for the Study of Ancient Biomolecules: Mary Higby Schweitzer Dinosaurs as Museum Exhibits: Kenneth Carpenter Restoring Dinosaurs as Living Animals: Douglas Henderson PART THREE: THE GROUPS OF DINOSAURS Introduction: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman Politics and Paleontology: Richard Owen and the Invention of Dinosaurs: Hugh Torrens Evolution of the Archosaurs: J. Michael Parrish Origin and Early Evolution of Dinosaurs: Michael J. Benton Theropods: Philip J. Currie Segnosaurs (Therezinosaurs): Teresa Maryanska Prosauropods: Jacques VanHeerden Sauropods: John S. McIntosh, M. K. Brett-Surman, and James O. Farlow Stegosaurs: Peter M. Galton Ankylosaurs: Kenneth Carpenter Marginocephalians: Catherine A. Forster and Paul C. Sereno Ornithopods: M. K. Brett-Surman PART FOUR: BIOLOGY OF THE DINOSAURS Land Plants as Food and Habitat in the Age of Dinosaurs: Bruce H. Tiffney What Did Dinosaurs Eat? Coprolites and Other Direct Evidence of Dinosaur Diets: Karen Chin Dinosaur Combat and Courtship: Scott Sampson Dinosaur Eggs: Karl F. Hirsch and Darla K. Zelenitsky How Dinosaurs Grew: R. E. H. Reid Engineering a Dinosaur: R. McN. Alexander Dinosaurian Paleopathology: Bruce M. Rothschild Dinosaurian Physiology: the Case for Intermediate Dinosaurs: R. E. H. Reid Oxygen Isotopes in Dinosaur Bone: Reese E. Barrick, Michael K. Stoskopf, and William J. Showers A Blueprint for Giants: Do Living Reptiles, Birds or Mammals Provide the Best Model for the Physiology of Large Dinosaurs? Frank V. Paladino, James R. Spotila, and Peter Dodson New Insights into the Metabolic Physiology of Dinosaurs: John Ruben, Andrew Leitch, Willem Hillenius, Nicholas Geist, and Terry Jones The Scientific Study of Dinosaur Footprints: James O. Farlow and Ralph E. Chapman The Paleoecological and Paleoenvironmental Utility of Dinosaur Tracks: Martin G. Lockley PART FIVE: DINOSAUR EVOLUTION IN THE CHANGING WORLD OF THE MESOZOIC ERA Biogeography for Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Molnar Major Groups of Non-Dinosaurian Vertebrates of the Mesozoic Era: Michael Morales Continental Tetrapods of the Early Mesozoic: Faunas and Faunal Changes: Hans-Dieter Sues Dinosaurian Faunas of the Later Mesozoic: Dale A. Russell and Jose F. Bonaparte The Extinction of the Dinosaurs: A Dialogue Between a Catastrophist and a Gradualist: Dale A. Russell and Peter Dodson PART SIX: DINOSAURS AND THE MEDIA Dinosaurs and the Media: Donald F. Glut and M. K. Brett-Surman APPENDIX: A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF DINOSAUR PALEONTOLOGY: M. K. Brett-Surman GLOSSARY CONTRIBUTORS INDEX", openalex = "W1585246501", references = "chatterjee2013a, chinsamy1998polar, deklerk2000a, doi101002ar20982, doi101002ara10097, doi101002jmor10406, doi101007s0011400804883, doi1010160031018291900605, doi1010160034666781900695, doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101016jepsl200801015, doi101016jpalaeo201002025, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017s0022336000018862, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101017s0094837300016900, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101038262207a0, doi101038307360a0, doi10103832884, doi101038359117a0, doi101038362709a0, doi101038368196a0, doi101038nature03635, doi101038nature10906, doi101046j14401738200300386x, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108002724634199910011125, doi10108008912960903503345, doi10108010420940802471027, doi101086284406, doi101086422766, doi101098rspb20060443, doi101111j10963642200600245x, doi101111j10963642200900631x, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101126science1157704, doi101126science1180219, doi101126science172397867, doi101126science24248841403, doi101126science27352791204, doi101127njgpm19831983141, doi1011300091761319930210503pioatv23co2, doi101130g23452a1, doi101130spe40p1, doi101144001676492006032, doi101144gslsp20042280106, doi101146annurevearth040610133502, doi101146annurevearth28119, doi101146annurevgenet37110801143214, doi10120600030082200635301ydanpc20co2, doi1012066391, doi101353book59141, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi1016660094837320000260450fpindi20co2, doi1016660094837320050310291teafot20co2, doi1016690883135120030180286rpoumt20co2, doi1016710272463420020220593cvancf20co2, doi1016710272463420020220766tehits20co2, doi101671a11168, doi102110palo2007p07070r, doi1023071445147, doi1023073514548, doi102475ajss425149387, doi104202app20080049, doi105281zenodo13315375, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105281zenodo3739898, doi105962p339375, fiorillo2004the, jacobsen1998feeding, lehman1987late, nelson1980counts, openalexw1550095290, openalexw1558456135, openalexw2163397885, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2506868775, pontzer2009biomechanics, russell2002synopsis, seymour1976dinosaurs, sloan1986gradual, stevens2006binocular, witmer1991biomechanics, woodward1910on" } @article{doi101080027246342012694591, author = "Romilio, Anthony and Tucker, Ryan T. and Salisbury, Steven W.", title = "Reevaluation of the Lark Quarry dinosaur Tracksite (late Albian–Cenomanian Winton Formation, central-western Queensland, Australia): no longer a stampede?", year = "2013", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT The Lark Quarry dinosaur tracksite has previously been recognized as recording the stampede of a mixed herd of dozens of small theropod and ornithopod dinosaurs. A reexamination of trackway material reveals that the small theropod-type tracks, previously assigned to the ichnotaxon Skartopus, can co-occur within individual trackways of the ornithopod-type tracks assigned to Wintonopus. Moreover, in singular deep tracks where the overall surface outline resembles Skartopus, the base of the track can also resemble Wintonopus. Whereas the Wintonopus holotype may reflect the pedal anatomy of a short-toed or subunguligrade ornithopod trackmaker, the elongate ‘toe’ impressions typically associated with Skartopus (including the holotype) primarily provide information on digit movement through the sediment and, in many instances, may represent swim traces. The morphological differences between the two ichnotaxa are therefore not taxonomically significant and we formally propose that Skartopus australis should be considered a junior synonym of Wintonopus latomorum. Longitudinal depth profiles through tracks indicate that many are swim traces. The sedimentology and lithology of Lark Quarry further indicates the site represents a time-averaged assemblage formed in a fluvial-dominated floodplain under variable subaqueous conditions, with the parallel orientation of the numerous trackways formed by trackmakers under the influence of downstream current flow. This indicates that the fluvial environment may have been a preferred route for hydrophilic bipedal dinosaurs. We thus do not consider the Lark Quarry dinosaur tracksite to represent a ‘stampede.’ Instead, the tracksite may represent part of a riverine setting, where the water was shallow, in which small dinosaurs swam and/or waded. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2012.694591", doi = "10.1080/02724634.2012.694591", openalex = "W2168740377", references = "doi10108010420940109380189, doi10108011035890902924877, doi101130g23452a1, doi102110palo2007p07070r" } @article{doi101080147720192013781067, author = "Choiniere, Jonah N. and Clark, James M. and Forster, Catherine A. and Norell, Mark A. and Eberth, David A. and Erickson, Gregory M. and Chu, Hongjun and Xu, Xing", title = "A juvenile specimen of a new coelurosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Middle–Late Jurassic Shishugou Formation of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China", year = "2013", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "We describe the anatomy of a new coelurosaurian theropod Aorun zhaoi gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle–Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China. Histological analysis of the holotype and only known specimen shows that the new taxon is represented by the skeleton of a juvenile individual aged no more than one year. A phylogenetic analysis of theropod relationships places Aorun as a basal member of the Coelurosauria. Although the sole use of a sub-adult ontogenetic exemplar is potentially problematic for phylogenetic reconstruction, we show that the phylogenetic position of Aorun as a member of Coelurosauria is robust to the exclusion of characters known to change during theropod ontogeny. Aorun is the seventh theropod taxon, and temporally oldest coelurosaur, known from the Shishugou Formation, which has one of the most taxonomically diverse Jurassic coelurosaurian theropod faunas in the world.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5CC73577-9EB3-47AB-9983-1677B278EFFD", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2013.781067", doi = "10.1080/14772019.2013.781067", openalex = "W2144457175", references = "doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101051jphystap019020010017801, doi101080027246342010520779, doi101080027246342011557116, doi10108025761900202212131807, doi101086273307, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j109600311999tb00278x, doi101111j10963642200700269x, doi101111j14209101201102427x, doi101111j155856461982tb05453x, doi1011270077774920100125, doi101144sp31516, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw1821824396, openalexw2611511275, openalexw2989049194, openalexw3206657856, xu2010a" } @article{doi101111zoj12029, author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Barnes, Rosie N. and Mateus, Octávio", title = "Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms", year = "2013", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Titanosauriforms represent a diverse and globally distributed clade of neosauropod dinosaurs, but their inter-relationships remain poorly understood. Here we redescribe Lusotitan atalaiensis from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of Portugal, a taxon previously referred to Brachiosaurus. The lectotype includes cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, and elements from the forelimb, hindlimb, and pelvic girdle. Lusotitan is a valid taxon and can be diagnosed by six autapomorphies, including the presence of elongate postzygapophyses that project well beyond the posterior margin of the neural arch in anterior-to-middle caudal vertebrae. A new phylogenetic analysis, focused on elucidating the evolutionary relationships of basal titanosauriforms, is presented, comprising 63 taxa scored for 279 characters. Many of these characters are heavily revised or novel to our study, and a number of ingroup taxa have never previously been incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis. We treated quantitative characters as discrete and continuous data in two parallel analyses, and explored the effect of implied weighting. Although we recovered monophyletic brachiosaurid and somphospondylan sister clades within Titanosauriformes, their compositions were affected by alternative treatments of quantitative data and, especially, by the weighting of such data. This suggests that the treatment of quantitative data is important and the wrong decisions might lead to incorrect tree topologies. In particular, the diversity of Titanosauria was greatly increased by the use of implied weights. Our results support the generic separation of the contemporaneous taxa Brachiosaurus, Giraffatitan, and Lusotitan, with the latter recovered as either a brachiosaurid or the sister taxon to Titanosauriformes. Although Janenschia was recovered as a basal macronarian, outside Titanosauria, the sympatric Australodocus provides body fossil evidence for the pre-Cretaceous origin of titanosaurs. We recovered evidence for a sauropod with close affinities to the Chinese taxon Mamenchisaurus in the Late Jurassic Tendaguru beds of Africa, and present new information demonstrating the wider distribution of caudal pneumaticity within Titanosauria. The earliest known titanosauriform body fossils are from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic), although trackway evidence indicates a Middle Jurassic origin. Diversity increased throughout the Late Jurassic, and titanosauriforms did not undergo a severe extinction across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, in contrast to diplodocids and non-neosauropods. Titanosauriform diversity increased in the Barremian and Aptian–Albian as a result of radiations of derived somphospondylans and lithostrotians, respectively, but there was a severe drop (up to 40\%) in species numbers at, or near, the Albian/Cenomanian boundary, representing a faunal turnover whereby basal titanosauriforms were replaced by derived titanosaurs, although this transition occurred in a spatiotemporally staggered fashion.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12029", doi = "10.1111/zoj.12029", openalex = "W1572867283", references = "doi101002jez513, doi101016jgr201212009, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas1011369108, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600312003tb00376x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101139e93176, doi101144001676492006032, doi10129879781933789439, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi10167102724634200727931dtftco20co2, doi1023071292217, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104202app20080049, doi104202app20110051, doi105281zenodo16171435, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2294506137, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3114518543, openalexw603337959, openalexw70084438, ostrom2020stratigraphy" } @article{doi101371journalpone0062047, author = "Farke, Andrew A. and Sertich, Joseph J. W.", title = "An Abelisauroid Theropod Dinosaur from the Turonian of Madagascar", year = "2013", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Geophysical evidence strongly supports the complete isolation of India and Madagascar (Indo-Madagascar) by ∼100 million years ago, though sparse terrestrial fossil records from these regions prior to ∼70 million years ago have limited insights into their biogeographic history during the Cretaceous. A new theropod dinosaur, Dahalokely tokana, from Turonian-aged (∼90 million years old) strata of northernmost Madagascar is represented by a partial axial column. Autapomorphies include a prominently convex prezygoepipophyseal lamina on cervical vertebrae and a divided infraprezygapophyseal fossa through the mid-dorsal region, among others. Phylogenetic analysis definitively recovers the species as an abelisauroid theropod and weakly as a noasaurid. Dahalokely is the only known dinosaur from the interval during which Indo-Madagascar likely existed as a distinct landmass, but more complete material is needed to evaluate whether or not it is more closely related to later abelisauroids of Indo-Madagascar or those known elsewhere in Gondwana.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062047", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0062047", openalex = "W1968696153", references = "doi101016003192018990263x, doi101016jearscirev200801007, doi101016jpgeola201205008, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science2675199852, doi101126science28053661048, doi10113008137233291, doi102110pec98020003, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435" } @article{doi101371journalpone0078573, author = "Sander, P. Martin", title = "An Evolutionary Cascade Model for Sauropod Dinosaur Gigantism - Overview, Update and Tests", year = "2013", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = {Sauropod dinosaurs are a group of herbivorous dinosaurs which exceeded all other terrestrial vertebrates in mean and maximal body size. Sauropod dinosaurs were also the most successful and long-lived herbivorous tetrapod clade, but no abiological factors such as global environmental parameters conducive to their gigantism can be identified. These facts justify major efforts by evolutionary biologists and paleontologists to understand sauropods as living animals and to explain their evolutionary success and uniquely gigantic body size. Contributions to this research program have come from many fields and can be synthesized into a biological evolutionary cascade model of sauropod dinosaur gigantism (sauropod gigantism ECM). This review focuses on the sauropod gigantism ECM, providing an updated version based on the contributions to the PLoS ONE sauropod gigantism collection and on other very recent published evidence. The model consist of five separate evolutionary cascades ("Reproduction", "Feeding", "Head and neck", "Avian-style lung", and "Metabolism"). Each cascade starts with observed or inferred basal traits that either may be plesiomorphic or derived at the level of Sauropoda. Each trait confers hypothetical selective advantages which permit the evolution of the next trait. Feedback loops in the ECM consist of selective advantages originating from traits higher in the cascades but affecting lower traits. All cascades end in the trait "Very high body mass". Each cascade is linked to at least one other cascade. Important plesiomorphic traits of sauropod dinosaurs that entered the model were ovipary as well as no mastication of food. Important evolutionary innovations (derived traits) were an avian-style respiratory system and an elevated basal metabolic rate. Comparison with other tetrapod lineages identifies factors limiting body size.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078573", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0078573", openalex = "W2144687291", references = "doi101016jpalaeo201206008, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi10103846266, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101086410622, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101111j15585646201000960x, doi101126science1118806, doi101126science1177265, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0051925, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0069361, doi103184175815508x402482, doi107717peerj36, horner2011dinosaur, openalexw1534787790" } @article{doi101371journalpone0079420, author = "Loewen, Mark A. and Irmis, Randall B. and Sertich, Joseph J. W. and Currie, Philip J. and Sampson, Scott D.", title = "Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans", year = "2013", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "The Late Cretaceous (∼95-66 million years ago) western North American landmass of Laramidia displayed heightened non-marine vertebrate diversity and intracontinental regionalism relative to other latest Cretaceous Laurasian ecosystems. Processes generating these patterns during this interval remain poorly understood despite their presumed role in the diversification of many clades. Tyrannosauridae, a clade of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs restricted to the Late Cretaceous of Laramidia and Asia, represents an ideal group for investigating Laramidian patterns of evolution. We use new tyrannosaurid discoveries from Utah--including a new taxon which represents the geologically oldest member of the clade--to investigate the evolution and biogeography of Tyrannosauridae. These data suggest a Laramidian origin for Tyrannosauridae, and implicate sea-level related controls in the isolation, diversification, and dispersal of this and many other Late Cretaceous vertebrate clades.