@techreport{huene1923carnivorous2,
    author = "Huene, F. R. von",
    title = "Carnivorous Saurischia in Europe since the Triassic",
    year = "1923",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 34, p. 449-458",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huene, F. R. von, 1923, Carnivorous Saurischia in Europe since the Triassic: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 34, p. 449-458.}"
}

@article{vonhuene1923carnivorous,
    author = "VON HUENE, F.",
    title = "Carnivorous Saurischia in Europe Since the Triassic",
    year = "1923",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/gsab-34-449",
    doi = "10.1130/gsab-34-449",
    number = "3",
    pages = "449-458",
    volume = "34"
}

@misc{huene1926the3,
    author = "Huene, F. R. von",
    title = "The carnivorous saurischia in the Jura and Cretaceous formations principally in Europe",
    year = "1926",
    howpublished = "Rev. Museum La Plata, v. 29, p. 35-167",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huene, F. R. von, 1926, The carnivorous saurischia in the Jura and Cretaceous formations principally in Europe: Rev. Museum La Plata, v. 29, p. 35-167.}"
}

@article{justinschove1950the,
    author = "Justin Schove, D.",
    title = "The climatic fluctuation since A.D. 1850 in Europe and the Atlantic",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society",
    abstract = "Trend‐curves of thirty‐year means are discussed (a) in general terms and then applied specifically to (b) temperature, (c) pressure, (d) rainfall, (e) wind, (f) temperature gradient and (g) temperature amplitude. Correlations between the departures of the different elements suggest that we can consider the various anomalies as depending on those of pressure and wind. This is notably true of rainfall departures which can be regarded as the sum of two terms, the “area” term depending on the pressure anomaly and the “local” term depending on the vector wind anomaly. High pressure is associated not only with consistently dry years but also with cold years. Variations of wind or pressure gradient are particularly felt as changes of frequency of the prevailing wind. The southwesterly component is of course linked with the “zonal index” and the circulation of the wind systems of the earth. The increase of this component gives more maritime conditions and, except to the lee of hills or mountains, wetter weather. The recent increase explains the main differences between nineteenth and twentieth century climates but not the phases of the transition. These phases necessitate first the concept of a ring of high pressure which, by some south‐steering process, left the Arctic Circle about 1880 and reached the Tropic of Cancer about 1915. Preceding and following this ring are rings of high rainfall, low pressure and high temperature‐gradient that can be loosely regarded as frontal belts. At any one place therefore, the following sequence of five phases should occur: the first front (Frontal‐A stage), the easterly or cold period (T‐min), the pressure maximum (P‐max), the westerly period culminating in the second front (Frontal‐B stage). In the British Isles the five phases explain the climatic fluctuations from 1875 to 1925 and much of the same sequence can be followed in Scandinavia from 1865 to 1915, Italy from 1885 to 1935 and in the United States from 1895 to 1945. Temperature data suggest that this equatorward movement with time may be of more general application, and that the preceding West European climatic fluctuations can also be interpreted as anomaly patterns which spread from the north to the south. Pressure anomalies are normally greater over oceans than continents. The south‐steering of anomaly patterns necessitates, therefore, a backing of the prevailing wind in NW. Europe after the pressure maximum (P‐max) of about 1895. Such a change is confirmed by the wind records themselves. An effect of persistent wind on ocean temperatures and therefore pressures might well account for the south‐steering, but there is as yet no evidence that delayed action effects of this kind occur.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49707632805",
    doi = "10.1002/qj.49707632805",
    number = "328",
    openalex = "W2148232226",
    pages = "147-165",
    volume = "76",
    references = "doi101002qj49705925206, doi101002qj49706427503, doi101002qj49706729105, doi101002qj49707231102, doi101038161442b0, doi101111j239723351922tb00808x, doi1011751520049319400680158rorgrt20co2, doi102307140764, doi1023071789696, doi102307519388"
}

@article{coope1975climatic1,
    author = "Coope, G. R",
    title = "Climatic Fluctuations in Northwest Europe Since the Last Interglacial, Indicated by Fossil Assemblages of Coleoptera, in Wright, A. E., and Moseley, F., eds., Ice Ages",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Ancient and Modern, 6 of Geological Journal Special Issue: p. 153-168",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Coope, G. R., 1975, Climatic Fluctuations in Northwest Europe Since the Last Interglacial, Indicated by Fossil Assemblages of Coleoptera, in Wright, A. E., and Moseley, F., eds., Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern, 6 of Geological Journal Special Issue: p. 153-168.}"
}

