@book{darwin1859on43,
    author = "Darwin, C",
    title = "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London",
    year = "1859",
    publisher = "John Murray [Facsimile of 1st ed.]: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1964",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darwin, C., 1859, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray [Facsimile of 1st ed.]: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1964.}"
}

@misc{darwin1871the44,
    author = "Darwin, C",
    title = "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex [Numerous ed.]",
    year = "1871",
    howpublished = "London, Murray",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darwin, C., 1871, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex [Numerous ed.]: London, Murray.}"
}

@article{bateson1886the10,
    author = "Bateson, W",
    title = "The ancestry of the Chordata",
    year = "1886",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, v. 26, p. 535-571",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bateson, W., 1886, The ancestry of the Chordata: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, v. 26, p. 535-571.}"
}

@misc{cope1887the38,
    author = "Cope, E. D",
    title = "The Origin of the Fittest",
    year = "1887",
    howpublished = "New York, Appleton \& Company",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cope, E. D., 1887, The Origin of the Fittest: New York, Appleton \& Company.}"
}

@article{lull1908the134,
    author = "Lull, R. S",
    title = "The evolution of the elephant",
    year = "1908",
    journal = "American Journal of Science, v. 25, p. 169-212; Series 4",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lull, R. S., 1908, The evolution of the elephant: American Journal of Science, v. 25, p. 169-212; Series 4.}"
}

@article{carruthers1910on27,
    author = "Carruthers, R. G",
    title = "On the evolution of Zaphrentis delanouei in Lower Carboniferous times",
    year = "1910",
    journal = "Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 66, p. 523-538",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Carruthers, R. G., 1910, On the evolution of Zaphrentis delanouei in Lower Carboniferous times: Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 66, p. 523-538.}"
}

@techreport{matthew1910the139,
    author = "Matthew, W. D",
    title = "THe phylogeny of the Felidae",
    year = "1910",
    howpublished = "American Museum of Natural History Bulletin, v. 28, p. 289-316",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Matthew, W. D., 1910, THe phylogeny of the Felidae: American Museum of Natural History Bulletin, v. 28, p. 289-316.}"
}

@misc{patten1912the173,
    author = "Patten, W",
    title = "The Evolution of the Vertebrates and Their Kin",
    year = "1912",
    howpublished = "London, Churchill",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Patten, W., 1912, The Evolution of the Vertebrates and Their Kin: London, Churchill.}"
}

@misc{dixon1922the47,
    author = "Dixon, A. C",
    title = "The Roots of Modern Evils, in Gatewood, W. B. J., ed., Controversy in the Twenties",
    year = "1922",
    howpublished = "Fundamentalism, Modernism and Evolution: Nashville, 1979, p. 121",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dixon, A. C., 1922, The Roots of Modern Evils, in Gatewood, W. B. J., ed., Controversy in the Twenties: Fundamentalism, Modernism and Evolution: Nashville, 1979, p. 121.}"
}

@inproceedings{lotka1922contribution133,
    author = "Lotka, A. J",
    title = "Contribution to the energetics of evolution",
    year = "1922",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 8, p. 147-155",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lotka, A. J., 1922, Contribution to the energetics of evolution: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 8, p. 147-155.}"
}

@article{chandler1923geological29,
    author = "Chandler, M. E. J",
    title = "Geological history of the genus Stratiotes",
    year = "1923",
    journal = "Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 79, p. 117-138",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Chandler, M. E. J., 1923, Geological history of the genus Stratiotes: Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 79, p. 117-138.}"
}

@misc{price1924the177,
    author = "Price, G. McC",
    title = "The Phantom of Organic Evolution",
    year = "1924",
    howpublished = "New York, Fleming H. Revell Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Price, G. McC., 1924, The Phantom of Organic Evolution: New York, Fleming H. Revell Co.}"
}

@book{price1926evolutionary176,
    author = "Price, G. M",
    title = "Evolutionary Geology and the New Catastrophism",
    year = "1926",
    publisher = "Mountain View, California, Pacific Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Price, G. M., 1926, Evolutionary Geology and the New Catastrophism: Mountain View, California, Pacific Press.}"
}

@misc{goodrich1930studies87,
    author = "Goodrich, E. S",
    title = "Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates",
    year = "1930",
    howpublished = "London, Macmillan",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Goodrich, E. S., 1930, Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates: London, Macmillan.}"
}

@misc{morgan1932the160,
    author = "Morgan, T. H",
    title = "The Scientific Basis of Evolution",
    year = "1932",
    howpublished = "New York, W.W. Norton",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morgan, T. H., 1932, The Scientific Basis of Evolution: New York, W.W. Norton.}"
}

@book{young1938the219,
    author = "Young, J. Z",
    title = "The Evolution of the Nervous System and of the Relationship of Organism and Environment, in de Beer, G. R., ed., Evolution",
    year = "1938",
    publisher = "Essays on Aspects of Evolutionary Biology, Presented to Professor E.S. Goodrich on his 70th Birthday: Oxford, Claredon Press, p. 179-204",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Young, J. Z., 1938, The Evolution of the Nervous System and of the Relationship of Organism and Environment, in de Beer, G. R., ed., Evolution: Essays on Aspects of Evolutionary Biology, Presented to Professor E.S. Goodrich on his 70th Birthday: Oxford, Claredon Press, p. 179-204.}"
}

@misc{lull1940organic135,
    author = "Lull, R. S",
    title = "Organic Evolution [Rev. ed.]",
    year = "1940",
    howpublished = "New York, Macmillan, 743 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lull, R. S., 1940, Organic Evolution [Rev. ed.]: New York, Macmillan, 743 p.}"
}

@article{flower1941development68,
    author = "Flower, R. H",
    title = "Development of the Mixochoanites",
    year = "1941",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 15, p. 523-548",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Flower, R. H., 1941, Development of the Mixochoanites: Journal of Paleontology, v. 15, p. 523-548.}"
}

@article{doi101090s000299041942076415,
    author = "Wright, Sewall",
    title = "Statistical genetics and evolution",
    year = "1942",
    journal = "Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society",
    abstract = "Introduction. When Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, practically nothing was known of hereditary differences beyond their existence. Since 1900, a body of knowledge on the mechanism of heredity and on mutation has been built up by experiment that challenges any field in the biological sciences in the extent and precision of its results. The implications for evolution are not, however, immediately obvious. I t is necessary to work out the statistical consequences. Studies in the field of statistical genetics began shortly after the rediscovery of Mendelian heredity in 1900. Those of J. B. S. Haldane [7] and R. A. Fisher [4] have been especially important with respect to the application to evolution. My own approach to the subject came through experimental studies conducted in the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry on the effects of inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection on populations of guinea pigs [21, 22, 23, 37] and through the attempt to formulate principles applicable to livestock breeding [19, 20, 24, 25, 13, 34]. On moving into the more academic atmosphere of the University of Chicago, I have become more directly concerned with the problem of evolution. I should note that the deductive approach, to which I shall confine myself here, involves many questions that can only be settled by observation and experimental work on natural populations and that a remarkable resurgence of interest in such work is in progress [2, 9].",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9904-1942-07641-5",
    doi = "10.1090/s0002-9904-1942-07641-5",
    openalex = "W1970592097"
}

@phdthesis{huxley1942evolution116,
    author = "Huxley, J",
    title = "Evolution",
    year = "1942",
    publisher = "The Modern Synthesis: New York \& London, Harper \& Brothers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huxley, J., 1942, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis: New York \& London, Harper \& Brothers.}"
}

@misc{walls1942the208,
    author = "Walls, G. L",
    title = "The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation",
    year = "1942",
    howpublished = "Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, The Cranbrook Institute of Science",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walls, G. L., 1942, The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation: Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, The Cranbrook Institute of Science.}"
}

@misc{franz1943die73,
    author = "Franz, V",
    title = "Die Geschichte der Tiere, in Heberer, G., ed., Die Evolution der Organismen",
    year = "1943",
    howpublished = "Jena, Fischer, p. 219-296; 774 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Franz, V., 1943, Die Geschichte der Tiere, in Heberer, G., ed., Die Evolution der Organismen: Jena, Fischer, p. 219-296; 774 p.}"
}

@book{simpson1944tempo191,
    author = "Simpson, G. G",
    title = "Tempo and Mode in Evolution [1st ed.]",
    year = "1944",
    publisher = "New York, Columbia University Press, 237 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Simpson, G. G., 1944, Tempo and Mode in Evolution [1st ed.]: New York, Columbia University Press, 237 p.}"
}

@article{crossref1946the,
    title = "The Princeton Conference on Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution",
    year = "1946",
    journal = "The American Naturalist",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/281491",
    doi = "10.1086/281491",
    number = "795",
    openalex = "W4251328622",
    pages = "660-660",
    volume = "80"
}

@misc{dobzhansky1947evolutionary50,
    author = "Dobzhansky, T. and Spassky, B",
    title = "Evolutionary changes in laboratory cultures of D. pseudoobscura",
    year = "1947",
    howpublished = "Evolution, v. 1, p. 191-216",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dobzhansky, T., and Spassky, B., 1947, Evolutionary changes in laboratory cultures of D. pseudoobscura: Evolution, v. 1, p. 191-216.}"
}

@misc{colbert1948evolution35,
    author = "Colbert, E. H",
    title = "Evolution of the horned dinosaurs",
    year = "1948",
    howpublished = "Evolution, v. 2, p. 145-163",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Colbert, E. H., 1948, Evolution of the horned dinosaurs: Evolution, v. 2, p. 145-163.}"
}

@book{chaney1949evolutionary30,
    author = "Chaney, R. W",
    title = "Evolutionary trends in the angiosperms, in Jepsen, G. L., Simpson, G. G., and Mayr, E., eds., Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution",
    year = "1949",
    publisher = "Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, p. 190-201; 474 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Chaney, R. W., 1949, Evolutionary trends in the angiosperms, in Jepsen, G. L., Simpson, G. G., and Mayr, E., eds., Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, p. 190-201; 474 p.}"
}

@book{simpson1949the192,
    author = "Simpson, G. G",
    title = "The Meaning of Evolution",
    year = "1949",
    publisher = "New Haven, Conecticut, Yale University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Simpson, G. G., 1949, The Meaning of Evolution: New Haven, Conecticut, Yale University Press.}"
}

@book{stebbins1949rates200,
    author = "Stebbins, G. L. and Jr",
    title = "Rates of evolution in plants, in Jepsen, G. L., Simpson, G. G., and Mayr, E., eds., Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution",
    year = "1949",
    publisher = "Princeton, Princeton University Press, p. 229-242; 474 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stebbins, G. L., Jr., 1949, Rates of evolution in plants, in Jepsen, G. L., Simpson, G. G., and Mayr, E., eds., Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution: Princeton, Princeton University Press, p. 229-242; 474 p.}"
}

@misc{trevisan1949limeamenti204,
    author = "Trevisan, L",
    title = "Limeamenti dell'evoluzione del ceppo di elefanti eurasiatici nel Quaternario",
    year = "1949",
    howpublished = "La Ricerca Scientifica, v. 19, Suppl. 1, p. 105-111",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Trevisan, L., 1949, Limeamenti dell'evoluzione del ceppo di elefanti eurasiatici nel Quaternario: La Ricerca Scientifica, v. 19, Suppl. 1, p. 105-111.}"
}

@book{watson1949the209,
    author = "Watson, D. M. S",
    title = "The evidence afforded by fossil vertebrates on the nature of evolution, in Jepsen, G. L., Simpson, G. G., and Mayr, E., eds., Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution",
    year = "1949",
    publisher = "Princeton, Princeton University Press, p. 45-63; 474 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Watson, D. M. S., 1949, The evidence afforded by fossil vertebrates on the nature of evolution, in Jepsen, G. L., Simpson, G. G., and Mayr, E., eds., Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution: Princeton, Princeton University Press, p. 45-63; 474 p.}"
}

@book{westoll1949on212,
    author = "Westoll, T. S",
    title = "On the Evolution of the Dipnoi, in Jepsen, G. L., Mayr, E., and Simpson, G. G., eds., Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution",
    year = "1949",
    publisher = "Princeton, Princeton University Press, p. 121-188",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Westoll, T. S., 1949, On the Evolution of the Dipnoi, in Jepsen, G. L., Mayr, E., and Simpson, G. G., eds., Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution: Princeton, Princeton University Press, p. 121-188.}"
}

@article{howells1950genetics,
    author = "Howells, W. W.",
    title = "Genetics, Paleontology, and Evolution",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "American Anthropologist",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1950.52.4.02a00270",
    doi = "10.1525/aa.1950.52.4.02a00270",
    number = "4",
    pages = "542-544",
    volume = "52"
}

@misc{teilharddechardin1950sur203,
    author = "Teilhard de Chardin, P",
    title = "Sur un cas remarqueable d'orthognse de groupe - l'volution des siphnids de Chine",
    year = "1950",
    howpublished = "Colloquium International Centre Natural Research Science, v. 21, p. 169-173",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Teilhard de Chardin, P., 1950, Sur un cas remarqueable d'orthognse de groupe - l'volution des siphnids de Chine: Colloquium International Centre Natural Research Science, v. 21, p. 169-173.}"
}

@book{simpson1953the193,
    author = "Simpson, G. G",
    title = "The Major Features of Evolution",
    year = "1953",
    publisher = "New York, Columbia University Press, 434 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Simpson, G. G., 1953, The Major Features of Evolution: New York, Columbia University Press, 434 p.}"
}

@misc{mayr1954change144,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "Change of Genetic Environment and Evolution, in Huxley, J., Hardy, A. C., and Ford, E. B., eds., Evolution as a Process",
    year = "1954",
    howpublished = "London, Allen and Unwin, p. 157-180",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1954, Change of Genetic Environment and Evolution, in Huxley, J., Hardy, A. C., and Ford, E. B., eds., Evolution as a Process: London, Allen and Unwin, p. 157-180.}"
}

@article{watson1954a210,
    author = "Watson, D. M. S",
    title = "A consideration of ostracoderms",
    year = "1954",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 238, p. 1-25",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Watson, D. M. S., 1954, A consideration of ostracoderms: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 238, p. 1-25.}"
}

@book{dobzhansky1955evolution51,
    author = "Dobzhansky, T",
    title = "Evolution, Genetics and Man",
    year = "1955",
    publisher = "New York, John Wiley \& Sons, 398 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dobzhansky, T., 1955, Evolution, Genetics and Man: New York, John Wiley \& Sons, 398 p.}"
}

@misc{herrick1956the113,
    author = "Herrick, C. J",
    title = "THe Evolution of Human Nature",
    year = "1956",
    howpublished = "New York, Harper \& Brothers, 506 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Herrick, C. J., 1956, THe Evolution of Human Nature: New York, Harper \& Brothers, 506 p.}"
}

@techreport{greiner1957spirifer104,
    author = "Greiner, H",
    title = {Spirifer disjunctus"-its evolution and paleoecology in the Catskill Delta},
    year = "1957",
    howpublished = "Yale University Peabody Museum of Natural History, Bulletin, v. 11, p. 1-75",
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Greiner, H., 1957, "Spirifer disjunctus"-its evolution and paleoecology in the Catskill Delta: Yale University Peabody Museum of Natural History, Bulletin, v. 11, p. 1-75.}}
}

@incollection{carpenter1958territoriality26,
    author = "Carpenter, C. R",
    editor = "Roe, A. and Simpson, G. G.",
    title = "Territoriality: A Review of Concepts and Problems",
    year = "1958",
    booktitle = "Behavior and Evolution",
    publisher = "New Haven, Yale University Press, p. 224-250; 537 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Carpenter, C. R., 1958, Territoriality: A Review of Concepts and Problems, in Roe, A., and Simpson, G. G., eds., Behavior and Evolution: New Haven, Yale University Press, p. 224-250; 537 pp.}"
}