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079420", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0079420", openalex = "W2091933212", references = "doi101080027246342011557116, doi10108010635150701883881, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science23547931156, doi101214aos1176344552, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi1015259780520941434, doi1023072408678, doi102475ajss321125417, doi105281zenodo16171435, nesbitt2009a, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3215057009" } @article{doi104202app20120121, author = "Torices, Angélica", title = "Theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of the South Pyrenees Basin of Spain", year = "2013", journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica", abstract = "The dinosaur record in the South Pyrenees Basin is diverse and rich. A total of 142 theropod teeth were studied for this paper, which constitutes one of the richest samples for these remains in Europe. Eight upper Campanian to upper Maastrichtian outcrops from the Pyrenees produced six non-avian theropod taxa (Theropoda indet., Coelurosauria indet.,?Richardoestesia,?Dromaeosauridae indet.,?Pyroraptor olympius,?Paronychodon). These six taxa are added to two previously described theropods (a Richardoestesia-like form and a possible ornithomimosaurid), indicating that there was considerable theropod diversity on the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Cretaceous.", url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2012.0121", doi = "10.4202/app.2012.0121", openalex = "W2108699011", references = "doi101016jpgeola201205008, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101038nature02898, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101126science1144066, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20110144, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105962p226819, lindgren2008theropod, openalexw1846256677, openalexw3215057009" } @article{doi101038srep06196, author = "Lacovara, Kenneth J. and Lamanna, Matthew C. and Ibiricu, Lucio M. and Poole, Jason C. and Schroeter, Elena R. and Ullmann, Paul V. and Voegele, Kristyn K. and Boles, Zachary M. and Carter, Aja M. and Fowler, Emma K. and Egerton, Victoria M. and Moyer, Alison E. and Coughenour, Christopher and Schein, Jason P. and Harris, Jerald D. and Martínez, Rubén D. and Novas, Fernando E.", title = "A Gigantic, Exceptionally Complete Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from Southern Patagonia, Argentina", year = "2014", journal = "Scientific Reports", abstract = "Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs were the most diverse and abundant large-bodied herbivores in the southern continents during the final 30 million years of the Mesozoic Era. Several titanosaur species are regarded as the most massive land-living animals yet discovered; nevertheless, nearly all of these giant titanosaurs are known only from very incomplete fossils, hindering a detailed understanding of their anatomy. Here we describe a new and gigantic titanosaur, Dreadnoughtus schrani, from Upper Cretaceous sediments in southern Patagonia, Argentina. Represented by approximately 70\% of the postcranial skeleton, plus craniodental remains, Dreadnoughtus is the most complete giant titanosaur yet discovered, and provides new insight into the morphology and evolutionary history of these colossal animals. Furthermore, despite its estimated mass of about 59.3 metric tons, the bone histology of the Dreadnoughtus type specimen reveals that this individual was still growing at the time of death.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06196", doi = "10.1038/srep06196", openalex = "W2025269251", references = "doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas251548698, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101111zoj12029, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1022179revmacn12239, doi1022179revmacn688, doi1022179revmacn7344, openalexw581267017" } @article{doi101111sed12122, author = "Ielpi, Alessandro and Ghinassi, Massimiliano", title = "Planform architecture, stratigraphic signature and morphodynamics of an exhumed Jurassic meander plain (Scalby Formation, Yorkshire, UK)", year = "2014", journal = "Sedimentology", abstract = "Abstract Modern fluvial meander plains exhibit complex planform transformations in response to meander‐bend expansion, downstream migration and rotation. These transformations exert a fundamental control on lithology and reservoir properties, yet their stratigraphic record has been poorly evaluated in ancient examples due to the lack of extensive three‐dimensional exposures. Here, a unique exhumed meander plain exposed to the north of Scarborough (Yorkshire, UK) is analysed in terms of architecture and morphodynamics, with the aim of developing a comprehensive model of facies distribution. The studied outcrop comprises tidal platforms and adjacent cliffs, where the depositional architecture of un‐tilted deposits was assessed on planform and vertical sections, respectively. In its broader perspective, this study demonstrates the potential of architectural mapping of extensive planform exposures for the reconstruction of ancient fluvial morphodynamics. The studied exhumed meander plain is part of the Scalby Formation of the Ravenscar Group, and originally drained small coastal incised valleys within the Jurassic Cleveland Basin. The meander plain is subdivided into two storeys that contain in‐channel and overbank architectural elements. In‐channel elements comprise expansional and downstream‐migrating point bars, point‐bar tails and channel fills. Overbank elements comprise crevasse complexes, levées, floodplain fines and lake fills. The evolution of the point bars played a significant role in dictating preserved facies distributions, with high flood‐stage nucleation and accretion of meander scrolls later reworked during waning flood‐stages. At a larger scale, meander belt morphodynamics were also a function of valley confinement and contrasts in substrate erodibility. Progressive valley infilling decreased the valley confinement, promoting the upward transition from prevalently downstream migrating to expansional meander belts, a transition associated with enhanced preservation of overbank elements. Strikingly similar relations between valley confinement, meander‐bend transformations and overbank preservation are observed in small modern meandering streams such as the Beaver River of the Canadian prairies and the Powder River of Montana (USA).", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12122", doi = "10.1111/sed.12122", openalex = "W2132242758", references = "doi101016s0031018200002121, doi101016s003707380100118x, doi1010292010jf001838, doi1023071796493" } @article{doi101111zoj12113, author = "Mocho, Pedro and Royo‐Torres, Rafael and Ortega, Francisco", title = "Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal", year = "2014", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis is a Portuguese Upper Jurassic dinosaur whose lectotype is one of the most complete sauropod specimens from the Portuguese fossil record and from the Upper Jurassic of Europe. It was recovered from sediments of the Sobral Formation (upper Kimmeridgian to lower Tithonian) at Moinho do Carmo (Alenquer, Portugal). The lectotype of Lourinhasaurus was first related to Apatosaurus and then tentatively related to Camarasaurus. Finally, it was established as a new taxon, Lourinhasaurus, including the Moinho do Carmo specimen. At the time of writing, Lourinhasaurus had a poor diagnosis and an unstable phylogenetic position. Revision of the Moinho do Carmo specimen has led to a detailed description and a new and more complete codification for several morphological characters. The phylogenetic analyses proposed herein considered Lourinhasaurus as a Camarasauromorpha Macronaria. This study also recovered a Camarasauridae clade incorporating Lourinhasaurus, Camarasaurus and, putatively, Tehuelchesaurus and that implies the presence of Camarasauridae in the European Upper Jurassic. Besides the strong similarity to Camarasaurus, Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis is here considered a valid taxon with 13 putative autapomorphies such as a sagittal keel on the dorsal margin of sacral neural spines, circular and deep spinoprezygapophyseal fossa on proximal caudal vertebrae, marked crest and groove bordering the lateral margin of the acetabulum in the ischium, and a marked deflection of the entire femoral shaft without lateral bulge. The apparently high number of taxa among the sauropod fauna from the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Jurassic is similar to the palaeobiodiversity recorded in formations of the same age, i.e. Morrison and Tendaguru, and does not support the hypothesis of a connection between the North America and Iberian Peninsula faunas during the later part of the Late Jurassic reflected by other faunal and floral groups. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12113", doi = "10.1111/zoj.12113", openalex = "W1926788169", references = "doi102475ajss3179786, doi104202app20080049" } @article{doi101126science1258750, author = "Ibrahim, Nizar and Sereno, Paul C. and Sasso, Cristiano Dal and Maganuco, Simone and Fabbri, Matteo and Martill, David M. and Zouhri, Samir and Myhrvold, Nathan and Iurino, Dawid A.", title = "Semiaquatic adaptations in a giant predatory dinosaur", year = "2014", journal = "Science", abstract = {We describe adaptations for a semiaquatic lifestyle in the dinosaur Spinosaurus aegyptiacus. These adaptations include retraction of the fleshy nostrils to a position near the mid-region of the skull and an elongate neck and trunk that shift the center of body mass anterior to the knee joint. Unlike terrestrial theropods, the pelvic girdle is downsized, the hindlimbs are short, and all of the limb bones are solid without an open medullary cavity, for buoyancy control in water. The short, robust femur with hypertrophied flexor attachment and the low, flat-bottomed pedal claws are consistent with aquatic foot-propelled locomotion. Surface striations and bone microstructure suggest that the dorsal "sail" may have been enveloped in skin that functioned primarily for display on land and in water.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258750", doi = "10.1126/science.1258750", openalex = "W2033332407", references = "doi101002jmor10406, doi101017s0022336000036076, doi101038324359a0, doi10108002724634199410011525, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101089dia20160208, doi101098rsbl20090310, doi101098rspb20042829, doi101126science1163245, doi101126science1198467, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science28253921298, doi101146annurevfluid38050304092201, doi101666100041, doi1016710272463420030230373oocsta20co2, openalexw2138825607" } @article{doi1011646zootaxa375911, author = "Hendrickx, Christophe and Mateus, Octávio", title = "Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth", year = "2014", journal = "Zootaxa", abstract = {Theropod dinosaurs form a highly diversified clade, and their teeth are some of the most common components of the Mesozoic dinosaur fossil record. This is the case in the Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) of Portugal, where theropod teeth are particularly abundant and diverse. Four isolated theropod teeth are here described and identified based on morphometric and anatomical data. They are included in a cladistic analysis performed on a data matrix of 141 dentition-based characters coded in 60 taxa, as well as a supermatrix combining our dataset with six recent datamatrices based on the whole theropod skeleton. The consensus tree resulting from the dentition-based data matrix reveals that theropod teeth provide reliable data for identification at approximately family level. Therefore, phylogenetic methods will help identifying theropod teeth with more confidence in the future. Although dental characters do not reliably indicate relationships among higher clades of theropods, they demonstrate interesting patterns of homoplasy suggesting dietary convergence in (1) alvarezsauroids, therizinosaurs and troodontids; (2) coelophysoids and spinosaurids; (3) compsognathids and dromaeosaurids; and (4) ceratosaurids, allosauroids and megalosaurids. Based on morphometric and cladistic analyses, the biggest tooth from Lourinhã is referred to a mesial crown of the megalosaurid Torvosaurus tanneri, due to the elliptical cross section of the crown base, the large size and elongation of the crown, medially positioned mesial and distal carinae, and the coarse denticles. The smallest tooth is identified as Richardoestesia, and as a close relative of R. gilmorei based on the weak constriction between crown and root, the "eight-shaped" outline of the base crown and, on the distal carina, the average of ten symmetrically rounded denticles per mm, as well as a subequal number of denticles basally and at mid-crown. Finally, the two medium-sized teeth belong to the same taxon and exhibit pronounced interdenticular sulci between distal denticles, hooked distal denticles for one of them, an irregular enamel texture, and a straight distal margin, a combination of features only observed in abelisaurids. They provide the first record of Abelisauridae in the Jurassic of Laurasia and one of the oldest records of this clade in the world, suggesting a possible radiation of Abelisauridae in Europe well before the Upper Cretaceous.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1", doi = "10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1", openalex = "W2141232902", references = "benson2008a, carpenter2005the, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101002ara20206, doi101002jmor10372, doi101007bf02987808, doi101017s0016756804000330, doi101038324359a0, doi10103832884, doi10103835047056, doi101073pnas1011924108, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101098rspb20110410, doi101098rspb20120660, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421978tb01049x, doi1011270077774920100125, doi101139e10005, doi10120600030082200635451andtfu20co2, doi1012063521, doi1012066481, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi1016660022336020010750208lcsdaf20co2, doi1016660022336020020760751stabtf20co2, doi101671027246342003231apfast20co2, doi1016710272463420050250865hitrif20co2, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi102475ajss319111253, doi1034191b109, doi104202app20120121, doi105281zenodo1048848, doi105281zenodo16171435, mateus2010a, openalexw1821824396, openalexw1879660213, openalexw2764433274, openalexw3215057009, openalexw834136096, rauhut2003a, sues1978a, zhao1998the" } @article{doi101371journalpbio1001853, author = "Benson, Roger and Campione, Nicolás E. and Carrano, Matthew T. and Mannion, Philip D. and Sullivan, Corwin and Upchurch, Paul and Evans, David C.", title = "Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage", year = "2014", journal = "PLoS Biology", abstract = "Large-scale adaptive radiations might explain the runaway success of a minority of extant vertebrate clades. This hypothesis predicts, among other things, rapid rates of morphological evolution during the early history of major groups, as lineages invade disparate ecological niches. However, few studies of adaptive radiation have included deep time data, so the links between extant diversity and major extinct radiations are unclear. The intensively studied Mesozoic dinosaur record provides a model system for such investigation, representing an ecologically diverse group that dominated terrestrial ecosystems for 170 million years. Furthermore, with 10,000 species, extant dinosaurs (birds) are the most speciose living tetrapod clade. We assembled composite trees of 614-622 Mesozoic dinosaurs/birds, and a comprehensive body mass dataset using the scaling relationship of limb bone robustness. Maximum-likelihood modelling and the node height test reveal rapid evolutionary rates and a predominance of rapid shifts among size classes in early (Triassic) dinosaurs. This indicates an early burst niche-filling pattern and contrasts with previous studies that favoured gradualistic rates. Subsequently, rates declined in most lineages, which rarely exploited new ecological niches. However, feathered maniraptoran dinosaurs (including Mesozoic birds) sustained rapid evolution from at least the Middle Jurassic, suggesting that these taxa evaded the effects of niche saturation. This indicates that a long evolutionary history of continuing ecological innovation paved the way for a second great radiation of dinosaurs, in birds. We therefore demonstrate links between the predominantly extinct deep time adaptive radiation of non-avian dinosaurs and the phenomenal diversification of birds, via continuing rapid rates of evolution along the phylogenetic stem lineage. This raises the possibility that the uneven distribution of biodiversity results not just from large-scale extrapolation of the process of adaptive radiation in a few extant clades, but also from the maintenance of evolvability on vast time scales across the history of life, in key lineages.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853", doi = "10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853", openalex = "W2155522161", references = "doi101007b97636, doi101017s009483730001263x, doi101017s009483730001280x, doi10103835086500, doi10103844766, doi101038nature11631, doi10108010635150490445706, doi101086284325, doi101093bioinformaticsbtm538, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101093oso97801985404720010001, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101111j001438202003tb00285x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j15585646201201723x, doi101126science1144066, doi101126science1161833, doi101146annurevecolsys39110707173447, doi101159000452856, doi101186174170071060, doi101198tech2003s146, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi10166612041, martinsander2006bone, openalexw2145250129" } @article{doi101080027246342014889701, author = "Xing, Lida and Miyashita, Tetsuto and Zhang, Jianping and Li, Daqing and Ye, Yong and Sekiya, Toru and Wang, Fengping and Currie, Philip J.", title = "A new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China and the diversity, distribution, and relationships of mamenchisaurids", year = "2015", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "—Qijianglong guokr, gen. et sp. nov., represents a mamenchisaurid eusauropod from the Late Jurassic of southern China. The holotype consists of an incomplete skull, partly articulated axial skeleton, and fragmentary appendicular skeleton. A well-preserved braincase and skull roof provide rare insights into the poorly known neurocranial anatomy of mamenchisaurids and reveal a unique combination of characters such as an accessory tuber at the base of planar basipterygoid process and parietal excluding frontal from the anterior margin of the supratemporal fenestra. The cervical vertebrae have a distinct finger-like process extending from the postzygapophyseal process beside a zygapophyseal contact. Qijianglong is the first mamenchisaurid from the Late Jurassic of China that is definitively distinct from Mamenchisaurus, indicating greater morphological and taxonomic diversity of the poorly represented Late Jurassic mamenchisaurids. The occurrence of Qijianglong is consistent with a scenario in which mamenchisaurids formed an endemic sauropod fauna in the Late Jurassic of Asia. Phylogenetically, Qijianglong represents a relatively plesiomorphic mamenchisaurid lineage. The mamenchisaurids form an ancient clade of basal eusauropod dinosaurs that likely appeared in the Early Jurassic. A cladistic analysis highlights the interrelationships of mamenchisaurids and suggests guidelines for mamenchisaurid taxonomic revision. It may be desirable to restrict generic names to the type species in order to avoid confusion.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F93276CF-71FE-472E-9114-68294547C2A9SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2014.889701", doi = "10.1080/02724634.2014.889701", openalex = "W2151421229", references = "doi101017s0016756806002561, doi101371journalpone0054991" } @article{doi1010801042094020151064408, author = "McCrea, Richard T. and Tanke, Darren H. and Buckley, Lisa G. and Lockley, Martin G. and Farlow, James O. and Xing, Lida and Matthews, Neffra A. and Helm, Charles and Pemberton, S. George and Breithaupt, Brent H.", title = "Vertebrate Ichnopathology: Pathologies Inferred from Dinosaur Tracks and Trackways from the Mesozoic", year = "2015", journal = "Ichnos/Ichnos : an international journal for plant and animal traces", abstract = "Literature concerning dinosaur footprints or trackways exhibiting abnormal gait or morphology reflecting pathology (ichnopathology) is rare. We report on a number of Jurassic and Cretaceous occurrences of theropod footprints from western North America with unusual morphologies interpreted herein as examples of inferred pathologies, or ichnopathologies. The majority of ichnopathologies are primarily manifested in the digit impressions and include examples of swelling, extreme curvature, dislocation or fracture, and amputation. A number of occurrences are single tracks on ex situ blocks with substantial deformation (inferred dislocation or fracture), or absence of a single digit impression. Two occurrences are from in situ natural mould trackways, one of which is a lengthy trackway of a presumed allosauroid with no noticeable deformation of the digits or feet but with strong inward rotation of the left footprint toward the midline and a pronounced, waddling limp. The other is a tyrannosaurid trackway consisting of three footprints (one right, two left) with the two left prints exhibiting repetitive ichnopathology of a partially missing Digit II impression.