@incollection{crossref1977age,
    title = "Age at sexual maturity in Europe since the Middle Ages",
    year = "1977",
    booktitle = "Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511522659.007",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511522659.007",
    openalex = "W1522852961",
    pages = "214-232"
}

@incollection{sahrhage1992main,
    author = "Sahrhage, Dietrich and Lundbeck, Johannes",
    title = "Main Fisheries in Europe since the Middle Ages",
    year = "1992",
    booktitle = "A History of Fishing",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77411-9\_3",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-642-77411-9\_3",
    openalex = "W148862805",
    pages = "57-102",
    references = "doi1023071787754, doi1023071897059, doi1023072592382, doi1023073025941, doi1031389781487586256, doi105860choice270283, openalexw2894848739, openalexw388570235, openalexw635780272, openalexw646749146"
}

@article{crossref1998marginal,
    title = "Marginal Europe: the contribution of marginal lands since the Middle Ages",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-3523",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.35-3523",
    number = "06",
    openalex = "W3144796770",
    pages = "35-3523-35-3523",
    volume = "35"
}

@article{doi101073pnas0505267102,
    author = "Mosbrugger, Volker and Utescher, Torsten and Dilcher, David L.",
    title = "Cenozoic continental climatic evolution of Central Europe",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Continental climate evolution of Central Europe has been reconstructed quantitatively for the last 45 million years providing inferred data on mean annual temperature and precipitation, and winter and summer temperatures. Although some regional effects occur, the European Cenozoic continental climate record correlates well with the global oxygen isotope record from marine environments. During the last 45 million years, continental cooling is especially pronounced for inferred winter temperatures but hardly observable from summer temperatures. Correspondingly, Cenozoic cooling in Central Europe is directly associated with an increase of seasonality. In contrast, inferred Cenozoic mean annual precipitation remained relatively stable, indicating the importance of latent heat transport throughout the Cenozoic. Moreover, our data support the concept that changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, although linked to climate changes, were not the major driving force of Cenozoic cooling.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505267102",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.0505267102",
    openalex = "W2097596444",
    references = "doi101016003101829490233x, doi101016s003101829600154x, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi10102990jb02015, doi10103835021000, doi101126science1059412, doi101126science29255252310, doi101146annurevearth32101802120435, doi1018900012965820010823346daolqv20co2, openalexw2989049194"
}

@article{ziegler2007the,
    author = "Ziegler, Karl-Heinz",
    title = "The International Law of Europe since the Middle Ages",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Baltic Yearbook of International Law Online",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1163/22115897-99000022",
    doi = "10.1163/22115897-99000022",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2079425408",
    pages = "25-34",
    volume = "7"
}

@article{solé2022evolution,
    author = "Solé, Floréal and Fischer, Valentin and Le Verger, Kévin and Mennecart, Bastien and Speijer, Robert P and Peigné, Stéphane and Smith, Thierry",
    title = "Evolution of European carnivorous mammal assemblages through the Palaeogene",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "The rise of Carnivora (Mammalia: Laurasiatheria) is an important evolutionary event that changed the structure of terrestrial ecosystems, starting at the dawn of the Eocene, 56 Mya. This radiation has been mainly analysed in North America, leaving the evolution of carnivoran diversity in other regions of the globe poorly known. To tackle this issue, we review the evolution of terrestrial carnivorous mammal diversity (Mesonychidae, Oxyaenidae, Hyaenodonta and Carnivoramorpha) in Europe. We reveal four episodes of intense faunal turnovers that helped establish the dominance of carnivoramorphans over their main competitors. We also identify two periods of general endemism. The remaining time intervals are characterized by dispersals of new taxa from North America, Asia and Africa. The European Palaeogene carnivorous mammal fauna appears to have been almost constantly in a transient state, strongly influenced by dispersals. Many of the bioevents we highlight for European carnivorous mammals are probably best seen as ecosystem-wide responses to environmental changes. In contrast to the North American record, European hyaenodonts remain more diverse than the carnivoramorphans for the entire Eocene. The replacement of hyaenodonts by carnivoramorphans as the most diverse and dominant predators only occurred after the ‘Grande Coupure’ at 33 Mya, about 16 Myr later than in North America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blac002",
    doi = "10.1093/biolinnean/blac002",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W4210314468",
    pages = "734-753",
    volume = "135",
    references = "doi101002gdj378, doi101038nature06588, doi101073pnas0505267102, doi101093icbicm016, doi101126science1059412, doi101126science23547931156, doi1023072395198, doi10560219780801887352, doi105860choice344488, openalexw378346767"
}