@article{doi101038018350c0,
    title = "Societies and Academies",
    year = "1878",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://www.nature.com/articles/018350c0.pdf",
    doi = "10.1038/018350c0",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "456",
    pages = "350-352",
    semanticscholar_id = "ab42a356e025d998e27a1f17f8b97b4700829bf2",
    volume = "18"
}

@article{doi101144gsljgs1882038010452,
    author = "Lapworth, C.",
    title = "The Girvan Succession. Part I. Stratigraphy",
    year = "1882",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London",
    abstract = "Summary of the Foregoing Evidences and Conclusions Respecting the Stratigraphy of the Girvan Succession (1) In the foregoing pages I have laid before the reader all the more important data obtainable in the geographical area under examination which bear upon the main question of the natural order of the Lower Palæozoic rocks of the Girvan region. The original arrangement of the beds themselves has been so frequently interrupted by profound dislocations, and has been rendered so dubious locally by perplexing folds and inversions, that the task of reducing them to their natural order has been one of far more than ordinary difficulty. But so well are the several subformations in the collective series individualized by distinct petrological features, that the field-geologist has generally little hesitation in recognizing their entangled or dislocated fragments at a glance. At the same time also the foldings and inversions of the strata prevail only in certain definite geographical subareas, where they can usually be ultimately detected and allowed for. Finally, the greater faults are, as a rule, by no means difficult of localization, owing to the fact that they bring into abrupt and unnatural collocation upon the ground strata very distinct in their lithological and palæontological features. Nevertheless the complexities and difficulties of the stratigraphy of the fossiliferous rocks of the Girvan region are so great that the solution of the problem of their natural sequence has been only arrived at by the accumulation of an excessive amount of evidence collected in the field. This evidence, however, is now so full, and so conclusive, that there can be no longer any doubt of the natural petrological subdivisions of the strata of the Girvan rocks, or of their true positions in the ascending succession. (2) The physical evidence, as developed in the preceding pages, in support of our conclusions may be summarized as follows;— (i) Selecting the remarkable Benan-Hill Conglomerate as our primary horizon of reference, we discover that it is merely the central member of a series (the Barr Series) of boulder-beds and conglomerates, with intercalary zones of limestone and fossiliferous shales. This series exhibits proofs of the most perfect conformity from base to summit, and its various members admit of minute and complete investigation in the field. This Barr Series includes the well-known Craighead or Stinchar Limestone as a subordinate member near its base, where it is divided from the underlying Ballantrae rocks by a calcareous conglomerate and breccia of irregular thickness. (ii) The tumultuous Barr Series is everywhere conformably surmounted, in the sections of the Girvan region, by a second series (the Ardmillan Series), composed throughout of Graptolitic flagstones and shales, which nevertheless arrange themselves naturally in several distinct subformations of well-marked petrological characters. The higher and lower divisions of this great series (the Ardwell, Barren Flagstone, and Drummuck Beds) have their respective systematic positions fixed by incontestible stratigraphical evidences. The proper relations of its central divisions (the Cascade and Whitehouse beds), the strata of which are usually inverted, are established mainly by geographical considerations. (iii) The Graptolitic series of Ardmillan visibly underlies a third series (the Newlands Series), consisting of Brachiopod -sandstones, Pentamerus -grits, and Monograptus -shales. The natural place of the first (Mulloch-Hill beds) division of this series is fixed beyond dispute by its relation to the terminal beds of the older Ardmillan series, and that of the highest division (the Camregan group) by its relation to the newer Dailly Series. The systematic position of the central division (the Saugh-Hill group) is deduced with equal certainty from its intermediary place in the series; but the sequence of the component strata of this central division is rendered so dubious by inversion, faulting, and local unconformities, that we are unable to give more than a provisional classification of its minor zones. (iv) Finally, we discern a fourth petrological series (the Dailly Series), at once the thickest and most homogeneous series in the Girvan succession. Its place at the summit of the whole is established by the circumstances that it forms a single series of similar strata, which is