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2015.1064408", doi = "10.1080/10420940.2015.1064408", openalex = "W1904008150", references = "doi101016jcretres201307009, nouri2011tetradactyl" } @article{doi101371journalpone0122715, author = "Xing, Lida and Zhang, Jianping and Lockley, Martin G. and McCrea, Richard T. and Klein, Hendrik and Alcalá, Luís and Buckley, Lisa G. and Burns, Michael E. and Kümmell, Susanna B. and He, Qing", title = "Hints of the Early Jehol Biota: Important Dinosaur Footprint Assemblages from the Jurassic-Cretaceous Boundary Tuchengzi Formation in Beijing, China", year = "2015", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "New reports of dinosaur tracksites in the Tuchengzi Formation in the newly established Yanqing Global Geopark, Beijing, China, support previous inferences that the track assemblages from this formation are saurischian-dominated. More specifically, the assemblages appear theropod-dominated, with the majority of well-preserved tracks conforming to the Grallator type (sensus lato), thus representing relatively small trackmakers. Such ichnofaunas supplement the skeletal record from this unit that lacks theropods thus far, proving a larger diversity of dinosaur faunas in that region. Sauropods are represented by medium to large sized and narrow and wide-gauge groups, respectively. The latter correspond with earlier discoveries of titanosauriform skeletons in the same unit. Previous records of ornithischian tracks cannot be positively confirmed. Purported occurrences are re-evaluated here, the trackways and imprints, except of a single possible specimen, re-assigned to theropods. Palecologically the Tuchengzi ichnofauna is characteristic of semi-arid fluvio-lacustrine inland basins with Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous deposits in northern China that all show assemblages with abundant theropod and sauropod tracks and minor components of ornithopod, pterosaur and bird tracks.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122715", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0122715", openalex = "W2007914382", references = "doi101016jcretres201307009" } @article{doi101371journalpone0125819, author = "Upchurch, Paul and Mannion, Philip D. and Taylor, Michael P.", title = "The Anatomy and Phylogenetic Relationships of “Pelorosaurus“ becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England", year = "2015", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = {The sauropod dinosaur "Pelorosaurus" becklesii was named in 1852 on the basis of an associated left humerus, ulna, radius and skin impression from the Early Cretaceous (Berriasian-Valanginian) Hastings Beds Group, near Hastings, East Sussex, southeast England, United Kingdom. The taxonomy and nomenclature of this specimen have a complex history, but most recent workers have agreed that "P." becklesii represents a distinct somphospondylan (or at least a titanosauriform) and is potentially the earliest titanosaur body fossil from Europe or even globally. The Hastings specimen is distinct from the approximately contemporaneous Pelorosaurus conybeari from Tilgate Forest, West Sussex. "P." becklesii can be diagnosed on the basis of five autapomorphies, such as: a prominent anteriorly directed process projecting from the anteromedial corner of the distal humerus; the proximal end of the radius is widest anteroposteriorly along its lateral margin; and the unique combination of a robust ulna and slender radius. The new generic name Haestasaurus is therefore erected for "P." becklesii. Three revised and six new fore limb characters (e.g. the presence/absence of condyle-like projections on the posterodistal margin of the radius) are discussed and added to three cladistic data sets for Sauropoda. Phylogenetic analysis confirms that Haestasaurus becklesii is a macronarian, but different data sets place this species either as a non-titanosauriform macronarian, or within a derived clade of titanosaurs that includes Malawisaurus and Saltasauridae. This uncertainty is probably caused by several factors, including the incompleteness of the Haestasaurus holotype and rampant homoplasy in fore limb characters. Haestasaurus most probably represents a basal macronarian that independently acquired the robust ulna, enlarged olecranon, and other states that have previously been regarded as synapomorphies of clades within Titanosauria. There is growing evidence that basal macronarian taxa survived into the Early Cretaceous of Europe and North America.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125819", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0125819", openalex = "W1506542585", references = "crossref1859supplement, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jpalaeo200906004, doi101016s0748300703000604, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101111j109600312003tb00376x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101144001676492006032, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi1023071292217, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105860choice353642, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3215057009" } @article{doi107717peerj1523, author = "Boyd, Clint", title = "The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs", year = "2015", journal = "PeerJ", abstract = "The systematic relationships of taxa traditionally referred to as 'basal ornithopods' or 'hypsilophodontids' remain poorly resolved since it was discovered that these taxa are not a monophyletic group, but rather a paraphyletic set of neornithischian taxa. Thus, even as the known diversity of these taxa has dramatically increased over the past two decades, our knowledge of their placement relative to each other and the major ornithischian subclades remained incomplete. This study employs the largest phylogenetic dataset yet compiled to assess basal ornithischian relationships (255 characters for 65 species level terminal taxa). The resulting strict consensus tree is the most well-resolved, stratigraphically consistent hypothesis of basal ornithischian relationships yet hypothesized. The only non-iguanodontian ornithopod (=basal ornithopod) recovered in this analysis is Hypsilophodon foxii. The majority of former 'hypsilophodontid' taxa are recovered within a single clade (Parksosauridae) that is situated as the sister-taxon to Cerapoda. The Parksosauridae is divided between two subclades, the Orodrominae and the Thescelosaurinae. This study does not recover a clade consisting of the Asian taxa Changchunsaurus, Haya, and Jeholosaurus (=Jeholosauridae). Rather, the former two taxa are recovered as basal members of Thescelosaurinae, while the latter taxon is recovered in a clade with Yueosaurus near the base of Neornithischia.The endemic South American clade Elasmaria is recovered within the Thescelosaurinae as the sister taxon to Thescelosaurus. This study supports the origination of Dinosauria and the early diversification of Ornithischia within Gondwana. Neornithischia first arose in Africa by the Early Jurassic before dispersing to Asia before the late Middle Jurassic, where much of the diversification among non-cerapodan neornithischians occurred. Under the simplest scenario the Parksosauridae originated in North America, with at least two later dispersals to Asia and one to South America. However, when ghost lineages are considered, an alternate dispersal hypothesis has thescelosaurines dispersing from Asia into South America (via North America) during the Early Cretaceous, then back into North America in the latest Cretaceous. The latter hypothesis may explain the dominance of orodromine taxa prior to the Maastrichtian in North America and the sudden appearance and wide distribution of thescelosaurines in North America beginning in the early Maastrichtian. While the diversity of parksosaurids has greatly increased over the last fifteen years, a ghost lineage of over 40 myr is present between the base of Parksosauridae and Cerapoda, indicating that much of the early history and diversity of this clade is yet to be discovered. This new phylogenetic hypothesis provides a comprehensive framework for testing further hypotheses regarding evolutionary patterns and processes within Ornithischia.", url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1523", doi = "10.7717/peerj.1523", openalex = "W2204922132", references = "doi101007bf02988144, doi101038nature07856, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi101080027246342012694385, doi101080027246342013746229, doi10108010635150701883881, doi10108014772011003594870, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101098rspb20060443, doi101111j001438202005tb00940x, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200900631x, doi101111zoj12193, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139e11017, doi10129879781933789439, doi101371journalpone0014075, doi1015259780520941434, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi102475ajss321125417, nesbitt2009a, openalexw225597919, openalexw2603335639, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3215057009, openalexw597685939, ostrom2020stratigraphy, owen2015monograph" } @article{doi101038srep20252, author = "Brusatte, Stephen L. and Carr, Thomas D.", title = "The phylogeny and evolutionary history of tyrannosauroid dinosaurs", year = "2016", journal = "Scientific Reports", abstract = "Tyrannosauroids--the group of carnivores including Tyrannosaurs rex--are some of the most familiar dinosaurs of all. A surge of recent discoveries has helped clarify some aspects of their evolution, but competing phylogenetic hypotheses raise questions about their relationships, biogeography, and fossil record quality. We present a new phylogenetic dataset, which merges published datasets and incorporates recently discovered taxa. We analyze it with parsimony and, for the first time for a tyrannosauroid dataset, Bayesian techniques. The parsimony and Bayesian results are highly congruent, and provide a framework for interpreting the biogeography and evolutionary history of tyrannosauroids. Our phylogenies illustrate that the body plan of the colossal species evolved piecemeal, imply no clear division between northern and southern species in western North America as had been argued, and suggest that T. rex may have been an Asian migrant to North America. Over-reliance on cranial shape characters may explain why published parsimony studies have diverged and filling three major gaps in the fossil record holds the most promise for future work.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20252", doi = "10.1038/srep20252", openalex = "W2327114096", references = "doi101007bf01734359, doi101007s001140090614x, doi101016b9781483232102500066, doi101016b9781483232119500097, doi101016jcretres201103005, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jcub201408034, doi101038nature04511, doi101038nature10906, doi101038ncomms4788, doi10108001621459199510476572, doi101080106351501753462876, doi10108010635150490264699, doi10108010635150600755396, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi101126science1193304, doi10120637172, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi105860choice393984" } @article{doi101038srep34467, author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Hocknull, Scott and Kear, Benjamin P. and Kundrát, Martin and Tischler, Travis R. and Sloan, Trish and Sinapius, George H. K. and Elliott, Judy A. and Elliott, David A.", title = "New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography", year = "2016", journal = "Scientific Reports", abstract = "Australian dinosaurs have played a rare but controversial role in the debate surrounding the effect of Gondwanan break-up on Cretaceous dinosaur distribution. Major spatiotemporal gaps in the Gondwanan Cretaceous fossil record, coupled with taxon incompleteness, have hindered research on this effect, especially in Australia. Here we report on two new sauropod specimens from the early Late Cretaceous of Queensland, Australia, that have important implications for Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography. Savannasaurus elliottorum gen. et sp. nov. comprises one of the most complete Cretaceous sauropod skeletons ever found in Australia, whereas a new specimen of Diamantinasaurus matildae includes the first ever cranial remains of an Australian sauropod. The results of a new phylogenetic analysis, in which both Savannasaurus and Diamantinasaurus are recovered within Titanosauria, were used as the basis for a quantitative palaeobiogeographical analysis of macronarian sauropods. Titanosaurs achieved a worldwide distribution by at least 125 million years ago, suggesting that mid-Cretaceous Australian sauropods represent remnants of clades which were widespread during the Early Cretaceous. These lineages would have entered Australasia via dispersal from South America, presumably across Antarctica. High latitude sauropod dispersal might have been facilitated by Albian-Turonian warming that lifted a palaeoclimatic dispersal barrier between Antarctica and South America.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34467", doi = "10.1038/srep34467", openalex = "W2535200874", references = "doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgr201212009, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101038srep19165, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108014772011003594870, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111zoj12029, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science2725264986, doi1011300016760619951071164mlccot23co2, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0037122, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1015259780520941434, doi1021425f55419694, doi1021425f5fbg19694, doi105194cp813232012, doi107717peerj1523, openalexw2173200745" } @article{doi101111zoj12425, author = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Carrano, Matthew T.", title = "The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania", year = "2016", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Gondwana are still poorly known, with Elaphrosaurus bambergiJanensch, 1920, from the late Kimmeridgian of Tendaguru, Tanzania, being the only taxon represented by more than isolated remains from Africa. Having long been considered a coelurosaurian, more specifically an ornithomimosaur, Elaphrosaurus is currently regarded as a basal ceratosaur. Here, we revise the osteology and phylogenetic position of this important taxon. Elaphrosaurus shows many unusual osteological characters, including extremely elongated and constricted cervical vertebrae, an expansive shoulder girdle with strongly modified forelimbs, a relatively small ilium, and elongate hindlimbs with a very small ascending process of the astragalus that is fused to the tibia. We found this taxon to share many derived characters with noasaurids, such as: strongly elongate cervical and dorsal vertebrae; low, rectangular neural spines in the mid-caudal vertebrae; presence of only an anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina in anterior caudal vertebrae; presence of a wide, U–shaped notch between the glenoid and the anteroventral hook in the coracoid; a laterally flared postacetabular blade of the ilium; a flat anterior side of the distal tibia; and a reduced shaft of metatarsal II. Our analysis placed Elaphrosaurus within a dichotomous Noasauridae as part of a Jurassic subclade, here termed Elaphrosaurinae, that otherwise includes taxa from eastern Asia. These results underscore the long and complex evolutionary history of abelisauroids, which is still only beginning to be understood.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12425", doi = "10.1111/zoj.12425", openalex = "W2340352440", references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002mmng200900004, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jpgeola201205008, doi101017s0016756804000330, doi101017s0025315400028575, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101098rspb20120660, doi101098rspl18870117, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice353642, openalexw1565584485, openalexw3215057009, openalexw3217097258" } @article{doi101371journalpone0158334, author = "Gerke, Oliver and Wings, Oliver", title = "Multivariate and Cladistic Analyses of Isolated Teeth Reveal Sympatry of Theropod Dinosaurs in the Late Jurassic of Northern Germany", year = "2016", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Remains of theropod dinosaurs are very rare in Northern Germany because the area was repeatedly submerged by a shallow epicontinental sea during the Mesozoic. Here, 80 Late Jurassic theropod teeth are described of which the majority were collected over decades from marine carbonates in nowadays abandoned and backfilled quarries of the 19th century. Eighteen different morphotypes (A-R) could be distinguished and 3D models based on micro-CT scans of the best examples of all morphotypes are included as supplements. The teeth were identified with the assistance of discriminant function analysis and cladistic analysis based on updated datamatrices. The results show that a large variety of theropod groups were present in the Late Jurassic of northern Germany. Identified specimens comprise basal Tyrannosauroidea, as well as Allosauroidea, Megalosauroidea cf. Marshosaurus, Megalosauridae cf. Torvosaurus and probably Ceratosauria. The formerly reported presence of Dromaeosauridae in the Late Jurassic of northern Germany could not be confirmed. Some teeth of this study resemble specimens described as pertaining to Carcharodontosauria (morphotype A) and Abelisauridae (morphotype K). This interpretation is however, not supported by discriminant function analysis and cladistic analysis. Two smaller morphotypes (N and Q) differ only in some probably size-related characteristics from larger morphotypes (B and C) and could well represent juveniles of adult specimens. The similarity of the northern German theropods with groups from contemporaneous localities suggests faunal exchange via land-connections in the Late Jurassic between Germany, Portugal and North America.