@misc{strachan1911encyclopedia8,
    author = "Strachan, J",
    title = "Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics",
    year = "1911",
    howpublished = "New York, Scribner's \& Sons, v. 4",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Strachan, J., 1911, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics: New York, Scribner's \& Sons, v. 4.}"
}

@misc{waddington1960the9,
    author = "Waddington, C. H",
    title = "The Ethical Animal",
    year = "1960",
    howpublished = "London, Allen and Unwin, 231 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Waddington, C. H., 1960, The Ethical Animal: London, Allen and Unwin, 231 p.}"
}

@incollection{crossref1969contemporary,
    title = "Contemporary World-Situation and Ethical Humanism",
    year = "1969",
    booktitle = "Akten des XIV. Internationalen Kongresses für Philosophie",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5840/wcp1419694135",
    doi = "10.5840/wcp1419694135",
    openalex = "W4214617432",
    pages = "49-54"
}

@misc{feigl1969ethics4,
    author = "Feigl, H",
    title = "Ethics, Religion, and Scientific Humanism, in Kurtz, P., ed., Moral Problems in Contemporary Society",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "Essays in Humanistic Ethics: Buffalo, New York, Prometheus Books, p. 48-64",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Feigl, H., 1969, Ethics, Religion, and Scientific Humanism, in Kurtz, P., ed., Moral Problems in Contemporary Society: Essays in Humanistic Ethics: Buffalo, New York, Prometheus Books, p. 48-64.}"
}

@misc{kurtz1969moral6,
    author = "Kurtz, P",
    title = "Moral Problems in Contemporary Society",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "Essays in Humanistic Ethics: Buffalo, New York, Prometheus Books, 301 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kurtz, P., 1969, Moral Problems in Contemporary Society: Essays in Humanistic Ethics: Buffalo, New York, Prometheus Books, 301 p.}"
}

@book{ezorsky1972the3,
    author = "Ezorsky, G",
    title = "The Ethics of Punishment, in Ezorsky, G., ed., Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment",
    year = "1972",
    publisher = "Albany, State University of New York Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ezorsky, G., 1972, The Ethics of Punishment, in Ezorsky, G., ed., Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment: Albany, State University of New York Press.}"
}

@misc{ericson1973ethical2,
    author = "Ericson, E. L",
    title = "Ethical Humanism, in Kurtz, P., ed., The Humanist Alternative",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Buffalo, New York, Prometheus Books, p. 56-57",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ericson, E. L., 1973, Ethical Humanism, in Kurtz, P., ed., The Humanist Alternative: Buffalo, New York, Prometheus Books, p. 56-57.}"
}

@book{openalexw2111964893,
    author = "Rokeach, Milton",
    title = "The nature of human values",
    year = "1973",
    openalex = "W2111964893"
}

@misc{ayala1977philosophical1,
    author = "Ayala, F. J",
    title = "Philosophical Issues, in Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., and Valentine, J. W., eds., Evolution",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "San Francisco, California, W.H. Freeman \& Co., p. 474-516",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ayala, F. J., 1977, Philosophical Issues, in Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., and Valentine, J. W., eds., Evolution: San Francisco, California, W.H. Freeman \& Co., p. 474-516.}"
}

@article{doi102307412850,
    author = "Kronenfeld, David B.",
    title = "Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: an inquiry into human knowledge structures. By Roger C. Schank and Robert P. Abelson. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1977. Pp. 248.",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Language",
    abstract = "For both people and machines, each in their own way, there is a serious problem in common of making sense out of what they hear, see, or are told about the world. The conceptual apparatus necessary to perform even a partial feat of understanding is formidable and fascinating. Our analysis of this apparatus is what this book is about. Roger C. Schank and Robert P. Abelson from the Introduction (http://www.psypress.com/scripts-plans-goals-and-understanding-9780898591385)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/412850",
    doi = "10.2307/412850",
    openalex = "W2335559472"
}

@inproceedings{fried1978biology5,
    author = "Fried, C",
    title = "Biology and Ethics",
    year = "1978",
    booktitle = "Normative Implications, in Stent, G. S., ed., Morality as a Biological Phenomenon: Berlin, Abakon Verlagsgesellschaft, p. 209-220; Report of the Dahlem Workshop, Berlin, 1977",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fried, C., 1978, Biology and Ethics: Normative Implications, in Stent, G. S., ed., Morality as a Biological Phenomenon: Berlin, Abakon Verlagsgesellschaft, p. 209-220; Report of the Dahlem Workshop, Berlin, 1977.}"
}

@inproceedings{nagel1978ethics7,
    author = "Nagel, T",
    title = "Ethics as an Autonomous Theoretical Subject, in Stent, G. S., ed., Morality as a Biological Phenomena",
    year = "1978",
    booktitle = "Berlin, Abakon Verlagsgesellschaft, p. 221-232; Report of the Dahlem Workshop, Berlin, 1977",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nagel, T., 1978, Ethics as an Autonomous Theoretical Subject, in Stent, G. S., ed., Morality as a Biological Phenomena: Berlin, Abakon Verlagsgesellschaft, p. 221-232; Report of the Dahlem Workshop, Berlin, 1977.}"
}

@article{doi1023071421499,
    author = "Hunt, Earl and Schank, Roger C. and Abelson, Robert P.",
    title = "Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "The American Journal of Psychology",
    abstract = "For both people and machines, each in their own way, there is a serious problem in common of making sense out of what they hear, see, or are told about the world. The conceptual apparatus necessary to perform even a partial feat of understanding is formidable and fascinating. Our analysis of this apparatus is what this book is about. —Roger C. Schank and Robert P. Abelson from the Introduction (http://www.psypress.com/scripts-plans-goals-and-understanding-9780898591385)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1421499",
    doi = "10.2307/1421499",
    openalex = "W2000900121"
}

@book{doi1010079781489922717,
    author = "Deci, Edward L. and Ryan, Richard M.",
    title = "Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior",
    year = "1985",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7",
    doi = "10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7",
    openalex = "W2052729098"
}

@article{doi1023071903699,
    author = "Rosenberg, Charles E. and Kevles, Daniel J.",
    title = "In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Journal of American History",
    abstract = "Journal Article In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity. By Daniel J. Kevles. (New York: Knopf, 1985. x + 426 pp. Notes, essay on sources, and index. $22.95.) Get access Charles E. Rosenberg Charles E. Rosenberg University of Pennsylvania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 73, Issue 1, June 1986, Pages 232–233, https://doi.org/10.2307/1903699 Published: 01 June 1986",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1903699",
    doi = "10.2307/1903699",
    openalex = "W2128045313"
}

@article{doi102307369028,
    author = "Shea, Christine M. and Kevles, Daniel J.",
    title = "In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "History of Education Quarterly",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/369028",
    doi = "10.2307/369028",
    openalex = "W4289257424"
}

@article{górskí1991paul,
    author = "Górskí, Eugeniusz",
    title = "Paul Kurtz, Forbidden Fruit: The Ethics of Humanism",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Dialogue and Humanism",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5840/dh19911241",
    doi = "10.5840/dh19911241",
    number = "2",
    pages = "199-202",
    volume = "1"
}

@book{openalexw1573455519,
    author = "Annas, George J. and Grodin, Michael A.",
    title = "The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code Human Rights in Human Experimentation",
    year = "1992",
    booktitle = "Oxford University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "The atrocities committed by Nazi physicians and researchers during World War II prompted the development of the Nuremberg Code to define the ethics of modern medical experimentation utilizing human subjects. Since its enunciation, the Code has been viewed as one of the cornerstones of modern bioethical thought. The sources and ramifications of this important document are thoroughly discussed in this book by a distinguished roster of contemporary professionals from the fields of history, philosophy, medicine, and law. Contributors also include the chief prosecutor of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal and a moving account by a survivor of the Mengele Twin Experiments. The book sheds light on keenly debated issues of both science and jurisprudence, including the ethics of human experimentation; the doctrine of informed consent; and the Code's impact on today's international human rights agenda. The historical setting of the Code's creation, some modern parallels, and the current attitude of German physicians toward the crimes of the Nazi era, are discussed in early chapters. The book progresses to a powerful account of the Doctors' Trial at Nuremberg, its resulting verdict, and the Code's development. The Code's contemporary influence on both American and international law is examined in its historical context and discussed in terms of its universality: are the foundational ethics of the Code as valid today as when it was originally penned? The editors conclude with a chapter on foreseeable future developments and a proposal for an international covenant on human experimentation enforced by an international court. A major work in medical law and ethics, this volume provides stimulating, provocative reading for physicians, legal professionals, bioethicists, historians, biomedical researchers, and concerned laypersons.",
    openalex = "W1573455519"
}