@book{freedman1958evolution74,
    author = "Freedman, L. Z. and Roe, A",
    title = "Evolution and Human Behavior, in Roe, A., and Simpson, G. G., eds., Behavior in Evolution",
    year = "1958",
    publisher = "New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, p. 455-479; 557 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Freedman, L. Z., and Roe, A., 1958, Evolution and Human Behavior, in Roe, A., and Simpson, G. G., eds., Behavior in Evolution: New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, p. 455-479; 557 pp.}"
}

@book{greene1959the102,
    author = "Greene, J. C",
    title = "The Death of Adam",
    year = "1959",
    publisher = "Evolution and its Impact on Western Thought: Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Greene, J. C., 1959, The Death of Adam: Evolution and its Impact on Western Thought: Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press.}"
}

@book{mayr1959the145,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "The Emergence of Evolutionary Novelties, in Mayr, E., ed., Evolution and Diversity of Life",
    year = "1959",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1959, The Emergence of Evolutionary Novelties, in Mayr, E., ed., Evolution and Diversity of Life: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.}"
}

@article{doi101111j155856461960tb03113x,
    author = "Lewontin, Richard C and Kojima, Kenichi",
    title = "THE EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF COMPLEX POLYMORPHISMS,,",
    year = "1960",
    journal = "Evolution",
    abstract = "The theory of balanced polymorphism which has been elaborated by population geneticists, notably Sewall Wright and R. A. Fisher, has in the main been concerned with the effects of single loci. As theory generally goes apace with experiment, this accent on single locus polymorphisms has been due to the plethora of observational evidence relating to simple cases. It is sufficient to note the vast effort made by Dobzhansky and his co-workers in their elucidation of the inversion polymorphism of the third chromosome of Drosophila pseudoobscura. In recent years, however, a few cases have come to light of polymorphisms involving more than one Mendelian unit. Among these are the inversions on different chromosomes found in D. robustca studied by Levitan (1955 and 1958), the shell color of Cepaea nemoralis reported by Lamotte (1951) and by Cain and Sheppard (1952), the complex mimicry pattern in certain butterflies (Sheppard, 1959) and the inversions in two chromosomes of the grasshopper Moraba scurra analyzed by White (1957) and Lewontin and White (1960). The study of effects of natural selection on single locus polymorphisms must take into account only inter-allelic effects such as additivity and dominance. In multi-locus polymorphisms, however,",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1960.tb03113.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1960.tb03113.x",
    openalex = "W2157669324",
    references = "doi101038hdy195222, doi101038hdy195926, doi101073pnas457984, doi101090s000299041942076415, doi101093genetics433419, doi101111j155856461956tb02852x, doi101111j155856461960tb03061x, doi101214aoms1177731313, doi101525aa195052402a00270, doi1023072405927, howells1950genetics"
}

@techreport{glaessner1960the85,
    author = "Glaessner, M. F",
    title = "The fossil decapod Crustacea of New Zealand and the evolution of the order Decapoda",
    year = "1960",
    howpublished = "New Zealand Geological Survey, Paleontological Bulletin, v. 31, p. 1-63",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Glaessner, M. F., 1960, The fossil decapod Crustacea of New Zealand and the evolution of the order Decapoda: New Zealand Geological Survey, Paleontological Bulletin, v. 31, p. 1-63.}"
}

@book{tax1960the202,
    author = "Tax, S",
    title = "The Evolution of Life",
    year = "1960",
    publisher = "Chicago, Ill., University of Chicago Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Tax, S., 1960, The Evolution of Life: Chicago, Ill., University of Chicago Press.}"
}

@article{gimbrede1962evolution79,
    author = "Gimbrede, L. D. A",
    title = "Evolution of the Cretaceous foraminifer Kyphopyxa chrisneri (Carsey)",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 36, p. 1121-1123",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gimbrede, L. D. A., 1962, Evolution of the Cretaceous foraminifer Kyphopyxa chrisneri (Carsey): Journal of Paleontology, v. 36, p. 1121-1123.}"
}

@book{hall1962evolution107,
    author = "Hall, C. A. and Jr",
    title = "Evolution of the echinoid genus Astrodapsis",
    year = "1962",
    publisher = "University of California Publications in Geological Science, v. 40, p. 47- 180",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hall, C. A., Jr., 1962, Evolution of the echinoid genus Astrodapsis: University of California Publications in Geological Science, v. 40, p. 47- 180.}"
}

@book{openalexw2556090403,
    author = "Moran, P. A. P.",
    title = "The statistical processes of evolutionary theory.",
    year = "1962",
    openalex = "W2556090403"
}

@book{barnard1963evolution8,
    author = "Barnard, T",
    title = "Evolution in certain biocharacters of selected Jurassic Lagenidae, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 79-92",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barnard, T., 1963, Evolution in certain biocharacters of selected Jurassic Lagenidae, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 79-92.}"
}

@misc{cain1963animal24,
    author = "Cain, A. J",
    title = "Animal Species and Their Evolution [2nd ed.]",
    year = "1963",
    howpublished = "London, Hutchinson",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cain, A. J., 1963, Animal Species and Their Evolution [2nd ed.]: London, Hutchinson.}"
}

@book{citasironi1963tendances31,
    author = "Cita-Sironi, M. B",
    title = "Tendances volutives des foraminifres planctiques (Globotruncanae) du Crtac suprior, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 112-138; 355 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cita-Sironi, M. B., 1963, Tendances volutives des foraminifres planctiques (Globotruncanae) du Crtac suprior, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 112-138; 355 p.}"
}

@book{dunbar1963trends57,
    author = "Dunbar, C. O",
    title = "Trends of evolution in American fusulines, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 25-44; 355 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dunbar, C. O., 1963, Trends of evolution in American fusulines, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 25-44; 355 p.}"
}

@book{hottinger1963les115,
    author = "Hottinger, L",
    title = "Les alvolines palognes, exemple d'un genre polyphyltique, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 298-314",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hottinger, L., 1963, Les alvolines palognes, exemple d'un genre polyphyltique, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 298-314.}"
}

@book{mayr1963animal146,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "Animal Species and Evolution",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1963, Animal Species and Evolution: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.}"
}

@article{doi1023073211856,
    author = "Kimura, Motoo",
    title = "Diffusion models in population genetics",
    year = "1964",
    journal = "Journal of Applied Probability",
    abstract = "Population genetics is that branch of genetics, whose object is the study of the genetical make-up of natural populations. By investigating the laws which govern the genetic structure of natural populations, we intend to clarify the mechanism of evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3211856",
    doi = "10.2307/3211856",
    openalex = "W2332905493",
    references = "doi101007bf01457949, doi1010160016003254906341, doi101017s0305004100015644, doi101017s0305004100033193, doi101017s0370164600023993, doi101093genetics16297, doi101093genetics476713, doi101111j155856461949tb00004x, doi10111911933765, doi101525aa195052402a00270, doi105962bhltitle27468, howells1950genetics, openalexw1493831303, openalexw2556090403"
}

@book{fisher1964evolution66,
    author = "Fisher, W. L. and Rodda, P. U. and Dietrich, J. W",
    title = "Evolution of Athleta petrosa stock (Eocene, Gastropoda) of Texas, Publication 6413 of University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology",
    year = "1964",
    publisher = "p.1-117",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fisher, W. L., Rodda, P. U., and Dietrich, J. W., 1964, Evolution of Athleta petrosa stock (Eocene, Gastropoda) of Texas, Publication 6413 of University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology: p.1-117.}"
}

@book{mayr1964introduction147,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "Introduction, in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (Darwin, C. 1859) [Facsimile of 1 ed.]",
    year = "1964",
    publisher = "London, John Murray, p. vii-xxvii; Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1964",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1964, Introduction, in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (Darwin, C. 1859) [Facsimile of 1 ed.]: London, John Murray, p. vii-xxvii; Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1964.}"
}

@misc{simpson1964this194,
    author = "Simpson, G. G",
    title = "This View of Life",
    year = "1964",
    howpublished = "The World of an Evolutionist: New York, Harcourt, Brace and World, 308 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Simpson, G. G., 1964, This View of Life: The World of an Evolutionist: New York, Harcourt, Brace and World, 308 p.}"
}

@misc{colbert1965the36,
    author = "Colbert, E. H",
    title = "The Age of Reptiles",
    year = "1965",
    howpublished = "New York, Norton, 228 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Colbert, E. H., 1965, The Age of Reptiles: New York, Norton, 228 p.}"
}

@incollection{doi101016s0065266008600486,
    author = "Bradshaw, A. D.",
    title = "Evolutionary Significance of Phenotypic Plasticity in Plants",
    year = "1965",
    booktitle = "Advances in genetics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60048-6",
    doi = "10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60048-6",
    openalex = "W206110177",
    references = "doi101016s0065211308603971, doi101111j146918091949tb02451x, doi104159harvard9780674865327, doi107312steb94536"
}

@book{fox1965experiments69,
    author = "Fox, S. W",
    title = "Experiments suggesting evolution to protein, in Bryson, V., and Vogel, H. J., eds., Evolving Genes and Proteins",
    year = "1965",
    publisher = "New York, Academic Press, p. 359-369",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fox, S. W., 1965, Experiments suggesting evolution to protein, in Bryson, V., and Vogel, H. J., eds., Evolving Genes and Proteins: New York, Academic Press, p. 359-369.}"
}

@techreport{greenwood1965the103,
    author = "Greenwood, P. H",
    title = "The cichlid fishes of Lake Nabugabo, Uganda",
    year = "1965",
    howpublished = "British Museum of Natural History Bulletin (Zoology), v. 12, p. 315-357",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Greenwood, P. H., 1965, The cichlid fishes of Lake Nabugabo, Uganda: British Museum of Natural History Bulletin (Zoology), v. 12, p. 315-357.}"
}

@misc{olson1965the165,
    author = "Olson, E. C",
    title = "The Evolution of Life",
    year = "1965",
    howpublished = "New York, New American Library, Mentor, 302 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Olson, E. C., 1965, The Evolution of Life: New York, New American Library, Mentor, 302 p.}"
}

@misc{scagel1965an185,
    author = "Scagel, R. F. et al",
    title = "An Evolutionary Survey of the Plant Kingdom",
    year = "1965",
    howpublished = "Belmont, Wadsworth, 658 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Scagel, R. F. et al., 1965, An Evolutionary Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Belmont, Wadsworth, 658 p.}"
}

@misc{birch1967evolutionary12,
    author = "Birch, L. C. and Ehrlich, P. R",
    title = "Evolutionary History and Population Biology",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 214, p. 349-352",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Birch, L. C., and Ehrlich, P. R., 1967, Evolutionary History and Population Biology: Nature, v. 214, p. 349-352.}"
}

@misc{dobzhansky1967the52,
    author = "Dobzhansky, T",
    title = "The Biology of Ultimate Concern",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "New York, New American Library, 152 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dobzhansky, T., 1967, The Biology of Ultimate Concern: New York, New American Library, 152 p.}"
}

@misc{fay1967phylogeny65,
    author = "Fay, R. O",
    title = "Phylogeny and Evolution, p",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "S392-S396, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pt. S (Echinodermata I), v.2 (Blastoids), p. S297-S650",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fay, R. O., 1967, Phylogeny and Evolution, p. S392-S396, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pt. S (Echinodermata I), v.2 (Blastoids), p. S297-S650.}"
}

@misc{klapper1967evolutionary126,
    author = "Klapper, G. and Ziegler, W",
    title = "Evolutionary development of the Icriodus latericresens group (Conodonta) in the Devonian of Europe and North America",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "Palaeontographica, Series A, v. 127, p. 68-83",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Klapper, G., and Ziegler, W., 1967, Evolutionary development of the Icriodus latericresens group (Conodonta) in the Devonian of Europe and North America: Palaeontographica, Series A, v. 127, p. 68-83.}"
}

@book{overman1967evolution168,
    author = "Overman, R. H",
    title = "Evolution and the Christian Doctrine of Creation; a Whiteheadian Interpretation",
    year = "1967",
    publisher = "Philadelphia, Pa., Westminster Press, 301 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Overman, R. H., 1967, Evolution and the Christian Doctrine of Creation; a Whiteheadian Interpretation: Philadelphia, Pa., Westminster Press, 301 p.}"
}

@book{simpson1967the195,
    author = "Simpson, G. G",
    title = "The Meaning of Evolution",
    year = "1967",
    publisher = "A Study of the History of Life and of its Significance for Man: New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Simpson, G. G., 1967, The Meaning of Evolution: A Study of the History of Life and of its Significance for Man: New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.}"
}

@book{blum1968times13,
    author = "Blum, H. F",
    title = "Time's Arrow and Evolution [3rd ed.]",
    year = "1968",
    publisher = "Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Blum, H. F., 1968, Time's Arrow and Evolution [3rd ed.]: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.}"
}

@misc{clark1968fossils32,
    author = "Clark, D. L",
    title = "Fossils, Paleontology and Evolution",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "Dubuque, Iowa, Brown, 130 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Clark, D. L., 1968, Fossils, Paleontology and Evolution: Dubuque, Iowa, Brown, 130 p.}"
}

@book{drake1968evolution56,
    author = "Drake, E. T",
    title = "Evolution and environment",
    year = "1968",
    publisher = "New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 478 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Drake, E. T., 1968, Evolution and environment: New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 478 p.}"
}

@misc{heaslip1968cenozoic112,
    author = "Heaslip, W. G",
    title = "Cenozoic evolution of the alticostate venericards in the Gulf and East Coastal North America",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "Palaeontographica Americana, v. 6, p. 55-135",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Heaslip, W. G., 1968, Cenozoic evolution of the alticostate venericards in the Gulf and East Coastal North America: Palaeontographica Americana, v. 6, p. 55-135.}"
}

@book{oparin1968genesis166,
    author = "Oparin, A. I",
    title = "Genesis and Evolutionary Development of Life",
    year = "1968",
    publisher = "New York, Academic Press, 203 p.; Translated by E. Maass",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Oparin, A. I., 1968, Genesis and Evolutionary Development of Life: New York, Academic Press, 203 p.; Translated by E. Maass.}"
}

@book{wright19681978218,
    author = "Wright, S",
    title = "-1978, Evolution and the Genetics of Populations. A Treatise in Four Volumes",
    year = "1968",
    publisher = "Chicago, Illinois, University of Chicago Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wright, S., 1968-1978, Evolution and the Genetics of Populations. A Treatise in Four Volumes: Chicago, Illinois, University of Chicago Press.}"
}

@book{colbert1969evolution37,
    author = "Colbert, E. H",
    title = "Evolution of the Vertebrates [2nd ed.]",
    year = "1969",
    publisher = "New York, Wiley, 535 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Colbert, E. H., 1969, Evolution of the Vertebrates [2nd ed.]: New York, Wiley, 535 p.}"
}

@misc{glaessner1969decapoda86,
    author = "Glaessner, M. F",
    title = "Decapoda, p. R399-R533, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "v. 2, p. R399-R651",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Glaessner, M. F., 1969, Decapoda, p. R399-R533, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: v. 2, p. R399-R651.}"
}

@misc{kaufmann1969form122,
    author = "Kaufmann, E. G",
    title = "Form, function, and evolution",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "P. N129-N205, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: v. 1, p. N1-N489",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kaufmann, E. G., 1969, Form, function, and evolution: P. N129-N205, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: v. 1, p. N1-N489.}"
}

@misc{weller1969the211,
    author = "Weller, J. M",
    title = "THe Course of Evolution",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "New York, McGraw-Hill, 696 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Weller, J. M., 1969, THe Course of Evolution: New York, McGraw-Hill, 696 p.}"
}

@misc{baker1970evolution6,
    author = "Baker, H. G",
    title = "Evolution in the tropics",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "Biotropica, v. 2, p. 101-111",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Baker, H. G., 1970, Evolution in the tropics: Biotropica, v. 2, p. 101-111.}"
}

@book{dobzhanshy1970genetics48,
    author = "Dobzhanshy, T",
    title = "Genetics of the Evolutionary Process",
    year = "1970",
    publisher = "New York, Columbia University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dobzhanshy, T., 1970, Genetics of the Evolutionary Process: New York, Columbia University Press.}"
}