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158334", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0158334", openalex = "W2467050617", references = "doi1010029780470750711, doi1010079780387217062, doi101016jpgeola201205008, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi1011270077774920100125, doi1012067481, doi101371journalpone0093190, doi101671027246342003231apfast20co2, doi104202app000562013, doi104202app20120121, openalexw2183707334, openalexw2346841190" } @article{doi101038s41598017117375, author = "Bronzati, Mario and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Langer, Max C.", title = "Endocast of the Late Triassic (Carnian) dinosaur Saturnalia tupiniquim: implications for the evolution of brain tissue in Sauropodomorpha", year = "2017", journal = "Scientific Reports", abstract = "The evolutionary history of dinosaurs might date back to the first stages of the Triassic (c. 250-240 Ma), but the oldest unequivocal records of the group come from Late Triassic (Carnian - c. 230 Ma) rocks of South America. Here, we present the first braincase endocast of a Carnian dinosaur, the sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim, and provide new data regarding the evolution of the floccular and parafloccular lobe of the cerebellum (FFL), which has been extensively discussed in the field of palaeoneurology. Previous studies proposed that the development of a permanent quadrupedal stance was one of the factors leading to the volume reduction of the FFL of sauropods. However, based on the new data for S. tupiniquim we identified a first moment of FFL volume reduction in non-sauropodan Sauropodomorpha, preceding the acquisition of a fully quadrupedal stance. Analysing variations in FFL volume alongside other morphological changes in the group, we suggest that this reduction is potentially related to the adoption of a more restricted herbivore diet. In this context, the FFL of sauropods might represent a vestigial trait, retained in a reduced version from the bipedal and predatory early sauropodomorphs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11737-5", doi = "10.1038/s41598-017-11737-5", openalex = "W2754230071", references = "doi101002ar20984, doi101371journalpone0030060" } @article{doi1010800891296320171324438, author = "Marty, Daniel and Belvedere, Matteo and Razzolini, Novella L. and Lockley, Martin G. and Paratte, Géraldine and Cattin, Marielle and Lovis, Christel and Meyer, Christian A.", title = "The tracks of giant theropods (Jurabrontes curtedulensis ichnogen. \& ichnosp. nov.) from the Late Jurassic of NW Switzerland: palaeoecological \& palaeogeographical implications", year = "2017", journal = "Historical Biology", abstract = "Jurabrontes curtedulensis, a new ichnogenus and species of Late Jurassic giant theropod dinosaur track is described based on very well-preserved and morphologically-distinct tracks, all carefully excavated along federal highway A16 (Canton Jura, NW Switzerland). All trackways were systematically documented including parameter measurements, descriptions, outline drawings, orthophotos and laserscans. Jurabrontes is characterised by sub-equal track length and width, a small anterior triangle, weak mesaxony, three blunt digits (dII-III-IV) with pronounced (sub)triangular claw marks, a rounded heel, and clear phalangeal pad impressions. The combination of features of Jurabrontes is typical for a theropod (and not ornithopod) trackmaker. Jurabrontes is compared to other similar ichnotaxa and unnamed tracks of large theropods from the Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous, from which it is clearly different. The sheer size of the largest tracks, that are amongst the largest worldwide and of similar size to Tyrannosauripus from the Late Cretaceous, suggests a 'megalosaurid' or large allosaurid theropod as a trackmaker. The presence of such large theropod tracks in tidal-flat deposits of the Jura carbonate platform and associated with small to large sauropod tracks has important palaeoecological implications for the dinosaur community and for palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeographical reconstructions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2017.1324438", doi = "10.1080/08912963.2017.1324438", openalex = "W2682497609", references = "doi101038srep31494, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi10108008912960903503345, doi101371journalpone0103613, doi101371journalpone0180289, mateus2010a, nouri2011tetradactyl" } @article{doi1010801477201920171371258, author = "Madzia, Daniel and Boyd, Clint and Mazuch, Martin", title = "A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic", year = "2017", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "During their long evolutionary history, neornithischian dinosaurs diverged into several clades with distinctive adaptations. However, the early evolution within Neornithischia and the resolution of the phylogenetic relationships of taxa situated near the base of the clade remain problematic. This is especially true for those taxa traditionally placed at the base of Ornithopoda, either as ‘hypsilophodontids’ or at the base of the diverse clade Iguanodontia. Recent studies are improving our understanding of the anatomy and relationships of these taxa, with discoveries of several new non-ankylopollexian ornithopods from South America and Europe providing key insights into early ornithopod evolution and palaeobiogeography. Here, we describe a new basal ornithopod, Burianosaurus augustai gen. et sp. nov., based on a well-preserved femur from the upper Cenomanian strata (Korycany Beds of the Peruc-Korycany Formation) of the Czech Republic. The new taxon is diagnosed by a unique suite of characters and represents the only occurrence of a Cenomanian non-avian dinosaur in Central Europe north of the Alpine Tethyan areas. Histological examination of the type specimen reveals the presence of a loosely packed Haversian system which suggests relatively mature bone from a possible young adult. Phylogenetic analyses of two different data sets, selected to test the placement of B. augustai in various parts of the neornithischian tree, reconstruct B. augustai as a basal ornithopod, firmly nested outside Ankylopollexia. These results also support a diverse Elasmaria as a basal clade within Ornithopoda and reconstruct Hypsilophodon outside Ornithopoda as the sister taxon to Cerapoda. However, the relationships of ‘hypsilophodontids’ within Neornithischia remain contentious.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D28A9FB8-A253-4032-8710-4F51668A1E4F", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258", doi = "10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258", openalex = "W2760542243", references = "doi101017s1477201903001032, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101080027246342013746229, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi101111zoj12193, doi101126science1253351, doi101126science28454232137, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101371journalpone0014075, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi103897zookeys4698439, doi105962p313819, doi107717peerj1523, openalexw2173200745, openalexw225597919" } @article{doi101098rspb20171219, author = "Carballido, José Luis and Pol, Diego and Otero, Alejandro and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Salgado, Leonardo and Garrido, Alberto C. and Ramezani, Jahandar and Cúneo, N. Rubén and Krause, J. Marcelo", title = "A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs", year = "2017", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Titanosauria was the most diverse and successful lineage of sauropod dinosaurs. This clade had its major radiation during the middle Early Cretaceous and survived up to the end of that period. Among sauropods, this lineage has the most disparate values of body mass, including the smallest and largest sauropods known. Although recent findings have improved our knowledge on giant titanosaur anatomy, there are still many unknown aspects about their evolution, especially for the most gigantic forms and the evolution of body mass in this clade. Here we describe a new giant titanosaur, which represents the largest species described so far and one of the most complete titanosaurs. Its inclusion in an extended phylogenetic analysis and the optimization of body mass reveals the presence of an endemic clade of giant titanosaurs inhabited Patagonia between the Albian and the Santonian. This clade includes most of the giant species of titanosaurs and represents the major increase in body mass in the history of Titanosauria.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1219", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2017.1219", openalex = "W2742460947", references = "doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101038srep06196, doi101038srep19165, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101111j10960031200600122x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111zoj12029, doi1011300091761320020300123dsproe20co2, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0093105, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi10560219780801881206" } @article{doi101111brv12255, author = "Tennant, Jonathan P and Mannion, Philip D and Upchurch, Paul and Sutton, Mark D and Price, Gregory D", title = "Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover.", year = "2017", journal = "Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous interval represents a time of environmental upheaval and cataclysmic events, combined with disruptions to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Historically, the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary was classified as one of eight mass extinctions. However, more recent research has largely overturned this view, revealing a much more complex pattern of biotic and abiotic dynamics than has previously been appreciated. Here, we present a synthesis of our current knowledge of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous events, focusing particularly on events closest to the J/K boundary. We find evidence for a combination of short-term catastrophic events, large-scale tectonic processes and environmental perturbations, and major clade interactions that led to a seemingly dramatic faunal and ecological turnover in both the marine and terrestrial realms. This is coupled with a great reduction in global biodiversity which might in part be explained by poor sampling. Very few groups appear to have been entirely resilient to this J/K boundary 'event', which hints at a 'cascade model' of ecosystem changes driving faunal dynamics. Within terrestrial ecosystems, larger, more-specialised organisms, such as saurischian dinosaurs, appear to have suffered the most. Medium-sized tetanuran theropods declined, and were replaced by larger-bodied groups, and basal eusauropods were replaced by neosauropod faunas. The ascent of paravian theropods is emphasised by escalated competition with contemporary pterosaur groups, culminating in the explosive radiation of birds, although the timing of this is obfuscated by biases in sampling. Smaller, more ecologically diverse terrestrial non-archosaurs, such as lissamphibians and mammaliaforms, were comparatively resilient to extinctions, instead documenting the origination of many extant groups around the J/K boundary. In the marine realm, extinctions were focused on low-latitude, shallow marine shelf-dwelling faunas, corresponding to a significant eustatic sea-level fall in the latest Jurassic. More mobile and ecologically plastic marine groups, such as ichthyosaurs, survived the boundary relatively unscathed. High rates of extinction and turnover in other macropredaceous marine groups, including plesiosaurs, are accompanied by the origin of most major lineages of extant sharks. Groups which occupied both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including crocodylomorphs, document a selective extinction in shallow marine forms, whereas turtles appear to have diversified. These patterns suggest that different extinction selectivity and ecological processes were operating between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which were ultimately important in determining the fates of many key groups, as well as the origins of many major extant lineages. We identify a series of potential abiotic candidates for driving these patterns, including multiple bolide impacts, several episodes of flood basalt eruptions, dramatic climate change, and major disruptions to oceanic systems. The J/K transition therefore, although not a mass extinction, represents an important transitional period in the co-evolutionary history of life on Earth.", url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6849608/", doi = "10.1111/brv.12255", openalex = "W2283352195", pmcid = "PMC6849608", pmid = "26888552", references = "doi101007s1143001040949, doi1010160031018274900194, doi101016b9780444594259000263, doi101016jcretres201112005, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jcub201408034, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgloplacha201105009, doi101016s0009254199000819, doi101017s0016756812000994, doi1010291998rg000054, doi10102993rg02508, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038ncomms7987, doi101038ncomms9438, doi101080027246342012694385, doi10108014772011003603556, doi101080147720192011630927, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101086319243, doi101111brv12038, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111zoj12029, doi101126science1095964, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science17540271199, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science23547931156, doi101126scienceaaa3716, doi101144gslsp20032170111, doi101144sp35813, doi101371journalpone0029234, doi101371journalpone0103152, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1016660022336020040780989dapftc20co2, doi1016660094837320000260056cefisg20co2, doi1026879529, doi103090610262296200073181198, doi104202app20110144" } @article{doi101139cjes20170031, author = "van der Reest, Aaron J. and Currie, Philip J.", title = "Troodontids (Theropoda) from the Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, with a description of a unique new taxon: implications for deinonychosaur diversity in North America", year = "2017", journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences", abstract = "Troodontids are known from Asia and North America, with the most complete specimens from the Jurassic of China and the Cretaceous of Mongolia. North American troodontids are poorly known, and specimens that have been described are isolated elements or partial skeletons with limited material. A new troodontid from the upper Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) is based on partial skulls, several vertebrae, ribs, gastralia, chevrons, a sacrum, partial pelvis, and partial fore and hind limbs. It is the largest troodontid known, with an estimated height of 180 cm and length of 350 cm. Like other troodontids, it possesses an elongated ambiens process and has a horizontal ventral margin of the postacetabular process. It differs from all other derived troodontids in that the slightly retroverted pubis has a shaft that curves anteroventrally. Some specimens from the Dinosaur Park Formation previously assigned to Troodon are reassigned to the new taxon, including multiple partial crania, an associated dentary and metatarsus, and a partial skeleton. Previously undescribed elements from the lower part of the Dinosaur Park Formation are assigned to the resurrected Stenonychosaurus inequalis. Distinct stratigraphic separation of Stenonychosaurus inequalis and the new taxon indicates a replacement in troodontid fauna, similar to the turnover of large ornithischians in the same formation. The new taxon is phylogenetically more closely related to Mongolian taxa, indicating the replacement of Stenonychosaurus may have been from an earlier Asian form immigrating into North America.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0031", doi = "10.1139/cjes-2017-0031", openalex = "W2742325356", references = "doi101007s0011401411439, doi101007s1143400900096, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101038415780a, doi101038nature02898, doi101038ncomms4289, doi101038ncomms4788, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi101139e93187, doi1012066481, doi1012067481, doi101371journalpone0024487, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0093190, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi105860choice435902, doi105962p339375, openalexw2597671315" } @article{doi101371journalpone0180289, author = "Razzolini, Novella L. and Belvedere, Matteo and Marty, Daniel and Paratte, Géraldine and Lovis, Christel and Cattin, Marielle and Meyer, Christian A.", title = "Megalosauripus transjuranicus ichnosp. nov. A new Late Jurassic theropod ichnotaxon from NW Switzerland and implications for tridactyl dinosaur ichnology and ichnotaxomy", year = "2017", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "A new ichnospecies of a large theropod dinosaur, Megalosauripus transjuranicus, is described from the Reuchenette Formation (Early-Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic) of NW Switzerland. It is based on very well-preserved and morphologically-distinct tracks (impressions) and several trackways, including different preservational types from different tracksites and horizons. All trackways were excavated along federal Highway A16 near Courtedoux (Canton Jura) and systematically documented in the field including orthophotos and laserscans. The best-preserved tracks were recovered and additional tracks were casted. Megalosauripus transjuranicus is characterized by tridactyl tracks with clear claw and digital pad impressions, and notably an exceptionally large and round first phalangeal pad on the fourth digit (PIV1) that is connected to digit IV and forms the round heel area. Due to this combination of features, M. transjuranicus clearly is of theropod (and not ornithopod) origin. M. transjuranicus is compared to other Megalosauripus tracks and similar ichnotaxa and other unassigned tracks from the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. It is clearly different from other ichnogenera assigned to large theropods such as Eubrontes-Grallator from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic or Megalosauripus-Megalosauropus-Bueckeburgichnus and Therangospodus tracks from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. A second tridactyl morphotype (called Morphotype II) is different from Megalosauripus transjuranicus in being subsymmetric, longer than wide (sometimes almost as wide as long), with blunt toe impressions and no evidence for discrete phalangeal pad and claw marks. Some Morphotype II tracks are found in trackways that are assigned to M. transjuranicus, to M.? transjuranicus or M. cf. transjuranicus indicating that some Morphotype II tracks are intra-trackway preservational variants of a morphological continuum of Megalosauripus transjuranicus. On the other hand, several up to 40 steps long trackways very consistently present Morphotype II features (notably blunt digits) and do not exhibit any of the features that are typical for Megalosauripus (notably phalangeal pads). Therefore, it is not very likely that these tracks are preservational variants of Megalosauripus transjuranicus or Megalosauripus isp. These trackways are interpreted to have been left by an ornithopod dinosaur. The high frequency of large theropod tracks in tidal-flat deposits of the Jura carbonate platform, associated on single ichnoassemblages with minute to medium-sized tridactyl and tiny to large sauropod tracks has important implications for the dinosaur community and for paleoenvironmental and paleogeographical reconstructions. As with most other known occurrences of Megalosauripus tracks, M. transjuranicus is found in coastal settings, which may reflect the preference of their theropod trackmakers for expanded carbonate flats where food was abundant.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180289", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0180289", openalex = "W2735513027", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016s0012821x0100588x, doi101016s001669958880038x, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101038261129a0, doi101038srep31494, doi10108000241160600787890, doi10108008912960903503345, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101306m43478, doi101371journalpone0103613, doi1026879529, doi105860choice273305, doi107717peerj2059, fiorillo2014herd, mateus2010a, nouri2011tetradactyl" } @article{doi101038s41467018039961, author = "Bernardi, Massimo and Gianolla, Piero and Petti, Fabio Massimo and Mietto, Paolo and Benton, Michael J.", title = "Dinosaur diversification linked with the Carnian Pluvial Episode", year = "2018", journal = "Nature Communications", abstract = "Dinosaurs diversified in two steps during the Triassic. They originated about 245 Ma, during the recovery from the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and then remained insignificant until they exploded in diversity and ecological importance during the Late Triassic. Hitherto, this Late Triassic explosion was poorly constrained and poorly dated. Here we provide evidence that it followed the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE), dated to 234-232 Ma, a time when climates switched from arid to humid and back to arid again. Our evidence comes from a combined analysis of skeletal evidence and footprint occurrences, and especially from the exquisitely dated ichnofaunas of the Italian Dolomites. These provide evidence of tetrapod faunal compositions through the Carnian and Norian, and show that dinosaur footprints appear exactly at the time of the CPE. We argue then that dinosaurs diversified explosively in the mid Carnian, at a time of major climate and floral change and the extinction of key herbivores, which the dinosaurs opportunistically replaced.