@article{doi101001jama199303500090104044,
    author = "Nelkin, Dorothy",
    title = "The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "JAMA",
    abstract = {The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code, an excellent and well-organized reader edited by George Annas and Michael Grodin, is about the "Doctors' Trial," convened to examine the gross abuses in human experimentation in Nazi Germany. From this trial emerged the Nuremberg Code, intended to establish the boundaries of research ethics and to set the agenda for future discussions of the ethical and legal issues involved in the conduct of human experimentation. The essays in this volume, by historians, philosophers, lawyers, and medical researchers, address the meaning of the Code and its impact—on American and international law, on current medical research practices and policies, and on ethical perspectives. The authors vary in their interpretations, reflecting continued disagreement over the actual influence of this Code, the meaning of such principles as informed consent, and the relevance of its guidelines in the context of current medical research and the urgency of problems},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03500090104044",
    doi = "10.1001/jama.1993.03500090104044",
    openalex = "W2089855890"
}

@article{doi101111j154045601994tb01196x,
    author = "Schwartz, Shalom H.",
    title = "Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values?",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Journal of Social Issues",
    abstract = "This article presents a theory of potentially universal aspects in the content of human values. Ten types of values are distinguished by their motivational goals. The theory also postulates a structure of relations among the value types, based on the conflicts and compatibilities experienced when pursuing them. This structure permits one to relate systems of value priorities, as an integrated whole, to other variables. A new values instrument, based on the theory and suitable for cross‐cultural research, is described. Evidence relevant for assessing the theory, from 97 samples in 44 countries, is summarized. Relations of this approach to Rokeach's work on values and to other theories and research on value dimensions are discussed. Application of the approach to social issues is exemplified in the domains of politics and intergroup relations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x",
    openalex = "W2056775433",
    references = "doi101016s0065260122x00026"
}

@book{doi10103710370000,
    author = "Geary, David C.",
    title = "Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences.",
    year = "1998",
    booktitle = "American Psychological Association eBooks",
    abstract = {"Why do girls tend to earn better grades in school than boys? Why are men still far more likely than women to earn degrees in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics? And why are men on average more likely than women to be injured in accidents and fights? These and many other questions are the subject of both informal investigation in the media and formal investigation in academic and scientific circles. In his landmark book Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences (see record 2000-07043-000), author David C. Geary provided the first comprehensive evolutionary model to explain human sex differences. Now, over 10 years since the first edition, Geary has completed a massive update, expansion, and theoretical revision of his classic text. New findings in brain and genetic research inform a wealth of new material, including a new chapter on sex differences in patterns of life history development; expanded coverage of genetic research (e.g., DNA fingerprinting to determine paternity as related to male-male competition in primates); fatherhood in humans; cross-cultural patterns of sex differences in choosing and competing for mates; and genetic, hormonal, and sociocultural influences on the expression of sex differences. Finally, through his motivation to control framework, Geary presents a theoretical bridge linking parenting, mate choices, and competition with children's development and sex differences in brain and cognition. The result is a lively and nuanced application of Darwin's insight to help explain our heritage and our place in the natural world"--Jacket. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1037/10370-000",
    doi = "10.1037/10370-000",
    openalex = "W1981402013",
    references = "doi1010160162309579900049, doi101016b9780122089305500064, doi101016s0070215321x00026, doi101017s0140525x00029939, doi101017s0140525x98001228, doi101038336435a0, doi101038350033a0, doi101073pnas87166349, doi101073pnas8793566, doi101086284064, doi101098rspb19790081, doi101126science2114480341, doi1023073544435, doi105860choice310304, openalexw1515814298, openalexw595961698"
}

@book{doi10172269728,
    author = "of Medicine, Institute",
    title = "To Err Is Human",
    year = "2000",
    booktitle = "National Academies Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Boken presenterer en helhetlig strategi for hvordan myndigheter, helsepersonell, industri og forbrukere kan redusere medisinske feil.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.17226/9728",
    doi = "10.17226/9728",
    openalex = "W2166858912",
    references = "doi1010970000565020000300000003"
}

@article{doi1011770022022101032005001,
    author = "Schwartz, Shalom H. and Melech, Gila and Lehmann, Arielle and Burgess, Steven M. and Harris, Mari and Owens, Vicki",
    title = "Extending the Cross-Cultural Validity of the Theory of Basic Human Values with a Different Method of Measurement",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology",
    abstract = "Several studies demonstrate that Schwartz’s (1992) theory of human values is valid in cultures previously beyond its range. We measured the 10 value constructs in the theory with the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ), a new and less abstract method. Analyses in representative samples in South Africa (n = 3,210) and Italy (n = 5,867) and in samples of 13- to 14-year-old Ugandan girls (n = 840) yielded structures of relations among values similar to the theoretical prototype. In an Israeli student sample (n = 200), the values exhibited convergent and discriminant validity when measured with the PVQ and with the standard value survey. Predicted relations of value priorities with a set of 10 background, personality, attitude, and behavioral variables in the four samples supported the construct validity of the values theory with an alternative method of measurement.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032005001",
    doi = "10.1177/0022022101032005001",
    openalex = "W2153900863",
    references = "doi1011770022022101032003002"
}

@article{doi101038ng917,
    author = "Kong, Augustine and Guðbjartsson, Daníel F. and Sainz, Jesús and Jonsdottir, G.M. and Guðjónsson, Sigurjón A. and Richardsson, Bjorgvin and Sigurðardóttir, Sigrún and Barnard, John and Hallbeck, Björn and Másson, Gísli and Shlien, Adam and Palsson, Stefan and Frigge, Michael L. and Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E. and Gulcher, Jeffrey R. and Stefánsson, Kāri",
    title = "A high-resolution recombination map of the human genome",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Nature Genetics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/ng917",
    doi = "10.1038/ng917",
    openalex = "W2104743461",
    references = "doi1043249780203509104"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511790881,
    author = "Inglehart, Ronald and Welzel, Christian",
    title = "Modernization, cultural change, and democracy the human development sequence",
    year = "2005",
    abstract = "This book demonstrates that people's basic values and beliefs are changing, in ways that affect their political, sexual, economic, and religious behaviour. These changes are roughly predictable: to a large extent, they can be interpreted on the basis of a revised version of modernisation theory presented here. Drawing on a massive body of evidence from societies containing 85 percent of the world's population, the authors demonstrate that modernisation is a process of human development, in which economic development gives rise to cultural changes that make individual autonomy, gender equality, and democracy increasingly likely. The authors present a model of social change that predicts how the value systems play a crucial role in the emergence and flourishing of democratic institutions - and that modernisation brings coherent cultural changes that are conducive to democratisation",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511790881",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511790881",
    openalex = "W113511247",
    references = "doi101016s109051389800018x, doi1015159781503621534, doi1023072092889, doi1023072104331, doi1023072332835, openalexw1659631989"
}

@article{doi101038nrg1505,
    author = "Knoppers, Bartha Maria and Chadwick, Ruth",
    title = "Human genetic research: emerging trends in ethics",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Nature Reviews Genetics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1505",
    doi = "10.1038/nrg1505",
    openalex = "W2116680047",
    references = "doi101016s0277953603002569, doi101017cbo9780511806940, doi101136bmj3197207441"
}

@article{doi101146annurevneuro27070203144216,
    author = "Pascual‐Leone, Álvaro and Amedi, Amir and Fregni, Felipe and Merabet, Lotfi B.",
    title = "THE PLASTIC HUMAN BRAIN CORTEX",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Annual Review of Neuroscience",
    abstract = "Plasticity is an intrinsic property of the human brain and represents evolution's invention to enable the nervous system to escape the restrictions of its own genome and thus adapt to environmental pressures, physiologic changes, and experiences. Dynamic shifts in the strength of preexisting connections across distributed neural networks, changes in task-related cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical coherence and modifications of the mapping between behavior and neural activity take place in response to changes in afferent input or efferent demand. Such rapid, ongoing changes may be followed by the establishment of new connections through dendritic growth and arborization. However, they harbor the danger that the evolving pattern of neural activation may in itself lead to abnormal behavior. Plasticity is the mechanism for development and learning, as much as a cause of pathology. The challenge we face is to learn enough about the mechanisms of plasticity to modulate them to achieve the best behavioral outcome for a given subject.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144216",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144216",
    openalex = "W2130844101"
}

@article{doi101111j14697580200600546x,
    author = "Eckstein, F. and Hudelmaier, M. and Putz, Reinhard",
    title = "The effects of exercise on human articular cartilage",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Journal of Anatomy",
    abstract = "The effects of exercise on articular hyaline articular cartilage have traditionally been examined in animal models, but until recently little information has been available on human cartilage. Magnetic resonance imaging now permits cartilage morphology and composition to be analysed quantitatively in vivo. This review briefly describes the methodological background of quantitative cartilage imaging and summarizes work on short-term (deformational behaviour) and long-term (functional adaptation) effects of exercise on human articular cartilage. Current findings suggest that human cartilage deforms very little in vivo during physiological activities and recovers from deformation within 90 min after loading. Whereas cartilage deformation appears to become less with increasing age, sex and physical training status do not seem to affect in vivo deformational behaviour. There is now good evidence that cartilage undergoes some type of atrophy (thinning) under reduced loading conditions, such as with postoperative immobilization and paraplegia. However, increased loading (as encountered by elite athletes) does not appear to be associated with increased average cartilage thickness. Findings in twins, however, suggest a strong genetic contribution to cartilage morphology. Potential reasons for the inability of cartilage to adapt to mechanical stimuli include a lack of evolutionary pressure and a decoupling of mechanical competence and tissue mass.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00546.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00546.x",
    openalex = "W2038928203",
    references = "doi1043249780203509104"
}