@incollection{doi101130mem125p1,
    author = "Stanley, Steven M.",
    title = "Relation of Shell Form to Life Habits of the Bivalvia (Mollusca)",
    year = "1970",
    booktitle = "Memoir - Geological Society of America",
    abstract = "Study of 95 Western Atlantic bivalve mollusk species representing 29 families has demonstrated that morphologic features of the bivalve shell other than hinge type and microstructure primarily reflect life habits and habitat preferences. Many morphologic features represent potentially powerful tools for paleoecologic and evolutionary interpretation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/mem125-p1",
    doi = "10.1130/mem125-p1",
    openalex = "W1904285181"
}

@misc{klotz1970genes127,
    author = "Klotz, J. W",
    title = "Genes, Genesis, and Evolution",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "St. Louis, Mo., Concordia Publishing Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Klotz, J. W., 1970, Genes, Genesis, and Evolution: St. Louis, Mo., Concordia Publishing Co.}"
}

@book{mayr1970populations148,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "Populations, Species and Evolution",
    year = "1970",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Mass, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1970, Populations, Species and Evolution: Cambridge, Mass, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.}"
}

@article{cuffey1971evidence40,
    author = "Cuffey, R. J",
    title = "Evidence for evolution from the fossil record",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Journal of American Scientific Affiliations, v. 23, p. 158-159",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cuffey, R. J., 1971, Evidence for evolution from the fossil record: Journal of American Scientific Affiliations, v. 23, p. 158-159.}"
}

@article{cuffey1971transitional41,
    author = "Cuffey, R. J",
    title = "Transitional fossils well known",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Journal of American Scientific Affiliations, v. 23, p. 38",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cuffey, R. J., 1971, Transitional fossils well known: Journal of American Scientific Affiliations, v. 23, p. 38.}"
}

@misc{eigen1971selforganization59,
    author = "Eigen, M",
    title = "Selforganization of matter and the evolution of biological macromolecules",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Naturwissenschaften, v. 58, p. 465-523",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eigen, M., 1971, Selforganization of matter and the evolution of biological macromolecules: Naturwissenschaften, v. 58, p. 465-523.}"
}

@inproceedings{gartner1971phylogenetic78,
    author = "Gartner, S. and Jr",
    title = "Phylogenetic lineages in the Lower Tertiary coccolith genus Chiasmolithus",
    year = "1971",
    booktitle = "North American Paleontological Convention, Proceedings, p. 930-957; Part G",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gartner, S., Jr., 1971, Phylogenetic lineages in the Lower Tertiary coccolith genus Chiasmolithus: North American Paleontological Convention, Proceedings, p. 930-957; Part G.}"
}

@misc{eldredge1972punctuated63,
    author = "Eldredge, N. and Gould, S. J",
    title = "Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism, in Schopf, T. M., ed., Models in Paleobiology: San Francisco, Freeman, Cooper, \& Co., p. 82-115; 250 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eldredge, N., and Gould, S. J., 1972, Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism, in Schopf, T. M., ed., Models in Paleobiology: San Francisco, Freeman, Cooper, \& Co., p. 82-115; 250 pp.}"
}

@misc{mayr1972the149,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "The nature of the Darwinian revolution. Acceptance of evolution by natural selection required the rejection of many previously held concepts",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 176, p. 981-989",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1972, The nature of the Darwinian revolution. Acceptance of evolution by natural selection required the rejection of many previously held concepts: Science, v. 176, p. 981-989.}"
}

@book{mckinney1972wallace156,
    author = "McKinney, H. L",
    title = "Wallace and Natural Selection",
    year = "1972",
    publisher = "New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McKinney, H. L., 1972, Wallace and Natural Selection: New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.}"
}

@misc{dobzhansky1973nothing53,
    author = "Dobzhansky, T",
    title = "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "American Biology Teacher, v. 35, p. 125-129",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dobzhansky, T., 1973, Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution: American Biology Teacher, v. 35, p. 125-129.}"
}

@misc{fox1973the70,
    author = "Fox, S. W",
    title = "The rapid evolution of complex systems from simple beginnings, in Marois, M., ed., From Theoretical Physics to Biology",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Basel, S. Karger, p. 133-144",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fox, S. W., 1973, The rapid evolution of complex systems from simple beginnings, in Marois, M., ed., From Theoretical Physics to Biology: Basel, S. Karger, p. 133-144.}"
}

@misc{gingerich1973skull80,
    author = "Gingerich, P. D",
    title = "Skull of Hesperornis and the early evolution of birds",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 243, p. 70-73",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gingerich, P. D., 1973, Skull of Hesperornis and the early evolution of birds: Nature, v. 243, p. 70-73.}"
}

@book{jerison1973evolution120,
    author = "Jerison, H. J",
    title = "Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence",
    year = "1973",
    publisher = "New York, Academic Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jerison, H. J., 1973, Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence: New York, Academic Press.}"
}

@article{raup1973stochastic179,
    author = "Raup, D. M. and Gould, S. J. and Schopf, T. J. M. and Simberloff, D. S",
    title = "Stochastic models of phylogeny and the evolution of diversity",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Journal of Geology, v. 81, no. 5, p. 525-542",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Raup, D. M., Gould, S. J., Schopf, T. J. M., and Simberloff, D. S., 1973, Stochastic models of phylogeny and the evolution of diversity: Journal of Geology, v. 81, no. 5, p. 525-542.}"
}

@book{brein1974general19,
    author = "Brein, P",
    title = "General Chacteristics and Evolution of Craniata or Vertebrates, in Florkin, M., and Scheer, B. T., eds., Chemical Zoology",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press, v. VIII, p. 99-146",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brein, P., 1974, General Chacteristics and Evolution of Craniata or Vertebrates, in Florkin, M., and Scheer, B. T., eds., Chemical Zoology: London, Academic Press, v. VIII, p. 99-146.}"
}

@article{doi101093genetics782737,
    author = "Felsenstein, Joseph",
    title = "THE EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGE OF RECOMBINATION",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Genetics",
    abstract = {The controversy over the evolutionary advantage of recombination initially discovered by Fisher and by Muller is reviewed. Those authors whose models had finite-population effects found an advantage of recombination, and those whose models had infinite populations found none. The advantage of recombination is that it breaks down random linkage disequilibrium generated by genetic drift. Hill and Robertson found that the average effect of this randomly-generated linkage disequilibrium was to cause linked loci to interfere with each other's response to selection, even where there was no gene interaction between the loci. This effect is shown to be identical to the original argument of Fisher and Muller. It also predicts the "ratchet mechanism" discovered by Muller, who pointed out that deleterious mutants would more readily increase in a population without recombination. Computer simulations of substitution of favorable mutants and of the long-term increase of deleterious mutants verified the essential correctness of the original Fisher-Muller argument and the reality of the Muller ratchet mechanism. It is argued that these constitute an intrinsic advantage of recombination capable of accounting for its persistence in the face of selection for tighter linkage between interacting polymorphisms, and possibly capable of accounting for its origin.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/78.2.737",
    doi = "10.1093/genetics/78.2.737",
    openalex = "W2130315111",
    references = "doi1023072341823"
}

@misc{motulsky1974brave162,
    author = "Motulsky, A. G",
    title = "Brave New World?",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 185, p. 653-663",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Motulsky, A. G., 1974, Brave New World?: Science, v. 185, p. 653-663.}"
}

@misc{sagan1974brocas182,
    author = "Sagan, C",
    title = "Broca's Brain",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "New York, Random House, 347 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sagan, C., 1974, Broca's Brain: New York, Random House, 347 p.}"
}

@techreport{sclater1974evolution188,
    author = "Sclater, J. G. and Fisher, R. L",
    title = "Evolution of the East Indian Ocean",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 85, p. 683-702",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sclater, J. G., and Fisher, R. L., 1974, Evolution of the East Indian Ocean: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 85, p. 683-702.}"
}

@misc{broda1975the23,
    author = "Broda, E",
    title = "The Evolution of the Bioenergetic Processes",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "Oxford, Pergamon",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Broda, E., 1975, The Evolution of the Bioenergetic Processes: Oxford, Pergamon.}"
}

@article{doi101111j155856461975tb00851x,
    author = "Felsenstein, Joseph",
    title = "THE GENETIC BASIS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1975.tb00851.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1975.tb00851.x",
    openalex = "W1547248981"
}

@misc{king1975evolution125,
    author = "King, M. C. and Wilson, A. C",
    title = "Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 188, p. 107-118",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {King, M. C., and Wilson, A. C., 1975, Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees: Science, v. 188, p. 107-118.}"
}

@misc{maynardsmith1975the140,
    author = "Maynard Smith, J",
    title = "The Theory of Evolution [3rd ed.]",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "New York, Penguin",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Maynard Smith, J., 1975, The Theory of Evolution [3rd ed.]: New York, Penguin.}"
}

@misc{oxnard1975the169,
    author = "Oxnard, C",
    title = "The Place of the Australopithecines in Human Evolution",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "Grounds for Doubt?: Nature, v. 258, p. 386-394",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Oxnard, C., 1975, The Place of the Australopithecines in Human Evolution: Grounds for Doubt?: Nature, v. 258, p. 386-394.}"
}

@book{williams1975sex213,
    author = "Williams, G. C",
    title = "Sex and Evolution",
    year = "1975",
    publisher = "Princeton, Princeton University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Williams, G. C., 1975, Sex and Evolution: Princeton, Princeton University Press.}"
}

@book{wolken1975photoprocesses217,
    author = "Wolken, J. J",
    title = "Photoprocesses, Photorecptors and Evolution",
    year = "1975",
    publisher = "New York, Academic Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wolken, J. J., 1975, Photoprocesses, Photorecptors and Evolution: New York, Academic Press.}"
}

@book{aw1976chemical2,
    author = "Aw, S. E",
    title = "Chemical Evolution",
    year = "1976",
    publisher = "Singapore, University Education Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Aw, S. E., 1976, Chemical Evolution: Singapore, University Education Press.}"
}

@misc{cloud1976beginnings33,
    author = "Cloud, P. E",
    title = "Beginnings of biospheric evolution and their biogeochemical consequences",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Paleobiology, v. 2, p. 351-387",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cloud, P. E., 1976, Beginnings of biospheric evolution and their biogeochemical consequences: Paleobiology, v. 2, p. 351-387.}"
}

@book{dawkins1976the45,
    author = "Dawkins, R",
    title = "The Selfish Gene",
    year = "1976",
    publisher = "New York, Oxford University Press, 224 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dawkins, R., 1976, The Selfish Gene: New York, Oxford University Press, 224 p.}"
}

@article{doi101086409052,
    author = "Stearns, Stephen C.",
    title = "Life-History Tactics: A Review of the Ideas",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    abstract = "This review organizes ideas on the evolution of life histories. The key life-history traits are brood size, size of young, the age distribution of reproductive effort, the interaction of reproductive effort with adult mortality, and the variation in these traits among an individual's progeny. The general theoretical problem is to predict which combinations of traits will evolve in organisms living in specified circumstances. First consider single traits. Theorists have made the following predictions: (1) Where adult exceeds juvenile mortality, the organism should reproduce only once in its lifetime. Where juvenile exceeds adult mortality, the organism should reproduce several times. (2) Brood size should macimize the number of young surviving to maturity, summed over the lifetime of the parent. But when optimum brood-size unpredictably in time, smaller broods should be favored because they decrease the chances of total failure on a given attempt. (3) In expanding populations, selection should minimize age at maturity. In stable populations, when reproductive success depends on size, age, or social status, or when adult exceeds juvenile mortality, then maturation should be delayed, as it should be in declining populations. (4) Young should increase in size at birth with increased predation risk, and decrease in size with increased resource availability. Theorists have also predicted that only particular combinations of traits should occur in specified circumstances. (5) In growing populations, age at maturity should be minimized, reproductive effort concentrated early in life, and brood size increased. (6) One view holds that in stable environments, late maturity, broods, a few, large young, parental care, and small reproductive efforts should be favored (K-selection). In fluctuating environments, early maturity, many small young, reduced parental care, and large reproductive efforts should be favored (r-selection). (7) But another view holds that when juvenile mortality fluctuates more than adult mortality, the traits associated with stable and fluctuating environments should be reversed. We need experiments that test the assumptions and predictions reviewed here, more comprehensive theory that makes more readily falsifiable predictions, and examination of different definitions of fitness.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/409052",
    doi = "10.1086/409052",
    openalex = "W1994811904",
    references = "deevey1947life, doi101001jama195002910300087029, doi1010160022519366901846, doi1010160040580974900537, doi101086282461, doi101086282697, doi101086394476, doi101086395888, doi101086400074, doi101093biomet333183, doi101093icb141249, doi101111j1474919x1947tb04155x, doi101111j155856461969tb03489x, doi101139f54039, doi1015159781400820108, doi1015159781400881376, doi1023071935217, doi1023071935638, doi1023072965538, doi102307jctvx5wbbh, doi10432497813151292667, doi105962bhltitle27468, openalexw1532540194, openalexw2000871817"
}

@article{doi101111j155856461976tb00911x,
    author = "Lande, Russell",
    title = "NATURAL SELECTION AND RANDOM GENETIC DRIFT IN PHENOTYPIC EVOLUTION",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1976.tb00911.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1976.tb00911.x",
    openalex = "W1966206981",
    references = "doi101038248107a0, doi101093genetics16297, doi101103physrev36823, doi101111j155856461949tb00004x, doi101111j155856461975tb00851x, doi1023071441916, doi1023072405671, doi1023072529912, doi1023073211856, doi104159harvard9780674865327, doi105962bhltitle27468, doi107312simp93764, openalexw2062594085, openalexw3135630760"
}

@misc{fox1976contribution71,
    author = "Fox, S. W",
    title = "Contribution of experimental protobiogenesis to the theory of evolution, in Novak, J. A., and Pacltova, B., eds., Evolutionary Biology",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Prague, Czech. Biological Society, p. 35-44",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fox, S. W., 1976, Contribution of experimental protobiogenesis to the theory of evolution, in Novak, J. A., and Pacltova, B., eds., Evolutionary Biology: Prague, Czech. Biological Society, p. 35-44.}"
}

@article{gingerich1976paleontology81,
    author = "Gingerich, P. D",
    title = "Paleontology and phylogeny",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "patterns of evolution of the species level in early Tertiary mammals: American Journal of Science, v. 276, p. 1- 28",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gingerich, P. D., 1976, Paleontology and phylogeny: patterns of evolution of the species level in early Tertiary mammals: American Journal of Science, v. 276, p. 1- 28.}"
}

@book{mayr1976evolution150,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "Evolution and the Diversity of Life",
    year = "1976",
    publisher = "Selected Essays: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press [Belknap]",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1976, Evolution and the Diversity of Life: Selected Essays: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press [Belknap].}"
}

@misc{peters1976tautology174,
    author = "Peters, R. H",
    title = "Tautology in Evolution and Ecology",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "American Naturalist, v. 110, p. 1-12",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Peters, R. H., 1976, Tautology in Evolution and Ecology: American Naturalist, v. 110, p. 1-12.}"
}

@article{saunders1976on183,
    author = "Saunders, P. T. and Ho, M. W",
    title = "On the increase in complexity in evolution",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Journal of Theoretical Biology, v. 63, p. 375-384",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Saunders, P. T., and Ho, M. W., 1976, On the increase in complexity in evolution: Journal of Theoretical Biology, v. 63, p. 375-384.}"
}

@misc{winchester1976heredity214,
    author = "Winchester, A. M",
    title = "Heredity, Evolution and Humankind",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "St. Paul, Minn., West Publishing Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Winchester, A. M., 1976, Heredity, Evolution and Humankind: St. Paul, Minn., West Publishing Co.}"
}

@misc{ayala1977phylogenies4,
    author = "Ayala, F. J",
    title = "Phylogenies and Macromolecules, in Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., and Valentine, J. W., eds., Evolution",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "San Francisco, W.H. Freeman \& Co., p. 262-313",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ayala, F. J., 1977, Phylogenies and Macromolecules, in Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., and Valentine, J. W., eds., Evolution: San Francisco, W.H. Freeman \& Co., p. 262-313.}"
}