wholly distinct from either of the series below, while it lies on the southern (or upper) side of the Newlands Series, from the highest zones of which its strata appear to graduate in conformable sequence. (3) In place of an enigmatical group of Lower Palæozoic rocks of no great vertical thickness, varying locally in their petrological characters to an extraordinary extent, and containing an admixture of fossils elsewhere characteristic of formations of several distinct geological epochs, as believed by some of the earlier students of these beds, we find an orderly arranged sequence of strata several thousands of feet in vertical thickness, grouped very naturally in successive formations of distinct petrological features, each formation retaining even in its subordinate zones the same characters over the entire area, and, as we shall show in the second part of this memoir, invariably affording the same special group of fossils. (4) In brief, our study of the stratigraphical relations of the rocks of the Girvan succession has fully established the following propositions:— i. The Girvan succession of Lower Palæozoic rocks consists of a generally continuous series of more or less fossiliferous strata of a collective thickness of 7000 feet. ii. It is divisible into four main rock-formations, each of which is individualized by special petrological and palæontological characteristics. iii. Each of these formations is, again, made up of several subordinate members, whose relations to the subformations above and below are beyond dispute, and which retain their special characteristics both in rocks and fossils wherever they are laid open for investigation within the district. The detailed classification of these Lower Palæozoic strata of Girvan, as developed in the preceding pages, is given in the Table, fig. 31, pp. 660, 661. (5) These Girvan rocks appear to repose, at their base, upon the generally older igneous and altered rocks of Ballantrae. The Ballantrae rocks have, as yet, been too imperfectly studied to allow us to hazard any conclusion respecting their true geological age. That many of the rocks grouped together under this title are of far greater antiquity than the basement-beds of the Girvan succession may be regarded as established by the fact that fragments of the Ballantrae rocks occur in the Kirkland or Purple Conglomerate at the base of the Girvan sequence. These pre-Girvan traps and ashes must either represent the Arenig and Llandeilo volcanic rocks of Wales and Cumberland or must be of more ancient date. On the other hand, rocks which are unquestionably of true Girvan age occur at many localities within the typical Ballantrae region itself, while the patches of altered or so-called Ballantrae rocks found outside that area, as at Shalloch Hill, Laggan Hill, and elsewhere, almost certainly include some greatly altered Girvan rocks. (6) The sequence among the Girvan fossiliferous rocks is broken by at least one fairly distinct unconformability, viz. that at the, base of the Craigskelly conglomerate; but the presence of boulder-beds at the base of the Mulloch-Hill group, at the base of the Saugh-Hill Grits, and elsewhere, renders it exceedingly probable that other local stratigraphical breaks may eventually be detected. These local unconformities, however, can be of no great systematic importance; for the general gradation, both in sediments and fossils, from the base to the summit of the Girvan succession is practically complete. Each distinct petrological formation in the vertical series is connected with its neighbours, both above and below, by a group of beds intermediate both in physical and in zoological features. Thus the very distinct formations of the Stinchar Limestone and the Benan Conglomerate graduate into each other through the transitional zone of the Didymograptus -beds (Ab 4), the Benan and Ardwell series through the transitional Balclatchie group, the Ardwell and Whitehouse beds through the intermediary Cascade beds, and so on. Even the two grand divisions of the succession, the Upper and Lower divisions of the Girvan rocks, are united by the intermediary formation of the Mulloch-Hill beds. The geographical distribution of the various members of the Girvan succession within the region we have described is given in the accompanying Maps and Plates, \&c. The detailed description of the physical structure of the region, and of the lithology and palæontology of the several members of the Girvan succession, together with the discussion of their resemblances, physical and zoological, to their extra-Girvan equivalents, are points deferred to the second part of this memoir.",
    url = "https://zenodo.org/record/1688918/files/article.pdf",
    doi = "10.1144/GSL.JGS.1882.038.01-04.52",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1-4",
    pages = "537-666",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "44",
    semanticscholar_id = "506b74efb134d9b39a6ab57401657094ce2c6d2d",
    volume = "38"
}