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03996-1", doi = "10.1038/s41467-018-03996-1", openalex = "W2802601955", references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jcub201311063, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jepsl201107015, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101016jpalaeo200911006, doi101016jpalaeo201611005, doi101016s0012825202001046, doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101038nature21700, doi101038nature22037, doi101038s4155901703055, doi101073pnas1402369111, doi101073pnas1505252112, doi101073pnas1512541112, doi1010800891296320171333609, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1198467, doi1011300091761319890170265soccae23co2, doi1023071223352, doi10247506201401, doi104202app001432014, openalexw114509570" } @article{doi101093zoolinneanzly068, author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Schwarz, Daniela and Wings, Oliver", title = "Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution", year = "2018", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "The Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania, southeastern Africa, records a diverse and abundant sauropod fauna, including the flagellicaudatan diplodocoids Dicraeosaurus and Tornieria, and the brachiosaurid titanosauriform Giraffatitan. However, the taxonomic affinities of other sympatric sauropod taxa and remains are poorly understood. Here, we critically reassess and redescribe these problematic taxa, and present the largest phylogenetic analysis for sauropods (117 taxa scored for 542 characters) to explore their placement within Eusauropoda. A full re-description of the holotype of Janenschia, and all referable remains, supports its validity and placement as a nonneosauropod eusauropod. New information on the internal pneumatic tissue structure of the anterior dorsal vertebrae of the enigmatic Tendaguria tanzaniensis, coupled with a full re-description, results in its novel placement as a turiasaur. A previously referred caudal sequence cannot be assigned to Janenschia and displays several features that indicate a close relationship with Middle–Late Jurassic East Asian mamenchisaurids. It can be diagnosed by six autapomorphies, and we erect the new taxon Wamweracaudia keranjei n. gen. n. sp. The Tendaguru Formation shares representatives of nearly all sauropod lineages with Middle Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous global faunas, but displays a greater range of diversity than any of those faunas considered individually.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly068", doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zly068", openalex = "W2911482806", references = "doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101002mmng19994860020109, doi101002mmng200900004, doi101016jcretres201603008, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101017s0016756804000330, doi101038ncomms3929, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038srep19165, doi101038srep34467, doi101080027246342011557116, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101080027246342013776562, doi101093sysbiosyu056, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101098rspb20120660, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642201000620x, doi101111pala12142, doi101111zoj12029, doi101111zoj12425, doi101144001676492006032, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101371journalpone0037122, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1018814epiiugs2013v36i3002, doi1021425f55419694, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1023073802723, doi1026879529, doi10274700206814489791, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105710amegh261210131889, doi105860choice331556, doi107717peerj857, heinrich1998late, openalexw1545181283" } @article{doi1020341gb2018001, author = "Delsate, Dominique and Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda and Felten, Roland and FELTEN, Gilles", title = "First thyreophoran dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) of Luxembourg", year = "2018", journal = "Geologica Belgica", abstract = "Le premier Dinosaure thyréophore du Jurassique moyen (Bajocien) du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Un ostéoderme isolé de dinosaure provenant de la carrière d’Ottange-Rumelange (Cimalux, auparavant Intermoselle) du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg est ici décrit. Le fossile a été trouvé dans des dépôts marno-calcaires des “Marnes sableuses d’Audun-le-Tiche”, d’âge Jurassique moyen (Zone Humphriesianum, Bajocien inférieur). Les dépôts correspondent à un environnement marin ouvert qui a fourni une faune abondante et variée, comprenant invertébrés, actinoptérygiens, hybodontes, néosélaciens, chimères et reptiles marins. L’ostéoderme, ovale et portant une quille basse, en forme de toit, est identifié comme étant un écusson dermique d’un thyréophore. Il pourrait appartenir à un thyréophore basal ou, plus provisoirement, à un des premiers ankylosaures. Le spécimen provient probablement d’une carcasse flottante qui a dérivé sur une certaine distance depuis la terre ferme. L’écusson dermique de la carrière d’Ottange-Rumelange représente le deuxième dinosaure décrit jusqu’à présent au Luxembourg et le premier trouvé dans le Bajocien. D’autre part, il s’agit d’une des rares découvertes de dinosaures thyréophores non-stégosauriens dans le Jurassique moyen.", url = "https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2018.001", doi = "10.20341/gb.2018.001", openalex = "W2791436380", references = "doi101127njgpm19831983141" } @incollection{doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, author = "Ruiz-Omeñaca, José Ignacio and Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda and Galton, Peter M.", title = "Callovosaurus leedsi, the Earliest Dryosaurid Dinosaur (Ornithischia: Euornithopoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England", year = "2018", booktitle = "Indiana University Press eBooks", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1zxz1md.6", doi = "10.2307/j.ctt1zxz1md.6", openalex = "W4256017950" } @article{doi107717peerj4529, author = "Raven, Thomas J. and Maidment, Susannah C. R.", title = "The systematic position of the enigmatic thyreophoran dinosaur Paranthodon africanus, and the use of basal exemplifiers in phylogenetic analysis", year = "2018", journal = "PeerJ", abstract = "The first African dinosaur to be discovered, Paranthodon africanus was found in 1845 in the Lower Cretaceous of South Africa. Taxonomically assigned to numerous groups since discovery, in 1981 it was described as a stegosaur, a group of armoured ornithischian dinosaurs characterised by bizarre plates and spines extending from the neck to the tail. This assignment has been subsequently accepted. The type material consists of a premaxilla, maxilla, a nasal, and a vertebra, and contains no synapomorphies of Stegosauria. Several features of the maxilla and dentition are reminiscent of Ankylosauria, the sister-taxon to Stegosauria, and the premaxilla appears superficially similar to that of some ornithopods. The vertebral material has never been described, and since the last description of the specimen, there have been numerous discoveries of thyreophoran material potentially pertinent to establishing the taxonomic assignment of the specimen. An investigation of the taxonomic and systematic position of Paranthodon is therefore warranted. This study provides a detailed re-description, including the first description of the vertebra. Numerous phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the systematic position of Paranthodon is highly labile and subject to change depending on which exemplifier for the clade Stegosauria is used. The results indicate that the use of a basal exemplifier may not result in the correct phylogenetic position of a taxon being recovered if the taxon displays character states more derived than those of the basal exemplifier, and we recommend the use, minimally, of one basal and one derived exemplifier per clade. Paranthodon is most robustly recovered as a stegosaur in our analyses, meaning it is one of the youngest and southernmost stegosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4529", doi = "10.7717/peerj.4529", openalex = "W2792037635", references = "apesteguía2011tunasniyoj, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi101371journalpone0080405" } @article{doi107717peerj4963, author = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Piñuela, Laura and Castanera, Diego and García-Ramos, José-Carlos and Sánchez, I. Gómez", title = "The largest European theropod dinosaurs: remains of a gigantic megalosaurid and giant theropod tracks from the Kimmeridgian of Asturias, Spain", year = "2018", journal = "PeerJ", abstract = "The Kimmeridgian Vega, Tereñes and Lastres formations of Asturias have yielded a rich vertebrate fauna, represented by both abundant tracks and osteological remains. However, skeletal remains of theropod dinosaurs are rare, and the diversity of theropod tracks has only partially been documented in the literature. Here we describe the only non-dental osteological theropod remain recovered so far, an isolated anterior caudal vertebra, as well as the largest theropod tracks found. The caudal vertebra can be shown to represent a megalosaurine megalosaurid and represents the largest theropod skeletal remain described from Europe so far. The tracks are also amongst the largest theropod footprints reported from any setting and can be assigned to two different morphotypes, one being characterized by its robustness and a weak mesaxony, and the other characterized by a strong mesaxony, representing a more gracile trackmaker. We discuss the recently proposed distinction between robust and gracile large to giant theropod tracks and their possible trackmakers during the Late Jurassic-Berriasian. In the absence of complete pedal skeletons of most basal tetanurans, the identity of the maker of Jurassic giant theropod tracks is difficult to establish. However, the notable robustness of megalosaurine megalosaurids fits well with the described robust morphotypes, whereas more slender large theropod tracks might have been made by a variety of basal tetanurans, including allosaurids, metriocanthosaurids or afrovenatorine megalosaurids, or even exceptionally large ceratosaurs. Concerning osteological remains of large theropods from the Late Jurassic of Europe, megalosaurids seem to be more abundant than previously recognized and occur in basically all Jurassic deposits where theropod remains have been found, whereas allosauroids seem to be represented by allosaurids in Western Europe and metriacanthosaurids in more eastern areas. Short-term fluctuations in sea level might have allowed exchange of large theropods between the islands that constituted Europe during the Late Jurassic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4963", doi = "10.7717/peerj.4963", openalex = "W2853733139", references = "doi101007s1254901200793, doi101038srep31494, doi10108025761900202212131807, doi101371journalpone0158334, doi101371journalpone0180289" } @article{doi107717peerj5976, author = "Sasso, Cristiano Dal and Maganuco, Simone and Cau, Andrea", title = "The oldest ceratosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Lower Jurassic of Italy, sheds light on the evolution of the three-fingered hand of birds", year = "2018", journal = "PeerJ", abstract = "is the largest and most robust theropod from the Early Jurassic, pre-dating the occurrence in theropods of a body mass approaching 1,000 Kg by over 25 My. The radiation of larger and relatively stockier averostran theropods earlier than previously known may represent one of the factors that ignited the trend toward gigantism in Early Jurassic sauropods.", url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5976", doi = "10.7717/peerj.5976", openalex = "W2905391731", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi1010079781489957405, doi101017s0094837300005820, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j175108131975tb09378x, doi101139e93179, doi101371journalpone0137709, doi101371journalpone0145713, doi10230730135049, doi104202app20110144, doi1043249780203020791, talbot1911podokesaurus" } @article{doi101016jannpal201903003, author = "Samathi, Adun and Chanthasit, Phornphen and Sander, P. Martin", title = "A review of theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous of Southeast Asia", year = "2019", journal = "Annales de Paléontologie", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annpal.2019.03.003", doi = "10.1016/j.annpal.2019.03.003", openalex = "W2951634238", references = "doi101144sp31516, doi104202app005402018" } @article{doi101038s41598019453069, author = "Langer, Max C. and de Oliveira Martins, Neurides and Manzig, Paulo César and Ferreira, Gabriel S. and Marsola, Júlio C. A. and Fortes, Edison and Lima, Rosana N. and Sant’ana, Lucas Cesar Frediani and Vidal, Luciano and da Silva Lorençato, Rosangela Honório and Ezcurra, Martín D.", title = "A new desert-dwelling dinosaur (Theropoda, Noasaurinae) from the Cretaceous of south Brazil", year = "2019", journal = "Scientific Reports", abstract = "Noasaurines form an enigmatic group of small-bodied predatory theropod dinosaurs known from the Late Cretaceous of Gondwana. They are relatively rare, with notable records in Argentina and Madagascar, and possible remains reported for Brazil, India, and continental Africa. In south-central Brazil, the deposits of the Bauru Basin have yielded a rich tetrapod fauna, which is concentrated in the Bauru Group. The mainly aeolian deposits of the Caiuá Group, on the contrary, bear a scarce fossil record composed only of lizards, turtles, and pterosaurs. Here, we describe the first dinosaur of the Caiuá Group, which also represents the best-preserved theropod of the entire Bauru Basin known to date. The recovered skeletal parts (vertebrae, girdles, limbs, and scarce cranial elements) show that the new taxon was just over 1 m long, with a unique anatomy among theropods. The shafts of its metatarsals II and IV are very lateromedially compressed, as are the blade-like ungual phalanges of the respective digits. This implies that the new taxon could have been functionally monodactyl, with a main central weight-bearing digit, flanked by neighbouring elements positioned very close to digit III or even held free of the ground. Such anatomical adaptation is formerly unrecorded among archosaurs, but has been previously inferred from footprints of the same stratigraphic unit that yielded the new dinosaur. A phylogenetic analysis nests the new taxon within the Noasaurinae clade, which is unresolved because of the multiple alternative positions that Noasaurus leali can acquire in the optimal trees. The exclusion of the latter form results in positioning the new dinosaur as the sister-taxon of the Argentinean Velocisaurus unicus.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45306-9", doi = "10.1038/s41598-019-45306-9", openalex = "W2953934698", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101016jcub201610043, doi101016jmarpetgeo201602027, doi101038261129a0, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101086273307, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111joa12719, doi101111pala12329, doi101111zoj12425, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi101590s000137652011000100003, doi103998mpub9690664, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw2894525608" } @article{doi101038s41598019536727, author = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Pol, Diego", title = "Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs", year = "2019", journal = "Scientific Reports", abstract = "Tetanurae, the most successful clade of theropod dinosaurs, including modern birds, split into three major clades early in their evolutionary history: Megalosauroidea, Coelurosauria, and Allosauroidea. The oldest tetanurans occur in the earliest Middle Jurassic, but the early fossil record of the clade is still poor. Here we report one of the oldest known and most complete pre-Late Jurassic tetanuran, the probable allosauroid Asfaltovenator vialidadi gen. et sp. nov., which has an unusual character combination, uniting features currently considered to be apomorphic of different tetanuran lineages. A phylogenetic analysis resulted in a monophyletic Carnosauria (Allosauroidea + Megalosauroidea), and the inclusion of the new taxon significantly changes topology within carnosaurs. The analysis shows concentrated homoplasy in proximal nodes at the base of Tetanurae, and a temporal peak at the Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction event, recently identified as a potential driver of tetanuran radiation. These results highlight the complex morphological evolution in the early radiation of tetanuran theropods, in which convergences and parallelisms were extremely common. This pattern seems to be a common feature in rapid radiation events of major clades of vertebrates and might explain the common difficulties to unravel phylogenetic relationships of important lineages at the base of major clades.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53672-7", doi = "10.1038/s41598-019-53672-7", openalex = "W2996315053", references = "doi10108025761900202212131807" } @article{doi1010801477201920191683770, author = "Carballido, José Luis and Scheil, Michael and Knötschke, Nils and Sander, P. Martin", title = "The appendicular skeleton of the dwarf macronarian sauropod Europasaurus holgeri from the Late Jurassic of Germany and a re-evaluation of its systematic affinities", year = "2019", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "The Late Jurassic was a period of great diversity for sauropod dinosaurs, with different lineages of Neosauropoda flourishing, including several camarasauromorph taxa. Efforts made in recent years have resulted in a great increase in our current knowledge of basal camarasauromorph evolution, including both the detailed description of new and previously poorly known sauropods and expanded phylogenetic analyses. Although most recent phylogenies converge in their results on early camarasauromorph diversification, the phylogenetic position of Europasaurus, from the Late Jurassic of Germany, remains controversial despite the completeness of the material representing this species. Although Europasaurus was recovered as a relatively basal camarasauromorph in all phylogenetic analyses to date, some of them retrieved this taxon in a slightly more derived position, among basal brachiosaurids. Europasaurus is not only one of the most complete camarasauromorphs but also the first unequivocal dwarf that evolved through paedomorphosis, retaining several plesiomorphic characters, especially in the cranium. Cranial and axial material of Europasaurus has been described in detail but the appendicular skeleton has not. The current paper rectifies this by providing detailed descriptions and illustrations of its appendicular skeleton. In addition, an extensive re-evaluation of the systematic position of Europasaurus was done based on the three most substantial data sets published in recent years. These analyses resolved Europasaurus as a basal camarasauromorph in all cases, but brachiosaurid affinities remain plausible, especially considering the heterochronic evolution of the taxon.