@misc{ayala1977the3,
    author = "Ayala, F. J",
    title = "The Genetic Structure of Populations, in Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., and Valentine, J. W., eds., Evolution",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "San Francisco, California, W.H. Freeman \& Co., p. 20-56",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ayala, F. J., 1977, The Genetic Structure of Populations, in Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., and Valentine, J. W., eds., Evolution: San Francisco, California, W.H. Freeman \& Co., p. 20-56.}"
}

@misc{dobzhansky1977evolution49,
    author = "Dobzhansky, T. and Ayala, F. and Stebbins, G. L. and Valentine, J. W",
    title = "Evolution [1st ed.]",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "San Francisco, W. H. Freeman \& Co., 572 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F., Stebbins, G. L., and Valentine, J. W., 1977, Evolution [1st ed.]: San Francisco, W. H. Freeman \& Co., 572 p.}"
}

@book{hallam1977patterns108,
    author = "Hallam, A",
    title = "Patterns of Evolution as Illustrated by the Fossil Record, 5 of Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy",
    year = "1977",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hallam, A., 1977, Patterns of Evolution as Illustrated by the Fossil Record, 5 of Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy: Amsterdam, Elsevier.}"
}

@book{hanson1977the110,
    author = "Hanson, E. D",
    title = "The Origin and Early Evolution of Animals",
    year = "1977",
    publisher = "Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hanson, E. D., 1977, The Origin and Early Evolution of Animals: Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan University Press.}"
}

@misc{jacob1977evolution117,
    author = "Jacob, F",
    title = "Evolution and Tinkering",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 196, p. 1161-1166",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jacob, F., 1977, Evolution and Tinkering: Science, v. 196, p. 1161-1166.}"
}

@misc{marchalonis1977immunity137,
    author = "Marchalonis, J. J",
    title = "Immunity in Evolution",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "London, Arnold",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marchalonis, J. J., 1977, Immunity in Evolution: London, Arnold.}"
}

@misc{savage1977evolution184,
    author = "Savage, J. M",
    title = "Evolution [3rd ed.]",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Savage, J. M., 1977, Evolution [3rd ed.]: New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.}"
}

@misc{stebbins1977patterns199,
    author = "Stebbins, G. L",
    title = "Patterns of Speciation, in Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., and Valentine, J. W., eds., Evolution",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Co., p. 195-232",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stebbins, G. L., 1977, Patterns of Speciation, in Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L., and Valentine, J. W., eds., Evolution: San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Co., p. 195-232.}"
}

@book{valentine1977general205,
    author = "Valentine, J. W",
    title = "General Patterns in Metazoan Evolution, in Hallam, A., ed., Patterns of Evolution",
    year = "1977",
    publisher = "New York, Elsevier Science Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Valentine, J. W., 1977, General Patterns in Metazoan Evolution, in Hallam, A., ed., Patterns of Evolution: New York, Elsevier Science Publishers.}"
}

@misc{volpe1977understanding206,
    author = "Volpe, E. P",
    title = "Understanding Evolution [3rd ed.]",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Dubuque, Iowa, Wm. C. Brown Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Volpe, E. P., 1977, Understanding Evolution [3rd ed.]: Dubuque, Iowa, Wm. C. Brown Co.}"
}

@book{maynardsmith1978the141,
    author = "Maynard Smith, J",
    title = "The Evolution of Sex",
    year = "1978",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Mass., Cambridge University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Maynard Smith, J., 1978, The Evolution of Sex: Cambridge, Mass., Cambridge University Press.}"
}

@misc{smith1978the196,
    author = "Smith, J. M",
    title = "The evolution of human behavior",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "Scientific American, v. 239, no. 3, p. 176-191",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Smith, J. M., 1978, The evolution of human behavior: Scientific American, v. 239, no. 3, p. 176-191.}"
}

@misc{attenborough1979life1,
    author = "Attenborough, D",
    title = "Life on Earth, a Natural History",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "London, BBC/Collins",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Attenborough, D., 1979, Life on Earth, a Natural History: London, BBC/Collins.}"
}

@misc{ayala1979evolving5,
    author = "Ayala, F. J. and Valentine, J. W",
    title = "Evolving",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "THe Theory and Process of Organic Evolution: Menlo Park, California, Benjamin/Cummings",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ayala, F. J., and Valentine, J. W., 1979, Evolving: THe Theory and Process of Organic Evolution: Menlo Park, California, Benjamin/Cummings.}"
}

@book{barrington1979hormones9,
    author = "Barrington, E. J. W",
    title = "Hormones and Evolution",
    year = "1979",
    publisher = "New York, Academic Press; 2 Volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barrington, E. J. W., 1979, Hormones and Evolution: New York, Academic Press; 2 Volumes.}"
}

@misc{briggs1979evolution20,
    author = "Briggs, D. E. G",
    title = "Evolution, in Steel, R., and Harvey, A., eds., The Encyclopedia of Prehistoric Life",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "New York, McGraw-Hill, p. 74-77",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Briggs, D. E. G., 1979, Evolution, in Steel, R., and Harvey, A., eds., The Encyclopedia of Prehistoric Life: New York, McGraw-Hill, p. 74-77.}"
}

@article{doi101111j155856461979tb04694x,
    author = "Lande, Russell",
    title = "QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MULTIVARIATE EVOLUTION, APPLIED TO BRAIN:BODY SIZE ALLOMETRY",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Evolution",
    abstract = "Journal Article QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MULTIVARIATE EVOLUTION, APPLIED TO BRAIN:BODY SIZE ALLOMETRY Get access Russell Lande Russell Lande Laboratory of Genetics University of Wisconsin Madison Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Evolution, Volume 33, Issue 1Part2, 1 March 1979, Pages 402–416, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04694.x Published: 01 March 1979 Article history Received: 28 November 1977 Revision received: 04 August 1978 Published: 01 March 1979",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04694.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04694.x",
    openalex = "W2335268614",
    references = "doi101017s0016672300016037, doi101017s0094837300005224, doi101073pnas722646, doi101086404940, doi101093biomet371230, doi101111j146918091949tb02451x, doi101111j1469185x1966tb01624x, doi101111j155856461976tb00911x, doi101126science1864167892, doi1023072226151, doi1023072344782, doi1023072405671, doi1023072407154, doi1023072529912, doi1023072532815, doi107312rens91062, doi107312simp93764, openalexw2506868775"
}

@misc{futuyma1979evolutionary75,
    author = "Futuyma, D. J",
    title = "Evolutionary Biology",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Sunderland, Mass., Sinauer Associates",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Futuyma, D. J., 1979, Evolutionary Biology: Sunderland, Mass., Sinauer Associates.}"
}

@misc{gould1979a88,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "A quahog is a quahog",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Natural History Magazine, v. 888, no. 8, p. 18-26",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1979, A quahog is a quahog: Natural History Magazine, v. 888, no. 8, p. 18-26.}"
}

@inproceedings{gould1979the101,
    author = "Gould, S. J. and Lewontin, R. C",
    title = "The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm",
    year = "1979",
    booktitle = "a critique of the adaptationist programme: Proceedings of the Royal Society, v. B205, p. 581-598",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., and Lewontin, R. C., 1979, The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme: Proceedings of the Royal Society, v. B205, p. 581-598.}"
}

@inproceedings{hartley1979evolution111,
    author = "Hartley, B. S",
    title = "Evolution of enzyme structure",
    year = "1979",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Royal Society, v. B205, p. 443-452",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hartley, B. S., 1979, Evolution of enzyme structure: Proceedings of the Royal Society, v. B205, p. 443-452.}"
}

@misc{horigan1979chance114,
    author = "Horigan, J. E",
    title = "Chance or Design?",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "New York, Philosophical Library, 233 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Horigan, J. E., 1979, Chance or Design?: New York, Philosophical Library, 233 p.}"
}

@misc{kimura1979the124,
    author = "Kimura, M",
    title = "The neutral theory of molecular evolution",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Scientific American, v. 241, no. 5, p. 94-104",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kimura, M., 1979, The neutral theory of molecular evolution: Scientific American, v. 241, no. 5, p. 94-104.}"
}

@misc{panchen1979ichthyostegids171,
    author = "Panchen, A. L",
    title = "Ichthyostegids, in Steel, R., and Harvey, A. P., eds., The Encyclopedia of Prehistoric Life",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "New York, McGraw-Hill, p. 103",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Panchen, A. L., 1979, Ichthyostegids, in Steel, R., and Harvey, A. P., eds., The Encyclopedia of Prehistoric Life: New York, McGraw-Hill, p. 103.}"
}

@techreport{schwartz1979models187,
    author = "Schwartz, J. H. and Rollins, H. B",
    title = "Models and methodologies in evolutionary theory, 13 of Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Pittsburgh, Pa",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Schwartz, J. H., and Rollins, H. B., 1979, Models and methodologies in evolutionary theory, 13 of Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History: Pittsburgh, Pa.}"
}

@book{sethna1979the189,
    author = "Sethna, K. D",
    title = "The Spirituality of the Future",
    year = "1979",
    publisher = "A Search Apropos of R.C. Zaehner's study in Sri Aurobindo and Teilhard de Chardin: Cranbury, New Jersey, Associated University Presses, 314 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sethna, K. D., 1979, The Spirituality of the Future: A Search Apropos of R.C. Zaehner's study in Sri Aurobindo and Teilhard de Chardin: Cranbury, New Jersey, Associated University Presses, 314 p.}"
}

@incollection{bakker1980dinosaur7,
    author = "Bakker, R. T",
    editor = "Thomas, D. K. and Olson, E. C.",
    title = "Dinosaur heresy-dinosaur renaissance: Why we need endothermic archosaurs for a comprehensive theory of bioenergetic evolution",
    year = "1980",
    booktitle = "A Cold Look at the Warm Blooded Dinosaurs",
    publisher = "Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 351-462",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bakker, R. T., 1980, Dinosaur heresy-dinosaur renaissance: Why we need endothermic archosaurs for a comprehensive theory of bioenergetic evolution, in Thomas, D. K., and Olson, E. C., eds., A Cold Look at the Warm Blooded Dinosaurs: Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 351-462.}"
}

@article{gingerich1980evolutionary82,
    author = "Gingerich, P. D",
    title = "Evolutionary patterns in early Cenozoic mammals",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 8, p. 407-424",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gingerich, P. D., 1980, Evolutionary patterns in early Cenozoic mammals: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 8, p. 407-424.}"
}

@misc{gould1980is90,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging?",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Paleobiology, v. 6, p. 119-130",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1980, Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging?: Paleobiology, v. 6, p. 119-130.}"
}

@misc{gould1980the89,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "The Panda's Thumb",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "More Reflections in Natural History: New York, W.W. Norton \& Co., 343 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1980, The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History: New York, W.W. Norton \& Co., 343 p.}"
}

@book{jarvick19801981118,
    author = "Jarvick, E",
    title = "1981, Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press; 2 Volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jarvick, E., 1980, 1981, Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates: London, Academic Press; 2 Volumes.}"
}

@book{jarvik19801981119,
    author = "Jarvik, E",
    title = "1981, Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press; 2 Volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jarvik, E., 1980, 1981, Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates: London, Academic Press; 2 Volumes.}"
}

@article{brace1981tales18,
    author = "Brace, C. L",
    title = "Tales of the phylogenetic woods",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "the evolution and significance of evolutionary trees: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, v. 56, no. 4, p. 411-429",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brace, C. L., 1981, Tales of the phylogenetic woods: the evolution and significance of evolutionary trees: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, v. 56, no. 4, p. 411-429.}"
}

@misc{chaisson1981cosmic28,
    author = "Chaisson, E",
    title = "Cosmic Dawn",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "The Origins of Matter and Life: Boston, Little, Brown",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Chaisson, E., 1981, Cosmic Dawn: The Origins of Matter and Life: Boston, Little, Brown.}"
}

@misc{cronin1981tempo39,
    author = "Cronin, J. E. N. and Boaz, N. T. and Stringer, C. B. and Rak, Y",
    title = "Tempo and mode in homonid evolution",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 292, p. 113-122",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cronin, J. E. N., Boaz, N. T., Stringer, C. B., and Rak, Y., 1981, Tempo and mode in homonid evolution: Nature, v. 292, p. 113-122.}"
}

@misc{darnbrough1981american42,
    author = "Darnbrough, C. and Goddard, J. and Stevely, W. S",
    title = "American creation",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 292, no. 5818, p. 95-96",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darnbrough, C., Goddard, J., and Stevely, W. S., 1981, American creation: Nature, v. 292, no. 5818, p. 95-96.}"
}

@misc{eldredge1981do60,
    author = "Eldredge, N",
    title = "Do Gaps in the Fossil Record Disprove Descent with Modification?",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Creation/Evolution, v. 4, p. 17-19",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eldredge, N., 1981, Do Gaps in the Fossil Record Disprove Descent with Modification?: Creation/Evolution, v. 4, p. 17-19.}"
}

@book{eldredge1981phylogenetic62,
    author = "Eldredge, N. and Cracraft, J",
    title = "Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolutionary Process",
    year = "1981",
    publisher = "Method and Theory in Comparitive Biology: New York, Columbia University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eldredge, N., and Cracraft, J., 1981, Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolutionary Process: Method and Theory in Comparitive Biology: New York, Columbia University Press.}"
}

@misc{gould1981evolution91,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Evolution as Fact and Theory",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Discovery, p. 34-35",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1981, Evolution as Fact and Theory: Discovery, p. 34-35.}"
}

@book{ozima1981the170,
    author = "Ozima, M",
    title = "The Earth",
    year = "1981",
    publisher = "Its Birth and Growth: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; Translated by Judy Wakahayashi",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ozima, M., 1981, The Earth: Its Birth and Growth: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; Translated by Judy Wakahayashi.}"
}

@misc{rootbernstein1981letter180,
    author = "Root-Bernstein, R. and Root-Bernstein, M",
    title = "Letter to the editor",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "New York Times Magazine, no. July 19, p. 54",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Root-Bernstein, R., and Root-Bernstein, M., 1981, Letter to the editor: New York Times Magazine, no. July 19, p. 54.}"
}

@misc{rootbernstein1981letter181,
    author = "Root-Bernstein, R. S",
    title = "Letter to editor",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 212, p. 1446",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Root-Bernstein, R. S., 1981, Letter to editor: Science, v. 212, p. 1446.}"
}

@misc{stanley1981the197,
    author = "Stanley, S. M",
    title = "The New Evolutionary Time Table",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Fossils, Genes, and the Origin of Species: New York, Basic Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stanley, S. M., 1981, The New Evolutionary Time Table: Fossils, Genes, and the Origin of Species: New York, Basic Books.}"
}

@article{doi1023071936778,
    author = "Lande, Russell",
    title = "A Quantitative Genetic Theory of Life History Evolution",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1936778",
    doi = "10.2307/1936778",
    openalex = "W2089325551",
    references = "doi101001jama195002910300087029, doi101086404940, doi101111j146918091957tb01874x, doi101111j155856461980tb04817x"
}

@misc{flew1982darwin67,
    author = "Flew, A",
    title = "Darwin, Evolution and Creationism",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Free Inquiry, v. 2, no. 3, p. 46-49",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Flew, A., 1982, Darwin, Evolution and Creationism: Free Inquiry, v. 2, no. 3, p. 46-49.}"
}

@misc{futuyma1982science76,
    author = "Futuyma, D. J",
    title = "Science on Trial",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "The Case for Evolution: New York, Pantheon Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Futuyma, D. J., 1982, Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution: New York, Pantheon Books.}"
}

@misc{gould1982fascinating92,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Fascinating Tails",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Discover, v. 3, p. 40-41",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1982, Fascinating Tails: Discover, v. 3, p. 40-41.}"
}

@misc{gribbin1982the105,
    author = "Gribbin, J. and Cherfas, J",
    title = "The Monkey Puzzle",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Reshaping the Evolutionary Tree: New York, McGraw-Hill",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gribbin, J., and Cherfas, J., 1982, The Monkey Puzzle: Reshaping the Evolutionary Tree: New York, McGraw-Hill.}"
}

