@article{bronnimann1950the4,
    author = "Bronnimann, P",
    title = "The genus Hantkenina Cushman in Trinidad and Barbados, B.W.I",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 24, p. 397-420",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bronnimann, P., 1950, The genus Hantkenina Cushman in Trinidad and Barbados, B.W.I: Journal of Paleontology, v. 24, p. 397-420.}"
}

@book{zeller1950stratigraphic16,
    author = "Zeller, E. J",
    title = "Stratigraphic significance of Mississippian endothyroid Foraminifera",
    year = "1950",
    publisher = "University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, p. 1-23; Protozoa, article 4",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Zeller, E. J., 1950, Stratigraphic significance of Mississippian endothyroid Foraminifera: University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, p. 1-23; Protozoa, article 4.}"
}

@article{woodland1958stratigraphic15,
    author = "Woodland, R. B",
    title = "Stratigraphic significance of Mississippian endothyroid Foraminifera in central Utah",
    year = "1958",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 32, p. 791-814",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Woodland, R. B., 1958, Stratigraphic significance of Mississippian endothyroid Foraminifera in central Utah: Journal of Paleontology, v. 32, p. 791-814.}"
}

@misc{banner1959the1,
    author = "Banner, F. T. and Blow, W. H",
    title = "The classification and stratigraphical distribution of the Globigerinaceae",
    year = "1959",
    howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 2, p. 1-27",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Banner, F. T., and Blow, W. H., 1959, The classification and stratigraphical distribution of the Globigerinaceae: Palaeontology, v. 2, p. 1-27.}"
}

@misc{berggren1962stratigraphic3,
    author = "Berggren, W. A",
    title = "Stratigraphic and taxonomic-phylogenetic studies of Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene planktonic Foraminifera",
    year = "1962",
    howpublished = "Stockholm Contributions to Geology, v. 9, p. 107-129",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Berggren, W. A., 1962, Stratigraphic and taxonomic-phylogenetic studies of Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene planktonic Foraminifera: Stockholm Contributions to Geology, v. 9, p. 107-129.}"
}

@article{gimbrede1962evolution7,
    author = "Gimbrede, L. D. A",
    title = "Evolution of the Cretaceous foraminifer Kyphopyxa chrisneri (Carsey)",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 36, p. 1121-1123",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gimbrede, L. D. A., 1962, Evolution of the Cretaceous foraminifer Kyphopyxa chrisneri (Carsey): Journal of Paleontology, v. 36, p. 1121-1123.}"
}

@book{barnard1963evolution2,
    author = "Barnard, T",
    title = "Evolution in certain biocharacters of selected Jurassic Lagenidae, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 79-92",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barnard, T., 1963, Evolution in certain biocharacters of selected Jurassic Lagenidae, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 79-92.}"
}

@book{citasironi1963tendances5,
    author = "Cita-Sironi, M. B",
    title = "Tendances volutives des foraminifres planctiques (Globotruncanae) du Crtac suprior, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 112-138; 355 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cita-Sironi, M. B., 1963, Tendances volutives des foraminifres planctiques (Globotruncanae) du Crtac suprior, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 112-138; 355 p.}"
}

@book{dunbar1963trends6,
    author = "Dunbar, C. O",
    title = "Trends of evolution in American fusulines, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 25-44; 355 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dunbar, C. O., 1963, Trends of evolution in American fusulines, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 25-44; 355 p.}"
}

@book{hottinger1963les8,
    author = "Hottinger, L",
    title = "Les alvolines palognes, exemple d'un genre polyphyltique, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 298-314",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hottinger, L., 1963, Les alvolines palognes, exemple d'un genre polyphyltique, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 298-314.}"
}

@book{papp1963ber11,
    author = "Papp, A",
    title = "ber die Entwicklung von Heterosteginen, p. 350-355, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier; 355 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Papp, A., 1963, ber die Entwicklung von Heterosteginen, p. 350-355, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera: Amsterdam, Elsevier; 355 p.}"
}

@book{rauzerchernousova1963einige12,
    author = "Rauzer-Chernousova, D. M",
    title = "Einige Fragen zur Evolution der Fusulinideen, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 45-65; 355 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Rauzer-Chernousova, D. M., 1963, Einige Fragen zur Evolution der Fusulinideen, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 45-65; 355 p.}"
}

@book{schaub1963ber13,
    author = "Schaub, H",
    title = "ber einige Entwklingsreihen von Nummulites und Assilina und ihre stratigraphische Bedeutung, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 282-297; 355 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Schaub, H., 1963, ber einige Entwklingsreihen von Nummulites und Assilina und ihre stratigraphische Bedeutung, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 282-297; 355 p.}"
}

@article{vanvalen1965evolutionary,
    author = "van Valen, Leigh",
    title = "Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera. G. H. R. von Koenigswald, J. D. Emeis, W. L. Buning, C. W. Wagner",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/404560",
    doi = "10.1086/404560",
    number = "2",
    pages = "188-189",
    volume = "40"
}

