@article{crossref1851gigantic,
    title = "Gigantic Bird",
    year = "1851",
    journal = "Scientific American",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican03081851-194a",
    doi = "10.1038/scientificamerican03081851-194a",
    number = "25",
    openalex = "W4245501815",
    pages = "194-194",
    volume = "6"
}

@article{crossref1857a,
    title = "A Gigantic Bird",
    year = "1857",
    journal = "Scientific American",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican05161857-281e",
    doi = "10.1038/scientificamerican05161857-281e",
    number = "36",
    openalex = "W4251526040",
    pages = "281-283",
    volume = "12"
}

@article{marsh1894a,
    author = "Marsh, O. C.",
    title = "A gigantic bird from the Eocene of New Jersey",
    year = "1894",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-48.286.344",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.s3-48.286.344",
    number = "286",
    openalex = "W2323991593",
    pages = "344-344",
    volume = "s3-48"
}

@article{andrews1917ia,
    author = "Andrews, Chas. W.",
    title = "I.—A Gigantic Eocene Bird - The Skeleton of Diatryma, a Gigantic Bird from the Lower Eocene of Wyoming. By W. D. Matthew and Walter Granger. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. xxxvii, pp. 307–26, pls. xx–xxxiii, 1917.",
    year = "1917",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800136398",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756800136398",
    number = "10",
    pages = "469-471",
    volume = "4"
}

@article{crossref1917matthew,
    title = "Matthew and Granger on Diatryma The Skeleton of Diatryma, a Gigantic Bird from the Lower Eocene of Wyoming W. D. Matthew Walter Granger",
    year = "1917",
    journal = "The Auk",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/4072244",
    doi = "10.2307/4072244",
    number = "3",
    pages = "354-355",
    volume = "34"
}

@techreport{matthew1917the4,
    author = "Matthew, W. D. and Granger, W",
    title = "The skeleton of Diatryma, a gigantic bird from the Lower Eocene of Wyoming",
    year = "1917",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 37, p. 307-326",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Matthew, W. D., and Granger, W., 1917, The skeleton of Diatryma, a gigantic bird from the Lower Eocene of Wyoming: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 37, p. 307-326.}"
}

@article{crossref1923cockerell,
    title = "Cockerell on the Plumage of Diatryma The Supposed Plumage of the Eocene Bird Diatryma T. D. A. Cockerell",
    year = "1923",
    journal = "The Auk",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/4074600",
    doi = "10.2307/4074600",
    number = "3",
    pages = "555-555",
    volume = "40"
}

@article{wetmore1930the,
    author = "Wetmore, Alexander",
    title = "The Supposed Plumage of the Eocene Diatryma",
    year = "1930",
    journal = "The Auk",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/4075897",
    doi = "10.2307/4075897",
    number = "4",
    pages = "579-580",
    volume = "47"
}

@article{bradley1948limnology,
    author = "BRADLEY, W. H.",
    title = "LIMNOLOGY AND THE EOCENE LAKES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION",
    year = "1948",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1948)59[635:latelo]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1948)59[635:latelo]2.0.co;2",
    number = "7",
    openalex = "W2030338848",
    pages = "635",
    volume = "59"
}

@techreport{bradley1948limnology1,
    author = "Bradley, W. H",
    title = "Limnology and the Eocene lakes of the Rocky Mountain region",
    year = "1948",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 59, p. 635-648",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bradley, W. H., 1948, Limnology and the Eocene lakes of the Rocky Mountain region: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 59, p. 635-648.}"
}

@techreport{link1982sedimentology3,
    author = "Link, M. H. and Welton, J. E",
    title = "Sedimentology and reservoir potential of Matilija Sandstone",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "an Eocene sand-rich deep-sea fan and shallow marine complex, southern California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, p. 1514-1534",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Link, M. H., and Welton, J. E., 1982, Sedimentology and reservoir potential of Matilija Sandstone: an Eocene sand-rich deep-sea fan and shallow marine complex, southern California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, p. 1514-1534.}"
}