@misc{landau1982whales129,
    author = "Landau, M",
    title = "Whales",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Can Evolution Account for Them?: Creation/Evolution, v. 10, p. 14-19",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Landau, M., 1982, Whales: Can Evolution Account for Them?: Creation/Evolution, v. 10, p. 14-19.}"
}

@book{mayr1982the151,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "The Growth of Biological Thought; Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance",
    year = "1982",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 974 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1982, The Growth of Biological Thought; Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance: Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 974 p.}"
}

@misc{murphy1982evolution163,
    author = "Murphy, J. G",
    title = "Evolution, Morality, and the Meaning of Life",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Totowa, New Jersey, Rowman and Littlefield",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Murphy, J. G., 1982, Evolution, Morality, and the Meaning of Life: Totowa, New Jersey, Rowman and Littlefield.}"
}

@misc{shea1982twelve190,
    author = "Shea, J. H",
    title = "Twelve fallacies of uniformitarianism",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Geology, v. 10, p. 455-460",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Shea, J. H., 1982, Twelve fallacies of uniformitarianism: Geology, v. 10, p. 455-460.}"
}

@misc{stebbins1982darwin198,
    author = "Stebbins, C. L",
    title = "Darwin to DNA, Molecules to Humanity",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "San Francisco, W.H. Freeman",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stebbins, C. L., 1982, Darwin to DNA, Molecules to Humanity: San Francisco, W.H. Freeman.}"
}

@book{bendall1983evolution11,
    author = "Bendall, D. S",
    title = "Evolution From Molecules to Man",
    year = "1983",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Cambridge University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bendall, D. S., 1983, Evolution From Molecules to Man: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.}"
}

@misc{briggs1983affinities21,
    author = "Briggs, D. E. G",
    title = "Affinities and early evolution of the Crustacea",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "The evidence of the Cambrian fossils, in Schram, F. R., ed., Crustacean Phylogeny: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 1-22",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Briggs, D. E. G., 1983, Affinities and early evolution of the Crustacea: The evidence of the Cambrian fossils, in Schram, F. R., ed., Crustacean Phylogeny: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 1-22.}"
}

@misc{cloud1983the34,
    author = "Cloud, P. E",
    title = "The biosphere",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Scientific American, v. 249, no. 3, p. 176-189",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cloud, P. E., 1983, The biosphere: Scientific American, v. 249, no. 3, p. 176-189.}"
}

@article{doi1023072232409,
    author = "Loasby, Brian J. and Nelson, Richard R. and Winter, Sidney G.",
    title = "An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change.",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "The Economic Journal",
    abstract = "Journal Article An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change Get access An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. By Richard R. Nelson and Sidney G. Winter. (Cambridge, Massachusetts \& London: Harvard University Press, 1982. Pp. xi +437. £17.50.) Brian J. Loasby Brian J. Loasby University of Stirling Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 93, Issue 371, 1 September 1983, Pages 652–654, https://doi.org/10.2307/2232409 Published: 01 September 1983",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2232409",
    doi = "10.2307/2232409",
    openalex = "W2137358449"
}

@article{gingerich1983evidence83,
    author = "Gingerich, P. D",
    title = "Evidence for evolution from the vertebrate fossil record",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Journal of Geological Education, v. 31, p. 140-144",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gingerich, P. D., 1983, Evidence for evolution from the vertebrate fossil record: Journal of Geological Education, v. 31, p. 140-144.}"
}

@misc{gingerich1983origin84,
    author = "Gingerich, P. D. and Wells, N. A. and Russell, D. E. and Ibrahim Shah, S. M",
    title = "Origin of whales in epicontinental remnant seas",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "new evidence from the early Eocene of Pakistan: Science, v. 220, p. 403-406",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gingerich, P. D., Wells, N. A., Russell, D. E., and Ibrahim Shah, S. M., 1983, Origin of whales in epicontinental remnant seas: new evidence from the early Eocene of Pakistan: Science, v. 220, p. 403-406.}"
}

@misc{gould1983hens93,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "New York, W.W. Norton \& Co., 413 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1983, Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes: New York, W.W. Norton \& Co., 413 p.}"
}

@misc{jukes1983molecular121,
    author = "Jukes, T. H",
    title = "Molecular Evidence for Evolution, in Godfrey, L. R., ed., Scientists Confront Creationists",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "New York, Norton, p. 117-138",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jukes, T. H., 1983, Molecular Evidence for Evolution, in Godfrey, L. R., ed., Scientists Confront Creationists: New York, Norton, p. 117-138.}"
}

@misc{kehoe1983the123,
    author = "Kehoe, A. B",
    title = "The Word of God, in Godfrey, L. R., ed., Scientists Confront Creationists",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "New York, Norton, p. 1-12",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kehoe, A. B., 1983, The Word of God, in Godfrey, L. R., ed., Scientists Confront Creationists: New York, Norton, p. 1-12.}"
}

@book{mayr1983darwin152,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "Darwin, Intellectual Revolutionary, in Bendall, D. S., ed., Evolution from Molecules to Man",
    year = "1983",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Mass., Cambridge University Press, p. 23-41",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1983, Darwin, Intellectual Revolutionary, in Bendall, D. S., ed., Evolution from Molecules to Man: Cambridge, Mass., Cambridge University Press, p. 23-41.}"
}

@incollection{schopf1983evolution186,
    author = "Schopf, J. W. and Hayes, J. M. and Walter, M. R",
    editor = "Schopf, J. W.",
    title = "Evolution of Earth's Earliest Ecosystems: Recent Progress and Unsolved Problems",
    year = "1983",
    booktitle = "Earth's Earliest Biosphere",
    publisher = "Its Origin and Evolution: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, p. 361-384",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Schopf, J. W., Hayes, J. M., and Walter, M. R., 1983, Evolution of Earth's Earliest Ecosystems: Recent Progress and Unsolved Problems, in Schopf, J. W., ed., Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, p. 361-384.}"
}

@book{woese1983the215,
    author = "Woese, C. R",
    title = "The Primary Line of Descent and the Universal Ancestor, in Bendall, D. S., ed., Evolution form Molecules to Man",
    year = "1983",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Mass., Cambridge University Press, p. 209-233",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Woese, C. R., 1983, The Primary Line of Descent and the Universal Ancestor, in Bendall, D. S., ed., Evolution form Molecules to Man: Cambridge, Mass., Cambridge University Press, p. 209-233.}"
}

@book{boulding1984toward14,
    author = "Boulding, K. E",
    title = "Toward an Evolutionary Theology, in Montagu, A., ed., Science and Creationism",
    year = "1984",
    publisher = "New York, Oxford University Press, p. 142-148",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Boulding, K. E., 1984, Toward an Evolutionary Theology, in Montagu, A., ed., Science and Creationism: New York, Oxford University Press, p. 142-148.}"
}

@book{bowler1984evolution15,
    author = "Bowler, P. J",
    title = "Evolution",
    year = "1984",
    publisher = "The History of an Idea: Berkeley, University of California Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bowler, P. J., 1984, Evolution: The History of an Idea: Berkeley, University of California Press.}"
}

@incollection{doi10100797836425158802,
    author = "Nevo, Eviatar and Beiles, Avigdor and Ben‐Shlomo, Rachel",
    title = "The Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Diversity: Ecological, Demographic and Life History Correlates",
    year = "1984",
    booktitle = "Lecture notes in biomathematics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51588-0\_2",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-642-51588-0\_2",
    openalex = "W175060409",
    references = "doi101111j155856461960tb03113x, doi101126science16238611453, doi101146annureves10110179001133, openalexw1523843460"
}

@article{doi101016s0022519384800508,
    author = "Cheverud, James M.",
    title = "Quantitative genetics and developmental constraints on evolution by selection",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Journal of Theoretical Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5193(84)80050-8",
    doi = "10.1016/s0022-5193(84)80050-8",
    openalex = "W1990084401",
    references = "doi101111j155856461982tb05068x"
}

@book{gallant1984to77,
    author = "Gallant, R. A",
    title = "To Hell With Evolution, in Montagu, A., ed., Science and Creationism",
    year = "1984",
    publisher = "New York, Oxford University Press, p. 282-305",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gallant, R. A., 1984, To Hell With Evolution, in Montagu, A., ed., Science and Creationism: New York, Oxford University Press, p. 282-305.}"
}

@book{gould1984evolution94,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Evolution as Fact and Theory, in Montagu, A., ed., Science and Creationism",
    year = "1984",
    publisher = "New York, Oxford University Press, p. 117-125",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1984, Evolution as Fact and Theory, in Montagu, A., ed., Science and Creationism: New York, Oxford University Press, p. 117-125.}"
}

@book{halstead1984evolutionthe109,
    author = "Halstead, L. B",
    title = "Evolution-The Fossils Say Yes!, in Montagu, A., ed., Science and Creationism",
    year = "1984",
    publisher = "New York, Oxford University Press, p. 240-254",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Halstead, L. B., 1984, Evolution-The Fossils Say Yes!, in Montagu, A., ed., Science and Creationism: New York, Oxford University Press, p. 240-254.}"
}

@misc{mcgowen1984evolutionary154,
    author = "McGowen, C",
    title = "Evolutionary relationships of ratites and carinates",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Evidence from ontogeny of the tarsus: Nature, v. 307, p. 733-735",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McGowen, C., 1984, Evolutionary relationships of ratites and carinates: Evidence from ontogeny of the tarsus: Nature, v. 307, p. 733-735.}"
}

@incollection{miller1984scientific158,
    author = "Miller, K. R",
    editor = "Montagu, A.",
    title = "Scientific Creationism versus Evolution: The Mislabeled Debate",
    year = "1984",
    booktitle = "Science and Creationism",
    publisher = "New York, Oxford University Press, p. 18-63",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Miller, K. R., 1984, Scientific Creationism versus Evolution: The Mislabeled Debate, in Montagu, A., ed., Science and Creationism: New York, Oxford University Press, p. 18-63.}"
}

@misc{newell1984why164,
    author = "Newell, N. D",
    title = "Why Scientists Believe in Evolution",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Washington, D.C., American Geological Institute, 13 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Newell, N. D., 1984, Why Scientists Believe in Evolution: Washington, D.C., American Geological Institute, 13 p.}"
}

@misc{briggs1985les22,
    author = "Briggs, D. E. G",
    title = "Les premiers arthopodes",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "La Recherche, v. 16, p. 340-349",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Briggs, D. E. G., 1985, Les premiers arthopodes: La Recherche, v. 16, p. 340-349.}"
}

@misc{dobzhansky1985evolution54,
    author = "Dobzhansky, T",
    title = "Evolution, in Encyclopedia Americana",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Danbury, Connecticut, Grolier, v. 10, p. 734-748",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dobzhansky, T., 1985, Evolution, in Encyclopedia Americana: Danbury, Connecticut, Grolier, v. 10, p. 734-748.}"
}

@misc{dodson1985the55,
    author = "Dodson, E. O",
    title = "The Theory of Evolution, in Encyclopedia Britannica [1st ed.]",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Chicago, Illinois, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., v. 18, p. 981-1011",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dodson, E. O., 1985, The Theory of Evolution, in Encyclopedia Britannica [1st ed.]: Chicago, Illinois, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., v. 18, p. 981-1011.}"
}

@article{doi101146annureves16110185002011,
    author = "Strathmann, Richard R.",
    title = "Feeding and Nonfeeding Larval Development and Life-History Evolution in Marine Invertebrates",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics",
    abstract = "Species distribution models (SDMs) are numerical tools that combine observations of species occurrence or abundance with environmental estimates. They are used to gain ecological and evolutionary insights and to predict distributions across landscapes,...Read More",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.002011",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.002011",
    openalex = "W2177201218",
    references = "connell1961effects, doi101007bf00397496, doi101086282553, doi101086282838, doi101111j1469185x1983tb00380x, doi101111j155856461978tb04642x, doi101126science2224620159, doi101139f77008, doi1023071938326, doi1023071942441, jablonski1983larval, openalexw3213326676"
}

@misc{morowitz1985mayonnaise161,
    author = "Morowitz, H. J",
    title = "Mayonnaise and the Origin of Life",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Thoughts of Minds and Molecules: New York, Charles Scribner's Sons",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morowitz, H. J., 1985, Mayonnaise and the Origin of Life: Thoughts of Minds and Molecules: New York, Charles Scribner's Sons.}"
}

@misc{dawkins1986the46,
    author = "Dawkins, R",
    title = "The Blind Watchmaker",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "New York, W. W. Norton",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dawkins, R., 1986, The Blind Watchmaker: New York, W. W. Norton.}"
}

@misc{gould1986evolution95,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Evolution and the triumph of homology, or why history matters",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "American Scientist, p. 60-69",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1986, Evolution and the triumph of homology, or why history matters: American Scientist, p. 60-69.}"
}

@book{maynardsmith1986the142,
    author = "Maynard Smith, J",
    title = "The Problems of Biology",
    year = "1986",
    publisher = "New York, Oxford University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Maynard Smith, J., 1986, The Problems of Biology: New York, Oxford University Press.}"
}

@article{doi101146annureves18110187001321,
    author = "Charlesworth, Deborah and Charlesworth, Brian",
    title = "INBREEDING DEPRESSION AND ITS EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics",
    abstract = "(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) No abstract provided.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001321",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001321",
    openalex = "W2167243456",
    references = "doi101017s0305004100015644, doi101073pnas4211855, doi101111j155856461975tb00851x, doi105962bhltitle122451, doi107312steb94536, openalexw2062594085"
}

@book{doi107312nei92038,
    author = "Nei, Masatoshi",
    title = "Molecular Evolutionary Genetics",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Columbia University Press eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7312/nei-92038",
    doi = "10.7312/nei-92038",
    openalex = "W93588716"
}

@misc{eldredge1987life61,
    author = "Eldredge, N",
    title = "Life Pulse",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Episodes from the Story of the Fossil Record: New York, Facts on File",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eldredge, N., 1987, Life Pulse: Episodes from the Story of the Fossil Record: New York, Facts on File.}"
}

@misc{gould1987bushes98,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Bushes all the way down",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Natural History Magazine, v. 96 (June), p. 12-19",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1987, Bushes all the way down: Natural History Magazine, v. 96 (June), p. 12-19.}"
}

@misc{gould1987darwinism96,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Darwinism Defined",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "The Difference Between Fact and Theory: Discover, v. 8, p. 64-70",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1987, Darwinism Defined: The Difference Between Fact and Theory: Discover, v. 8, p. 64-70.}"
}

@misc{gould1987lifes97,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Life's little joke",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Natural History Magazine, v. 96 (April), p. 16- 25",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1987, Life's little joke: Natural History Magazine, v. 96 (April), p. 16- 25.}"
}

@misc{gould1987william99,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "William Jennings Bryan's last campaign",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Natural History Magazine, v. 96 (November), p. 16-26",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1987, William Jennings Bryan's last campaign: Natural History Magazine, v. 96 (November), p. 16-26.}"
}

@misc{kutter1987the128,
    author = "Kutter, G. S",
    title = "The Universe and Life",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Origins and Evolution: Boston, Mass, James and Bartlett",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kutter, G. S., 1987, The Universe and Life: Origins and Evolution: Boston, Mass, James and Bartlett.}"
}

@misc{lewin1987bottlenecked131,
    author = "Lewin, R",
    title = "Bottlenecked Cheetahs",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 235, p. 1327",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lewin, R., 1987, Bottlenecked Cheetahs: Science, v. 235, p. 1327.}"
}

@book{livingstone1987darwins132,
    author = "Livingstone, D. N",
    title = "Darwin's Forgotten Defenders",
    year = "1987",
    publisher = "The Encounter Between Evangelical Theology and Evolutionary Thought: Scottish Academic Press: Edinburgh, Scotland, W.B. Erdmans: Grand Rapids, Michigan, 210 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Livingstone, D. N., 1987, Darwin's Forgotten Defenders: The Encounter Between Evangelical Theology and Evolutionary Thought: Scottish Academic Press: Edinburgh, Scotland, W.B. Erdmans: Grand Rapids, Michigan, 210 p.}"
}