@article{doi1011861472693972,
    author = "O’Mathúna, Dónal P",
    title = "Human dignity in the Nazi era: implications for contemporary bioethics",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "BMC Medical Ethics",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: The justification for Nazi programs involving involuntary euthanasia, forced sterilisation, eugenics and human experimentation were strongly influenced by views about human dignity. The historical development of these views should be examined today because discussions of human worth and value are integral to medical ethics and bioethics. We should learn lessons from how human dignity came to be so distorted to avoid repetition of similar distortions. DISCUSSION: Social Darwinism was foremost amongst the philosophies impacting views of human dignity in the decades leading up to Nazi power in Germany. Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory was quickly applied to human beings and social structure. The term 'survival of the fittest' was coined and seen to be applicable to humans. Belief in the inherent dignity of all humans was rejected by social Darwinists. Influential authors of the day proclaimed that an individual's worth and value were to be determined functionally and materialistically. The popularity of such views ideologically prepared German doctors and nurses to accept Nazi social policies promoting survival of only the fittest humans.A historical survey reveals five general presuppositions that strongly impacted medical ethics in the Nazi era. These same five beliefs are being promoted in different ways in contemporary bioethical discourse. Ethical controversies surrounding human embryos revolve around determinations of their moral status. Economic pressures force individuals and societies to examine whether some people's lives are no longer worth living. Human dignity is again being seen as a relative trait found in certain humans, not something inherent. These views strongly impact what is taken to be acceptable within medical ethics. SUMMARY: Five beliefs central to social Darwinism will be examined in light of their influence on current discussions in medical ethics and bioethics. Acceptance of these during the Nazi era proved destructive to many humans. Their widespread acceptance today would similarly lead to much human death and suffering. A different ethic is needed which views human dignity as inherent to all human individuals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-7-2",
    doi = "10.1186/1472-6939-7-2",
    openalex = "W2144847118",
    references = "doi101001jama199303500090104044, doi101017cbo9780511558481, doi101017cbo9780511806940, doi10230725149199, doi1043249780203509104, doi10432497813152625292, openalexw1515814298, openalexw1573455519, openalexw2624262714"
}

@article{doi10230720031996,
    author = "Mead, Walter Russell and Kurzweil, Ray",
    title = "The Singularity Is near: When Humans Transcend Biology",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Foreign Affairs",
    abstract = "A radical and optimistic view of future course of human development from Ray Kurzweil, whom Bill Gates calls the best person I know at predicting future of artificial intelligence.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/20031996",
    doi = "10.2307/20031996",
    openalex = "W2169558102"
}

@article{openalexw1555328317,
    author = "Levinson, Martin H.",
    title = "Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "et Cetera",
    openalex = "W1555328317"
}

@article{doi101038nature06244,
    author = "Turnbaugh, Peter J. and Ley, Ruth E. and Hamady, Micah and Fraser, Claire M. and Knight, Rob and Gordon, Jeffrey I.",
    title = "The Human Microbiome Project",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Nature",
    abstract = "A strategy to understand the microbial components of the human genetic and metabolic landscape and how they contribute to normal physiology and predisposition to disease.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06244",
    doi = "10.1038/nature06244",
    openalex = "W2131186249",
    references = "doi1010384441022a, doi101073pnas0407076101, doi101126science1093857, doi1015159781400881376"
}

@article{doi101016jfoodchem200911052,
    author = "Kumar, Vikas and Sinha, Amit Kumar and Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, Klaus",
    title = "Dietary roles of phytate and phytase in human nutrition: A review",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Food Chemistry",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.052",
    doi = "10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.052",
    openalex = "W2162306203"
}

@article{doi10108013569770802674188,
    author = "Kollman, Kelly and Waites, Matthew",
    title = "The global politics of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender human rights: an introduction",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Contemporary Politics",
    abstract = "This introduction provides a brief overview of key political developments in global lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) organizing and advocacy over the past three decades as well as a summary of recent academic research and debates on these issues in politics, sociology and other disciplines. It introduces the three questions addressed by the volume's subsequent contributions: (1) How can recent global developments related to LGBT human rights advocacy and organizing be explained by political and sociological theories? (2) What is at stake in focusing on 'human rights' rather than concepts such as 'equality', 'justice', 'liberation', 'self-determination' and/or 'queer politics'? (3) How do transnational human rights networks and global norms of LGBT rights affect domestic politics in both the global North and global South? The article pays particular attention to the 'human rights turn' of the LGBT movements in the early 1990s and the political successes and failures that have ensued. Finally, it summarizes the main findings of the volume's contributions and how they relate to the questions raised in this introduction.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/13569770802674188",
    doi = "10.1080/13569770802674188",
    openalex = "W1968766965",
    references = "doi1075919780801467493"
}

@article{doi101126science1177486,
    author = "Costello, Elizabeth K. and Lauber, Christian L. and Hamady, Micah and Fierer, Noah and Gordon, Jeffrey I. and Knight, Rob",
    title = "Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Elucidating the biogeography of bacterial communities on the human body is critical for establishing healthy baselines from which to detect differences associated with diseases. To obtain an integrated view of the spatial and temporal distribution of the human microbiota, we surveyed bacteria from up to 27 sites in seven to nine healthy adults on four occasions. We found that community composition was determined primarily by body habitat. Within habitats, interpersonal variability was high, whereas individuals exhibited minimal temporal variability. Several skin locations harbored more diverse communities than the gut and mouth, and skin locations differed in their community assembly patterns. These results indicate that our microbiota, although personalized, varies systematically across body habitats and time; such trends may ultimately reveal how microbiome changes cause or prevent disease.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1177486",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1177486",
    openalex = "W1989889539",
    references = "doi101038nrmicro1341"
}

@article{doi10584020099346,
    author = "Benestad, J. Brian",
    title = "Human Dignity and Bioethics: Essays Commissioned by the President’s Council on Bioethics",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly",
    abstract = "W hile most of the art world turned to abstraction towards the middle of the twentieth century, Philadelphia-born Alice Neel (1900-1984) courageously chose to remain a figure painter.Occasionally she painted the rich and famous-artists, playwrights, scientists, even a papal nuncio-but mostly her subjects were the unnoticed, the overlooked, the difficult.They were her neighbors in Spanish Harlem: stay-at-home mothers, pregnant mothers, door-to-door salesmen, restaurant workers, tradesmen.Nor did she shy away from those most would rather not confront-a dying, querulous old woman, a middle-aged man in the late stages of cancer, a young man ravaged by tuberculosis.But whether her subjects are young, old, famous, unknown, nude or clothed, Neel's gift was to reveal their common denominator: an ineffable, undefinable, invisible human quality we call dignity.T. B. Harlem, completed in 1940, is one of the most well-known of Neel's paintings.Gaunt and resigned, the subject could have been a young man dying on a battlefield of World War II pinned with a medal of honor.Instead he is a young man in a Harlem hospital fighting an all too prevalent disease to the death.His badge of honor covers the wound of thoracoplasty, or surgically induced lung collapse, then a radical treatment of last resort for tuberculosis.Neel also accurately portrays the side-effects of both the treatment and the disease: owing to the loss of several ribs on the affected side, compensatory thoracic and cervical curvatures of the spine pull it into the opposite directions of an S-curve.Atrophied muscles of the arms and hands and the lax abdominal muscles suggest that the battle has been a long one; the atrophy is the result of disuse, the protuberant abdomen indicative of a long-standing lack of proper nutrition.But Neel's painting is not a medical treatise on tuberculosis.It is rather an eloquent essay on the inherent dignity of human beings that exists quite independently of exterior circumstances.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5840/20099346",
    doi = "10.5840/20099346",
    openalex = "W2333617604",
    references = "doi101017s0140525x05000129, doi101038427311a, doi101073pnas070039597, doi101126science2705234305, doi101146annurevneuro27070203144216, doi1011861472693972, doi10230720031996, doi1023072063899, doi1023072621505, doi102307jctv19fvzzk20, openalexw1555328317, openalexw2498297308"
}

@article{doi10108015265161003728795,
    author = "Jotterand, Fabrice",
    title = "Human Dignity and Transhumanism: Do Anthro-Technological Devices Have Moral Status?",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "The American Journal of Bioethics",
    abstract = {In this paper, I focus on the concept of human dignity and critically assess whether such a concept, as used in the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, is indeed a useful tool for bioethical debates. However, I consider this concept within the context of the development of emerging technologies, that is, with a particular focus on transhumanism. The question I address is not whether attaching artificial limbs or enhancing particular traits or capacities would dehumanize or undignify persons but whether nonbiological entities introduced into or attached to the human body contribute to the "augmentation" of human dignity. First, I outline briefly how the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights uses the concept of dignity. Second, I look at the possibility of a universal bioethics in relation to the concept of human dignity. Third, I examine the concept of posthuman dignity and whether the concept of human dignity as construed in the declaration has any relevance to posthuman dignity.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161003728795",
    doi = "10.1080/15265161003728795",
    openalex = "W2126200898",
    references = "doi10584020099346"
}