@book{doi105281zenodo10742832,
    author = "Dobzhansky, Theodosius",
    title = "Genetics of the Evolutionary Process.",
    year = "1970",
    abstract = "Uploaded by Plazi for TaxoDros. We do not have abstracts.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10742832",
    doi = "10.5281/zenodo.10742832",
    openalex = "W1567155533"
}

@misc{tappen1970geobiological14,
    author = "Tappen, H. and Loeblich, A. R. and Jr",
    title = "Geobiological implications of fossil phytoplankton evolution and time-space distribution",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America, Special Paper, v. 127, p. 247-340",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Tappen, H., and Loeblich, A. R., Jr., 1970, Geobiological implications of fossil phytoplankton evolution and time-space distribution: Geological Society of America, Special Paper, v. 127, p. 247-340.}"
}

@book{leipzig1980foraminiferal9,
    author = "Leipzig, M. R",
    title = "Foraminiferal Biodiversity and Recent Sedimentation Rates From Grab-Samples; Point Arena, California [BS dissert.]",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "University of Wisconsin-Parkside, 67 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Leipzig, M. R., 1980, Foraminiferal Biodiversity and Recent Sedimentation Rates From Grab-Samples; Point Arena, California [BS dissert.]: University of Wisconsin-Parkside, 67 p.}"
}

@phdthesis{openalexw1491290751,
    author = "Wonders, Antonius A. H.",
    title = "Middle and Late Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera of the Western Mediterranean area",
    year = "1980",
    booktitle = "Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)",
    abstract = "Planktonic foraminifera from sections in predominantly pelagic and \nhemipelagic sediments of Late Albian to Late Maastrichtian age in southern \nSpain, central Tunisia and northern Italy were studied. Their vertical distribution \nallows for the recognition of 21 zones. They are correlated with the \ncalcareous nannofossil zonation of Verbeek (1977), which was essentially \nbased on the same material. \nRecent data from stratotypes allow for a rather detailed correlation with \nthe chronostratigraphic scale. \nAn improved calibration of the planktonic biozonations and the Middle \nand Late Cretaceous magnetostratigraphic scale is proposed. Late Aptian, \nLate Albian and Cenomanian reversals are documented with micropaleontological \nevidence from the actual cores. \nThe systematics and phylogeny of several groups of Cretaceous planktonic \nforaminifera are discussed. The subdivision of post-Cenomanian globotruncanids \ninto genera, as now widely accepted, is shown to be unrealistic \nfrom an evolutionary point of view. The genus Globotruncana Cushman is \nshown to be polyphyletic. \nTuronian and younger globotruncanids can be subdivided into a number \nof natural groups by means of conservative diagnostic features, which remain \nconstant throughout the ranges of the groups. Generic features appear \nto be progressive and develop analogously in each of the groups. \nThe evolution of Middle and Late Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera \nappears to be closely related to the occurrence of two major crises in the \noxygenation of the World's ocean waters. Entirely new associations of keeled \nforms appear immediately after these anoxic events, which occurred during \nmost of the Aptian and Albian and at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. \nA third event, close to the Santonian-Campanian boundary, is thought to be \ndue to fundamental changes in the oceanic circulation pattern in relation \nwith the opening history of the Atlantic Ocean. The Cretaceous-Tertiary \nboundary extinction is briefly discussed. Its explanation must be essentially \ndifferent from that of the other three major events. \nTaxonomic notes are made on the most important species. New generic \nnames for apparently natural groups have not been introduced and incorrect \nnames for important zonal markers have not been altered as this would \nhamper the comparison between the zonal scheme as proposed here and \nprevious ones.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1491290751",
    openalex = "W1491290751"
}

@incollection{doi101130spe190p329,
    author = "Smit, Jan",
    title = "Extinction and evolution of planktonic foraminifera after a major impact at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary",
    year = "1982",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America eBooks",
    abstract = "The mass-extinction event at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary (C/T in text; K-T on figures) exterminated all but one species of the planktonic Foraminifera (Guembelitria cretaceaCushman). Although not all details have been clarified yet, all Paleocene planktonic Foraminifera may have evolved from this sole survivor. Globigerina minutulaLuterbacher and Premoli Silva is the first true Paleocene species to appear; it develops into Globigerina fringaSubbotina, and later on probably into Globigerina eugubinaLuterbacher and Premoli Silva. Essentially, the stratigraphy of several complete sections shows a similar pattern: abrupt extinction of plankton followed by deposition of a thin lamina with high concentrations of siderophile elements, considered as the direct fallout level of the impact event. This lamina is followed by a 1- to 30-cm-thick clay or marl layer (which represents the normal background supply of hemipelagic clay) and a gradual return to calcareous sedimentation associated with the appearance of the first new Paleocene species. The biostratigraphy of the Gredero section in southeast Spain is analyzed in detail, complemented with data from the Kef section in Northern Tunisia. A new zone, the Guembelitria cretaceaZone, which contains only G. cretacea,and possibly Globotruncanella monmouthensis(Olsson) and Globigerinelloides messinaeBrönnimann in situ, is established at the base of the Tertiary. It is essentially the same as the C/T boundary clay. New taxonomic descriptions are given of G. cretacea, Globigerina minutula, G. fringa, G. eugubina,and Globotruncanella caravacaensisn. sp. Preliminary results of a paleomagnetic survey are used to calculate sediment accumulation rates, from which the mass extinction is inferred to have occurred within 50 years and a new stable planktonic fauna re-established within 35,000 years. The earliest Paleocene faunas are highly unstable. Different species successively become dominant and show a rapid evolutionary development. The initial development thus is both explosive and unstable and seems to be consistent with the punctuated mode of evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/spe190-p329",
    doi = "10.1130/spe190-p329",
    openalex = "W2418914985"
}