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2019.1683770", doi = "10.1080/14772019.2019.1683770", openalex = "W2994794401", references = "doi101371journalpone0158334" } @article{doi101144sjg2018020, author = "Young, Chloe M.E. and Hendrickx, Christophe and Challands, Thomas J. and Foffa, Davide and Ross, Dugald A. and Butler, Ian B. and Brusatte, Stephen L.", title = "New theropod dinosaur teeth from the Middle Jurassic of the Isle of Skye, Scotland", year = "2019", journal = "Scottish Journal of Geology", abstract = "The Middle Jurassic is a largely mysterious interval in dinosaur evolution, as few fossils of this age are known worldwide. In recent years, the Isle of Skye has yielded a substantial record of trackways, and a more limited inventory of body fossils, that indicate a diverse fauna of Middle Jurassic dinosaurs living in and around lagoons and deltas. Comparatively little is known about the predators in these faunas (particularly theropod dinosaurs), as their fossils are among the rarest discoveries. We here report two new isolated theropod teeth, from the Valtos Sandstone Formation and Lealt Shale Formation of Skye, which we visualized and measured using high-resolution x-ray computed microtomographic scanning (µCT) and identified via statistical and phylogenetic analyses of a large comparative dental dataset. We argue that these teeth most likely represent at least two theropod species – one small-bodied and the other large-bodied – which likely belonged to one or several clades of basal avetheropods (ceratosaurs, megalosauroids, or allosauroids). These groups, which were diversifying during the Middle Jurassic and would become dominant in the Late Jurassic, filled various niches in the food chain of Skye, probably both on land and in the lagoons. Supplementary material: Character lists, datasets, and measurements are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4452533", url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2018-020", doi = "10.1144/sjg2018-020", openalex = "W2927160134", references = "doi101080147720192013781067, doi101111zoj12425, doi101371journalpone0158334, doi104202app000562013" } @article{doi102110jsr201957, author = "Noffke, Nora and Hagadorn, James W. and Bartlett, Sam", title = "Microbial structures and dinosaur trackways from a Cretaceous coastal environment (Dakota Group, Colorado, U.S.A.)", year = "2019", journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Research", abstract = "ABSTRACT Microbially induced sedimentary structures may help preserve unique glimpses of ancient shoreline habitats, but are little known from Mesozoic epicontinental settings. To help fill this knowledge gap, we describe a diverse suite of microbial structures from the Upper Cretaceous “J” Sandstone (South Platte Formation, Dakota Group) that are spectacularly exposed at Dinosaur Ridge in Morrison, Colorado, USA. Structures include “tattered” bed surfaces and ferruginous sand chips in supratidal flat facies. A large over-flip structure is preserved in a channel locally known as Crocodile Creek. In upper-intertidal facies, multidirectional ripple marks occur. Perhaps the most well-known microbial structures are exposed on extensive bedding surfaces known as “Slimy Beach,” where lower supratidal-flat facies are dominated by decimeter-scale erosional remnants and pockets. Morphologies and superposition of the structures allows identification of three generations of erosional pockets. Generation A of these erosional pockets exhibit size similarities to ornithomimid, sauropod, and ornithopod dinosaur tracks from adjacent bedding planes, raising the question of whether initial disturbance of the mat-bound surface could have been from track making. Generation B erosional pockets are older and record continuous erosion of the initial pockets until they were eventually overgrown and sealed by microbial mats. Generation C pockets are the oldest ones, exposing wide areas of barren sediment that could not be overgrown by microbial mats anymore. In concert, the microbial structures point to seasonally variable meteorological conditions along the coastline of the Western Interior Seaway and indicate that the “Slimy Beach” bedding plane represents a multi-year record of dinosaur locomotion.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.57", doi = "10.2110/jsr.2019.57", openalex = "W2989574286", references = "doi101016jearscirev200810005, doi101016jjmarsys200405013, doi101016s0037073800000981, doi101038srep18952, doi101046j13653091200000284x, doi10108008912960903503345, doi10108010420940802471027, doi101111j13653091201101278x, doi101146annurevearth271313, doi101371journalpone0126946, openalexw431002082" } @article{doi1010800272463420201781142, author = "Gatesy, Stephen M. and Falkingham, Peter", title = "Hitchcock’s Leptodactyli, Penetrative Tracks, and Dinosaur Footprint Diversity", year = "2020", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "Starting with his first report on fossil footprints from the Connecticut Valley over 180 years ago, Edward Hitchcock described what he interpreted as a burgeoning ancient fauna founded on ever-increasing nominal track diversity. For three decades, Hitchcock made countless contributions to ichnology, but his inference of thin-toed animals (Leptodactyli) from thin-toed tracks is flawed by modern criteria. Leptodactylous tracks are now recognized as variants made by thick-toed feet penetrating into soft, collapsing substrates. Herein, we take a closer look at the creation of such penetrative tracks using computer simulations of particle flow. Classic specimens are used to demonstrate how different modes of surface presentation make penetrative tracks challenging to recognize and interpret. Evaluation of 266 specimens from 43 leptodactylous ichnotaxa reveals that ∼90\% are penetrative. We propose that a reliance on a single formation mechanism confounded Hitchcock’s ability to reliably recognize different trackmakers. This is not an old problem applicable only to fossils collected long ago; domination of a transmission-based model continues to bias the field today. Most texts and many publications either omit collapsed penetrative tracks or fail to recognize them as a significant source of variation. Without proper regard for subsurface toe movement and sediment flow, inferences of foot shape from track shape can, as for Hitchcock, be led far astray. The misidentification and misunderstanding of penetrative tracks impact our conception of the diversity of life in the Early Jurassic, as well as in other ichnofaunas worldwide.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1781142", doi = "10.1080/02724634.2020.1781142", openalex = "W3092060719", references = "doi101007978331946487931, doi1010079783540472261, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016s001669958880038x, doi101073pnas1416252111, doi1010800272463420171314298, doi10108809650393181015012, doi101109cvpr2016445, doi101111pala12373, doi101504pcfd2012047457, doi102110palo2007p07070r, doi10230725058147, doi1023073514816, doi1026879529, doi10297960650, doi105962bhltitle20094, doi105962bhltitle70405, lull1915triassic, openalexw1592791648, openalexw2619609965, openalexw384818744, openalexw603337959" } @article{doi101093zoolinneanzlaa173, author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Kundrát, Martin and Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Tischler, Travis R. and Elliott, David A.", title = "Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs", year = "2020", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Abstract The titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae is represented by two individuals from the Cenomanian–lower Turonian ‘upper’ Winton Formation of central Queensland, north-eastern Australia. The type specimen has been described in detail, whereas the referred specimen, which includes several elements not present in the type series (partial skull, atlas, axis and postaxial cervical vertebrae), has only been described briefly. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of this referred specimen, including a thorough assessment of the external and internal anatomy of the braincase, and identify several new autapomorphies of D. matildae. Via an expanded data matrix consisting of 125 taxa scored for 552 characters, we recover a close, well-supported relationship between Diamantinasaurus and its contemporary, Savannasaurus elliottorum. Unlike previous iterations of this data matrix, under a parsimony framework we consistently recover Diamantinasaurus and Savannasaurus as early-diverging members of Titanosauria using both equal weighting and extended implied weighting, with the overall topology largely consistent between analyses. We erect a new clade, named Diamantinasauria herein, that also includes the contemporaneous Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from southern Argentina, which shares several cranial features with the referred Diamantinasaurus specimen. Thus, Diamantinasauria is represented in the mid-Cretaceous of both South America and Australia, supporting the hypothesis that some titanosaurians, in addition to megaraptoran theropods and possibly some ornithopods, were able to disperse between these two continents via Antarctica. Conversely, there is no evidence for rebbachisaurids in Australia, which might indicate that they were unable to expand into high latitudes before their extinction in the Cenomanian–Turonian. Likewise, there is no evidence for titanosaurs with procoelous caudal vertebrae in the mid-Cretaceous Australian record, despite scarce but compelling evidence for their presence in both Antarctica and New Zealand during the Campanian–Maastrichtian. These later titanosaurs presumably dispersed into these landmasses from South America before the Campanian (\textasciitilde 85 Mya), when seafloor spreading between Zealandia and Australia commenced. Although Australian mid-Cretaceous dinosaur faunas appear to be cosmopolitan at higher taxonomic levels, closer affinities with South America at finer scales are becoming better supported for sauropods, theropods and ornithopods.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173", doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173", openalex = "W3124534006", references = "doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjsames2019102460, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101038srep34467, doi101080027246342013776562, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi1010800311551820181453085, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi1011646zootaxa370131, doi1011646zootaxa384811, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0151661, doi1029920070860302, doi105710amegh261210131889, openalexw3015256845" } @article{doi101111pala12502, author = "Falkingham, Peter and Turner, Morgan L. and Gatesy, Stephen M.", title = "Constructing and testing hypotheses of dinosaur foot motions from fossil tracks using digitization and simulation", year = "2020", journal = "Palaeontology", abstract = "Abstract Whilst bones present a static view of extinct animals, fossil footprints are a direct record of the activity and motion of the track maker. Deep footprints are a particularly good record of foot motion. Such footprints rarely look like the feet that made them; the sediment being heavily disturbed by the foot motion. Because of this, such tracks are often overlooked or dismissed in preference for more foot‐like impressions. However, the deeper the foot penetrates the substrate, the more motion is captured in the sediment volume. We have used deep, penetrative, Jurassic dinosaur tracks which have been naturally split into layers, to reconstruct foot motions of animals living over 200 million years ago. We consider these reconstructions to be hypotheses of motion. To test these hypotheses, we use the Discrete Element Method, in which individual particles of substrate are simulated in response to a penetrating foot model. Simulations that produce virtual tracks morphologically similar to the fossils lend support to the motion being plausible, while simulations that result in very different final tracks serve to reject the hypothesis of motion and help generate a new hypothesis.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12502", doi = "10.1111/pala.12502", openalex = "W3051929819", references = "coombs1980swimming, doi101002jez589, doi1010079783540472261, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016s001669958880038x, doi101073pnas1416252111, doi1010800272463420171314298, doi1010800272463420201781142, doi1010801042094020171350856, doi10108809650393181015012, doi101109cvpr20115995693, doi101111jzo12110, doi101111pala12373, doi101130g23452a1, doi1023073514816, doi1026879264, openalexw2294506137, openalexw2593733766, openalexw2619609965" } @article{doi101139cjes20190231, author = "Hendrickx, Christophe and Stiegler, Josef and Currie, Philip J. and Han, Fenglu and Xu, Xing and Choiniere, Jonah N. and Wu, Xiaochun", title = "Dental anatomy of the apex predator Sinraptor dongi (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) from the Late Jurassic of China", year = "2020", journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences", abstract = "The dental morphology of the holotype of the theropod Sinraptor dongi from the Jurassic Shishugou Formation of China is comprehensively described. We highlight a combination of dental features that appear to be restricted to Sinraptor: (i) crowns with denticulated mesial and distal carinae extending from the root and an irregular surface texture on the enamel; (ii) a D- to salinon-shaped cross-sectional outline at the crown base in mesialmost teeth; (iii) mesial crowns with mesial carinae spiraling mesiolingually and lingually positioned longitudinal groove adjacent to the mesial carina; and (iv) particularly labiolingually compressed lateral teeth with weakly labially deflected distal carinae, flat to concave basocentral surfaces of the labial margins of the crowns, and horizontally elongated distal denticles showing short to well-developed interdenticular sulci. Using cladistic, multivariate, discriminant, and cluster analyses, we demonstrate that the dentition of Sinraptor is relatively similar to that of ceratosaurids, megalosauroids, and other allosauroids and is particularly close to that of Allosaurus. The dental anatomy of Sinraptor and Allosaurus, which differs mainly in the labiolingual compression of the lateral crowns and in the number of premaxillary teeth, shows adaptations towards a predatory lifestyle, including premaxillary teeth capable of enduring tooth-to-bone contact and crowns with widely separated mesial and distal carinae capable of inflicting widely open wounds.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0231", doi = "10.1139/cjes-2019-0231", openalex = "W3007873169", references = "doi101016jcretres2019104312, doi101371journalpone0093190, doi101371journalpone0158334" } @article{doi101371journalpone0229640, author = "dePolo, Paige E. and Brusatte, Stephen L. and Challands, Thomas J. and Foffa, Davide and Wilkinson, Mark and Clark, Neil D. L. and Hoad, Jon and da Costa Pereira, Paulo Victor Luiz Gomes and Ross, Dugald A. and Wade, Thomas J.", title = "Novel track morphotypes from new tracksites indicate increased Middle Jurassic dinosaur diversity on the Isle of Skye, Scotland", year = "2020", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Dinosaur fossils from the Middle Jurassic are rare globally, but the Isle of Skye (Scotland, UK) preserves a varied dinosaur record of abundant trace fossils and rare body fossils from this time. Here we describe two new tracksites from Rubha nam Brathairean (Brothers' Point) near where the first dinosaur footprint in Scotland was found in the 1980s. These sites were formed in subaerially exposed mudstones of the Lealt Shale Formation of the Great Estuarine Group and record a dynamic, subtropical, coastal margin. These tracksites preserve a wide variety of dinosaur track types, including a novel morphotype for Skye: Deltapodus which has a probable stegosaur trackmaker. Additionally, a wide variety of tridactyl tracks shows evidence of multiple theropods of different sizes and possibly hints at the presence of large-bodied ornithopods. Overall, the new tracksites show the dinosaur fauna of Skye is more diverse than previously recognized and give insight into the early evolution of major dinosaur groups whose Middle Jurassic body fossil records are currently sparse.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229640", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0229640", openalex = "W3012473074", references = "doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101038srep31494, doi101111pala12449" } @article{doi101126scienceabd9220, author = "Schroeder, Katlin and Lyons, S. Kathleen and Smith, Felisa A.", title = "The influence of juvenile dinosaurs on community structure and diversity", year = "2021", journal = "Science", abstract = "Despite dominating biodiversity in the Mesozoic, dinosaurs were not speciose. Oviparity constrained even gigantic dinosaurs to less than 15 kg at birth; growth through multiple morphologies led to the consumption of different resources at each stage. Such disparity between neonates and adults could have influenced the structure and diversity of dinosaur communities. Here, we quantified this effect for 43 communities across 136 million years and seven continents. We found that megatheropods (more than 1000 kg) such as tyrannosaurs had specific effects on dinosaur community structure. Although herbivores spanned the body size range, communities with megatheropods lacked carnivores weighing 100 to 1000 kg. We demonstrate that juvenile megatheropods likely filled the mesocarnivore niche, resulting in reduced overall taxonomic diversity. The consistency of this pattern suggests that ontogenetic niche shift was an important factor in generating dinosaur community structure and diversity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd9220", doi = "10.1126/science.abd9220", openalex = "W3130388974", references = "doi101007s0011401311075, doi101016jcub201610043, doi101016jpalaeo200909018, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101017s0094837300016900, doi101038202234a0, doi101038nature02699, doi101038nature24679, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038ncomms4788, doi101038s41598017052726, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101073pnas1600140113, doi101080027246342012717567, doi101080089129632012688589, doi1010800891296320181563784, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi101098rsos161086, doi101098rspb20090229, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101111zoj12193, doi101126sciadvaax6250, doi101126science1161833, doi101127njgpm19821982440, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101139cjes20170034, doi101139cjes20190019, doi101139e11017, doi101146annurevecolsys151393, doi101146annureves15110184002141, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi1012066391, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0024487, doi101371journalpone0032623, doi101371journalpone0044012, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0092022, doi101371journalpone0093190, doi101371journalpone0108804, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi101371journalpone0151453, doi101371journalpone0175253, doi101666100041, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1016710272463420050250897anotmf20co2, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1017161pc180818764, doi1018435vamp29362, doi102110palo2014084, doi1033740140540102, doi104202app20090075, doi104202app20120121, doi105281zenodo3382461, doi105962bhltitle115853, doi107717peerj7803, doi107717peerj9192, gates2018a, openalexw2912219260, osmólska1982hulsanpes, padian1989presence, tsogtbaatar2019a, vonhuene1923carnivorous" } @article{doi101139cjes20200174, author = "Holtz, Thomas R.", title = "Theropod guild structure and the tyrannosaurid niche assimilation hypothesis: implications for predatory dinosaur macroecology and ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica 1", year = "2021", journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences", abstract = "Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50 kg) theropod taxa than communities of the Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia. The large carnivore guilds in Asiamerican assemblages are monopolized by tyrannosaurids, with adult medium-sized (50–500 kg) predators rare or absent. In contrast, various clades of theropods are found to occupy these body sizes in earlier faunas, including early tyrannosauroids. Assemblages with “missing middle-sized” predators are not found to have correspondingly sparser diversity of potential prey species recorded in these same faunas. The “missing middle-sized” niches in the theropod guilds of Late Cretaceous Laramidia and Asia may have been assimilated by juvenile and subadults of tyrannosaurid species, functionally distinct from their adult ecomorphologies. It is speculated that if tyrannosaurids assimilated the niches previously occupied by mid-sized theropod predators, we would expect the evolution of distinct transitions in morphology and possibly the delay of the achievement of somatic maturity in species of this taxon.