@misc{mallove1987the136,
    author = "Mallove, E. F",
    title = "The Quickening Universe",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Cosmic Evolution and Human Destiny: New York, St. Martin's",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mallove, E. F., 1987, The Quickening Universe: Cosmic Evolution and Human Destiny: New York, St. Martin's.}"
}

@misc{strahler1987science201,
    author = "Strahler, A. N",
    title = "Science and Earth History",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "The Evolution/Creation Controversy: Buffalo, New York, Prometheus Books, 552 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Strahler, A. N., 1987, Science and Earth History: The Evolution/Creation Controversy: Buffalo, New York, Prometheus Books, 552 p.}"
}

@misc{caroll1988vertebrate25,
    author = "Caroll, R. L",
    title = "Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "New York, W.H. Freeman",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Caroll, R. L., 1988, Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution: New York, W.H. Freeman.}"
}

@misc{fox1988the72,
    author = "Fox, S. W",
    title = "The Emergence of Life",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Darwinian Evolution from the Inside: New York, Basic Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fox, S. W., 1988, The Emergence of Life: Darwinian Evolution from the Inside: New York, Basic Books.}"
}

@misc{guth1988interview106,
    author = "Guth, A. H",
    title = "Interview. Omni 11(2)",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "75-79, 94-96",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Guth, A. H., 1988, Interview. Omni 11(2): 75-79, 94-96.}"
}

@article{larson1988issues,
    author = "LARSON, A.",
    title = "Issues of Evolution: Genetics, Paleontology, and Macroevolution.",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.241.4864.476",
    doi = "10.1126/science.241.4864.476",
    number = "4864",
    pages = "476-476",
    volume = "241"
}

@misc{marx1988the138,
    author = "Marx, J. L",
    title = "The AIDS Virus Can Take on Many Guises",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 241, p. 1039-1040",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marx, J. L., 1988, The AIDS Virus Can Take on Many Guises: Science, v. 241, p. 1039-1040.}"
}

@misc{maynardsmith1988did143,
    author = "Maynard Smith, J",
    title = "Did Darwin Get It Right? Essays on Games, Sex and Evolution",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "New York, Chapman and Hall",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Maynard Smith, J., 1988, Did Darwin Get It Right? Essays on Games, Sex and Evolution: New York, Chapman and Hall.}"
}

@book{mayr1988toward153,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "Toward a New Philosophy of Biology",
    year = "1988",
    publisher = "Observations of an Evolutionist: Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1988, Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist: Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press.}"
}

@misc{mciver1988catholic155,
    author = "McIver, T",
    title = "Catholic Anti-Evolutionists and Historical Revisionists",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Creation/Evolution Newsletter, v. 8, p. 15-16",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McIver, T., 1988, Catholic Anti-Evolutionists and Historical Revisionists: Creation/Evolution Newsletter, v. 8, p. 15-16.}"
}

@misc{mereson1988monkeying157,
    author = "Mereson, A",
    title = "Monkeying Around with the Relatives",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Discover, v. 9, p. 26- 27",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mereson, A., 1988, Monkeying Around with the Relatives: Discover, v. 9, p. 26- 27.}"
}

@book{osterbrock1988origins167,
    author = "Osterbrock, D. E. and Raven, P. H",
    title = "Origins and Extinctions",
    year = "1988",
    publisher = "New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osterbrock, D. E., and Raven, P. H., 1988, Origins and Extinctions: New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.}"
}

@misc{parker1988creation172,
    author = "Parker, B",
    title = "Creation",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "The Story of the Origin and Evolution of the Universe: New York, Plenum",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parker, B., 1988, Creation: The Story of the Origin and Evolution of the Universe: New York, Plenum.}"
}

@book{bowler1989evolution16,
    author = "Bowler, P. J",
    title = "Evolution",
    year = "1989",
    publisher = "The History of an Idea [Rev. ed.]: Berkeley, University of California Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bowler, P. J., 1989, Evolution: The History of an Idea [Rev. ed.]: Berkeley, University of California Press.}"
}

@book{boyd1989on17,
    author = "Boyd, G. W",
    title = "On Stress Disease and Evolution",
    year = "1989",
    publisher = "Hobart, University of Tasmania, 246 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Boyd, G. W., 1989, On Stress Disease and Evolution: Hobart, University of Tasmania, 246 p.}"
}

@misc{edey1989blueprints58,
    author = "Edey, M. A. and Johanson, D. C",
    title = "Blueprints",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "Solving the Mystery of Evolution: Boston, Mass., Little, Brown and Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Edey, M. A., and Johanson, D. C., 1989, Blueprints: Solving the Mystery of Evolution: Boston, Mass., Little, Brown and Co.}"
}

@misc{elmerdewitt1989the64,
    author = "Elmer-Dewitt, P",
    title = "The Perils of Treading on Heredity",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "Time, v. 133, no. 12, p. 70-71",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Elmer-Dewitt, P., 1989, The Perils of Treading on Heredity: Time, v. 133, no. 12, p. 70-71.}"
}

@article{gilinsky1989genetics,
    author = "Gilinsky, Norman L.",
    title = "Genetics, Paleontology, and Evolution. Jeffrey Levinton",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "The Journal of Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/629312",
    doi = "10.1086/629312",
    number = "3",
    pages = "377-377",
    volume = "97"
}

@misc{gould1989wonderful100,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Wonderful Life",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History: New York, W. W. Norton",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1989, Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History: New York, W. W. Norton.}"
}

@misc{leipzig1990the130,
    author = "Leipzig, M. R",
    title = "The Encyclopedia Archosauria [1st ed.]",
    year = "1990",
    howpublished = "Pittsburgh, Pa., Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 863 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Leipzig, M. R., 1990, The Encyclopedia Archosauria [1st ed.]: Pittsburgh, Pa., Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 863 p.}"
}

@misc{milner1990the159,
    author = "Milner, R",
    title = "The Encyclopedia of Evolution",
    year = "1990",
    howpublished = "Humanity's Search for Its Origin: New York, Facts on File, Inc., 482 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Milner, R., 1990, The Encyclopedia of Evolution: Humanity's Search for Its Origin: New York, Facts on File, Inc., 482 p.}"
}

@misc{polmin1990the175,
    author = "Polmin, R",
    title = "The role of inheritance in behavior",
    year = "1990",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 248, p. 183- 188",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Polmin, R., 1990, The role of inheritance in behavior: Science, v. 248, p. 183- 188.}"
}

@inproceedings{waldrop1990spontaneous207,
    author = "Waldrop, M. M",
    title = "Spontaneous Order, Evolution, and Life",
    year = "1990",
    booktitle = "Science, v. 247, p. 1543-1545; [Workshop on Artificial Life II, Feb. 5-9, 1990, Santa Fe, New Mexico]",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Waldrop, M. M., 1990, Spontaneous Order, Evolution, and Life: Science, v. 247, p. 1543-1545; [Workshop on Artificial Life II, Feb. 5-9, 1990, Santa Fe, New Mexico].}"
}

@misc{woese1990evolutionary216,
    author = "Woese, C. R",
    title = "Evolutionary questions",
    year = "1990",
    howpublished = {the "progenote" (letter): Science, v. 247, p. 789},
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Woese, C. R., 1990, Evolutionary questions: the "progenote" (letter): Science, v. 247, p. 789.}}
}

@book{doi101093oso97801985464120010001,
    author = "Harvey, Paul and Pagel, Mark",
    title = "The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology",
    year = "1991",
    abstract = "Abstract From Darwin onward, it has been second nature for evolutionary biologists to think comparatively because comparisons establish the generality of evolutionary phenomena. Do large genomes slow down development? What lifestyles select for large brains? Are extinction rates related to body size? These are all questions for the comparative method, and this book is about how such questions can be answered. The first chapter elaborates on suitable questions for the comparative approach and shows how it complements other approaches to problem-solving in evolution. The second chapter identifies the biological causes of similarity among closely related species for almost any observed character. The third chapter discusses methods for reconstructing phylogenetic trees and ancestral character states. The fourth chapter sets out to develop statistical tests that will determine whether different characters that exist in discrete states show evidence for correlated evolution. Chapter 5 turns to comparative analyses of continuously varying characters. Chapter 6 looks at allometry to exemplify the themes and methods discussed earlier, while the last chapter looks to future development of the comparative approach in both molecular and organismic biology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198546412.001.0001",
    doi = "10.1093/oso/9780198546412.001.0001",
    openalex = "W4388245928"
}

@article{doi105860choice295104,
    title = "The comparative method in evolutionary biology",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "The comparative method for studying adaptation why worry about phylogeny? reconstructing phylogenetic trees and ancestral character states comparative analysis of discrete data comparative analysis of continuous variables determining the form of comparative relationships.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-5104",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.29-5104",
    openalex = "W1488393970"
}

@book{openalexw1659631989,
    author = "Barkow, Jerome H. and Cosmides, Leda and Tooby, John",
    title = "The Adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture",
    year = "1992",
    abstract = "Although researchers have long been aware that the species-typical architecture of the human mind is the product of our evolutionary history, it has only been in the last three decades that advances in such fields as evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, and paleoanthropology have made the fact of our evolution illuminating. Converging findings from a variety of disciplines are leading to the emergence of a fundamentally new view of the human mind, and with it a new framework for the behavioral and social sciences. First, with the advent of the cognitive revolution, human nature can finally be defined precisely as the set of universal, species-typical information-processing programs that operate beneath the surface of expressed cultural variability. Second, this collection of cognitive programs evolved in the Pleistocene to solve the adaptive problems regularly faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors - problems such as mate selection, language acquisition, co-operation, and sexual infidelity. Consequently, the traditional view of the mind as a general-purpose computer, tabula rasa, or passive recipient of culture is being replaced by the view that the mind resembles an intricate network of functionally specialized computers, each of which imposes contentful structure on human mental organization and culture. The Adapted Mind explores this new approach - evolutionary psychology - and its implications for a new view of culture.",
    openalex = "W1659631989"
}

@article{doi101146annureves24110193002441,
    author = "Hanken, James and Wake, David B.",
    title = "Miniaturization of Body Size: Organismal Consequences and Evolutionary Significance",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics",
    abstract = "Miniaturization, or the evolution of extremely small adult body size, is a widespread phenomenon in animals. It has important consequences for both organismal biology and phyletic diversification above the species level. The miniaturized phenotype is a complex combination of ancestral and derived traits, including reduction and structural simplification, increased variability, and morphological novelty. Many features likely represent secondary consequences of size decrease, which may be the result of selection primarily for small body size or some related attribute such as life history characteristics. In some cases, miniaturization has resulted in novel bauplans associated with the origin of higher taxa. Evaluation of causes and consequences of miniaturization should consider obvious feattires of physical size as well as less obvious, but biologically important, features such as genome and cell size.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.002441",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.002441",
    openalex = "W2174979248",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000021454, doi101111j155856461949tb00010x, doi101111j155856461973tb05912x"
}

@article{doi10110972265956,
    author = "Fogel, David B.",
    title = "An introduction to simulated evolutionary optimization",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks",
    abstract = "Natural evolution is a population-based optimization process. Simulating this process on a computer results in stochastic optimization techniques that can often outperform classical methods of optimization when applied to difficult real-world problems. There are currently three main avenues of research in simulated evolution: genetic algorithms, evolution strategies, and evolutionary programming. Each method emphasizes a different facet of natural evolution. Genetic algorithms stress chromosomal operators. Evolution strategies emphasize behavioral changes at the level of the individual. Evolutionary programming stresses behavioral change at the level of the species. The development of each of these procedures over the past 35 years is described. Some recent efforts in these areas are reviewed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1109/72.265956",
    doi = "10.1109/72.265956",
    openalex = "W2154808242",
    references = "doi1010079783662028308, doi101073pnas722646, doi101093auk1002507, doi101093genetics16297, doi104159harvard9780674865327, doi104324978100333479834, doi105860choice270936, doi107551mitpress10900010001, doi107551mitpress52360010001, openalexw1550375751, openalexw1965324089, openalexw2166843422"
}

@incollection{reyment1994quantitative,
    author = "Reyment, Richard A. and McKenzie, K.G.",
    title = "Quantitative Genetics In Paleontology: Evolution In Tertiary Ostracoda",
    year = "1994",
    booktitle = "Computers in Geology - 25 Years of Progress",
    abstract = "The applied science of quantitative genetics has a fairly long history in animal husbandry. In its original form, as developed mainly in the hands of D.S. Falconer, there was little obvious connection to the study of evolutionary change in the morphology of fossil species (a summary is given in Falconer, 1981). However, Lande (1976, 1979) derived several generalizations that were aimed at adapting existing theory and method to the study of evolution in the phenotype. The analysis of shape is a subject that has preoccupied quantitative biologists and biometricians for almost all of our present century. Legion are the methodologies that have been put forward, but the first; real solution is quite recent and is due to F.L. Bookstein. A complete account of the history and current state of the art has appeared recently (Bookstein, 1991), and there is a paleontologically oriented summary in Chapter 4 of Reyment (1991). Topics considered in the present brief overview are: 1. Evolution in morphological characters of fossil species related to hypotheses of selection and random genetic drift; 2. Evolution in shape divorced from the effects of size; 3. Erection of a valid hypothesis for the analysis of morphological changes in time. An important conceptual basis for the application of quantitative genetics to evolutionary biology is that of phenotypic plasticity (Schmalhausen, 1949), i.e., the expression of ecophenotypy. It, is a necessary step in an analysis to distinguish between variation arising solely from internal, genetic causes and variation caused by morphological responses to ecological factors. Evolution in the phenotype is most easily approached via consideration of a single distance measure, even though this is not realistic since a meaningful evaluation of an evolutionary sequence on just one character cannot tell us very much. For demonstration purposes we will use a length or distance measured between two diagnostic locations on the organism and study changes by means of models for assessing selection and drift. In the accompanying example we use as our characteristic the height of the carapace of Tertiary ostracodes, that is, the distance between the cardinal angle and the base of the anteroventral rounding.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195085938.003.0018",
    doi = "10.1093/oso/9780195085938.003.0018",
    openalex = "W1769383847"
}

@article{doi10230741165852,
    author = "Tushman, Michael L. and O’Reilly, Charles A.",
    title = "Ambidextrous Organizations: Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "California Management Review",
    abstract = "Organizations evolve through periods of incremental or evolutionary change punctuated by discontinuous or revolutionary change. The challenge for managers is to adapt the culture and strategy of their organizations to its current environment, but to do so in a way that does not undermine its ability to adjust to radical changes in that environment. They must, in other words, create an ambidextrous organization—one capable of simultaneously pursuing both incremental and discontinuous innovation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/41165852",
    doi = "10.2307/41165852",
    openalex = "W2023596193"
}

@book{doi102307jctvjsf433,
    author = "Gould, Stephen Jay",
    title = "The Structure of Evolutionary Theory",
    year = "2002",
    booktitle = "Harvard University Press eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjsf433",
    doi = "10.2307/j.ctvjsf433",
    openalex = "W4300925890"
}

@article{doi105860choice396411,
    author = "Gould, Stephen Jay",
    title = "The structure of evolutionary theory",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "* *1. Defining and Revising the Structure of Evolutionary Theory * Part I: The History of Darwinian Logic and Debate *2. The Essence of Darwinism and the Basis of Modern Orthodoxy: An Exegesis of the Origin of Species *3. Seeds of Hierarchy *4. Internalism and Laws of Form: Pre-Darwinian Alternatives to Functionalism *5. The Fruitful Facets of Galton's Polyhedron: Channels and Saltations in Post-Darwinian Formalism *6. Pattern and Progress on the Geological Stage *7. The Modern Synthesis as a Limited Consensus * Part II: Towards a Revised and Expanded Evolutionary Theory *8. Species as Individuals in the Hierarchical Theory of Selection *9. Punctuated Equilibrium and the Validation of Macroevolutionary Theory *10. The Integration of Constraint and Adaptation (Structure and Function) in Ontogeny and Phylogeny: Historical Constraints and the Evolution of Development *11. The Integration of Constraint and Adaptation (Structure and Function) in Ontogeny and Phylogeny: Structural Constraints, Spandrels, and the Centrality of Exaptation in Macroevolution *12. Tiers of Time and Trials of Extrapolationism, With an Epilog on the Interaction of General Theory and Contingent History * Bibliography * Index",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.39-6411",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.39-6411",
    openalex = "W1539968307"
}