@article{doi101144gsljgs1925081010415,
    author = "Jones, O. T.",
    title = "The Geology of the Llandovery District: Part 1.—The Southern Area",
    year = "1925",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society",
    abstract = "I. Introduction. Near the small market-town of Llandovery, in the Towy Valley, the main river flowing southwards from the direction of Rhandirmwyn is joined by two important tributaries. East of the town the River Gwydderig enters from the east, and joins the Brân, which flows south-westwards along a strike-valley from the direction of the Sugar Loaf, between Llandovery and Llanwrtyd Wells. The town lies on an alluvial flat between the Towy and the Brân, which enters the main river about a mile below. It is served jointly by the Great Western and the London, Midland, \& Scottish Railways. From the Sugar Loaf to Llandovery the railway skirts the valley of the Brân, and below the town it continues in the same direction along the broad floor of the Towy towards Llandeilo, Carmarthen, and Swansea. Between Llandovery and Llangadock, 6 miles below, there is a main road on each side of the valley, that on the north side being the more frequented. The district is included in the 1-inch Geological Survey map, Sheets 41 \& 42 N.W. (Old Series); in the 1-inch Ordnance Survey map, Sheets 212, 213, \& 196, and in the 6-inch sheets, Carmarthenshire 10 S.E., 11 S.W., 18, 19 N.W., 26 S.E., 27 N.W. \& S.W. The rocks near the town belong to the upper part of the Bala formation, but at the Sugar Loaf, 7 miles away to the north-east, a lower part of that formation, including the Dicranograptus -Shales, is rolled up in the core of a",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1925.081.01-04.15",
    doi = "10.1144/gsl.jgs.1925.081.01-04.15",
    openalex = "W2034461859"
}

@article{doi101144gsljgs1951107010405,
    author = "Williams, Alwyn",
    title = "Llandovery brachiopods from Wales with special reference to the Llandovery district",
    year = "1951",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London",
    abstract = "Summary The paper is intended primarily as a palaeontological supplement to the stratigraphical studies of the Llandovery rocks in the type area (O. T. Jones 1925, 1949). The systematic revision is therefore based on collections obtained from the Llandovery district but material, in certain instances, has also been described from the Llandovery rocks of Meifod and Haverfordwest. Thus the basal beds (A x) of the Llandovery district are unfossiliferous, whereas the equivalent rocks in Meifod and Haverfordwest are richly fossiliferous and so provide important links between the Llandovery and the Ordovician brachiopods. Furthermore, some forms, especially those from the prolific Gasworks Sandstone of Haverfordwest, are better preserved than contemporaneous ones from Llandovery and have been used for specific descriptions. The systematic study includes emended descriptions of nine species and the erection of two new genera, one new subgenus, eleven new species and fourteen new subspecies. Such a revision may seem radical, but it must be borne in mind that the fauna has received little attention in the past, and actually this work is intended only as the beginning of a much fuller investigation. The paper concludes with a faunal list to show the stratigraphical distribution of Llandovery brachiopods. The chart emphasizes the fact that each of the lithological divisions established for the Llandovery district contains a diagnostic faunule.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a043c0c7c2e8ef395838b1ca6d76bf400b163e48",
    doi = "10.1144/GSL.JGS.1951.107.01-04.05",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1-4",
    pages = "85-136",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "92",
    semanticscholar_id = "a043c0c7c2e8ef395838b1ca6d76bf400b163e48",
    volume = "107"
}