@article{doi101093databasebaq013,
    author = "Chen, T. and Yu, Wen‐Han and Izard, Jacques and Baranova, O. V. and Lakshmanan, A. and Dewhirst, Floyd E.",
    title = "The Human Oral Microbiome Database: a web accessible resource for investigating oral microbe taxonomic and genomic information",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Database",
    abstract = "The human oral microbiome is the most studied human microflora, but 53\% of the species have not yet been validly named and 35\% remain uncultivated. The uncultivated taxa are known primarily from 16S rRNA sequence information. Sequence information tied solely to obscure isolate or clone numbers, and usually lacking accurate phylogenetic placement, is a major impediment to working with human oral microbiome data. The goal of creating the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD) is to provide the scientific community with a body site-specific comprehensive database for the more than 600 prokaryote species that are present in the human oral cavity based on a curated 16S rRNA gene-based provisional naming scheme. Currently, two primary types of information are provided in HOMD--taxonomic and genomic. Named oral species and taxa identified from 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of oral isolates and cloning studies were placed into defined 16S rRNA phylotypes and each given unique Human Oral Taxon (HOT) number. The HOT interlinks phenotypic, phylogenetic, genomic, clinical and bibliographic information for each taxon. A BLAST search tool is provided to match user 16S rRNA gene sequences to a curated, full length, 16S rRNA gene reference data set. For genomic analysis, HOMD provides comprehensive set of analysis tools and maintains frequently updated annotations for all the human oral microbial genomes that have been sequenced and publicly released. Oral bacterial genome sequences, determined as part of the Human Microbiome Project, are being added to the HOMD as they become available. We provide HOMD as a conceptual model for the presentation of microbiome data for other human body sites. Database URL: http://www.homd.org.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baq013",
    doi = "10.1093/database/baq013",
    openalex = "W2115699469"
}

@article{doi101128jb0054210,
    author = "Dewhirst, Floyd E. and Chen, Tuste and Izard, Jacques and Paster, Bruce J. and Tanner, A. C. R. and Yu, Wen‐Han and Lakshmanan, Abirami and Wade, William G.",
    title = "The Human Oral Microbiome",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Journal of Bacteriology",
    abstract = "The human oral cavity contains a number of different habitats, including the teeth, gingival sulcus, tongue, cheeks, hard and soft palates, and tonsils, which are colonized by bacteria. The oral microbiome is comprised of over 600 prevalent taxa at the species level, with distinct subsets predominating at different habitats. The oral microbiome has been extensively characterized by cultivation and culture-independent molecular methods such as 16S rRNA cloning. Unfortunately, the vast majority of unnamed oral taxa are referenced by clone numbers or 16S rRNA GenBank accession numbers, often without taxonomic anchors. The first aim of this research was to collect 16S rRNA gene sequences into a curated phylogeny-based database, the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD), and make it web accessible (www.homd.org). The HOMD includes 619 taxa in 13 phyla, as follows: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chlamydiae, Chloroflexi, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, SR1, Synergistetes, Tenericutes, and TM7. The second aim was to analyze 36,043 16S rRNA gene clones isolated from studies of the oral microbiota to determine the relative abundance of taxa and identify novel candidate taxa. The analysis identified 1,179 taxa, of which 24\% were named, 8\% were cultivated but unnamed, and 68\% were uncultivated phylotypes. Upon validation, 434 novel, nonsingleton taxa will be added to the HOMD. The number of taxa needed to account for 90\%, 95\%, or 99\% of the clones examined is 259, 413, and 875, respectively. The HOMD is the first curated description of a human-associated microbiome and provides tools for use in understanding the role of the microbiome in health and disease.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00542-10",
    doi = "10.1128/jb.00542-10",
    openalex = "W2121748291",
    references = "doi101093molbevmsm092, doi1073260003481911253913"
}

@article{doi105860choice473727,
    title = "Race, empire, and the idea of human development",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "In an exciting study of ideas accompanying the rise of the West, Thomas McCarthy analyzes the ideologies of race and empire that were integral to European-American expansion. He highlights the central role that conceptions of human development (civilization, progress, modernization, and the like) played in answering challenges to legitimacy through a hierarchical ordering of difference. Focusing on Kant and natural history in the eighteenth century, Mill and social Darwinism in the nineteenth, and theories of development and modernization in the twentieth, he proposes a critical theory of development which can counter contemporary neoracism and neoimperialism, and can accommodate the multiple modernities now taking shape. Offering an unusual perspective on the past and present of our globalizing world, this book will appeal to scholars and advanced students of philosophy, political theory, the history of ideas, racial and ethnic studies, social theory, and cultural studies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.47-3727",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.47-3727",
    openalex = "W594137032",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511558481"
}

@article{doi101109jproc20112173265,
    author = "Arkin, Ronald C. and Ulam, Patrick and Wagner, Alan R.",
    title = "Moral Decision Making in Autonomous Systems: Enforcement, Moral Emotions, Dignity, Trust, and Deception",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Proceedings of the IEEE",
    abstract = "As humans are being progressively pushed further downstream in the decision-making process of autonomous systems, the need arises to ensure that moral standards, however defined, are adhered to by these robotic artifacts. While meaningful inroads have been made in this area regarding the use of ethical lethal military robots, including work by our laboratory, these needs transcend the warfighting domain and are pervasive, extending to eldercare, robot nannies, and other forms of service and entertainment robotic platforms. This paper presents an overview of the spectrum and specter of ethical issues raised by the advent of these systems, and various technical results obtained to date by our research group, geared towards managing ethical behavior in autonomous robots in relation to humanity. This includes: 1) the use of an ethical governor capable of restricting robotic behavior to predefined social norms; 2) an ethical adaptor which draws upon the moral emotions to allow a system to constructively and proactively modify its behavior based on the consequences of its actions; 3) the development of models of robotic trust in humans and its dual, deception, drawing on psychological models of interdependence theory; and 4) concluding with an approach towards the maintenance of dignity in human-robot relationships.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2011.2173265",
    doi = "10.1109/jproc.2011.2173265",
    openalex = "W1969004079"
}

@article{doi101007bf03391660,
    author = "Lindert, Jutta and Stein, Yael and Guggenheim, Hans and Jaakkola, Jouni J. K. and Strous, Rael D.",
    title = "How Ethics Failed — The Role of Psychiatrists and Physicians in Nazi Programs from Exclusion to Extermination, 1933–1945",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Public health reviews",
    abstract = "Background: Disregard of Hippocratic medical ethics by major leaders in the Public Health establishment and the leadership role played by physicians during the Nazi era in Germany (1933–1945) pose continuing challenges for later generations to investigate and disclose. Aims: We review the history of evolution from humiliation of mental patients, other ill and disabled individuals and targeted ethnic groups to humiliation, sterilization, and “involuntary euthanasia” (a euphemism for medical murder). We focus on the role played by psychiatrists and neurologists during the Nazi period in Germany; we discuss the ethical norms of universal dignity, compassion and responsibility and we propose concrete steps to prevent recurrence of medically supported genocide. Methods: We explored the history of psychiatry of the period leading up to, including and immediately after the Nazi era in order to analyze the ethical standards and practices of psychiatrists and neurologists. Results: Psychiatrists, and neurologists, were guilty leaders and participants in the implementation of the Nazi programs, which escalated from humiliation and classification of their victims to the exclusion of the mentally ill and disabled, to devaluation and forced sterilization, to medical murder, then finally to the industrialized mass murder of millions, named the “Final Solution”. Discussion: This process was driven by a dangerous mix of failure of medical ethics, racist ideology and individual ambition. Radicalized myths of racial and genetic purity and 19th century technology of industrial production transformed into a technology driven industry of mass murder; motivated by calculated ambitions and desire for individual career advancement. Post war, the Nuremberg Trials and later The Universal Declaration of Human Rights defined standards of ethical framework for the medical profession everywhere. Outlook: Each generation should be made aware of these events through awareness, education and communication to prevent recurrence of medical professional criminality.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03391660",
    doi = "10.1007/bf03391660",
    openalex = "W2240067313",
    references = "doi101007bf02823096, doi1011861472693972, doi1023071903699, doi10230720043033, doi1023072072918, doi1023072151532, doi102307369028, doi102307jctvzcz37c12, doi105860choice276043, openalexw2000138195, openalexw2104080188"
}