@misc{malmgren1984species10,
    author = "Malmgren, B. A. and Berggren, W. A. and Lohmann, G. P",
    title = "Species formation through punctuated gradualism in planktonic foraminifera",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Science, p. 317- 319",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Malmgren, B. A., Berggren, W. A., and Lohmann, G. P., 1984, Species formation through punctuated gradualism in planktonic foraminifera: Science, p. 317- 319.}"
}

@article{bartenstein1985stratigraphic,
    author = "Bartenstein, Helmut",
    title = "Stratigraphic pattern of index foraminifera in the Lower Cretaceous of Trinidad",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Newsletters on Stratigraphy",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/14/1985/110",
    doi = "10.1127/nos/14/1985/110",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2606671858",
    pages = "110-117",
    volume = "14"
}

@article{dhondt1998cretaceous,
    author = "D'Hondt, Steven and Zachos, James C.",
    title = "Cretaceous foraminifera and the evolutionary history of planktic photosymbiosis",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Ecotypic correlations between stable isotopic signals and skeletal size indicate that some Late Cretaceous serial planktic foraminifera were strongly photosymbiotic. In contrast, coeval trochospiral planktic foraminifera do not exhibit the isotope/size signatures that typify strongly photosymbiotic species. Comparison to Cenozoic taxa demonstrates that photosymbiosis has recurred throughout planktic foraminiferal history and has evolved independently in superfamilies characterized by very different gross skeletal morphologies. The historical contingency of that evolution is illustrated by the consequences of the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, which terminated the Cretaceous lineages of photosymbiotic planktic foraminifera but did not permanently extinguish photosymbiont reliance by planktic foraminifera.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300020133",
    doi = "10.1017/s0094837300020133",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2492865681",
    pages = "512-523",
    volume = "24",
    references = "doi1010079781461235446, doi1010079781489957603, doi1010160016703789902822, doi1010160377839896000035, doi10102995pa00059, doi10102996pa00571, doi101038298841a0, doi101126science207442661, doi101130spe190p329, doi105860choice265651"
}

@book{doi101130spe332,
    author = "Barrera, Enriqueta and Johnson, Claudia C.",
    title = "Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean-Climate System",
    year = "1999",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/spe332",
    doi = "10.1130/spe332",
    openalex = "W645721618"
}

@article{doi101126science1059412,
    author = "Zachos, James C. and Pagani, Mark and Sloan, Lisa C. and Thomas, Ellen and Billups, Katharina",
    title = "Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Since 65 million years ago (Ma), Earth's climate has undergone a significant and complex evolution, the finer details of which are now coming to light through investigations of deep-sea sediment cores. This evolution includes gradual trends of warming and cooling driven by tectonic processes on time scales of 10(5) to 10(7) years, rhythmic or periodic cycles driven by orbital processes with 10(4)- to 10(6)-year cyclicity, and rare rapid aberrant shifts and extreme climate transients with durations of 10(3) to 10(5) years. Here, recent progress in defining the evolution of global climate over the Cenozoic Era is reviewed. We focus primarily on the periodic and anomalous components of variability over the early portion of this era, as constrained by the latest generation of deep-sea isotope records. We also consider how this improved perspective has led to the recognition of previously unforeseen mechanisms for altering climate.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059412",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1059412",
    openalex = "W2115575384",
    references = "doi1010160025322771900533, doi1010160031018294902518, doi101016027737919190033q, doi10102990jb02015, doi10102993pa03266, doi10102995pa02087, doi10102996pa00571, doi10103835021000, doi101038353225a0, doi101038359117a0, doi10108004353676199311880395, doi101126science19442701121, doi101126science2875451269, doi101126science28954861897, doi1011300091761319920200569eoiseo23co2, doi1015159781400862924, doi102110pec9504, doi102110pec9554, doi102475ajs294156"
}