@article{williams1951llandovery,
    author = "Williams, Alwyn",
    title = "Llandovery brachiopods from Wales with special reference to the Llandovery district",
    year = "1951",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London",
    abstract = "Summary The paper is intended primarily as a palaeontological supplement to the stratigraphical studies of the Llandovery rocks in the type area (O. T. Jones 1925, 1949). The systematic revision is therefore based on collections obtained from the Llandovery district but material, in certain instances, has also been described from the Llandovery rocks of Meifod and Haverfordwest. Thus the basal beds (A x) of the Llandovery district are unfossiliferous, whereas the equivalent rocks in Meifod and Haverfordwest are richly fossiliferous and so provide important links between the Llandovery and the Ordovician brachiopods. Furthermore, some forms, especially those from the prolific Gasworks Sandstone of Haverfordwest, are better preserved than contemporaneous ones from Llandovery and have been used for specific descriptions. The systematic study includes emended descriptions of nine species and the erection of two new genera, one new subgenus, eleven new species and fourteen new subspecies. Such a revision may seem radical, but it must be borne in mind that the fauna has received little attention in the past, and actually this work is intended only as the beginning of a much fuller investigation. The paper concludes with a faunal list to show the stratigraphical distribution of Llandovery brachiopods. The chart emphasizes the fact that each of the lithological divisions established for the Llandovery district contains a diagnostic faunule.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1951.107.01-04.05",
    doi = "10.1144/gsl.jgs.1951.107.01-04.05",
    number = "1-4",
    openalex = "W2017392034",
    pages = "85-136",
    volume = "107",
    references = "doi101017s0016756800092748, doi101017s0080456800011959, doi10108000222934508654774, doi10108000222935008654081, doi10108003745486109494991, doi101144gsljgs1925081010415, doi101144transglas192288, doi103931erara125292, doi105962bhltitle15102, doi105962bhltitle5732"
}

@article{williams1951llandovery1,
    author = "Williams, A",
    title = "Llandovery brachiopods from Wales with special reference to the Llandovery district",
    year = "1951",
    journal = "Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 107, p. 85-136",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Williams, A., 1951, Llandovery brachiopods from Wales with special reference to the Llandovery district: Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 107, p. 85-136.}"
}

@article{doi101017s0016756800066243,
    author = "Magazine, Geological",
    title = "GEO volume 91 issue 6 Cover and Front matter",
    year = "1954",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800066243",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756800066243",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "6",
    pages = "f1-f8",
    semanticscholar_id = "6e6773afa72ebe9d230c3cbca840d3807a313454",
    volume = "91"
}

@article{hutt1974the,
    author = "Hutt, Jana E. and Batten, D. J.",
    title = "The Llandovery Graptolites of the English Lake District",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131726",
    doi = "10.1080/25761900.2022.12131726",
    number = "540",
    openalex = "W4302053121",
    pages = "1-60",
    volume = "128"
}

@article{hutt1975the,
    author = "Hutt, Jana E. and Batten, D. J.",
    title = "The Llandovery Graptolites of the English Lake District",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131728",
    doi = "10.1080/25761900.2022.12131728",
    number = "542",
    openalex = "W4293653590",
    pages = "57-129",
    volume = "129"
}

@article{rickards1984rhabdopleura,
    author = "Rickards, R.B. and Chapman, A.J. and Temple, J.T.",
    title = "Rhabdopleura hollandi, a new pterobranch hemichordate from the Silurian of the Llandovery district, Powys, Wales",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Geologists' Association",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7878(84)80017-6",
    doi = "10.1016/s0016-7878(84)80017-6",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2156735375",
    pages = "23-28",
    volume = "95",
    references = "doi101017s0025315400000722, doi101144gsljgs1950106010407, doi105281zenodo16248730, openalexw1121117287, openalexw1160245768, openalexw1167551115, openalexw1217330140, openalexw2137861681, openalexw2271481198, openalexw943428538"
}

@article{temple1985early,
    author = "Temple, J. T.",
    title = "Early Llandovery Brachiopods of Wales",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131756",
    doi = "10.1080/25761900.2022.12131756",
    number = "572",
    openalex = "W4299547792",
    pages = "3-132",
    volume = "139"
}