@article{doi101038nature11209,
    author = "Sanka, Ravi and Goll, Johannes B. and Miller, Jason and Foster, Leslie and Nelson, Karen E. and Durkin, A. Scott and McCorrison, Jamison and Torralba, Manolito and Singh, Indresh and Rogers, Yu-Hui and Madupu, Ramana and Busam, Dana and Methé, Barbara A. and Li, Kelvin and Bihan, Monika and Sutton, Granger G. and Thiagarajan, Mathangi and Liu, Bo and Sommer, Daniel D. and Pop, Mihai and Koren, Sergey and Crabtree, Jonathan and Arze, Cesar and Schriml, Lynn M. and Mahurkar, Anup and Cantarel, Brandi L. and White, Owen and Felix, Victor and White, James R. and Ravel, Jacques and Abolude, Olukemi O. and Giglio, Michelle and Creasy, Heather H. and Jordan, Catherine and Orvis, Joshua and Davidovics, Noam J. and Sathirapongsasuti, J. Fah and Huttenhower, Curtis and Segata, Nicola and Hepburn, Theresa A. and Giannoukos, Georgia and Nusbaum, Chad and Tabbaa, Diana and Gujja, Sharvari and Goldberg, Jonathan M. and Alm, Eric J. and Earl, Ashlee M. and Haas, Brian J. and Young, Sarah and Feldgarden, Michael and Shenoy, Narmada and Gevers, Dirk and Wortman, Jennifer R. and Pearson, M.A. and Wang, Zhengyuan and Yandava, Chandri and Priest, Margaret and Zucker, Jeremy and Huttenhower, Curtis and Anderson, Scott and Fisher, Sheila and Huang, Katherine and Ward, Doyle V. and Friedrich, Dennis C. and Howarth, Clinton and Kells, Cristyn and Birren, Bruce W. and Zeng, Qiandong and Russ, Carsten and Bloom, Toby and Alvarado, Lucia and Griggs, Allison and FitzGerald, Michael G. and Ciulla, Dawn and Mehta, Teena and Arachchi, Harindra and Erlich, Rachel and Sykes, Sean M. and Zhu, Yiming and Gibbs, Richard A. and Joshi, Vandita and Highlander, Sarah K. and Zhang, Lan and Jiang, Huaiyang and Liu, Yue and Wilczek-Boney, Katarzyna and Newsham, Irene and Worley, Kim C. and Lewis, Lora and Holder, Michael and Lennon, Niall J. and Dugan, Shannon and Reid, Jeffrey G. and Ding, Yan and Muzny, Donna M. and Petrosino, Joseph F. and Qin, Xiang and Buhay, Christian and Lee, Sandra L. and Kovar, Christie",
    title = "A framework for human microbiome research",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Nature",
    abstract = "A variety of microbial communities and their genes (the microbiome) exist throughout the human body, with fundamental roles in human health and disease. The National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded Human Microbiome Project Consortium has established a population-scale framework to develop metagenomic protocols, resulting in a broad range of quality-controlled resources and data including standardized methods for creating, processing and interpreting distinct types of high-throughput metagenomic data available to the scientific community. Here we present resources from a population of 242 healthy adults sampled at 15 or 18 body sites up to three times, which have generated 5,177 microbial taxonomic profiles from 16S ribosomal RNA genes and over 3.5 terabases of metagenomic sequence so far. In parallel, approximately 800 reference strains isolated from the human body have been sequenced. Collectively, these data represent the largest resource describing the abundance and variety of the human microbiome, while providing a framework for current and future studies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11209",
    doi = "10.1038/nature11209",
    openalex = "W2131415145",
    references = "doi101371journalpone0027310"
}

@article{doi101038nrg3182,
    author = "Cho, Ilseung and Blaser, Martin J.",
    title = "The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Nature Reviews Genetics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3182",
    doi = "10.1038/nrg3182",
    openalex = "W2147637673",
    references = "doi1010160022519366901846, doi101038nature09922, doi101086282400"
}

@article{doi101080136982302012691235,
    author = "Cochrane, Alasdair",
    title = "From human rights to sentient rights",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy",
    abstract = "This article calls for a paradigm shift in the language, theory and practice of human rights: it calls for human rights to be reconceptualized as sentient rights. It argues that human rights are not qualitatively distinct from the basic entitlements of other sentient creatures, and that attempts to differentiate human rights by appealing to something distinctive about humanity, their unique political function or their universality ultimately fail. Finally, the article claims that moving to sentient rights will not lead to intractable conflicts between rights, but to a more inclusive, fair and rationally defensible normative enterprise.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2012.691235",
    doi = "10.1080/13698230.2012.691235",
    openalex = "W2094645899",
    references = "doi10432497813152625292"
}

@article{doi101057jird201317,
    author = "Brown, Chris",
    title = "‘Human nature’, science and international political theory",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Journal of International Relations and Development",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2013.17",
    doi = "10.1057/jird.2013.17",
    openalex = "W2059118069",
    references = "doi10230725149199"
}

@article{doi105860choice504929,
    title = "The machine question: critical perspectives on AI, robots, and ethics",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "One of the enduring concerns of moral philosophy is deciding who or what is deserving of ethical consideration. Much recent attention has been devoted to the animal question--consideration of the moral status of nonhuman animals. In this book, David Gunkel takes up the question: whether and to what extent intelligent and autonomous machines of our own making can be considered to have legitimate moral responsibilities and any legitimate claim to moral consideration. The machine question poses a fundamental challenge to moral thinking, questioning the traditional philosophical conceptualization of technology as a tool or instrument to be used by human agents. Gunkel begins by addressing the question of machine moral agency: whether a machine might be considered a legitimate moral agent that could be held responsible for decisions and actions. He then approaches the machine question from the other side, considering whether a machine might be a moral patient due legitimate moral consideration. Finally, Gunkel considers some recent innovations in moral philosophy and critical theory that complicate the machine question, deconstructing the binary agent--patient opposition itself. Technological advances may prompt us to wonder if the science fiction of computers and robots whose actions affect their human companions (think of HAL in 2001: A Space Odyssey) could become science fact. Gunkel's argument promises to influence future considerations of ethics, ourselves, and the other entities who inhabit this world.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.50-4929",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.50-4929",
    openalex = "W1682244743",
    references = "doi10432497813152625292"
}

@book{doi1075919780801467493,
    author = "Donnelly, Jack",
    title = "Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice",
    year = "2013",
    booktitle = "Cornell University Press eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801467493",
    doi = "10.7591/9780801467493",
    openalex = "W4301234158"
}

@article{doi101038nature13959,
    author = "Tilman, David and Clark, Michael",
    title = "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13959",
    doi = "10.1038/nature13959",
    openalex = "W2037561382",
    references = "doi101016s0140673614604608, doi101017cbo9781107415416, doi101056nejmoa025039, doi101073pnas1116437108, doi101098rstb20100149, doi101111j17534887201100456x, doi101126science1057544, doi101126science1185383, doi101126science2775325504, doi101177000271621204000113, doi10432497804293112084, openalexw58672297"
}

@article{doi1011792050287714z00000000041,
    author = "Michael, Lucy",
    title = "Defining Dignity and Its Place in Human Rights",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "The New Bioethics",
    abstract = "The concept of dignity is widely used in society, particularly in reference to human rights law and bioethics. Several conceptions of dignity are identified, falling broadly within two categories: full inherent dignity (FID) and non-inherent dignity (NID). FID is a quality belonging equally to every being with full moral status, including all members of the human natural kind; it is permanent, unconditional, indivisible and inviolable. Those beings with FID ought to be treated deferentially by others by virtue of their belonging to a noble caste. FID grounds fundamental human rights, such as the rights to freedom and equality.The concept of dignity forms a network of interconnected ideas related to worth and value particularly within legal and ethical discourse; it is a rich and meaningful concept, irreducible to one or two quasi-legal principles. Fundamentally, dignity matters because it forms the foundation of civilized society; without it, serious abuse of people is more likely to occur.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1179/2050287714z.00000000041",
    doi = "10.1179/2050287714z.00000000041",
    openalex = "W2158851622",
    references = "doi101023bhcan0000041183784354b, doi101111j14679973200901608x, doi101136bmj32774291419, doi1011861472693972, doi1015159781400827275, doi102307jctv19fvzzk50, doi102307jctvpg85gr, doi104159harvard9780674065512, openalexw1508671760, openalexw2913493756"
}

@article{shook2014paul,
    author = "Shook, John",
    title = "Paul Kurtz, Atheology, and Secular Humanism",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism",
    abstract = "Paul Kurtz will be long remembered as the late twentieth century’s pre-eminent philosophical defender of freethinking rationalism and skepticism, the scientific worldview to replace superstition and religion, the healthy ethics of humanism, and democracy’s foundation in secularism. Reason, science, ethics, and civics – Kurtz repeatedly cycled through these affirmative agendas, not only to relegate religion to humanity’s ignorant past, but mainly to indicate the direction of humanity’s better future.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1558/eph.v21i2.111",
    doi = "10.1558/eph.v21i2.111",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2103946575",
    pages = "111-116",
    volume = "21"
}