@article{doi1021130310287,
    author = "Husinec, Antun",
    title = "PALORBITOLINA LENTICULARIS FROM THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC REGION: PALEOGEOGRAPHICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "The Journal of Foraminiferal Research",
    abstract = "Samples bearing Palorbitolina were obtained from three localities on the islands of Cres and Lošinj in the northern Adriatic. Although a relatively small number (60) of specimens were studied, the size of the embry-onic chamber and test diameters of Palorbitolina lenti-cularis indicate a Lower Aptian age. This is confirmed for the Adriatic carbonate platform by the presence of Lower Aptian index taxa. Both embryonic chamber and test diameter variation are pronounced. No change was observed concerning the relationship between strati-graphic horizon and the embryonic chamber diameter. A proportional relationship between the size of the em-bryonic chamber and the test was determined. These data show that before it appeared on the Adri-atic carbonate platform, Palorbitolina already colonized the predominantly mixed clastic-carbonate environ-ments of the Mediterranean, as has been suggested by Velic ́ \& Sokac ̌ (1978). Although an essentially westwards water circulation during the late Barremian and early Aptian probably aided Palorbitolina in colonization of the Tethyan realm, it can neither explain the simulta-neous existence of Palorbitolina in different and remote parts of the Tethys nor its dispersal, which must have been very rapid.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/0310287",
    doi = "10.2113/0310287",
    openalex = "W2091941855"
}

@article{doi1010292001pa000623,
    author = "Leckie, R. Mark and Bralower, Timothy J. and Cashman, Richard",
    title = "Oceanic anoxic events and plankton evolution: Biotic response to tectonic forcing during the mid‐Cretaceous",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Paleoceanography",
    abstract = "Mid‐Cretaceous (Barremian‐Turonian) plankton preserved in deep‐sea marl, organic‐rich shale, and pelagic carbonate hold an important record of how the marine biosphere responded to short‐ and long‐term changes in the ocean‐climate system. Oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) were short‐lived episodes of organic carbon burial that are distinguished by their widespread distribution as discrete beds of black shale and/or pronounced carbon isotopic excursions. OAE1a in the early Aptian (∼120.5 Ma) and OAE2 at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary (∼93.5 Ma) were global in their distribution and associated with heightened marine productivity. OAE1b spans the Aptian/Albian boundary (∼113–109 Ma) and represents a protracted interval of dysoxia with multiple discrete black shales across parts of Tethys (including Mexico), while OAE1d developed across eastern and western Tethys and in other locales during the latest Albian (∼99.5 Ma). Mineralized plankton experienced accelerated rates of speciation and extinction at or near the major Cretaceous OAEs, and strontium isotopic evidence suggests a possible link to times of rapid oceanic plateau formation and/or increased rates of ridge crest volcanism. Elevated levels of trace metals in OAE1a and OAE2 strata suggest that marine productivity may have been facilitated by increased availability of dissolved iron. The association of plankton turnover and carbon isotopic excursions with each of the major OAEs, despite the variable geographic distribution of black shale accumulation, points to widespread changes in the ocean‐climate system. Ocean crust production and hydrothermal activity increased in the late Aptian. Faster spreading rates [and/or increased ridge length] drove a long‐term (Albian–early Turonian) rise in sea level and CO 2 ‐induced global warming. Changes in ocean circulation, water column stratification, and nutrient partitioning lead to a reorganization of plankton community structure and widespread carbonate (chalk) deposition during the Late Cretaceous. We conclude that there were important linkages between submarine volcanism, plankton evolution, and the cycling of carbon through the marine biosphere.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2001pa000623",
    doi = "10.1029/2001pa000623",
    openalex = "W1620286502",
    references = "boudagherfadel1997the, doi1010079781461235446, doi1010079789401748414, doi1010160012825273900925, doi1010160012825283900016, doi1010160025322771900533, doi1010160031018294903468, doi1010160195667188900031, doi1010160377839883900105, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300005352, doi101017s0094837300012793, doi101017s0094837300013178, doi10102993pa03266, doi10102993rg02508, doi10102994jb01889, doi101029pa001i004p00495, doi101029pa005i001p00001, doi10103822941, doi101038298841a0, doi101038321739a0, doi101038331341a0, doi101038333547a0, doi101126science2815374200, doi1011300016760619951071164mlccot23co2, doi1011300091761320020300123dsproe20co2, doi101144gsjgs13720171, doi101144gslsp19870260125, doi102110pec77250019, doi102110pec88010071, doi102110pec88010183, doi1023071485903, doi102973dsdpproc291171975, doi102973dsdpproc431401979, doi103354meps010257, doi105860choice265651, gradstein1998the, openalexw1491290751, openalexw2106559152"
}

@article{doi1021130540329,
    author = "Knoll, Andrew H.",
    title = "Biomineralization and Evolutionary History",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/0540329",
    doi = "10.2113/0540329",
    openalex = "W2081129368",
    references = "doi1010079781489953919, doi1010160016703788903134, doi1010160016703793904512, doi101016003101829400093n, doi101016s0012825200000246, doi101016s0012825202001046, doi101017s000632310000548x, doi101017s0006323199005472, doi101017s0094837300005352, doi101017s0094837300013178, doi101038305019a0, doi10103835030078, doi101038386078a0, doi10103846965, doi101039a604512j, doi101073pnas092150999, doi101105tpc114691, doi101111j143903101963tb01161x, doi101126science2845411118, doi101126science28554301033, doi1023073514631, doi102475ajs2728752, doi102475ajs294156, doi103732ajb912214, openalexw1573076930"
}