@article{doi10108003115519008619059,
    author = "Roberts, John and Jell, Peter A.",
    title = "Early Middle Cambrian (Ordian) brachiopods of the Coonigan Formation, western New South Wales",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "A rich assemblage of early Middle Cambrian brachiopods from the ‘first discovery limestone’ of the Coonigan Formation, western N.S.W. contains 20 taxa (eight Articulata, 11 Inarticulata and one which cannot be assigned with certainty to either class). New articulate species are Nisusia grandis grandis, N. grandis glabra, Wimanella tricavata, Arctohedra alata, Acareorthis jelli, Cymbricia spinicostata, Austrohedra mimica and Glaphyrorthis fastigata, with the last four mentioned new genera. Inarticulate taxa include species of Trematosia and?Kutorgina, Hadrotreta primaeva (Walcott), Micromitra nerranubawu Kruse and new species of Kleithriatreta lamellosa, Eothele granulata, Dictyonina australis, Palaeoschmidites horizontalis, Lingulella bynguanoensis, Westonia cymbricensis, and an indeterminate lingulacean; Kleithriatreta is a new genus. The enigmatic new genus and species Bynguanoia perplexa cannot be placed within either the Articulata or Inarticulata. Seven taxa are endemic, six are comparable with taxa from North America, and four with species from the U.S.S.R. The closest correlation, based on three species, is with the Pioche Shale, Nevada, which straddles the Early-Middle Cambrian boundary. The associated trilobite fauna with Redlichia and Pagetia indicates an earliest Middle Cambrian age.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03115519008619059",
    doi = "10.1080/03115519008619059",
    openalex = "W2001653686",
    references = "doi105479si009638011395227, doi105962bhltitle5732, openalexw2598637701"
}

@article{s2fd17cb95297342c83579c4e5d3036c86e0d010d0,
    author = "Shorter, A. H. and Hills, R.",
    title = "Studies on the history of papermaking in Britain",
    year = "1993",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fd17cb95297342c83579c4e5d3036c86e0d010d0",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "fd17cb95297342c83579c4e5d3036c86e0d010d0"
}

@article{loydell1996the,
    author = "Loydell, David K. and Cave, Richard",
    title = "The Llandovery-Wenlock boundary and related stratigraphy in eastern mid-Wales with special reference to the Banwy River section",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Newsletters on Stratigraphy",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/34/1996/39",
    doi = "10.1127/nos/34/1996/39",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2605867674",
    pages = "39-64",
    volume = "34"
}