@article{doi101111phc312208,
    author = "Giubilini, Alberto and Sanyal, Sagar",
    title = "The Ethics of Human Enhancement",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Philosophy Compass",
    abstract = "Abstract Ethical debate surrounding human enhancement, especially by biotechnological means, has burgeoned since the turn of the century. Issues discussed include whether specific types of enhancement are permissible or even obligatory, whether they are likely to produce a net good for individuals and for society, and whether there is something intrinsically wrong in playing God with human nature. We characterize the main camps on the issue, identifying three main positions: permissive, restrictive and conservative positions. We present the major sub‐debates and lines of argument from each camp. The review also gives a flavor of the general approach of key writers in the literature such as Julian Savulescu, Nick Bostrom, Michael Sandel, and Leon Kass.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12208",
    doi = "10.1111/phc3.12208",
    openalex = "W1942584651",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511624971, doi101017cbo9780511806940, doi101086288768, doi101093019824908x0010001, doi1011111467851900251, doi1011861472693972, doi1015159780773581692008, doi1041599780674043060, doi105860choice400873, doi105860choice421550, doi105860choice453228"
}

@article{doi1011771755088215611686,
    author = "Kreide, Regina",
    title = "Between morality and law: In defense of a political conception of human rights",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Journal of International Political Theory",
    abstract = "Human rights are currently either seen in a morally exaggerated way as “trump cards” in political negotiations or they are pruned back to a purely juridical level, absorbed into legal instances. In contrast to this, the author defends a political conception of human rights that overcomes the problems besetting both conceptions, but without having to sacrifice their critical, normative content or a realistic role for human rights in international politics. The author argues, first, that a political conception of human rights assumes that human rights grow out of concrete experiences of injustice and are the product of political struggles. Human rights are, second, placeholders for the public thematization of oppression, humiliation, marginalization, and despotism. At the same time, human rights as placeholders not only provide the foil against which criticism of existing conditions is exercised but are also themselves objects of criticism. And, finally, the obligations imposed by human rights are not duties of assistance but institutional duties to realize the conditions for exercising human rights.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/1755088215611686",
    doi = "10.1177/1755088215611686",
    openalex = "W2401407288",
    references = "doi1075919780801467493"
}

@incollection{eaton2015ethical,
    author = "Eaton, Malachy",
    title = "Ethical, Philosophical and Moral Considerations",
    year = "2015",
    booktitle = "SpringerBriefs in Intelligent Systems",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44599-0\_8",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-662-44599-0\_8",
    openalex = "W243875471",
    pages = "121-127"
}

@article{doi101073pnas1522149113,
    author = "Welch, Jessica L. Mark and Rossetti, Blair J. and Rieken, Christopher W. and Dewhirst, Floyd E. and Borisy, Gary G.",
    title = "Biogeography of a human oral microbiome at the micron scale",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "The spatial organization of complex natural microbiomes is critical to understanding the interactions of the individual taxa that comprise a community. Although the revolution in DNA sequencing has provided an abundance of genomic-level information, the biogeography of microbiomes is almost entirely uncharted at the micron scale. Using spectral imaging fluorescence in situ hybridization as guided by metagenomic sequence analysis, we have discovered a distinctive, multigenus consortium in the microbiome of supragingival dental plaque. The consortium consists of a radially arranged, nine-taxon structure organized around cells of filamentous corynebacteria. The consortium ranges in size from a few tens to a few hundreds of microns in radius and is spatially differentiated. Within the structure, individual taxa are localized at the micron scale in ways suggestive of their functional niche in the consortium. For example, anaerobic taxa tend to be in the interior, whereas facultative or obligate aerobes tend to be at the periphery of the consortium. Consumers and producers of certain metabolites, such as lactate, tend to be near each other. Based on our observations and the literature, we propose a model for plaque microbiome development and maintenance consistent with known metabolic, adherence, and environmental considerations. The consortium illustrates how complex structural organization can emerge from the micron-scale interactions of its constituent organisms. The understanding that plaque community organization is an emergent phenomenon offers a perspective that is general in nature and applicable to other microbiomes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522149113",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1522149113",
    openalex = "W2252298505"
}

@incollection{doi101093acprofoso97801987548550030001,
    author = "Giubilini, Alberto and Sanyal, Sagar",
    title = "Challenging Human Enhancement",
    year = "2016",
    booktitle = "Oxford University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "The chapter presents an overview of the major lines of debate in the ethics of human enhancement. While permissive and restrictive positions on enhancement can be contrasted, the conservative camp (which is the focus of the book as a whole) is a specific subset of the latter. Although the restrictive but non-conservative position is outlined, most of the chapter is devoted to the themes and arguments of the conservative camp. To give a well-rounded account of the conservative position, the chapter begins with connections to the tradition of social conservatism, before moving to prominent themes in the conservative opposition to human enhancement. These include the charge of ‘playing God’, the appeal to intuition or emotion, human dignity, and the connection to eugenics. The final section of the chapter surveys some of the recent work in moral psychology that the human enhancement debate increasingly draws upon.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198754855.003.0001",
    doi = "10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198754855.003.0001",
    openalex = "W2554145472",
    references = "doi10103700223514764574, doi101037003329091293339, doi101037a0015141, doi1011111467851900251, doi101111j14679280200501614x, doi101126science1062872, doi101126science1130726, doi101136bmj32774291419, doi1011861472693972, doi105860choice400873, doi105860choice421550"
}

@article{doi101186s1291001702158,
    author = "Hofmann, Bjørn",
    title = "Limits to human enhancement: nature, disease, therapy or betterment?",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "BMC Medical Ethics",
    abstract = "New technologies facilitate the enhancement of a wide range of human dispositions, capacities, or abilities. While it is argued that we need to set limits to human enhancement, it is unclear where we should find resources to set such limits. Traditional routes for setting limits, such as referring to nature, the therapy-enhancement distinction, and the health-disease distinction, turn out to have some shortcomings. However, upon closer scrutiny the concept of enhancement is based on vague conceptions of what is to be enhanced. Explaining why it is better to become older, stronger, and more intelligent presupposes a clear conception of goodness, which is seldom provided. In particular, the qualitative better is frequently confused with the quantitative more. We may therefore not need “external” measures for setting its limits – they are available in the concept of enhancement itself. While there may be shortcomings in traditional sources of limit setting to human enhancement, such as nature, therapy, and disease, such approaches may not be necessary. The specification-of-betterment problem inherent in the conception of human enhancement itself provides means to restrict its unwarranted proliferation. We only need to demand clear, sustainable, obtainable goals for enhancement that are based on evidence, and not on lofty speculations, hypes, analogies, or weak associations. Human enhancements that specify what will become better, and provide adequate evidence, are good and should be pursued. Others should not be accepted.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-017-0215-8",
    doi = "10.1186/s12910-017-0215-8",
    openalex = "W2764075606",
    references = "doi101093acprofoso97801987548550030001"
}

@article{doi101186s4098501700565,
    author = "Ayala, Ana S. and Meier, Benjamin Mason",
    title = "A human rights approach to the health implications of food and nutrition insecurity",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Public health reviews",
    abstract = {Food and nutrition insecurity continues to pose a serious global challenge, reflecting government shortcomings in meeting international obligations to ensure the availability, accessibility, and quality of food and to ensure the highest attainable standard of health of their peoples. With global drivers like climate change, urbanization, greater armed conflict, and the globalization of unhealthy diet, particularly in under-resourced countries, food insecurity is rapidly becoming an even greater challenge for those living in poverty. International human rights law can serve a critical role in guiding governments that are struggling to protect the health of their populations, particularly among the most susceptible groups, in responding to food and nutrition insecurity. This article explores and advocates for a human rights approach to food and nutrition security, specifically identifying legal mechanisms to "domesticate" relevant international human rights standards through national policy. Recognizing nutrition security as a determinant of public health, this article recognizes the important links between the four main elements of food security (i.e., availability, stability, utilization, and access) and the normative attributes of the right to health and the right to food (i.e., availability, accessibility, affordability, and quality). In drawing from the evolution of international human rights instruments, official documents issued by international human rights treaty bodies, as well as past scholarship at the intersection of the right to health and right to food, this article interprets and articulates the intersectional rights-based obligations of national governments in the face of food and nutrition insecurity.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-017-0056-5",
    doi = "10.1186/s40985-017-0056-5",
    openalex = "W2594069188",
    references = "doi1075919780801467493"
}

@article{doi1015171ijhpm201767,
    author = "Winter, Sebastian and Winter, Stefan",
    title = "Human Dignity as Leading Principle in Public Health Ethics: A Multi-Case Analysis of 21st Century German Health Policy Decisions",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "International Journal of Health Policy and Management",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: There is ample evidence that since the turn of the millennium German health policy made a considerable step towards prevention and health promotion, putting the strategies of 'personal empowerment' and 'settings based approach' high on the federal government's agenda. This phenomenon has challenged the role of ethics in health policy. Concurrently, increasing relevance of the Concept of Human Dignity for health and human rights has been discussed. However, a direct relationship between Human Dignity and Public Health Ethics (PHE) has surprisingly not yet been established. METHODS: We here conduct a systematic ethical analysis of eminent German health prevention policy case-examples between the years 2000-2016. Specifically, our analysis seeks to adapt and apply the principalism (autonomy, beneficence, justice)-based Concept of Human Dignity of Italian philosopher Corrado Viafora, contextualizing it with the emerging field of PHE. To further inform this health policy analysis, index databases (PubMed, Google Scholar) were searched to include relevant published and grey literature. RESULTS: We observe a systematic approach of post-millennial health policy decisions on prevention and on defined health targets in Germany, exemplified by (1) the fostering of the preparedness against pandemic infectious diseases, (2) the development and implementation of the first cancer vaccination, (3) major legal provisions on non-smokers protection in the public domain, (4) acts to strengthen long term care (LTC) as well as (5) the new German E-Health legislation. The ethical analysis of these health prevention decisions exhibits their profound ongoing impact on social justice, probing their ability to meet the underlying Concept of Human Dignity in order to fulfill the requirements of the principle of non-maleficence. CONCLUSION: The observed health policy focus on prevention and health promotion has sparked new public debates about the formation of/compliance with emerging standards of PHE in Germany. We believe that the overall impact of this novel policy orientation will gradually show over mid- and long-term periods, both in terms of improvements in health system performance and concurrently in diagnostics, therapies and health outcome on individual patient level. The Concept of Human Dignity may soon play an even greater role in European PHE debates to come.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.67",
    doi = "10.15171/ijhpm.2017.67",
    openalex = "W2626849285",
    references = "doi1011792050287714z00000000041"
}