@misc{gingerich1983origin2,
    author = "Gingerich, P. D. and Wells, N. A. and Russell, D. E. and Ibrahim Shah, S. M",
    title = "Origin of whales in epicontinental remnant seas",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "new evidence from the early Eocene of Pakistan: Science, v. 220, p. 403-406",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gingerich, P. D., Wells, N. A., Russell, D. E., and Ibrahim Shah, S. M., 1983, Origin of whales in epicontinental remnant seas: new evidence from the early Eocene of Pakistan: Science, v. 220, p. 403-406.}"
}

@article{witmer1991biomechanics,
    author = "Witmer, Lawrence M. and Rose, Kenneth D.",
    title = "Biomechanics of the jaw apparatus of the gigantic Eocene bird Diatryma: implications for diet and mode of life",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Discovery of several new specimens of the gigantic Eocene ground bird Diatryma gigantea from the Willwood Formation of northwestern Wyoming, has prompted an analysis of its feeding apparatus and an assessment of the mode of life of this unusual bird. Diatryma exhibits many of the features predicted by biomechanical models to occur in animals delivering large dorsoventral bite forces. Similarly, the mandible of Diatryma, which was modeled as a curved beam, appears well equipped to withstand such forces, especially if they were applied asymmetrically. Interpretation of these size-independent biomechanical properties in light of the large absolute skull size of Diatryma suggests a formidable feeding apparatus. The absence of modern analogues complicates the determination of just how this unique skull morphology correlates with diet. Suggestions that Diatryma was an herbivore seem improbable in that they require the postulation of excessively high safety factors in the construction of the skull. The traditional hypothesis of Diatryma as a carnivorous bird accords as well or better with the data at hand. Carnivory raises the probability of “accidental” encounter with bones, thus explaining the high safety factors. In fact, the skull and mandible of Diatryma are so massive that bone crushing may have been an important behavior. Diatryma could have been a scavenger. However, limb allometry and phylogenetic interpretation of limb proportions call into question the picture of Diatryma as a slow, plodding graviportal animal, suggesting that active predation was within its behavioral repertoire.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300010435",
    doi = "10.1017/s0094837300010435",
    number = "2",
    pages = "95-120",
    volume = "17"
}

@article{doi103184175815508x402482,
    author = "Deeming, D. Charles and Birchard, Geoffrey F.",
    title = "Why Were Extinct Gigantic Birds So Small?",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Avian Biology Research",
    abstract = "This review details the six lineages of large flightless birds that evolved in the Late Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary periods of geological time. Estimates of mass for each type of bird suggest that maximal mass is no greater than 500kg with most species attaining only 250–300 kg or less. By contrast, non-avian Archosaurs of the Mesozoic, and many mammal species of the Tertiary, attained great size with many species reaching several tonnes. Size has been limited in flightless birds because of the strength of the eggshell and in the largest species reproduction was only possible if the smaller males incubated. That reproductive characteristics limit mass in flightless birds suggests that truly gigantic non-avian theropods could not contact incubate their eggs and had to rely on environmental sources of heat energy to drive embryonic development. If fossil evidence ever arises to support proper contact incubation in a non-avian theropod then it is predicted that it will only be from a small (<250 kg) species.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3184/175815508x402482",
    doi = "10.3184/175815508x402482",
    openalex = "W2037098714",
    references = "doi1010160166223685901973, doi101017cbo9781139106788, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi101093auk11941210, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi1023071366955, doi105860choice271523, openalexw1525648878, openalexw1550111455, witmer1991biomechanics"
}

@article{doi101111j14754983201201195x,
    author = "Mustoe, George and Tucker, David S. and KEMPLIN, KEITH L.",
    title = "Giant Eocene bird footprints from Northwest Washington, USA",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract. Tridactyl bird footprints preserved in Lower Eocene sandstone of the Chuckanut Formation in Whatcom County, Washington, USA, were made by a species of giant ground bird that walked along the subtropical lowland riverbank. The morphology and age of the tracks suggest the track maker was Diatryma (? = Gastornis). Although these birds have long been considered to be predators or scavengers, the absence of raptor‐like claws supports earlier suggestions that they were herbivores. The Chuckanut tracks are herein named as Rivavipes giganteus ichnogenus and ichnospecies nov., inferred to belong to the extinct family Gastornithidae.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01195.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01195.x",
    openalex = "W2103719364",
    references = "andrews1917ia, doi1010079783030876456, doi101017cbo9780511759994011, doi101017s0022336000029681, doi101017s0094837300019746, doi101111j109636421899tb00019x, doi101130b260731, doi1023071521796, doi104095203244, doi105860choice343307, marsh1894a, witmer1991biomechanics"
}