@article{s2b09d9c1f3740939b67a6f382f3ecb94995cf5cc6,
    author = "Horbury, A. and Adams, A. E.",
    title = "northern England the Urswick Limestone Formation of the southern Lake District, Microfacies associations in Asbian carbonates: an example from Geological Society, London, Special Publications",
    year = "1996",
    abstract = "Semi-quantitative analysis of allochems from the Urswick Limestone Formation (Asbian) of the southern Lake District area of northern England has revealed a distinctive cyclicity of the microfacies. Cycle-top grainstone microfacies contain an algal flora comprising Koninckopora, Anatolipora and Polymorphocodium, with Girvanella filaments and Ortonella lumps. Other allochems include intraclasts, large peloids and thick-shelled bivalves and gastropods. The middles of cycles are mostly packstones and micro-grainstones and contain allochems dominated by small peloids and the algae Kamaena, Kamaenella and Epistacheoides, with the microproblematicum Ungdarella and relatively high abundances of micritic-walled foraminifera such as endothyrids. Cycle bases contain a diverse algal assemblage including Coelosporella and Stacheoides, with other allochems represented by trilobites, ostracodes, Saccamminopsis, foraminifera such as Archaediscidae, the base late Asbian guide Howchinia, the base early Asbian guides Gigasbia gigas and Vissariotaxis, bivalves, small gastropods, bryozoans, sponge spicules and bored grains. Other allochems are found throughout most cycles, decreasing only in the very shallowest (intertidal) facies, or have an irregular distribution, and include brachiopod debris, crinoid ossicles and coral fragments. There are significant variations in allochem distribution according to palaeogeography. Close to the shelf margin there are higher abundances in the cycle top grainstones of the algae Koninckopora and Anatolipora, and also of the calcified filaments Girvanella and Ortonella, with thick-shelled gastropods, intraclasts and coarse peloids. At cycle bases, echinoderm arm plates and bryozoans are particularly abundant in packstone-wackestone textures. Platform interior facies are differentiated into a diverse open-marine type, with a high total abundance ofbioclasts in the cycle base pack-wackestones including trilobites, Coelosporella, Stacheoides, Kamaena and bored grains, grainstones are dominated by small peloids, Kamaenella and Ungdarella), and a more restricted cycle type, in which total bioclast abundances are low. Cyclicity on a 2-20 m scale in the late Dinantian (Asbian and Brigantian) carbonates of Europe and North America has been well documented from outcrop macrofacies studies (Somerville 1979a, b,c; Walkden 1987). This cyclicity has been interpreted as a product of fourth order glacio-eustacy (Walkden 1987; Horbury 1989). However, there is relatively little published work on the microfacies aspects of the cyclicity, although the theses of Gray (1981) on North Wales and Horbury (1987) on the southern Lake District cover this in some detail. White (1992) examined thin sections prepared by Horbury, and this thesis contains much information ofpalaeoecological and stratigraphic significance regarding the distribution of foraminiferal genera and species within the microfacies/macrofacies models developed initially by Horbury (1987, 1989). There is abundant palaeontological literature on microfossils (e.g. Petryk \& Mamet 1972; Mamet \& Roux 1974; Mamet et al. 1980; Skompski 1984, 1987), but this is mostly related to the problems of classification of the microproblematica which are abundant in the Late Dinantian (e.g. Riding 1977). Relatively little of this literature covers the micropalaeontological aspects of these carbonate systems in a thorough sedimentological sense. The purpose of this paper is therefore to describe and interpret the palaeoenvironmental significance of the microfacies and allochems of Asbian cycle systems by reference to the macrofacies cyclicity.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b09d9c1f3740939b67a6f382f3ecb94995cf5cc6",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W2187936226",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "3",
    semanticscholar_id = "b09d9c1f3740939b67a6f382f3ecb94995cf5cc6"
}

@article{curtis1997the,
    author = "Curtis, N. J. and Lane, P. D.",
    title = "The Llandovery Trilobites of England and Wales",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/25761900.2022.12131786",
    doi = "10.1080/25761900.2022.12131786",
    number = "605",
    openalex = "W4302609796",
    pages = "1-50",
    volume = "151"
}

@article{doi101144gslmem20020250123,
    author = "Soto, A. M.",
    title = "References",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Geological Society, London, Memoirs",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/28b21503c9541583651e35d9de9a0867664cca51",
    doi = "10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.025.01.23",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    pages = "297-319",
    semanticscholar_id = "28b21503c9541583651e35d9de9a0867664cca51",
    volume = "25"
}

@article{doi1012987yale97803000956470030007,
    author = "Kalman, L.",
    title = "The Dark Ages",
    year = "2004",
    booktitle = "History of the Yale Law School",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4020200f48e542486ff849af7a5aa8e6e4871af0",
    doi = "10.12987/yale/9780300095647.003.0007",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "154-213",
    semanticscholar_id = "4020200f48e542486ff849af7a5aa8e6e4871af0"
}