@article{doi101007s0020301815053,
    author = "Verma, Digvijay and Garg, Pankaj Kumar and Dubey, Ashok K.",
    title = "Insights into the human oral microbiome",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Archives of Microbiology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-018-1505-3",
    doi = "10.1007/s00203-018-1505-3",
    openalex = "W2794046657",
    references = "doi101038sjbdj2016865"
}

@article{doi1010800004840220171413403,
    author = "Zylberman, Ariel",
    title = "The Relational Structure of Human Dignity",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Australasian Journal of Philosophy",
    abstract = "This article argues that received accounts of the concept of human dignity face more difficulties than has been appreciated, when explaining the connection between human dignity and the duty of respect that dignity is supposed to generate. It also argues that a novel, relational, account has the adequate structure to explain such connection.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00048402.2017.1413403",
    doi = "10.1080/00048402.2017.1413403",
    openalex = "W2792188219",
    references = "doi10584020099346"
}

@article{doi101016jfutures2019102489,
    author = "Szocik, Konrad and Wójtowicz, Tomasz and Rappaport, Margaret Boone and Corbally, C. J.",
    title = "Ethical issues of human enhancements for space missions to Mars and beyond",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Futures",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2019.102489",
    doi = "10.1016/j.futures.2019.102489",
    openalex = "W2991270686",
    references = "doi101111phc312208"
}

@article{doi101016jijhcs201905008,
    author = "Raisamo, Roope and Rakkolainen, Ismo and Majaranta, Päivi and Salminen, Katri and Rantala, Jussi and Farooq, Ahmed",
    title = "Human augmentation: Past, present and future",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "International Journal of Human-Computer Studies",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.05.008",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.05.008",
    openalex = "W2945813221",
    references = "doi101111phc312208"
}

@incollection{doi101093oso97801904551320030018,
    author = "Laurence, Janice H. and Carlisle, Joshua A.",
    title = "The Ethics of Human Enhancement",
    year = "2019",
    abstract = "Abstract This chapter raises some ethical considerations and highlights the debate regarding the burgeoning field of human enhancement (HE) and performance optimization. The topic of human enhancement is complex because it gets to the heart of what we take to be the central concerns of ethics, involving concepts such as human nature, identity, fairness, dignity, virtue, and duties to our offspring and fellow beings. This chapter proposes a framework for discussing the ethics of human enhancement. It serves both as a structure for understanding current issues and debates and as a guide for stakeholders to use in making decisions about the ethics of particular HE interventions. In doing so, the ethical framework described borrows from Just War Theory (JWT), an adjacent field of applied ethics. Just Enhancement Theory (JET) provides key considerations that are necessary to argue that a particular HE intervention or class of interventions is morally permissible. Such a framework could help stakeholders navigate the complexities of the moral terrain as they make important decisions and contributions in this increasingly important area.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455132.003.0018",
    doi = "10.1093/oso/9780190455132.003.0018",
    openalex = "W2914770983",
    references = "doi101111phc312208"
}

@article{doi101146annurevmed112717094629,
    author = "Coller, Barry S.",
    title = "Ethics of Human Genome Editing",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Annual Review of Medicine",
    abstract = "Advances in human genome editing, in particular the development of the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 method, have led to increasing concerns about the ethics of editing the human genome. In response, the US National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine constituted a multidisciplinary, international committee to review the current status and make recommendations. I was a member of that committee, and the core of this review reflects the committee's conclusions. The committee's report, issued in February 2017, recommends the application of current ethical and regulatory standards for gene therapy to somatic (nonheritable) human genome editing. It also recommends allowing experimental germline genome editing to proceed if (a) it is restricted to preventing transmission of a serious disease or condition, (b) the edit is a modification to a common DNA sequence known not to be associated with disease, and (c) the research is conducted under a stringent set of ethical and regulatory requirements. Crossing the so-called red line of germline genome editing raises important bioethical issues, most importantly, serious concern about the potential negative impact on individuals with disabilities. This review highlights some of the major ethical considerations in human genome editing in light of the report's recommendations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-112717-094629",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-med-112717-094629",
    openalex = "W2914087562",
    references = "doi10584020099346"
}

@article{doi10592202076918201914,
    author = "Fasoro, Sunday Adeniyi",
    title = "Kant on Human Dignity: Autonomy, Humanity, and Human Rights",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Kantian journal",
    abstract = "This paper explores the new frontier within Kantian scholarship which suggests that Kant places so much special importance on the value of rational nature that the supreme principle of morality and the concept of human dignity are both grounded on it. Advocates of this reading argue that the notion of autonomy and dignity should now be considered as the central claim of Kant’s ethics, rather than the universalisation of maxims. Kant’s ethics are termed as repugnant for they place a high demand on the universalisation of maxims as a universal moral principle. As a result, they argue that there is an urgent need to rescue Kant’s ethics from the controversies surrounding maxims and universalisability, and the best way to rescue his ethics is by “leaving deontology behind”. It must be left behind because the categorical imperative is not needed in order to rescue Kant’s ethics, as deontology is often overrated. Consequently, the highest duties of the human being are to ensure that his fellow human beings enjoy unhindered autonomy and receive the honour that their dignity duly deserves, as well as to look after their welfare and treat them with respect, regardless of their dispositions. I review recent literature to appraise this new frontier within Kantian scholarship. I also explore the works of philosophers, such as Herman, Korsgaard, Wood, Höffe, and, specifically, Hill, on Kant’s conception of human dignity in relation to its conception as autonomy, humanity, and the source of human rights.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5922/0207-6918-2019-1-4",
    doi = "10.5922/0207-6918-2019-1-4",
    openalex = "W2972944017",
    references = "doi1011792050287714z00000000041"
}

@article{doi101089crispr20190033,
    author = "Locke, Larry G.",
    title = "The Promise of CRISPR for Human Germline Editing and the Perils of “Playing God”",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "The CRISPR Journal",
    abstract = {In the midst of the media and professional exuberance regarding the potential benefits of CRISPR technology, voices of criticism and caution have also arisen. One of the thorniest such cautions has been the common objection that CRISPR allows bioscientists to "play God," particularly when it comes to potentially editing the human germline. Many in the biotechnology field are unsure how to address this concern. What does it mean, particularly for bioscientists who may not have any rational or rhetorical categories for God? In this article, I explore possible meanings of "playing God" and the arguments for how those meanings might be applied in the utilization of CRISPR technology for human germline editing. I then test the validity of those arguments and explore potential counterarguments. Finally, I discuss how members of the bioscience community might respond to the objection of "playing God" and contribute to that dialogue in ways that could impact the future of CRISPR development and applications.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1089/crispr.2019.0033",
    doi = "10.1089/crispr.2019.0033",
    openalex = "W3007774462",
    references = "doi101111phc312208"
}

@incollection{nelson2022moral,
    author = "Nelson, J.S. and Stout, Lynn A.",
    title = "Moral Philosophical Bases for Business Ethics",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "Business Ethics",
    abstract = "This chapter presents the classical philosophical bases for ethical arguments. We introduce the major schools of important ethical thought developed by moral philosophers, and we discuss their application in the business setting. The chapter will help the businessperson examine his or her moral compass, and to evaluate moral philosophical arguments in considering which action he or she believes is right. Questions include: What are the major schools of philosophical ethical thought? What are the strengths and limits of virtue ethics such as in Aristotle’s writings? What are the strengths and limits of ethics-of-care rationales such as communitarian ethics? What are the strengths and limits of cost–benefit rationales such as utilitarianism? What are the strengths and limits of rights-and-duties rationales such as Kant’s categorical imperative? What are the strengths and limits of distributive-justice rationales such as Rawls’s principles? Where do the Golden Rule and other common maxims fit in?",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190610272.003.0003",
    doi = "10.1093/wentk/9780190610272.003.0003",
    openalex = "W4318822509"
}