@article{doi10108010635150590947131,
    author = "Lavin, Matt and Herendeen, Patrick S. and Wojciechowski, Martin F.",
    title = "Evolutionary Rates Analysis of Leguminosae Implicates a Rapid Diversification of Lineages during the Tertiary",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Systematic Biology",
    abstract = "Tertiary macrofossils of the flowering plant family Leguminosae (legumes) were used as time constraints to estimate ages of the earliest branching clades identified in separate plastid matK and rbcL gene phylogenies. Penalized likelihood rate smoothing was performed on sets of Bayesian likelihood trees generated with the AIC-selected GTR+ Gamma +I substitution model. Unequivocal legume fossils dating from the Recent continuously back to about 56 million years ago were used to fix the family stem clade at 60 million years (Ma), and at 1-Ma intervals back to 70 Ma. Specific fossils that showed distinctive combinations of apomorphic traits were used to constrain the minimum age of 12 specific internal nodes. These constraints were placed on stem rather than respective crown clades in order to bias for younger age estimates. Regardless, the mean age of the legume crown clade differs by only 1.0 to 2.5 Ma from the fixed age of the legume stem clade. Additionally, the oldest caesalpinioid, mimosoid, and papilionoid crown clades show approximately the same age range of 39 to 59 Ma. These findings all point to a rapid family-wide diversification, and predict few if any legume fossils prior to the Cenozoic. The range of the matK substitution rate, 2.1-24.6 x 10(-10) substitutions per site per year, is higher than that of rbcL, 1.6- 8.6 x 10(-10), and is accompanied by more uniform rate variation among codon positions. The matK and rbcL substitution rates are highly correlated across the legume family. For example, both loci have the slowest substitution rates among the mimosoids and the fastest rates among the millettioid legumes. This explains why groups such as the millettioids are amenable to species-level phylogenetic analysis with these loci, whereas other legume groups are not.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150590947131",
    doi = "10.1080/10635150590947131",
    openalex = "W2117575205",
    references = "doi101007bf02860537, doi101111j001438202001tb00826x, doi102110pec9504, doi102110pec95040129"
}

@article{doi101146annurevecolsys35021103105715,
    author = "D’Hondt, Steven",
    title = "Consequences of the Cretaceous/Paleogene Mass Extinction for Marine Ecosystems",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics",
    abstract = "▪ Abstract One of the greatest mass extinctions in Earth's history occurred at the end of the Cretaceous era, sixty-five million years (Myr) ago. Considerable evidence indicates that the impact of a large asteroid or comet was the ultimate cause of this extraordinary event. At the time of mass extinction, the organic flux to the deep sea collapsed, and production of calcium carbonate by marine plankton radically declined. These biogeochemical processes did not fully recover for a few million years. The drastic decline and long lag in final recovery of these processes are most simply explained as consequences of open-ocean ecosystem alteration by the mass extinction. If this explanation is correct, the extent and timing of marine biogeochemical recovery from the end-Cretaceous event was ultimately contingent on the extent and timing of open-ocean ecosystem recovery. The biogeochemical recovery may in turn have created new evolutionary opportunities for a diverse array of marine organisms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105715",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105715",
    openalex = "W2119446169",
    references = "alvarez1980extraterrestrial, dhondt1998cretaceous, doi10100797836427963404, doi1010160016703787903619, doi10102994jb03098, doi101038285198a0, doi101146annurevearth27175, doi102110pec95040129, doi102110scn83010000, doi105479si00810266851, openalexw1487925322"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x201100178x,
    author = "Aze, Tracy and Ezard, Thomas H. G. and Purvis, Andy and Coxall, Helen K. and Stewart, Duncan R. M. and Wade, Bridget S. and Pearson, Paul N.",
    title = "A phylogeny of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera from fossil data",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "We present a complete phylogeny of macroperforate planktonic foraminifer species of the Cenozoic Era (∼65 million years ago to present). The phylogeny is developed from a large body of palaeontological work that details the evolutionary relationships and stratigraphic (time) distributions of species-level taxa identified from morphology ('morphospecies'). Morphospecies are assigned to morphogroups and ecogroups depending on test morphology and inferred habitat, respectively. Because gradual evolution is well documented in this clade, we have identified many instances of morphospecies intergrading over time, allowing us to eliminate 'pseudospeciation' and 'pseudoextinction' from the record and thereby permit the construction of a more natural phylogeny based on inferred biological lineages. Each cladogenetic event is determined as either budding or bifurcating depending on the pattern of morphological change at the time of branching. This lineage phylogeny provides palaeontologically calibrated ages for each divergence that are entirely independent of molecular data. The tree provides a model system for macroevolutionary studies in the fossil record addressing questions of speciation, extinction, and rates and patterns of evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00178.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00178.x",
    openalex = "W1989146507",
    references = "doi101016037783988790020x, doi101016jearscirev201009003, doi101016jmarmicro200801009, doi101017s0094837300004000, doi101017s0094837300012094, doi101017s0094837300016638, doi101038nature05634, doi101038nature06588, doi10108010635150600852011, doi101093sysbio463523, doi101111j1474919x1955tb01923x, doi101126science1059412, doi101146annurevecolsys33030602152151, doi101722611310, doi102110pec95040129, doi1023071485586, doi102307jctvjsf433, doi102687999013, doi105860choice295135, doi105860choice396411, doi107312simp92414, smith2007marine"
}