@article{doi101017s0016756807003895,
    author = "Loydell, David K. and Frýda, Jiří",
    title = "Carbon isotope stratigraphy of the upper Telychian and lower Sheinwoodian (Llandovery–Wenlock, Silurian) of the Banwy River section, Wales",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "Abstract δ 13 C org and TOC data are presented from the upper spiralis Biozone (Telychian, Llandovery, Silurian) through to the upper Sheinwoodian (Wenlock, Silurian) of the Banwy River section, Wales. In laminated hemipelagites from the Telychian, δ 13 C org values rise through the upper lapworthi Biozone to a maximum in the lower insectus Biozone after which they decline slightly. The most conspicuous feature of the δ 13 C org curve is the prolonged positive excursion in the Sheinwoodian, commencing in the upper murchisoni Biozone and ending in strata yielding Monograptus flexilis. This Sheinwoodian positive δ 13 C excursion in the Banwy River section correlates precisely with that recognized in the East Baltic. The interval with the highest δ 13 C org values also records the highest TOC values, suggesting that for the Sheinwoodian at least burial of carbon may have contributed to the positive δ 13 C excursion. Bioturbated strata yield very low TOC values; whether the δ 13 C org values from these beds reflect a primary signal or the result of biostratinomic or diagenetic modification is uncertain.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756807003895",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756807003895",
    openalex = "W2134097256",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200501009, doi101016jpalaeo200510009, doi101016s0031018203003043, doi101016s0031018297000655, doi101016s0031018299000462, doi101017s0016756898008917, doi101071aj93025, doi10108011035890601282123, doi10108011035890601282173, doi1011111475498300200, loydell1996the"
}

@article{doi101017s147720190700226x,
    author = "Cocks, L. Robin M.",
    title = "The Middle Llandovery brachiopod Fauna of the Newlands Formation, Girvan, Scotland",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Synopsis Forty‐one Lower Silurian brachiopods from a single locality in the Newlands Formation of Girvan, Strathclyde, Scotland, are described and illustrated, many for the first time. The age of the fauna is well constrained by overlying magnus Biozone graptolites and underlying cyphus Biozone graptolites, indicating the early Middle Llandovery (Lower Aeronian) and it is the only shelly fauna known of Lower Aeronian age from anywhere in Scotland. A new endemic genus Chronostrophonella (Family Strophonellidae) is described: another new genus, Eopentamerus (Family Pentameridae) is known additionally from Wales. New species are Craniops laurentia, Biparetis caledonia, Eo‐stropheodonta augusta, Chronostrophonella terranova, Strophochonetes newlandensis, Triplesia girvanensis, Resserella praeclara, Camerella? elainae, Eopentamerus inexpectatus and Protatrypa copperi. The Strophochonetes is the earliest‐known chonetoid from the Silurian anywhere, although the family originated in the Late Ordovician. Whilst Newlands was on the margin of Laurentia just prior to its Caledonian Orogeny collision in mid‐Silurian times with Avalonia‐Baltica, the brachiopod fauna there was already similar in the Lower Aeronian, at least at the generic level, to those from the opposite side of the Iapetus Ocean in Wales and the Welsh Borderland (Avalonia) and Norway and other parts of Baltica. The proximity of these and other terranes to each other was the key reason for the relative cosmopolitanism of all lower‐latitude Lower Silurian brachiopod faunas.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s147720190700226x",
    doi = "10.1017/s147720190700226x",
    openalex = "W2000509705",
    references = "doi10108000222935008654081"
}

@article{doi101017s0016756812000337,
    author = "Davies, Jeremy and Waters, R.A. and Molyneux, Stewart G. and Williams, Mark and Zalasiewicz, Jan and Vandenbroucke, Thijs R.A. and Verniers, Jacques",
    title = "A revised sedimentary and biostratigraphical architecture for the Type Llandovery area, Central Wales",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "Abstract The global standard for the Llandovery Series (early Silurian) in central Wales is re-assessed in the light of detailed geological surveying, biostratigraphical sampling and a rigorous examination of published datasets. A new sedimentary and biostratigraphical architecture is presented. Key graptolite, brachiopod, acritarch and, for the first time, chitinozoan assemblages are critically assessed. Upper Hirnantian to Aeronian strata record events that followed the Late Ordovician glacial maximum and comprise a series of progradational sequences bounded by flooding surfaces, but inferred still to be glacioeustatic in origin. Significant faunal renewals associated with many of the flooding levels underpin their potential for international recognition. Compound non-sequences are a feature of proximal parts of the system where erosion associated with fault footwall uplift was an important process. Extensive slump sheets contribute to further stratal loss and displacement in distal facies. A re-assessment of the Aeronian Stage GSSP reveals shortcomings with the biostratigraphical criteria used in its selection. Telychian portions of the succession display the disrupting effects of intra-Wenlock synsedimentary sliding; hence the relevance of key published fossil assemblages and the criteria used to erect the stage GSSP are undermined. However, the Llandovery area remains one of the best studied early Silurian successions in the world. This, together with regional considerations, supports the retention of the series standard in mid Wales where the contiguous deep-water basinal succession affords internationally cited exposure of richly graptolitic facies for the whole series and, significantly, for the post- sedgwickii Biozone interval.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756812000337",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756812000337",
    openalex = "W2166801094",
    references = "doi101144gsljgs1925081010415, temple1985early"
}