@article{doi101080104209402012759953,
    author = "Mustoe, George and Hopkins, Donald Q.",
    title = "Mammal and Bird Tracks from the Eocene Puget Group, Northwest Washington, USA",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Ichnos/Ichnos : an international journal for plant and animal traces",
    abstract = "In 1997, coal extraction at the John Henry Mine in western King County, Washington, USA, exposed bedding planes in Eocene sandstone that contained numerous bird and mammal tracks. By the time scientists arrived at the site several months later, the track-bearing surfaces had mostly been obliterated by landslides. Several track specimens were collected but not curated, described, or studied. In 2011, the specimens were found in a storage room at the University of Washington Burke Museum of History and Culture, triggering an investigation that yielded many photographs of the fossil site taken at the time of the 1997 discovery. Perissodactyl mammal tracks are named herein as Oplidcatylapes eocenica ichnogenus and ichnospecies nov. Photographs also show a trackway containing eight footprints that have prominent claw impressions. These tracks are inferred to have been made by a creodont, but because of the absence of specimens or track casts to serve as holotypes, ichnotaxonomic names have not been assigned.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2012.759953",
    doi = "10.1080/10420940.2012.759953",
    openalex = "W2022206946",
    references = "doi101111j14754983201201195x"
}

@article{doi101038srep20912,
    author = "Stidham, Thomas A. and Eberle, Jaelyn J.",
    title = "The palaeobiology of high latitude birds from the early Eocene greenhouse of Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Fossils attributable to the extinct waterfowl clade Presbyornithidae and the large flightless Gastornithidae from the early Eocene (\textasciitilde 52-53 Ma) of Ellesmere Island, in northernmost Canada are the oldest Cenozoic avian fossils from the Arctic. Except for its slightly larger size, the Arctic presbyornithid humerus is not distinguishable from fossils of Presbyornis pervetus from the western United States, and the Gastornis phalanx is within the known size range of mid-latitude individuals. The occurrence of Presbyornis above the Arctic Circle in the Eocene could be the result of annual migration like that of its living duck and geese relatives, or it may have been a year-round resident similar to some Eocene mammals on Ellesmere and some extant species of sea ducks. Gastornis, along with some of the mammalian and reptilian members of the Eocene Arctic fauna, likely over-wintered in the Arctic. Despite the milder (above freezing) Eocene climate on Ellesmere Island, prolonged periods of darkness occurred during the winter. Presence of these extinct birds at both mid and high latitudes on the northern continents provides evidence that future increases in climatic warming (closer to Eocene levels) could lead to the establishment of new migratory or resident populations within the Arctic Circle.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20912",
    doi = "10.1038/srep20912",
    openalex = "W2428851403",
    references = "marsh1894a"
}

@misc{horn2017lakes,
    author = "Horn, Sally P.",
    title = "Lakes and Limnology",
    year = "2017",
    booktitle = "International Encyclopedia of Geography",
    abstract = "Lakes are bodies of water that occupy depressions in the land surface created by natural geomorphic or biological processes, or by human activity. They are the focus of the field of limnology, which is the study of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of all inland waters, including fresh and saline lakes, streams, and wetlands, and of paleolimnology, which investigates lake sediments as archives of information on past climates and environments. Lakes contain less than 0.5\% of all fresh water on Earth, but are significant for human wellbeing as sources of water, food, and economic and recreational activities, and as avenues for transport. They also contribute to biological diversity, supporting both aquatic and terrestrial biota, and may serve as sentinels of future climate and ecosystem change, just as their accumulated bottom sediments provide evidence of past changes in climates and environments resulting from natural processes and anthropogenic activities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0105",
    doi = "10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0105",
    openalex = "W2900505776",
    pages = "1-8",
    references = "doi10100797836428513221, doi101093oso97801951335300010001, doi1021900jinhsv15303, doi104319lo20065152388, doi104319lo2009546part22273, doi105281zenodo18167309"
}