@article{doi101666110271,
    author = "Birch, Heather and Coxall, Helen K. and Pearson, Paul N.",
    title = "Evolutionary ecology of Early Paleocene planktonic foraminifera: size, depth habitat and symbiosis",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "The carbon stable isotope (δ 13 C) composition of the calcitic tests of planktonic foraminifera has an important role as a geochemical tracer of ocean carbon system changes associated with the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) mass extinction event and its aftermath. Questions remain, however, about the extent of δ 13 C isotopic disequilibrium effects and the impact of depth habitat evolution on test calcite δ 13 C among rapidly evolving Paleocene species, and the influence this has on reconstructed surface-to-deep ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) gradients. A synthesis of new and existing multispecies data, on the relationship between δ 13 C and δ 18 O and test size, sheds light on these issues. Results suggest that early Paleocene species quickly radiated into a range of depths habitats in a thermally stratified water column. Negative δ 18 O gradients with increasing test size in some species of Praemurica suggest either ontogenetic or ecotypic dependence on calcification temperature that may reflect depth/light controlled variability in symbiont photosynthetic activity. The pattern of positive δ 13 C test-size correlations allows us to (1) identify metabolic disequilibrium δ 13 C effects in small foraminifera tests, as occur in the immediate aftermath of the K/Pg event, (2) constrain the timing of evolution of foraminiferal photosymbiosis to 63.5 Ma, ∼0.9 Myr earlier than previously suggested, and (3) identify the apparent loss of symbiosis in a late-ranging morphotype of Praemurica. These findings have implications for interpreting δ 13 C DIC gradients at a resolution appropriate for incoming highly resolved K/Pg core records.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/11027.1",
    doi = "10.1666/11027.1",
    openalex = "W2144340527",
    references = "dhondt1998cretaceous, doi1010079781461235446, doi1010160016703789902822, doi1010160016703789902834, doi1010292003gb002134, doi10102994jb03098, doi10103835097000, doi10103837333, doi102973odpprocir1942002, doi105479si00810266851, doi105860choice265651"
}

@article{doi101126science1230492,
    author = "Renne, Paul R. and Deino, Alan L. and Hilgen, F.J. and Kuiper, Klaudia F. and Mark, Darren F. and Mitchell, William S. and Morgan, Leah E. and Mundil, Roland and Smit, Jan",
    title = "Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Mass extinctions manifest in Earth's geologic record were turning points in biotic evolution. We present (40)Ar/(39)Ar data that establish synchrony between the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and associated mass extinctions with the Chicxulub bolide impact to within 32,000 years. Perturbation of the atmospheric carbon cycle at the boundary likely lasted less than 5000 years, exhibiting a recovery time scale two to three orders of magnitude shorter than that of the major ocean basins. Low-diversity mammalian fauna in the western Williston Basin persisted for as little as 20,000 years after the impact. The Chicxulub impact likely triggered a state shift of ecosystems already under near-critical stress.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230492",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1230492",
    openalex = "W1964523361",
    references = "doi101007s1091400569434, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jcretres200805030, doi101016jepsl200902019, doi101016jepsl201107015, doi101016jgca2006061563, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jgca201106021, doi101016s0009254197001599, doi101016s0012821x03005570, doi101016s1631071303000063, doi1010292008jb005644, doi101038nature08227, doi101038nature11018, doi1010510004636120041335, doi10105100046361201116836, doi101073pnas802627, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science22346411177, doi101126science25250131690, doi101126science2575072954, doi1011270078042120120020, doi10113000917613198614279ssaedt20co2, doi1011300091761319910190867ccapct23co2, doi101130spe332, doi101146annurevecolsys35021103105715, doi101666070341, openalexw610180004"
}

@article{doi101146annurevearth060614105059,
    author = "Fraass, Andrew and Kelly, Daniel Clay and Peters, Shanan E.",
    title = "Macroevolutionary History of the Planktic Foraminifera",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
    abstract = "Planktic foraminifera are an abundant component of deep-sea sediment and are critical to geohistorical research, primarily because as a biological and geochemical system they are sensitive to coupled bio-hydro-lithosphere interactions. They are also well sampled and studied throughout their evolutionary history. Here, we combine a synoptic global compilation of planktic foraminifera with a stochastic null model of taxonomic turnover to identify statistically significant increases in macroevolutionary rates. There are three taxonomic diversifications and two distinct extinctions in the history of the group. The well-known Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction is of unprecedented magnitude and abruptness and is linked to rapid environmental perturbations associated with bolide impact. The Eocene–Oligocene boundary extinction occurs due to a combination of factors related to a major reorganization of the global climate system. Changes in ocean stratification, seawater chemistry, and global climate recur as primary determinants of both macroevolutionary turnover in planktic foraminifera and spatiotemporal patterns of deep-sea sedimentation over the past 130 Myr.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060614-105059",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-earth-060614-105059",
    openalex = "W2133909276",
    references = "alvarez1980extraterrestrial, boudagherfadel1997the, dhondt1998cretaceous, doi101016jgeobios200411004, doi10102995pa02087, doi101126science1059412, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science23547931156, doi101666110271, doi1023071485910, doi102475ajs294156, openalexw2106559152, openalexw2989049194"
}