@incollection{doi101093oso97801976284780030003,
    author = "Szocik, Konrad",
    title = "Biomedical Human Enhancement",
    year = "2023",
    abstract = "Abstract The subject of this chapter is a complete analysis of the concept of human enhancement. Human enhancement is narrowed down to biomedical modifications. The concept of human enhancement is central to space bioethics. The chapter examines various ways of understanding human enhancement. It points out the difficulties but also the advantages of the criticized distinction between therapy and enhancement. Numerous arguments against as well as in favor of the application of human enhancement are discussed. The chapter shows that basically all arguments raised against human enhancement lack strong justification. The argument for human enhancement for space missions is stronger than for terrestrial purposes, but this does not change the argument for human enhancement per se. The chapter concludes by arguing that a future in which humanity makes extensive use of human enhancement is a more preferable future than a future without human enhancement.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197628478.003.0003",
    doi = "10.1093/oso/9780197628478.003.0003",
    openalex = "W4377021921",
    references = "doi101093acprofoso97801987548550030001"
}

@book{doi101093oso97801976992490010001,
    author = "Nathan, Marco J.",
    title = "The Quest for Human Nature",
    year = "2024",
    abstract = "Abstract Science and philosophy have discovered quite a lot about humans. The emergence and development of biology, psychology, anthropology, and cognate fields have substantially increased our knowledge about who we are and where we come from. The first half of this book provides an overview of key cutting-edge topics, from evolutionary psychology to contemporary critiques of essentialism, from genetic determinism to innateness. Nevertheless, these discoveries fall short of a full-blown theory of human nature. Why? Perhaps there is nothing there to discover in the first place. Human nature, from this standpoint, is a myth and it is high time we dispose of it. This conclusion is misguided. The assumption of a shared human nature underlies some of the most pressing socio-political issues of our time. These are the subject matter of the second half of this book. From races to sex and gender, from medical therapy to disability, from biotechnological enhancement to transhumanism, all these hot debates—surveyed here in an accessible, concise, yet detailed fashion—presuppose a robust account of human nature that, however, science and philosophy are unable to provide. How do we get out of this conundrum? This study concludes that human nature is an epistemological indicator, a concept that sets out the agenda for much social, political, and normative discourse. Nevertheless, science cannot adequately capture it without thereby dissolving it.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197699249.001.0001",
    doi = "10.1093/oso/9780197699249.001.0001",
    openalex = "W4390966633",
    references = "doi101093acprofoso97801987548550030001"
}

@article{doi103390foods13081224,
    author = "Varzakas, Theodoros and Αντωνιάδου, Μαρία",
    title = "A Holistic Approach for Ethics and Sustainability in the Food Chain: The Gateway to Oral and Systemic Health",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Foods",
    abstract = "Food production is a complex matter, affecting people's lives, organizations' profits, and the well-being of the whole planet, and has multifaceted ethical considerations surrounding its production, distribution, and consumption. This paper addresses the pressing need to confront ethical challenges within the food system, encompassing issues such as environmental sustainability, food security, and individual food choices for better oral and systemic health of all individuals around the globe. From agricultural practices to global trade and food waste, ethical implications are addressed across various domains, highlighting the interconnectedness of ethical decision-making in the food industry. Central themes explored include the ethical dimensions of food production methods, the impact of global trade on food ethics, and the role of individuals in making ethically informed food choices. Additionally, this paper considers the spiritual and physical significance of food, particularly through the lens of oral health as a gateway to holistic well-being. Recognizing the complexity of the food and mouth ecosystem, this paper calls for serious interventions in legislation and economics to promote ethical protocols and techniques for sustainability reasons. It emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations in food safety management systems, regulatory frameworks, and quality standards. Moreover, this paper underlines the need for a comprehensive approach to address ethical dilemmas and moral values inherent in the food industry and oral health policies, adopting the precautionary principle and ethical decision-making frameworks. This article finally aims to serve as a call to action for stakeholders across the food industry and the healthcare sector, to prioritize ethical practices, promote transparency, rearrange economic parameters, and work towards a more sustainable and equitable food system for inner and outer oral and systemic health and human sustainability for all.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13081224",
    doi = "10.3390/foods13081224",
    openalex = "W4394891716",
    references = "doi101016s2214109x18303863, doi101017cbo9780511813375, doi101038sjbdj2016865, doi101098rstb20100149, doi10110809600030810882816, doi1011770022022101032003002, doi101177027614678600600103, doi101257aer10461630, doi104103jomfpjomfp30418, doi1075919780801467493"
}

@article{kraj2024what,
    author = "Kraj, Tomasz",
    title = "What does moral theology expect from philosophical ethics?",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Logos i Ethos",
    abstract = "The morality of the New Testament is different from the morality of the Old Testament. There is less specific guidance in the New Testament, and hence “more” human reason is needed to point to and justify particular (especially more specific) moral norms. Therefore, moral theology uses ethics to explain and justify moral norms. This is stated in no. 68 of the Encyclical Letter Fides et ratio. However, such ethics must meet certain basic requirements, e.g. compatibility with Revelation (not contradicting the truths contained therein). The problematics of the interdependence between moral theology and ethics have been addressed by many philosophers and moral theologians. Many textbooks on moral theology discuss the reference to philosophical ethics. Nevertheless, among the most representative authors for the discussion of the relationship between moral theology and ethics in the context of the debate over Karol Wojtyła’s habilitation dissertation are, on the part of philosophy, Kłósak, who was a professor at the Theological Faculty of the Jagiellonian University, where Wojtyła earned his habilitation degree; and Pinckaers, on the part of moral theology, who wrote a commentary on no. 68 of the Encyclical Fides et ratio, which was authored by John Paul II — Karol Wojtyła.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.15633/lie.61102",
    doi = "10.15633/lie.61102",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W4393242809",
    pages = "29-40",
    volume = "61"
}

@article{doi101038s41390025044583,
    author = "Majood, Misba and Rao, Rajini",
    title = "Human milk: insights on cell composition, organoids and emerging applications",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Pediatric Research",
    abstract = "Human milk is far more than a source of infant nutrition. It is a dynamic, living fluid packed with cells, bioactive molecules, and a complex microbiome that shapes neonatal development and lifelong health. Recent advances have illuminated the remarkable cellular diversity of human milk, including epithelial, immune, microbial and stem cells, each contributing essential biological functions. Milk contains distinct membrane-bound structures in the form of milk fat globules and extracellular vesicles that package a diverse cargo of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids for neonate nutrition, development and immune regulation. This review explores the composition of human milk, highlighting its nutrient and bioactive components and discussing growing concerns of xenobiotic and viral burden. We describe how milk-derived cells offer non-invasive windows into lactation biology and how emerging 3D mammary organoid models, particularly those generated from human milk cells, provide unprecedented tools to study breast development, lactation disorders, and regenerative therapies. We outline the potential of milk cells and extracellular vesicles in neonatal care, personalized medicine, and biobanking, while addressing current technical challenges and future research opportunities. By harnessing the unique properties of human milk, we stand at the threshold of transformative insights into maternal-infant health and novel biomedical applications. IMPACT: Up to date summary of bioactives, living cells and membrane bound compartments found in human milk. Primer on human mammary organoid technology, including advantages, recent advances and step by step methods. Highlights the unrealized potential of human milk in organoid technology, therapeutics, and regenerative medicine.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-04458-3",
    doi = "10.1038/s41390-025-04458-3",
    openalex = "W4414740461",
    references = "doi101038s41538025003751"
}

@article{lee2025artificial,
    author = "Lee, Jae-Soong",
    title = "Artificial Intelligence, Moral Status, and Ethical Agency - Philosophical Conditions and Relational Ethics -",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Journal of the New Korean Philosophical Association",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.20433/jnkpa.2025.10.177",
    doi = "10.20433/jnkpa.2025.10.177",
    openalex = "W4416663290",
    pages = "177-199",
    volume = "122"
}

@article{doi103389fpubh20261771351,
    author = "Chen, Sifan and Peng, Zining and Liu, Nian",
    title = "A dialectical lens for AI and medical humanities: advancing responsible augmented humanism in Digital Public Health",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Frontiers in Public Health",
    abstract = "Artificial intelligence (AI) creates profound dialectical tensions between technological empowerment and ethical risk in healthcare, challenging the humanistic core of medicine while offering new tools for equity. This thematic mini-review through a dialectical lens-operationalized as Sinicized Marxist dialectics-to unpack structural contradictions in AI-healthcare integration. Unlike standard bioethics or Digital Public Health (DPH) frameworks alone, this analytical tool reveals systemic power asymmetries and inequities overlooked in existing scholarship. We further integrate the Healthcare 5.0 framework and intersectional AI ethics to move beyond abstract group-based fairness toward actionable equity. The core contribution of this review is the development of the responsible augmented humanism (RAH) framework, a human-centric model operationalized across three dimensions, AI design, medical education, and multi-stakeholder governance. RAH explicitly links humanistic values to DPH principles with measurable indicators for real-world implementation. This mini-review provides a theoretically grounded, evidence-based roadmap for aligning AI innovation with humanistic care and population health equity in the AI era.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1771351",
    doi = "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1771351",
    openalex = "W7134042670",
    references = "doi101016jpop202507009"
}