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0174", doi = "10.1139/cjes-2020-0174", openalex = "W3168560974", references = "doi101016jcub201803042, doi101017pab201519, doi101017s0094837300011891, doi10103846266, doi101038nature02699, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038s4155901908880, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101038srep20252, doi101073pnas1600140113, doi101093nsrnwu055, doi101098rspb20202258, doi101111brv12638, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101126sciadvaax6250, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101139cjes20170031, doi101139cjes20190019, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1023071942327, doi1023072411924, doi1029920070860302, doi103897zookeys92847517, doi107717peerj9192, openalexw2183707334, openalexw2971401580" } @article{doi101016jearscirev2022104196, author = "Reolid, Matías and Ruebsam, Wolfgang and Benton, Michael J.", title = "Impact of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian) on dinosaurs: Comparison with the Triassic/Jurassic transition", year = "2022", journal = "Earth-Science Reviews", abstract = "The Early Jurassic Jenkyns Event (∼183 Ma) was characterized in terrestrial environments by global warming, perturbation of the carbon cycle, enhanced weathering and wildfires. Heating and acid rain on land caused a loss of forests and affected diversity and composition of land plant assemblages and the rest of the trophic web. We suggest that the Jenkyns Event, triggered by the activity of the Karoo-Ferrar Large Igneous Province, was pivotal in remodelling terrestrial ecosystems, including plants and dinosaurs. Macroplant assemblages and palynological data show reductions in diversity and richness of conifers, cycadophytes, ginkgophytes, bennetitaleans, and ferns, and continuation of seasonally dry and warm conditions. Major changes occurred to sauropodomorph dinosaurs, with extinction of diverse basal families formerly called ‘prosauropods’ as well as some basal sauropods, and diversification of the derived Eusauropoda in the Toarcian in South America, Africa, and Asia, and wider diversification of new families, including Mamenchisauridae, Cetiosauridae and Neosauropoda (Dicraeosauridae and Macronaria) in the Middle Jurassic, showing massive increase in size and diversification of feeding modes. Ornithischian dinosaurs show patchy records; some heterodontosaurids and scelidosaurids disappeared, and major new clades (Stegosauridae, Ankylosauridae, Nodosauridae) emerged soon after the Jenkyns Event, in the Bajocian and Bathonian worldwide. Among theropod dinosaurs, Coelophysidae and Dilophosauridae died out during the Jenkyns Event and a diversification of theropods (Megalosauroidea, Allosauroidea, Tyrannosauroidea) occurred after this event with substantial increases in size. We suggest then that the Jenkyns Event terrestrial crisis was marked especially by floral changes and origins of major new sauropodomorph and theropod clades, characterized by increasing body size. Comparison with the end Triassic Mass Extinction helps to understand the incidence of climatic changes driven by activity of large igneous provinces on land ecosystems and their great impacts on early dinosaur evolution.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104196", doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104196", openalex = "W4297473149", references = "doi101016jgr202008003, doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101017jpa202014, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi103389feart2022899541, doi107717peerj5976" } @article{doi101038s42003022037493, author = "Bell, Phil R. and Hendrickx, Christophe and Pittman, Michael and Kaye, Thomas G. and Mayr, Gérald", title = "The exquisitely preserved integument of Psittacosaurus and the scaly skin of ceratopsian dinosaurs", year = "2022", journal = "Communications Biology", abstract = "The Frankfurt specimen of the early-branching ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus is remarkable for the exquisite preservation of squamous (scaly) skin and other soft tissues that cover almost its entire body. New observations under Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence (LSF) reveal the complexity of the squamous skin of Psittacosaurus, including several unique features and details of newly detected and previously-described integumentary structures. Variations in the scaly skin are found to be strongly regionalized in Psittacosaurus. For example, feature scales consist of truncated cone-shaped scales on the shoulder, but form a longitudinal row of quadrangular scales on the tail. Re-examined through LSF, the cloaca of Psittacosaurus has a longitudinal opening, or vent; a condition that it shares only with crocodylians. This implies that the cloaca may have had crocodylian-like internal anatomy, including a single, ventrally-positioned copulatory organ. Combined with these new integumentary data, a comprehensive review of integument in ceratopsian dinosaurs reveals that scalation was generally conservative in ceratopsians and typically consisted of large subcircular-to-polygonal feature scales surrounded by a network of smaller non-overlapping polygonal basement scales. This study highlights the importance of combining exceptional specimens with modern imaging techniques, which are helping to redefine the perceived complexity of squamation in ceratopsians and other dinosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03749-3", doi = "10.1038/s42003-022-03749-3", openalex = "W4290839499", references = "doi101111brv12829" } @article{doi1010800891296320222042808, author = "Klein, Hendrik and Gierliński, Gerard D. and Oukassou, Mostafa and Saber, Hafid and Lallensack, Jens N. and Lagnaoui, Abdelouahed and Hminna, Abdelkbir and Charrière, André", title = "Theropod and ornithischian dinosaur track assemblages from Middle to?Late Jurassic deposits of the Central High Atlas, Morocco", year = "2022", journal = "Historical Biology", abstract = "Tridactyl theropod and ornithischian dinosaur tracks and trackways from Imilchil and Isli formations (Middle–?Late Jurassic, Bajocian–?) of the central High Atlas region (Morocco) are described. The Imilchil Formationconsists of brackish marine-continental deposits, and the Isli Formation is a continental red-bed succession. Considering numerous new footprint discoveries, including recently described Polyonyx sauropod trackways, tridactyl dinosaur tracks from the Imilchil-Tounfite region are revised. Dominating are theropod footprints resembling the ichnogenus Changpeipus and known from Lower-Middle Jurassic deposits of China. Other theropod ichnotaxa are Trisauropodiscus isp., cf. Wildeichnus isp.,Carmelopodus isp., Megalosauripus isp., Kayentapus isp. and an indeterminate small grallatorid. Ornithischians are represented by small indeterminate ornithischian tracks, large ornithischian footprints cf. Stegopodus isp. and a large indeterminate ornithopod form. Makers of the small theropod trackswere small coelurosaurs or basal tetanurans, larger forms belong toceratosaurs, megalosauroids, allosauroids or tyrannosauroids. Ornithischian tracks suggest dryomorphs, iguanodontians and thyreophorans as producers. Together with crocodylomorph and pterosaur tracks, invertebrate traces and plants, the Imilchil and Isli formations document a flourishing ecosystem and dinosaur habitat. Remarkable is the presence of Changpeipus theropod tracks known from abundant occurrences in East Asia. This suggests an exchange of dinosaur faunas between this region and northern Africa during the Middle Jurassic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2042808", doi = "10.1080/08912963.2022.2042808", openalex = "W4220773572", references = "doi101016jjop201711004, doi101038srep31494, doi1010800272463420201781142, doi10108008912960903503345, doi10108010420940601006792, doi101371journalpone0103613, doi101371journalpone0180289" } @article{doi101111brv12829, author = "Hendrickx, Christophe and Bell, Phil R. and Pittman, Michael and Milner, Andrew R. and Cuesta, Elena and O’Connor, Jingmai K. and Loewen, Mark A. and Currie, Philip J. and Mateus, Octávio and Kaye, Thomas G. and Delcourt, Rafael", title = "Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non‐feather integumentary structures in non‐avialan theropod dinosaurs", year = "2022", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "Modern birds are typified by the presence of feathers, complex evolutionary innovations that were already widespread in the group of theropod dinosaurs (Maniraptoriformes) that include crown Aves. Squamous or scaly reptilian-like skin is, however, considered the plesiomorphic condition for theropods and dinosaurs more broadly. Here, we review the morphology and distribution of non-feathered integumentary structures in non-avialan theropods, covering squamous skin and naked skin as well as dermal ossifications. The integumentary record of non-averostran theropods is limited to tracks, which ubiquitously show a covering of tiny reticulate scales on the plantar surface of the pes. This is consistent also with younger averostran body fossils, which confirm an arthral arrangement of the digital pads. Among averostrans, squamous skin is confirmed in Ceratosauria (Carnotaurus), Allosauroidea (Allosaurus, Concavenator, Lourinhanosaurus), Compsognathidae (Juravenator), and Tyrannosauroidea (Santanaraptor, Albertosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Tarbosaurus, Tyrannosaurus), whereas dermal ossifications consisting of sagittate and mosaic osteoderms are restricted to Ceratosaurus. Naked, non-scale bearing skin is found in the contentious tetanuran Sciurumimus, ornithomimosaurians (Ornithomimus) and possibly tyrannosauroids (Santanaraptor), and also on the patagia of scansoriopterygids (Ambopteryx, Yi). Scales are surprisingly conservative among non-avialan theropods compared to some dinosaurian groups (e.g. hadrosaurids); however, the limited preservation of tegument on most specimens hinders further interrogation. Scale patterns vary among and/or within body regions in Carnotaurus, Concavenator and Juravenator, and include polarised, snake-like ventral scales on the tail of the latter two genera. Unusual but more uniformly distributed patterning also occurs in Tyrannosaurus, whereas feature scales are present only in Albertosaurus and Carnotaurus. Few theropods currently show compelling evidence for the co-occurrence of scales and feathers (e.g. Juravenator, Sinornithosaurus), although reticulate scales were probably retained on the mani and pedes of many theropods with a heavy plumage. Feathers and filamentous structures appear to have replaced widespread scaly integuments in maniraptorans. Theropod skin, and that of dinosaurs more broadly, remains a virtually untapped area of study and the appropriation of commonly used techniques in other palaeontological fields to the study of skin holds great promise for future insights into the biology, taphonomy and relationships of these extinct animals.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12829", doi = "10.1111/brv.12829", openalex = "W4206485050", references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jmor10382, doi101016jcub201706071, doi101016jcub202006105, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016s001678780180047x, doi101017jpa202014, doi10103831635, doi10103834356, doi10103835047056, doi101038ncomms14972, doi101038s41598018371862, doi101038srep44942, doi1010800272463420211897604, doi101080147720192013781067, doi101093biolinneanblaa105, doi101093zoolinneanzly009, doi101111brv12829, doi101111cla12160, doi101126science28454232137, doi1011270077774920100125, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0044012, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1017161pc180818764, doi10230725058147, doi105962bhltitle5716, doi107717peerj4066, doi107717peerj7247, doi107717peerj7963, doi107717peerj9192, erickson2014on, openalexw1915591379, openalexw2619609965" } @article{doi101371journalpone0262614, author = "Mateus, Octávio and Estraviz‐López, Darío", title = "A new theropod dinosaur from the early cretaceous (Barremian) of Cabo Espichel, Portugal: Implications for spinosaurid evolution", year = "2022", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Spinosaurids are some of the most enigmatic Mesozoic theropod dinosaurs due to their unique adaptations to aquatic environments and their relative scarcity. Their taxonomy has proven to be especially problematic. Recent discoveries from Western Europe in general, specifically Iberia, provide some of the best specimens for the understanding of their phylogeny, leading to the description of the spinosaurid Vallibonavenatrix cani and the recognition of the Iberian dinosaur Camarillasaurus cirugedae as one of them. Portuguese associated spinosaurid remains (ML1190) from the Papo Seco Formation (early Barremian) were previously assigned to Baryonyx walkeri but new material recovered in 2020 along with new phylogenetic analyses suggests a different phylogenetic placement, making their revision necessary. Here we show that these remains are not attributable to Baryonyx walkeri, but to a new genus and species, Iberospinus natarioi, gen. et sp. nov. The new taxon is characterized by the presence of a single Meckelian foramen in the Meckelian sulcus, a straight profile of the ventral surface of the dentary and a distal thickening of the acromion process of the pubis between other characters. Iberospinus natarioi is recovered as a sister taxon of the clade formed by Baryonyx and Suchomimus, and outside Spinosaurinae when Vallibonaventrix cani is excluded from the analysis. The description of this taxon reinforces Iberia as a hotspot for spinosaur biodiversity, with several endemic taxa for the region. As expected for the clade, the dentary displays a highly vascularized neurovascular network. The morphometric analysis of parts of the skeleton (pedal phalanx and caudal vertebrae, among others) shows an intermediate condition between basal tetanurans and spinosaurines.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262614", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0262614", openalex = "W4213238780", references = "doi101017jpa202014, doi101038s4159802066261w, doi10268791041, doi104202app20110144" } @article{doi101002spp21487, author = "Wills, Simon and Underwood, Charlie J. and Barrett, Paul M.", title = "Machine learning confirms new records of maniraptoran theropods in Middle Jurassic UK microvertebrate faunas", year = "2023", journal = "Papers in Palaeontology", abstract = "Abstract Current research suggests that the initial radiation of maniraptoran theropods occurred in the Middle Jurassic, although their fossil record is known almost exclusively from the Cretaceous. However, fossils of Jurassic maniraptorans are scarce, usually consisting solely of isolated teeth, and their identifications are often disputed. Here, we apply different machine learning models, in conjunction with morphological comparisons, to a suite of isolated theropod teeth from Bathonian microvertebrate sites in the UK to determine whether any of these can be confidently assigned to Maniraptora. We generated three independent models developed on a training dataset with a wide range of theropod taxa and broad geographical and temporal coverage. Classification of the Middle Jurassic teeth in our sample against these models and comparison of the morphology indicates the presence of at least three distinct dromaeosaur morphotypes, plus a therizinosaur and troodontid in these assemblages. These new referrals significantly extend the ranges of Therizinosauroidea and Troodontidae by some 27 myr. These results indicate that not only were maniraptorans present in the Middle Jurassic, as predicted by previous phylogenetic analyses, but they had already radiated into a diverse fauna that pre‐dated the break‐up of Pangaea. This study also demonstrates the power of machine learning to provide quantitative assessments of isolated teeth in providing a robust, testable framework for taxonomic identifications, and highlights the importance of assessing and including evidence from microvertebrate sites in faunal and evolutionary analyses.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1487", doi = "10.1002/spp2.1487", openalex = "W4365457719", references = "doi1010079783319242774, doi101023a1010933404324, doi101038nmeth2019, doi101111j251761611996tb02073x, doi101146annurevearth081320064052, doi1018637jssv077i01, doi1018901220101, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw273955616, openalexw4399271987, woodward1910on" } @article{doi101007s41513023002266, author = "Díaz‐Martínez, Ignacio and Citton, Paolo and Castanera, Diego", title = "What do their footprints tell us? Many questions and some answers about the life of non-avian dinosaurs", year = "2023", journal = "Journal of Iberian Geology", abstract = "Abstract Dinosaur tracks are considerably common in the fossil record and were described from many areas in the world. They provide a live picture of dinosaur behaviour and offer valuable data about different aspects of the trackmaker paleobiology. The dinosaur ichnological record allows gain information about autopod anatomy, functional adaptations, stance and gaits with which dinosaurs moved. This information, which is often difficult to obtain from the body-fossil record alone, allows making inferences not only concerning the single individuals who produced the footprints, but also within an evolutionary context. Footprints provide also evidences about the abilities that dinosaurs had to swim, run or live with certain pathologies. They also allowed inferring how they move in herds or even made courtship rituals. The study of tracks also enables the reconstruction of paleocommunities including predator–prey interaction. On the other hand, footprints are useful paleoenvironmental indicators, informing about moisture content, bathymetry, paleocurrents, subaqueous substrates, zonations in lacustrine margins, etc. In addition, it has been proposed that dinosaur track assemblages can be related to certain facies (ichnofacies), in order to refine paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Dinosaur tracks can sometimes be in the shadow with respect to the skeletal record. However, the data obtained from the ichnological record complements and completes the knowledge we have about the life of dinosaurs, even showing previously unknown aspects. This work is an overview of the information we can obtain from the study of non-avian dinosaur footprints, trying to answer some questions about their life.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-023-00226-6", doi = "10.1007/s41513-023-00226-6", openalex = "W4390334302", references = "doi101002spp21430, doi10100797830311398338, doi1010800891296320181516766, doi101111brv12829, doi101111pala12584, doi107717peerj5358" } @article{doi101038s41598023357843, author = "Černý, David and Simonoff, Ashley L.", title = "Statistical evaluation of character support reveals the instability of higher-level dinosaur phylogeny", year = "2023", journal = "Scientific Reports", abstract = "The interrelationships of the three major dinosaur clades (Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha, and Ornithischia) have come under increased scrutiny following the recovery of conflicting phylogenies by a large new character matrix and its extensively modified revision. Here, we use tools derived from recent phylogenomic studies to investigate the strength and causes of this conflict. Using maximum likelihood as an overarching framework, we examine the global support for alternative hypotheses as well as the distribution of phylogenetic signal among individual characters in both the original and rescored dataset. We find the three possible ways of resolving the relationships among the main dinosaur lineages (Saurischia, Ornithischiformes, and Ornithoscelida) to be statistically indistinguishable and supported by nearly equal numbers of characters in both matrices. While the changes made to the revised matrix increased the mean phylogenetic signal of individual characters, this amplified rather than reduced their conflict, resulting in greater sensitivity to character removal or coding changes and little overall improvement in the ability to discriminate between alternative topologies. We conclude that early dinosaur relationships are unlikely to be resolved without fundamental changes to both the quality of available datasets and the techniques used to analyze them.