@article{doi101007s1335801601136,
    author = "Knappertsbusch, Michael",
    title = "Evolutionary prospection in the Neogene planktic foraminifer Globorotalia menardii and related forms from ODP Hole 925B (Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic): evidence for gradual evolution superimposed by long distance dispersal?",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Swiss Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Evolutionary prospection is the study of morphological evolution and speciation in calcareous plankton from selected time-slices and key sites in the world oceans. In this context, the Neogene menardiform globorotalids serve as study objects for morphological speciation in planktic foraminifera. A downcore investigation of test morphology of the lineage of G. menardii-limbata-multicamerata during the past 8 million years was carried out in the western tropical Atlantic ODP Hole 925B. A total of 4669 specimens were measured and analyzed from 38 stratigraphic levels and compared to previous studies from DSDP Sites 502 and 503. Collection of digital images and morphometric measurements from digitized outlines were achieved using a microfossil orientation and imaging robot called AMOR and software, which was especially developed for this purpose. Most attention was given to the evolution of spiral height versus axial length of tests in keel view, but other parameters were investigated as well. The variability of morphological parameters in G. menardii, G. limbata, and G. multicamerata through time are visualized by volume density diagrams. At Hole 925B results show gradual test size increase in G. menardii until about 3.2 Ma. The combination of taxonomic determination in the light microscope with morphometric investigations shows strong morphological overlap and evolutionary continuity from ancestral to extant G. menardii (4–6 chambers in the final whorl) to the descendent but extinct G. limbata (seven chambers in the final whorl) and to G. multicamerata (≥8 chambers in the final whorl). In the morphospace defined by spiral height (δX) and axial length (δY) Globorotalia limbata and G. multicamerata strongly overlap with G. menardii. Distinction of G. limbata from G. menardii is only possible by slight differences in the number of chambers of the final whorl, nuances in spiral convexity, upper keel angles, radii of osculating circles, or by differences in reflectance of their tests. Globorotalia multicamerata can be distinguished from the other two forms by more than eight chambers in the final whorl. It appeared as two stratigraphically separate clusters during the Pliocene. Between 2.88 and 2.3 Ma G. menardii was severely restricted in size and abundance. Thereafter, it showed a rapid and prominent expansion of the upper test size extremes between 2.3 and 1.95 Ma persisting until present. The size-frequency distributions at Hole 925B are surprisingly similar to trends of menardiform globorotalids from Caribbean DSDP Site 502. There, the observations were explained as an adaptation to changes in the upper water column due to the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama. In light of more recent paleontological and geological investigations about the completion of the permanent land connection between North and South America since about 3 Ma the present study gives reason to suspect the sudden test size increase of G. menardii to reflect immigration of extra-large G. menardii from the Indian Ocean or the Pacific. It is hypothesized that during the Late Pliocene dispersal of large G. menardii into the southern to tropical Atlantic occurred during an intermittent episode of intense Agulhas Current leakage around the Cape of Good Hope and from there via warm eddy transport to the tropical Atlantic (Agulhas dispersal hypothesis).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13358-016-0113-6",
    doi = "10.1007/s13358-016-0113-6",
    openalex = "W2323505351",
    references = "doi101007s1335801601136, doi101016b9780444594259000299, doi101038nature13636, doi101126science1059412, doi101126science1116412, doi1011639789004616455018, doi102110pec95040129, doi105281zenodo10742832, openalexw2297370949, openalexw3135630760"
}