@article{doi102307jctv1xx99v918,
    title = "References",
    year = "2012",
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    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/17a06eea0a3b93bfcfca37b92cc65b837ab70e9c",
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}

@article{doi101016jearscirev201602004,
    author = "Davies, Jeremy and Waters, R.A. and Molyneux, Stewart G. and Williams, Mark and Zalasiewicz, Jan and Vandenbroucke, Thijs R.A.",
    title = "Gauging the impact of glacioeustasy on a mid-latitude early Silurian basin margin, mid Wales, UK",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.02.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.02.004",
    openalex = "W2278167438",
    references = "doi101016c20090644421, doi101111j15023931200800136x, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1161648, doi1011270078042120110011, doi101144gsjgs15010141, doi101144gsljgs1925081010415, doi101306bdff8aa6171811d78645000102c1865d, doi101306m26490, doi101306m26490c6, doi1023072412728, temple1985early"
}

@article{cocks2019llandovery,
    author = "Cocks, L. R. M.",
    title = "Llandovery Brachiopods From England and Wales",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02693445.2018.1537165",
    doi = "10.1080/02693445.2018.1537165",
    number = "652",
    openalex = "W2931307180",
    pages = "1-262",
    volume = "172",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev200504001, doi1010179781316225523, doi101017s0016756800092748, doi101038114085a0, doi10108000222934508654774, doi10108000222935008654081, doi101086622567, doi101093nqs5vi146318i, doi101098rstb19960101, doi1011440016764901118, doi101144gsljgs1925081010415, doi1023071483846, doi1023072412728, doi105962bhltitle11559"
}

@article{doi1010800311551820191616111,
    author = "Cocks, L. Robin M. and Jiayu, Rong",
    title = "A global analysis of distribution and endemism within Late Llandovery (Telychian) brachiopods",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Cocks, L.R.M. \& Jiayu, R. 10 July 2019. A global analysis of distribution and endemism within Late Llandovery (Telychian) brachiopods. Alcheringa 43, 406–422. ISSN 0311–5518The genera of brachiopods of early Silurian (late Llandovery: Telychian) age have been critically reviewed and are listed from the major continental areas: South China, Avalonia-Baltica, Laurentia, Siberia and adjacent areas, and Gondwana (including the adjacent Kazakh terranes, Southwest Tien Shan and Iran). All those continents lay within tropical latitudes, apart from the South American sector of Gondwana, which hosted the Clarkeia Fauna, the earliest constituent of the largely high-latitude Devonian Malvinokaffric Province in the southern hemisphere. Additionally, the then northern (today’s southern) part of the Siberian continent, which included parts of Mongolia and North China, was at temperate latitudes in the northern hemisphere so that it hosted the Tuvaella Fauna, which was also dominated by endemic brachiopod genera. Of the 202 genera listed, 50 are endemic to one of the six regions, and a further eight must have lived during Telychian times since they are known from both the underlying Aeronian and the overlying Sheinwoodian.L. Robin M. Cocks [rcocks@nhmacuk], Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Rong Jiayu [jyrong@nigpasaccn], State Key Laboratory, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2019.1616111",
    doi = "10.1080/03115518.2019.1616111",
    openalex = "W2958932715",
    references = "cocks2019llandovery, doi10108000222934508654774, doi10108000222935008654081"
}