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35784-3", doi = "10.1038/s41598-023-35784-3", openalex = "W4379769367", references = "doi101111brv12829" } @article{doi1010801477201920232210577, author = "Pond, Stuart and Strachan, S.R. and Raven, Thomas J. and Simpson, Martin I. and Morgan, Kirsty and Maidment, Susannah C. R.", title = "Vectipelta barretti, a new ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, UK", year = "2023", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "The Wealden Group of southern England was deposited by rivers, on floodplains and in lagoons during the Early Cretaceous. Two historically significant ankylosaurs, Polacanthus and Hylaeosaurus, are currently known from its deposits; Hylaeosaurus from the ‘lower Wealden fauna’ and Polacanthus from the ‘upper Wealden fauna’. Here, we describe a new genus and species of ankylosaur from the Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, which is characterized by numerous postcranial autapomorphies. Vectipelta barretti gen. et sp. nov. is 6–8 million years older than Polacanthus, and at least 3 million years younger than Hylaeosaurus, suggesting a more complicated pattern of faunal turnover in the Wealden Group than previously realized. Vectipelta does not appear to be closely related to either of the other Wealden taxa, but instead is found in a clade with two Chinese ankylosaurs, suggesting a complex pattern of dispersal to and from Europe, North America and Asia during the Early Cretaceous. The historic practise of cataloguing all ankylosaur material from the Wessex Formation as ‘Polacanthus’ has potentially prevented a diversity of taxa from being discovered, and new and existing material in museum collections should be re-appraised using an autapomorphy-driven approach.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0B19B56E-971D-4316-A92C-FC9AB29BBC38", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2023.2210577", doi = "10.1080/14772019.2023.2210577", openalex = "W4380739090", references = "doi1010801477201920232205433, doi101127njgpm19831983141" } @article{doi1031711giwv10pp185222, author = "Milner, Andrew R. and Santucci, Vincent and Wood, John R. and Birthisel, Tylor and Clites, Erica C. and Lockley, Martin G.", title = "The John Wesley Powell Fossil Track Block—theropod tracks with ornithopod-like morphology from the Early Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah-Arizona", year = "2023", journal = "Geology of the Intermountain West", abstract = "A large fallen block of Early Jurassic Navajo Sandstone located at Lake Powell, within Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, south-central Utah, displays natural casts of vertebrate tracks. The footprints occur on at least three track-bearing horizons preserved on and between stromatolitic sandstone beds. Two large, parallel trackways, plus a third, divergent trackway, on the main track layer (MTL) superficially resemble ornithopod footprints; however, they were produced by large-sized theropod dinosaurs, ratherthan ornithischians, and we identify these as Eubrontes. Small coelophysoid theropod tracks (Grallator) are the most common vertebrate ichnofossils on all track-bearing horizons, with approximately 50 footprints preserved on the MTL, six on the highest surface, and three on thinner float slabs stratigraphically lower in section. An additional 12 tracks in three trackways of Anchisauripus size occur on the MTL, but they superficially resemble Kayentapus in having wider divarication angles than typical Anchisauripus. The MTL also preserves at least five closely associated tetradactyl footprints that we identify as cf. Brasilichnium. A nearby, smaller fallen block preserves distinct Batrachopus tracks, which are rare in eolian environments. The microbial (possibly endoevaporitic) mats and stromatolitic horizons on which the animals had walked produced a distinct ichnomorphologic variation because of substrate consistency and the elastic properties of the mats, resulting in differential compaction of the bedding surfaces. Lithic compaction of the finer-grained sediments between denser, more resistant sandstone beds pre- and/or post-lithification resulted in additional deformation of the tracks, followed by natural erosion. We interpret these natural cast footprints on the MTL as possible transmitted tracks. The track-bearing, microbial-mat surfaces represent interdunal pooling of water, probably during periods of increased precipitation and/or rising water tables during wet seasons.", url = "https://doi.org/10.31711/giw.v10.pp185-222", doi = "10.31711/giw.v10.pp185-222", openalex = "W4387502849", references = "doi1010800891296320181516766, farlow2022pedal" } @article{doi103897fr26e93456, author = "Manitkoon, Sita and Deesri, Uthumporn and Warapeang, Prapasiri and Nonsrirach, Thanit and Chanthasit, Phornphen", title = "Ornithischian dinosaurs in Southeast Asia: a review with palaeobiogeographic implications", year = "2023", journal = "Fossil record", abstract = "Ornithischian dinosaurs have been discovered in Thailand, Laos, and Malaysia. These bird-hipped herbivores remain relatively rare by comparison with saurischian dinosaurs. In the Late Jurassic, stegosaurs and basal neornithischians from Thailand showed similarities to Middle-Late Jurassic taxa from China. Ornithischians appeared in the fossil record again during the late Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) of Thailand and Laos. They are represented by non-hadrosaurid iguanodontians and basal ceratopsians. A few specimens have been reported from poorly dated Early Cretaceous rocks of Malaysia. Here, we illustrate the diversity of ornithischian assemblages in Southeast Asia and discuss their palaeobiogeographical implications.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3897/fr.26.e93456", doi = "10.3897/fr.26.e93456", openalex = "W4315477348", references = "doi102110palo2016041, doi104202app005402018, doi107554elife75248, gates2018a" } @article{doi101002ar25505, author = "Avrahami, Haviv M. and Makovicky, Peter J. and Tucker, Ryan T. and Zanno, Lindsay E.", title = "A new semi‐fossorial thescelosaurine dinosaur from the Cenomanian‐age Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah", year = "2024", journal = "The Anatomical Record", abstract = "Thescelosaurines are a group of early diverging, ornithischian dinosaurs notable for their conservative bauplans and mosaic of primitive features. Although abundant within the latest Cretaceous ecosystems of North America, their record is poor to absent in earlier assemblages, leaving a large gap in our understanding of their evolution, origins, and ecological roles. Here we report a new small bodied thescelosaurine-Fona herzogae gen. et sp. nov.-from the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA. Fona herzogae is represented by multiple individuals, representing one of the most comprehensive skeletal assemblages of a small bodied, early diverging ornithischian described from North America to date. Phylogenetic analysis recovers Fona as the earliest member of Thescelosaurinae, minimally containing Oryctodromeus, and all three species of Thescelosaurus, revealing the clade was well-established in North America by as early as the Cenomanian, and distinct from, yet continental cohabitants with, their sister clade, Orodrominae. To date, orodromines and thescelosaurines have not been found together within a single North American ecosystem, suggesting different habitat preferences or competitive exclusion. Osteological observations reveal extensive intraspecific variation across cranial and postcranial elements, and a number of anatomical similarities with Oryctodromeus, suggesting a shared semi-fossorial lifestyle.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25505", doi = "10.1002/ar.25505", openalex = "W4400459013", references = "doi104202app005402018" } @article{doi1010800891296320242318406, author = "Bandeira, Kamila L. N. and Navarro, Bruno A. and Pêgas, Rodrigo V. and Brilhante, Natan Santos and Brum, Arthur Souza and de Souza, Rafael Gomes and da Silva, Rafael Costa and Gallo, Valéria", title = "A reassessment of the historical fossil findings from Bahia State (Northeast Brazil) reveals a diversified dinosaur fauna in the Lower Cretaceous of South America", year = "2024", journal = "Historical Biology", abstract = "Supposed dinosaur remains were collected between 1859 and 1906 in the Lower Cretaceous Recôncavo Basin (Northeast Brazil). Since these materials remained undescribed, and most were considered lost. Recently, some of these historical specimens were rediscovered in the Natural History Museum of London, providing an opportunity to revisit them after 160 years. The specimens come from five different sites, corresponding to the Massacará (Berriasian-Barremian) and Ilhas (Valanginian-Barremian) groups. Identified bones comprise mainly isolated vertebral centra from ornithopods, sauropods, and theropods. Appendicular remains include a theropod pedal phalanx, humerus, and distal half of a left femur with elasmarian affinities. Despite their fragmentary nature, these specimens represent the earliest dinosaur bones discovered in South America, enhancing our understanding of the Cretaceous dinosaur faunas in Northeast Brazil. The dinosaur assemblage in the Recôncavo Basin resembles coeval units in Northeast Brazil, such as the Rio do Peixe Basin, where ornithopods coexist with sauropods and theropods. This study confirms the presence of ornithischian dinosaurs in Brazil based on osteological evidence, expanding their biogeographic and temporal range before the continental rifting between South America and Africa. Additionally, these findings reinforce the fossiliferous potential of Cretaceous deposits in Bahia State, which have been underexplored since their initial discoveries.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2024.2318406", doi = "10.1080/08912963.2024.2318406", openalex = "W4394757978", references = "breeden2021the, doi101016jcretres201512004, doi101016jjsames2021103369, doi101038s41598022155356, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111pala12496, doi1023072802289, doi10230730135049, doi102475ajss31695411, doi104202app005402018, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105852crpalevol2020v19a6, doi107717peerj12727, openalexw193970361" } @article{doi1010801477201920242346573, author = "Lockwood, Jeremy A. F. and Martill, David M. and Maidment, Susannah C. R.", title = "Comptonatus chasei, a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England", year = "2024", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "A new iguanodontian dinosaur, Comptonatus chasei gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight. These strata provide an important record of a critical time in the development of iguanodontian diversity. The specimen, which is described here for the first time, was found and excavated in 2013 and represents the most complete iguanodontian skeleton discovered in the Wealden Group for a century. A new taxon is diagnosed by several autapomorphies found in the neurocranium, teeth, coracoid and other parts of the body, together with a unique suite of characters. These include a dentary with a straight ventral border, and a markedly expanded prepubic blade. These features set it apart from the sympatric Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, Brighstoneus simmondsi and Iguanodon cf. bernissartensis, increasing the known diversity of this clade in the Barremian–early Aptian of England. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2F3125A5-BDEF-4835-8829-92104752A86F", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573", doi = "10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573", openalex = "W4400439377", references = "doi101111joa13363, doi101371journalpone0045712, doi101371journalpone0175253, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi104202app20110051, gates2018a, tsogtbaatar2019a" } @article{doi101093zoolinneanzlad184, author = "Delcourt, Rafael and Brilhante, Natan Santos and Pires-Domingues, Ricardo Angelim and Hendrickx, Christophe and Grillo, Orlando Nelson and Augusta, Bruno Gonçalves and Maciel, Bárbara S and Ghilardi, Aline M. and Ricardi-Branco, Frésia", title = "Biogeography of theropod dinosaurs during the Late Cretaceous: evidence from central South America", year = "2024", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Abstract In central South America, theropod remains are relatively scarce in comparison to the southern part of the continent, with shed teeth being the primary fossils found in this region. We examined 179 isolated teeth from the Bauru Basin, Brazil, using linear discriminant analysis (LDA; N = 178) and phylogenetic analysis (N = 174). The LDA used eight measurements, and the phylogenetic analysis used seven morphotypes. Although the results of the LDA suggest the presence of various South American theropod clades, such as Carcharodontosauridae, Noasauridae, and Spinosauridae, the phylogenetic analysis using a constrained dentition-based matrix classified the morphotypes as Abelisauridae (morphotypes I–IV, VI, and VII) and Therizinosauria (morphotype V). Given the considerable number of homoplastic characters and missing data, the phylogenetic analyses could not precisely determine the taxonomy of morphotypes V, VI, and VII in the unconstrained dataset. Morphological comparisons, nevertheless, strongly suggest that all morphotypes should be classified as abelisaurid theropods. We propose that the palaeogeographical distribution of Abelisauridae in South America was influenced by climatic conditions. These apex carnivores are likely to have adapted well to increased climate changes that led to semi-arid conditions. Our research sheds light on the evolutionary and ecological aspects of theropod dinosaurs in this region, contributing to a better understanding of the ancient ecosystems of central South America.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad184", doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad184", openalex = "W4390635665", references = "doi1029920070860302, doi105852crpalevol2020v19a6" } @article{doi101098rsbl20240429, author = "Upchurch, Paul and Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro", title = "A brief review of non-avian dinosaur biogeography: state-of-the-art and prospectus", year = "2024", journal = "Biology Letters", abstract = "Dinosaurs potentially originated in the mid-palaeolatitudes of Gondwana 245-235 million years ago (Ma) and may have been restricted to cooler, humid areas by low-latitude arid zones until climatic amelioration made northern dispersals feasible ca 215 Ma. However, this scenario is challenged by new Carnian Laurasian fossils and evidence that even the earliest dinosaurs had adaptations for arid conditions. After becoming globally distributed in the Early-Middle Jurassic (200-160 Ma), dinosaurs experienced vicariance driven by Pangaean fragmentation. Regional extinctions and trans-oceanic dispersals also played a role, and the formation of ephemeral land connections meant that older vicariance patterns were repeatedly overprinted by younger ones, creating a reticulate biogeographic history. Palaeoclimates shaped dispersal barriers and corridors, including filters that had differential effects on different types of dinosaurs. Dinosaurian biogeographic research faces many challenges, not the least of which is the patchiness of the fossil record. However, new fossils, extensive databasing and improved analytical methods help distinguish signal from noise and generate fresh perspectives. In the future, developing techniques for quantifying and ameliorating sampling biases and modelling the dispersal capacities of dinosaurs are likely to be two of the key components in our modern research programme.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429", openalex = "W4403856200", references = "chiarenza2024early, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101016jcretres201603008, doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016jcub202111061, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jearscirev2023104537, doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101017s1755691013000431, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038s41559021016515, doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101038s41598021837455, doi101073pnas2020778118, doi101080027246342010520779, doi1010800272463420232199810, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi1010800891296320242336992, doi10108010635150701883881, doi1010801477201920242345333, doi101086648217, doi101093sysbiosyu056, doi101098rsbl20180431, doi101111pala12496, doi101111pala12514, doi101126science1161833, doi101146annurevearth081320064052, doi101371journalpone0012553, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0235078, doi1021425f55419694, doi1023072413039, doi1023073243019, doi1029920070860302, doi105860choice353642" } @article{doi101111cla12583, author = "Pol, Diego and Baiano, Mattia A. and Černý, David and Novas, Fernando E. and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Pittman, Michael", title = "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria", year = "2024", journal = "Cladistics", abstract = "Gondwanan dinosaur faunae during the 20 Myr preceding the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K/Pg) extinction included several lineages that were absent or poorly represented in Laurasian landmasses. Among these, the South American fossil record contains diverse abelisaurids, arguably the most successful groups of carnivorous dinosaurs from Gondwana in the Cretaceous, reaching their highest diversity towards the end of this period. Here we describe Koleken inakayali gen. et sp. n., a new abelisaurid from the La Colonia Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Patagonia. Koleken inakayali is known from several skull bones, an almost complete dorsal series, complete sacrum, several caudal vertebrae, pelvic girdle and almost complete hind limbs. The new abelisaurid shows a unique set of features in the skull and several anatomical differences from Carnotaurus sastrei (the only other abelisaurid known from the La Colonia Formation). Koleken inakayali is retrieved as a brachyrostran abelisaurid, clustered with other South American abelisaurids from the latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian), such as Aucasaurus, Niebla and Carnotaurus. Leveraging our phylogeny estimates, we explore rates of morphological evolution across ceratosaurian lineages, finding them to be particularly high for elaphrosaurine noasaurids and around the base of Abelisauridae, before the Early Cretaceous radiation of the latter clade. The Noasauridae and their sister clade show contrasting patterns of morphological evolution, with noasaurids undergoing an early phase of accelerated evolution of the axial and hind limb skeleton in the Jurassic, and the abelisaurids exhibiting sustained high rates of cranial evolution during the Early Cretaceous. These results provide much needed context for the evolutionary dynamics of ceratosaurian theropods, contributing to broader understanding of macroevolutionary patterns across dinosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12583", doi = "10.1111/cla.12583", openalex = "W4398169218", references = "doi101002spp21375, doi101016jcretres2019104312, doi101016jcretres2020104408, doi101016jcretres2021104829, doi101038s41598019453069, doi101038s41598022155356, doi101038srep44942, doi101080027246342013776562, doi1010800272463420201877151, doi1010801477201920222093661, doi101111brv12666, doi101111cla12524, doi101111zoj12425, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi101371journalpone0088905, doi105852crpalevol2020v19a6, doi107717peerj5976" }