@article{doi101038nature01568,
    author = "Lenski, Richard E. and Ofria, Charles and Pennock, Robert T. and Adami, Christoph",
    title = "The evolutionary origin of complex features",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01568",
    doi = "10.1038/nature01568",
    openalex = "W2005946215",
    references = "doi101002j232619511995tb03633x, doi101002sici10990526199609102132aidcplx830co2h, doi10103835023115, doi10103835085569, doi101038nature01151, doi101093genetics14841667, doi101126science860134, doi1023072485224, doi107551mitpress10900010001, openalexw2074397232"
}

@article{doi101038nrg1088,
    author = "Elena, Santiago F. and Lenski, Richard E.",
    title = "Evolution experiments with microorganisms: the dynamics and genetic bases of adaptation",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Nature Reviews Genetics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1088",
    doi = "10.1038/nrg1088",
    openalex = "W2112945902",
    references = "doi101007978940115210512, doi101023a1017067816551, doi101038336435a0, doi10103842701, doi101038nature01568, doi101073pnas74115088, doi101073pnas91156808, doi101086285289, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101093oso97801985464120010001, doi101111j155856461998tb01823x, doi101126science147365368, doi101126science28854691251, doi1011289781555816704, doi1015159780691209418, doi1023072485224, doi1023074785, doi102307jctvx5wbbh, doi105860choice273873, doi105860choice295104, doi105962bhltitle27468"
}

@article{doi101038nrmicro863,
    author = "Moyá, Andrés and Holmes, Edward C. and Gónzález‐Candelas, Fernando",
    title = "The population genetics and evolutionary epidemiology of RNA viruses",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Nature Reviews Microbiology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro863",
    doi = "10.1038/nrmicro863",
    openalex = "W1990653767",
    references = "doi101038nature01151, doi101128mmbr6511511852001"
}

@article{doi101162106454604773563612,
    author = "Ofria, Charles and Wilke, Claus O.",
    title = "Avida: A Software Platform for Research in Computational Evolutionary Biology",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Artificial Life",
    abstract = "Avida is a software platform for experiments with self-replicating and evolving computer programs. It provides detailed control over experimental settings and protocols, a large array of measurement tools, and sophisticated methods to analyze and post-process experimental data. We explain the general principles on which Avida is built, as well as its main components and their interactions. We also explain how experiments are set up, carried out, and analyzed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1162/106454604773563612",
    doi = "10.1162/106454604773563612",
    openalex = "W2147276070",
    references = "doi101038nature01151, doi101038nature01568"
}

@article{bell2005evolutionary,
    author = "Bell, G",
    title = "Evolutionary genetics: The evolution of evolution",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Heredity",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800608",
    doi = "10.1038/sj.hdy.6800608",
    number = "1",
    pages = "1-2",
    volume = "94"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9781139164856,
    author = "Amundson, Ron",
    title = "The Changing Role of the Embryo in Evolutionary Thought",
    year = "2005",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "In this book Ron Amundson examines two hundred years of scientific views on the evolution-development relationship from the perspective of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). This perspective challenges several popular views about the history of evolutionary thought by claiming that many earlier authors had made history come out right for the Evolutionary Synthesis. The book starts with a revised history of nineteenth-century evolutionary thought. It then investigates how development became irrelevant with the Evolutionary Synthesis. It concludes with an examination of the contrasts that persist between mainstream evolutionary theory and evo-devo. This book will appeal to students and professionals in the philosophy and history of science, and biology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139164856",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9781139164856",
    openalex = "W2008834415",
    references = "doi101007978146847862422, doi101007s1206400000046, doi101016s0016699589800063, doi101016s0022283661800727, doi101016s0070215321x00026, doi101017cbo9780511701559, doi101017cbo9780511806292, doi101017cbo9780511814563, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101023a1004834008068, doi1010781431761300004, doi10109301982442740010001, doi101093aibsbulletin2214b, doi101098rspb19790086, doi1015159781400820108, doi1015159781400854714, doi101525aa195052402a00270, doi1023072412191, doi1041599780674042995, doi105962bhltitle104593, howells1950genetics, openalexw1593551567, openalexw2506868775"
}

@article{doi101038nature03842,
    author = "Dekel, E. and Alon, Uri",
    title = "Optimality and evolutionary tuning of the expression level of a protein",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03842",
    doi = "10.1038/nature03842",
    openalex = "W2068872007",
    references = "doi101038nrg1088, doi101146annurevge18120184000335"
}

@article{doi101038nrc2013,
    author = "Merlo, Lauren M.F. and Pepper, John W. and Reid, Brian J. and Maley, Carlo C.",
    title = "Cancer as an evolutionary and ecological process",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Nature reviews. Cancer",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2013",
    doi = "10.1038/nrc2013",
    openalex = "W2123558100",
    references = "doi1010021521187820001222121057aidbies330co2w, doi101016s0169534701021012, doi101016s0169534702024953, doi10103842701, doi101038nrg1088, doi101146annurevgenet341401, doi1023072407274"
}

@article{doi101093jeglbi022,
    author = "Boschma, Ron and Frenken, Koen",
    title = "Why is economic geography not an evolutionary science? Towards an evolutionary economic geography",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Journal of Economic Geography",
    abstract = "The paper explains the commonalities and differences between neoclassical, institutional and evolutionary approaches that have been influential in economic geography during the last couple of decades. By separating the three approaches in terms of theoretical content and research methodology, wecan appreciate both the commonalities and differences between the three approaches. It is also apparent that innovative theorizing currently occurs at the interface between neoclassical and evolutionary theory (especially in modelling) and at the interface between institutional and evolutionary theory (especially in ‘appreciative theorizing’). Taken together, we argue that Evolutionary Economic Geography is an emerging paradigm in economic geography, yet does so without isolating itself from developments in other theoretical approaches.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbi022",
    doi = "10.1093/jeg/lbi022",
    openalex = "W2130277684",
    references = "doi101002sici10970266199708187509aidsmj88230co2z, doi101007s001910050089, doi101017cbo9780511808678, doi101017cbo9780511815478, doi101086228311, doi101093iccdth026, doi101093oxfordjournalscjea013725, doi101103revmodphys7447, doi101111j146802971997tb00064x, doi101126science2865439509, doi1015159780691206820, doi1023071060065, doi1023071884852, doi1023072232409, doi105860choice416654, openalexw2061901927"
}

@article{doi101111j13652958200605172x,
    author = "Wirth, Thierry and Falush, Daniel and Lan, Ruiting and Colles, Frances M. and Mensa, Patience and Wieler, Lothar H. and Karch, Helge and Reeves, Peter R. and Maiden, Martin and Ochman, Howard and Achtman, Mark",
    title = "Sex and virulence in Escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Molecular Microbiology",
    abstract = "Pathogenic Escherichia coli cause over 160 million cases of dysentery and one million deaths per year, whereas non-pathogenic E. coli constitute part of the normal intestinal flora of healthy mammals and birds. The evolutionary pathways underlying this dichotomy in bacterial lifestyle were investigated by multilocus sequence typing of a global collection of isolates. Specific pathogen types [enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, K1 and Shigella] have arisen independently and repeatedly in several lineages, whereas other lineages contain only few pathogens. Rates of evolution have accelerated in pathogenic lineages, culminating in highly virulent organisms whose genomic contents are altered frequently by increased rates of homologous recombination; thus, the evolution of virulence is linked to bacterial sex. This long-term pattern of evolution was observed in genes distributed throughout the genome, and thereby is the likely result of episodic selection for strains that can escape the host immune response.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05172.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05172.x",
    openalex = "W2161060487",
    references = "doi101007bf02111283, doi10103842701, doi101093bioinformatics183502, doi101111j1365294x200502553x"
}

@article{doi101242jeb02070,
    author = "Pigliucci, Massimo and Murren, Courtney J. and Schlichting, Carl D.",
    title = "Phenotypic plasticity and evolution by genetic assimilation",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Biology",
    abstract = "In addition to considerable debate in the recent evolutionary literature about the limits of the Modern Synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s, there has also been theoretical and empirical interest in a variety of new and not so new concepts such as phenotypic plasticity, genetic assimilation and phenotypic accommodation. Here we consider examples of the arguments and counter-arguments that have shaped this discussion. We suggest that much of the controversy hinges on several misunderstandings, including unwarranted fears of a general attempt at overthrowing the Modern Synthesis paradigm, and some fundamental conceptual confusion about the proper roles of phenotypic plasticity and natural selection within evolutionary theory.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02070",
    doi = "10.1242/jeb.02070",
    openalex = "W2137986067",
    references = "doi101086276408, doi102307jctvjsf433, doi105860choice396411"
}

@article{doi101093icbicm025,
    author = "Young, Rebecca L. and Badyaev, Alexander V.",
    title = "Evolution of ontogeny: linking epigenetic remodeling and genetic adaptation in skeletal structures",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Integrative and Comparative Biology",
    abstract = "Evolutionary diversifications are commonly attributed to the continued modifications of a conserved genetic toolkit of developmental pathways, such that complexity and convergence in organismal forms are assumed to be due to similarity in genetic mechanisms or environmental conditions. This approach, however, confounds the causes of organismal development with the causes of organismal differences and, as such, has only limited utility for addressing the cause of evolutionary change. Molecular mechanisms that are closely involved in both developmental response to environmental signals and major evolutionary innovations and diversifications are uniquely suited to bridge this gap by connecting explicitly the causes of within-generation variation with the causes of divergence of taxa. Developmental pathways of bone formation and a common role for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in both epigenetic bone remodeling and the evolution of major adaptive diversifications provide such opportunity. We show that variation in timing of ossification can result in similar phenotypic patterns through epigenetically induced changes in gene expression and propose that both genetic accommodation of environmentally induced developmental pathways and flexibility in development across environments evolve through heterochronic shifts in bone maturation relative to exposure to unpredictable environments. We suggest that such heterochronic shifts in ossification can not only buffer development under fluctuating environments while maintaining epigenetic sensitivity critical for normal skeletal formation, but also enable epigenetically induced gene expression to generate specialized morphological adaptations. We review studies of environmental sensitivity of BMP pathways and their regulation of formation, remodeling, and repair of cartilage and bone to examine the hypothesis that BMP-mediated skeletal adaptations are facilitated by evolved reactivity of BMPs to external signals. Surprisingly, no empirical study to date has identified the molecular mechanism behind developmental plasticity in skeletal traits. We outline a conceptual framework for future studies that focus on mediation of phenotypic plasticity in skeletal development by the patterns of BMP expression.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icm025",
    doi = "10.1093/icb/icm025",
    openalex = "W2129912251",
    references = "doi101046j14209101200200455x"
}

@article{doi101111j15585646200700246x,
    author = "Pigliucci, Massimo",
    title = "DO WE NEED AN EXTENDED EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS?",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Evolution",
    abstract = "The Modern Synthesis (MS) is the current paradigm in evolutionary biology. It was actually built by expanding on the conceptual foundations laid out by its predecessors, Darwinism and neo-Darwinism. For sometime now there has been talk of a new Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES), and this article begins to outline why we may need such an extension, and how it may come about. As philosopher Karl Popper has noticed, the current evolutionary theory is a theory of genes, and we still lack a theory of forms. The field began, in fact, as a theory of forms in Darwin's days, and the major goal that an EES will aim for is a unification of our theories of genes and of forms. This may be achieved through an organic grafting of novel concepts onto the foundational structure of the MS, particularly evolvability, phenotypic plasticity, epigenetic inheritance, complexity theory, and the theory of evolution in highly dimensional adaptive landscapes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00246.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00246.x",
    openalex = "W2114930668",
    references = "doi1010021097010x200012152884304aidjez330co2g, doi101002jezb21081, doi101017cbo9780511701559, doi101046j14209101200200455x"
}

@article{doi101016jcell200806030,
    author = "Carroll, Sean B.",
    title = "Evo-Devo and an Expanding Evolutionary Synthesis: A Genetic Theory of Morphological Evolution",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Cell",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.030",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.030",
    openalex = "W2171193618",
    references = "doi1010079783642866593, doi101016b9781483227344500176, doi101038276565a0, doi101038376479a0, doi10103841710, doi101038nature02415, doi101038nature03158, doi101038nrg2063, doi101086406830, doi101111j001438202000tb00544x, doi101111j15585646200700105x, doi101126science1090005, doi101126science1107239, doi101126science147365368, doi101126science7892602, doi101242dev1212333, doi101371journalpbio0030245, doi105860choice395182, openalexw591049712, openalexw614012683"
}

@article{doi101038nrg2361,
    author = "Slatkin, Montgomery",
    title = "Linkage disequilibrium — understanding the evolutionary past and mapping the medical future",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Nature Reviews Genetics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2361",
    doi = "10.1038/nrg2361",
    openalex = "W2091239497",
    references = "doi101038hdy197489, doi101111j155856461960tb03113x"
}

@article{doi101038nrg2398,
    author = "López‐Maury, Luis and Marguerat, Samuel and Bähler, Jürg",
    title = "Tuning gene expression to changing environments: from rapid responses to evolutionary adaptation",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Nature Reviews Genetics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2398",
    doi = "10.1038/nrg2398",
    openalex = "W2028979517",
    references = "doi101038nrg1088, doi101038nrg2063"
}

@article{doi10108010635150802302427,
    author = "Revell, Liam J. and Harmon, Luke J. and Collar, David C.",
    title = "Phylogenetic Signal, Evolutionary Process, and Rate",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Systematic Biology",
    abstract = {A recent advance in the phylogenetic comparative analysis of continuous traits has been explicit, model-based measurement of "phylogenetic signal" in data sets composed of observations collected from species related by a phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic signal is a measure of the statistical dependence among species' trait values due to their phylogenetic relationships. Although phylogenetic signal is a measure of pattern (statistical dependence), there has nonetheless been a widespread propensity in the literature to attribute this pattern to aspects of the evolutionary process or rate. This may be due, in part, to the perception that high evolutionary rate necessarily results in low phylogenetic signal; and, conversely, that low evolutionary rate or stabilizing selection results in high phylogenetic signal (due to the resulting high resemblance between related species). In this study, we use individual-based numerical simulations on stochastic phylogenetic trees to clarify the relationship between phylogenetic signal, rate, and evolutionary process. Under the simplest model for quantitative trait evolution, homogeneous rate genetic drift, there is no relation between evolutionary rate and phylogenetic signal. For other circumstances, such as functional constraint, fluctuating selection, niche conservatism, and evolutionary heterogeneity, the relationship between process, rate, and phylogenetic signal is complex. For these reasons, we recommend against interpretations of evolutionary process or rate based on estimates of phylogenetic signal.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802302427",
    doi = "10.1080/10635150802302427",
    openalex = "W2162399971",
    references = "doi101038217624a0, doi10103844766, doi101073pnas0507648103, doi101086284325, doi101086383584, doi101086510633, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101093oso97801985464120010001, doi101111j001438202001tb00731x, doi101111j001438202003tb00285x, doi1023072529912, doi102307jctvjsf433, doi105860choice295104, doi105860choice396411"
}

@article{doi101038nature07891,
    author = "Shubin, Neil H. and Tabin, Cliff and Carroll, Sean B.",
    title = "Deep homology and the origins of evolutionary novelty",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07891",
    doi = "10.1038/nature07891",
    openalex = "W2012399832",
    references = "doi101016jcell200702040, doi10103841710, doi101038nature04637, doi101126science7892602, doi102307jctvjsf433"
}

@article{doi101057jibs200995,
    author = "Cantwell, John and Dunning, John H. and Lundan, Sarianna M.",
    title = "An evolutionary approach to understanding international business activity: The co-evolution of MNEs and the institutional environment",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Journal of International Business Studies",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.95",
    doi = "10.1057/jibs.2009.95",
    openalex = "W2093229054",
    references = "doi105860choice416654"
}

@article{doi101086599084,
    author = "Otto, Sarah P.",
    title = "The Evolutionary Enigma of Sex",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "The American Naturalist",
    abstract = "Sexual reproduction entails a number of costs, and yet the majority of eukaryotes engage in sex, at least occasionally. In this article, I review early models to explain the evolution of sex and why they failed to do so. More recent efforts have attempted to account for the complexities of evolution in the real world, with selection that varies over time and space, with differences among individuals in the tendency to reproduce sexually, and with populations that are limited in size. These recent efforts have clarified the conditions that are most likely to explain why sex is so common, as exemplified by the articles in this symposium issue of the American Naturalist.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/599084",
    doi = "10.1086/599084",
    openalex = "W1995865334",
    references = "doi101111j001438202002tb00188x"
}

@incollection{doi107551mitpress82780030003,
    author = "Pigliucci, Massimo and Müller, Gerd B.",
    title = "Elements of an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis",
    year = "2010",
    booktitle = "The MIT Press eBooks",
    abstract = "More than half a century has passed since the integration of several strands of evolutionary thought into what came to be called the Modern Synthesis (MS), the conceptual framework that has defi ned evolutionary theory since the 1940s. Despite signifi cant advances since then in all methodological and disciplinary domains of biology, including molecular genetics, developmental biology, and the “-omics” fi elds, the Modern Synthesis framework has remained surprisingly unchanged. Although it is still regarded as the standard theoretical paradigm of evolutionary biology, for several years now dissenters from diverse fi elds of biology have been questioning aspects of the Modern Synthesis, and pivotal novel concepts have been elaborated that extend beyond its original scope (e.g., Maynard Smith and Szathmary 1995; Jablonka and Lamb 1995; Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998; Gould 2002; Muller and Newman 2003; Odling-Smee et al. 2003; West-Eberhard 2003; Kirschner and Gerhart 2005). As a result, calls for an expansion of the Modern Synthesis framework have intensifi ed (R. L. Carroll 2000; Love 2003a; Kutschera and Niklas 2004; Muller 2007; Pigliucci 2007; Rose and Oakley 2007; S. B. Carroll 2008), prompting further scientifi c debate (Pennisi 2008; Whitfi eld 2008). Under the heading “Extended Synthesis” this volume represents a broad survey of key ideas in this multifaceted research program, and a fi rst look at an expanded theory of evolution as a work-in-progress. We have gathered some of the most prominent authors who have been writing about new directions in evolutionary biology and asked them to explain where they think the fi eld is headed, and how the new concepts square with the Modern Synthesis’s view of what evolution is. Some of these authors are skeptical that any fundamental changes are discernible in the current positions, while others lean toward major revisions of the MS. Most contributors fall somewhere in between, accepting many of",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8278.003.0003",
    doi = "10.7551/mitpress/8278.003.0003",
    openalex = "W2461851698",
    references = "doi101046j14209101200200455x"
}

@article{doi101126science1210879,
    author = "Laland, Kevin N. and Sterelny, Kim and Odling‐Smee, John and Hoppitt, William and Uller, Tobias",
    title = "Cause and Effect in Biology Revisited: Is Mayr’s Proximate-Ultimate Dichotomy Still Useful?",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Fifty years ago, Ernst Mayr published a hugely influential paper on the nature of causation in biology, in which he distinguished between proximate and ultimate causes. Mayr equated proximate causation with immediate factors (for example, physiology) and ultimate causation with evolutionary explanations (for example, natural selection). He argued that proximate and ultimate causes addressed different questions and were not alternatives. Mayr's account of causation remains widely accepted today, with both positive and negative ramifications. Several current debates in biology (for example, over evolution and development, niche construction, cooperation, and the evolution of language) are linked by a common axis of acceptance/rejection of Mayr's model of causation. We argue that Mayr's formulation has acted to stabilize the dominant evolutionary paradigm against change but may now hamper progress in the biological sciences.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210879",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1210879",
    openalex = "W1964687630",
    references = "doi101016jevolhumbehav201008001, doi101017cbo9781139164856, doi101017s0140525x0999094x, doi101098rstb20090012, openalexw2591687711"
}

@phdthesis{openalexw2157176082,
    author = "Jackson, Edgar B.",
    title = "The Faith Dynamic in Creationism and Evolutionary Theory",
    year = "2012",
    abstract = "Thesis (PhD (Dogmatics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus in association with Greenwich School of Theology, U.K., 2013.",
    openalex = "W2157176082",
    references = "doi101007bf00623322, doi101017cbo9780511804823021, doi10103710561000, doi1023071384646, doi104159harvard9780674865327, doi10432497802030907329, doi105860choice430626, doi107551mitpress97802625146200010001, larson1988issues, openalexw1659631989, openalexw2018528947, openalexw2624262714, overton1982rev"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20122863,
    author = "Clune, Jeff and Mouret, Jean-Baptiste and Lipson, Hod",
    title = "The evolutionary origins of modularity",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "A central biological question is how natural organisms are so evolvable (capable of quickly adapting to new environments). A key driver of evolvability is the widespread modularity of biological networks--their organization as functional, sparsely connected subunits--but there is no consensus regarding why modularity itself evolved. Although most hypotheses assume indirect selection for evolvability, here we demonstrate that the ubiquitous, direct selection pressure to reduce the cost of connections between network nodes causes the emergence of modular networks. Computational evolution experiments with selection pressures to maximize network performance and minimize connection costs yield networks that are significantly more modular and more evolvable than control experiments that only select for performance. These results will catalyse research in numerous disciplines, such as neuroscience and genetics, and enhance our ability to harness evolution for engineering purposes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2863",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2012.2863",
    openalex = "W2097351860",
    references = "doi101038nature01568, doi101038nrg2278"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511895555,
    author = "Capra, Fritjof and Luisi, Pier Luigi",
    title = "The Systems View of Life",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Over the past thirty years, a new systemic conception of life has emerged at the forefront of science. New emphasis has been given to complexity, networks, and patterns of organisation leading to a novel kind of 'systemic' thinking. This volume integrates the ideas, models, and theories underlying the systems view of life into a single coherent framework. Taking a broad sweep through history and across scientific disciplines, the authors examine the appearance of key concepts such as autopoiesis, dissipative structures, social networks, and a systemic understanding of evolution. The implications of the systems view of life for health care, management, and our global ecological and economic crises are also discussed. Written primarily for undergraduates, it is also essential reading for graduate students and researchers interested in understanding the new systemic conception of life and its implications for a broad range of professions - from economics and politics to medicine, psychology and law.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511895555",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511895555",
    openalex = "W654350894",
    references = "crossref2007scientists, doi1010161074552195900314, doi101016b9780750610490500095, doi101038416076a, doi101038nature08013, doi10106312820190, doi10106313050879, doi101111j155856461971tb01930x, doi10111911987158, doi101126science1173046528, doi101126science1185383, doi101126science2605108640, doi101126science7466396, doi1015159783110848281, doi101537ase188722495, doi1023072981858, doi104324978020382643011, doi104324978100306096359, doi105860choice396411, doi105962bhltitle27468, doi107208chicago97802264709930010001, doi107551mitpress97802625136780010001, miller1953a, openalexw1557693421, openalexw1882072473, openalexw1996657273, openalexw2492572670, openalexw2624262714"
}

@article{doi101080152941452014901022,
    author = "Hofer, Myron A.",
    title = "The emerging synthesis of development and evolution: A new biology for psychoanalysis",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Neuropsychoanalysis",
    abstract = "Significant transformations have taken place in our understanding of evolution and development since the late nineteenth century, when the two seemed so closely related; at that time, the ideas of Charles Darwin, Ernst Haeckel, and other biologists played a prominent role in Freud's creation of psychoanalysis. During the twentieth century, as biological research reached the molecular level, biological concepts of development and of evolution veered progressively further from each other and further away from psychoanalysis. Then most recently, in response to a flood of discoveries in the last two decades, the long-separated fields of developmental and evolutionary biology have come together in the creation of a new field, informally referred to as “Evo–Devo.” In this paper, I trace these remarkable changes, and discuss how these recent advances have returned biological concepts to a closer alignment with psychoanalytic principles regarding the role of early experience in long-term developmental change and the importance of the role that early parent-infant interactions play in shaping our lives and those of our children. I have illustrated the changes in our thinking that have taken place over the past half century by describing the different ways that I have thought about, puzzled over, and been enlightened by these changing concepts in the course of my psychobiological research on the roles of the mother-infant relationship in the development of a relatively simple model organism, the laboratory rat.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/15294145.2014.901022",
    doi = "10.1080/15294145.2014.901022",
    openalex = "W2167823637",
    references = "doi101046j14209101200200455x"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20151019,
    author = "Laland, Kevin N. and Uller, Tobias and Feldman, Marcus W. and Sterelny, Kim and Müller, Gerd B. and Moczek, Armin P. and Jablonka, Eva and Odling‐Smee, John",
    title = "The extended evolutionary synthesis: its structure, assumptions and predictions",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Scientific activities take place within the structured sets of ideas and assumptions that define a field and its practices. The conceptual framework of evolutionary biology emerged with the Modern Synthesis in the early twentieth century and has since expanded into a highly successful research program to explore the processes of diversification and adaptation. Nonetheless, the ability of that framework satisfactorily to accommodate the rapid advances in developmental biology, genomics and ecology has been questioned. We review some of these arguments, focusing on literatures (evo-devo, developmental plasticity, inclusive inheritance and niche construction) whose implications for evolution can be interpreted in two ways—one that preserves the internal structure of contemporary evolutionary theory and one that points towards an alternative conceptual framework. The latter, which we label the 'extended evolutionary synthesis' (EES), retains the fundaments of evolutionary theory, but differs in its emphasis on the role of constructive processes in development and evolution, and reciprocal portrayals of causation. In the EES, developmental processes, operating through developmental bias, inclusive inheritance and niche construction, share responsibility for the direction and rate of evolution, the origin of character variation and organism-environment complementarity. We spell out the structure, core assumptions and novel predictions of the EES, and show how it can be deployed to stimulate and advance research in those fields that study or use evolutionary biology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1019",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2015.1019",
    openalex = "W2103794982",
    references = "doi101001jama195002910300087029, doi101002jezb21081, doi101017cbo9780511621123, doi101038218525a0, doi10106313050879, doi101086346135, doi101093auk1002507, doi101093oso97801951223430010001, doi101111j155856461982tb05068x, doi101126science1113832, doi101146annureves01110170000245, doi1015159780691209418, doi1015159781400847266, doi1023071367778, doi1023072260026, doi102307jctvjsf433, doi102307jctvx5wbbh, doi105860choice364478, doi105860choice396411, doi105962bhltitle27468, doi107208chicago97802263088830010001, doi107551mitpress97802625136780010001, openalexw2080618944, openalexw227636185"
}

@article{doi101038nrg2016104,
    author = "Lynch, Michael and Ackerman, Matthew S. and Goût, Jean-François and Long, Hongan and Sung, Way and Thomas, W. Kelley and Foster, Patricia L.",
    title = "Genetic drift, selection and the evolution of the mutation rate",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Nature Reviews Genetics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2016.104",
    doi = "10.1038/nrg.2016.104",
    openalex = "W2529873061",
    references = "doi1010021521187820001222121057aidbies330co2w, doi101016jtig201005003, doi101038nrg2146, doi101073pnas0404656101"
}

@book{doi1015159780691185507,
    author = "Williams, George C.",
    title = "Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought",
    year = "2018",
    abstract = "Biological evolution is a fact-but the many conflicting theories of evolution remain controversial even today. When Adaptation and Natural Selection was first published in 1966, it struck a powerful blow against those who argued for the concept of group selection-the idea that evolution acts to select entire species rather than individuals. Williams's famous work in favor of simple Darwinism over group selection has become a classic of science literature, valued for its thorough and convincing argument and its relevance to many fields outside of biology. Now with a new foreword by Richard Dawkins, Adaptation and Natural Selection is an essential text for understanding the nature of scientific debate",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691185507",
    doi = "10.1515/9780691185507",
    openalex = "W1480083809"
}

@article{ozernyuk2019evolutionary,
    author = "Ozernyuk, N. D.",
    title = "Evolutionary Developmental Biology: the Interaction of Developmental Biology, Evolutionary Biology, Paleontology, and Genomics",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Paleontological Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s0031030119110078",
    doi = "10.1134/s0031030119110078",
    number = "11",
    openalex = "W3011071700",
    pages = "1117-1133",
    volume = "53",
    references = "doi1010079783642866593, doi101007s1206400700139, doi10103835002607, doi101038nrg1379, doi101126science1058040, doi101126science1090005, doi101126science860134, doi1023072412825, doi102307jctvjsf433, doi104159harvard9780674865327, doi105860choice396411"
}

@article{doi101162artla00319,
    author = "Lehman, Joel and Clune, Jeff and Misevic, Dusan and Adami, Christoph and Altenberg, Lee and Beaulieu, Julie and Bentley, Peter J. and BERNARD, S and Beslon, Guillaume and Bryson, David M. and Cheney, Nick and Chrabąszcz, Patryk and Cully, Antoine and Doncieux, Stéphane and Dyer, Fred C. and Ellefsen, Kai Olav and Feldt, Robert and Fischer, Stephan and Forrest, Stephanie and Frénoy, Antoine and Gagné, Christian and Goff, Léni Le and Grabowski, Laura M. and Hodjat, Babak and Hutter, Frank and Keller, Laurent and Knibbe, Carole and Krčah, Peter and Lenski, Richard E. and Lipson, Hod and MacCurdy, Robert and Maestre, Carlos and Miikkulainen, Risto and Mitri, Sara and Moriarty, David E. and Mouret, Jean-Baptiste and Nguyen, Anh and Ofria, Charles and Parizeau, Marc and Parsons, David and Pennock, Robert T. and Punch, William F. and Ray, Thomas S. and Schoenauer, Marc and Schulte, Eric and Sims, Karl and Stanley, Kenneth O. and Taddei, François and Tarapore, Danesh and Thibault, Simon and Watson, Richard A. and Weimer, Westley and Yosinski, Jason",
    title = "The Surprising Creativity of Digital Evolution: A Collection of Anecdotes from the Evolutionary Computation and Artificial Life Research Communities",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Artificial Life",
    abstract = "process that transcends the substrate in which it occurs. Indeed, many researchers in the field of digital evolution can provide examples of how their evolving algorithms and organisms have creatively subverted their expectations or intentions, exposed unrecognized bugs in their code, produced unexpectedly adaptations, or engaged in behaviors and outcomes, uncannily convergent with ones found in nature. Such stories routinely reveal surprise and creativity by evolution in these digital worlds, but they rarely fit into the standard scientific narrative. Instead they are often treated as mere obstacles to be overcome, rather than results that warrant study in their own right. Bugs are fixed, experiments are refocused, and one-off surprises are collapsed into a single data point. The stories themselves are traded among researchers through oral tradition, but that mode of information transmission is inefficient and prone to error and outright loss. Moreover, the fact that these stories tend to be shared only among practitioners means that many natural scientists do not realize how interesting and lifelike digital organisms are and how natural their evolution can be. To our knowledge, no collection of such anecdotes has been published before. This article is the crowd-sourced product of researchers in the fields of artificial life and evolutionary computation who have provided first-hand accounts of such cases. It thus serves as a written, fact-checked collection of scientifically important and even entertaining stories. In doing so we also present here substantial evidence that the existence and importance of evolutionary surprises extends beyond the natural world, and may indeed be a universal property of all complex evolving systems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1162/artl\_a\_00319",
    doi = "10.1162/artl\_a\_00319",
    openalex = "W3015475346",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511730191, doi101038nature01151"
}