@article{dubicka2016bolivinoides,
    author = "Dubicka, Zofia and Peryt, Danuta",
    title = "BOLIVINOIDES (BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF POLAND AND WESTERN UKRAINE: TAXONOMY, EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES AND STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "The Journal of Foraminiferal Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.46.1.75",
    doi = "10.2113/gsjfr.46.1.75",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2339403563",
    pages = "75-94",
    volume = "46",
    references = "doi1010079781489957603, doi101007978940156861618, doi1010160377839883900105, doi101016jcretres200605025, doi101136heartjnl2021319601, doi1037570bgsd19843319, openalexw1490886790, openalexw2295102446, openalexw617541540, openalexw826979893"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev201707012,
    author = "O’Brien, Charlotte L. and Robinson, Stuart A. and Pancost, Richard D. and Damsté, Jaap S. Sinninghe and Schouten, Stefan and Lunt, Daniel J. and Alsenz, Heiko and Bornemann, André and Bottini, Cinzia and Brassell, Simon C. and Farnsworth, Alexander and Forster, Astrid and Huber, Brian T. and Inglis, Gordon N. and Jenkyns, Hugh C. and Linnert, Christian and Littler, Kate and Markwick, Paul and McAnena, A. and Mutterlose, Jörg and Naafs, B. David A. and Püttmann, Wilhelm and Sluijs, Appy and van Helmond, Niels A. G. M. and Vellekoop, Johan and Wagner, Thomas and Wrobel, Neil",
    title = "Cretaceous sea-surface temperature evolution: Constraints from TEX86 and planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    abstract = "It is well established that greenhouse conditions prevailed during the Cretaceous Period (\textasciitilde\ 145–66 Ma). Determining the exact nature of the greenhouse-gas forcing, climatic warming and climate sensitivity remains, however, an active topic of research. Quantitative and qualitative geochemical and palaeontological proxies provide valuable observational constraints on Cretaceous climate. In particular, reconstructions of Cretaceous sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) have been revolutionised firstly by the recognition that clay-rich sequences can host exceptionally preserved planktonic foraminifera allowing for reliable oxygen-isotope analyses and, secondly by the development of the organic palaeothermometer TEX 86, based on the distribution of marine archaeal membrane lipids. Here we provide a new compilation and synthesis of available planktonic foraminiferal δ 18 O (δ 18 Opl) and TEX 86- SST proxy data for almost the entire Cretaceous Period. The compilation uses SSTs recalculated from published raw data, allowing examination of the sensitivity of each proxy to the calculation method (e.g., choice of calibration) and places all data on a common timescale. Overall, the compilation shows many similarities with trends present in individual records of Cretaceous climate change. For example, both SST proxies and benthic foraminiferal δ 18 O records indicate maximum warmth in the Cenomanian–Turonian interval. Our reconstruction of the evolution of latitudinal temperature gradients (low, \<±30°, minus higher, \>±48°, palaeolatitudes) reveals temporal changes. In the Valanginian–Aptian, the low-to-higher mid-latitudinal temperature gradient was weak (decreasing from \textasciitilde\ 10–17 °C in the Valanginian, to \textasciitilde\ 3–5 °C in the Aptian, based on TEX 86- SSTs). In the Cenomanian–Santonian, reconstructed latitudinal temperature contrasts are also small relative to modern (\< 14 °C, based on low-latitude TEX 86 and δ 18 Opl SSTs minus higher latitude δ 18 Opl SSTs, compared with \textasciitilde\ 20 °C for the modern). In the mid-Campanian to end-Maastrichtian, latitudinal temperature gradients strengthened (\textasciitilde\ 19–21 °C, based on low-latitude TEX 86 and δ 18 Opl SSTs minus higher latitude δ 18 Opl SSTs), with cooling occurring at low-, middle- and higher palaeolatitude sites, implying global surface-ocean cooling and/or changes in ocean heat transport in the Late Cretaceous. These reconstructed long-term trends are resilient, regardless of the choice of proxy (TEX 86 or δ 18 Opl) or calibration. This new Cretaceous SST synthesis provides an up-to-date target for modelling studies investigating the mechanics of extreme climates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.012",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.012",
    openalex = "W2741530874",
    references = "doi1010022014pa002723, doi1010160012825283900016, doi101016jepsl200407015, doi101016jepsl201206024, doi101016jgloplacha201312007, doi101016s0012825299000483, doi1010292009gc002788, doi1010292011jc007255, doi101038333547a0, doi101073pnas1011369108, doi101073pnas1319253111, doi101126science28253972241, doi1011300016760619951071164mlccot23co2, doi1011300091761320020300123dsproe20co2, doi10113008137233291, doi101130spe332, doi101371journalpone0126946, doi105860choice265651"
}

@article{mohammed2017palorbitolina,
    author = "Mohammed, Mamoun Ubaid",
    title = "Palorbitolina (Blumenbach, 1805), Lower Cretaceous benthic foraminifera, of Iraq: evolutionary and stratigraphic implications",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Arabian Journal of Geosciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-2928-x",
    doi = "10.1007/s12517-017-2928-x",
    number = "6",
    openalex = "W2599348419",
    volume = "10",
    references = "doi101006cres20000203, doi1010160031018295000585, doi101086397950, doi102110sepmsp093153, doi1021130310287, doi102113geoarabia0504545, doi104267204251213, openalexw2987194244, openalexw3140921060"
}

@article{doi101017njg201815,
    author = "Keutgen, Norbert",
    title = "A bioclast-based astronomical timescale for the Maastrichtian in the type area (southeast Netherlands, northeast Belgium) and stratigraphic implications: the legacy of P.J. Felder",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Netherlands Journal of Geosciences – Geologie en Mijnbouw",
    abstract = "Abstract The present paper, dedicated to the legacy of local geologist–engineer Peter Jozef (Sjeuf) Felder, who died in 2009, confirms his view that bioclasts constitute a valuable tool in the correlation of outcrops and borehole cores across the type area of the Maastrichtian Stage in the vicinity of Maastricht. His approach of interpreting changes in bioclast contents as having been influenced by Milankovitch cyclicity has here been applied successfully to the entire sedimentary complex of Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous) age in the study area. In the present approach, results are corroborated by index fossils, mainly dinoflagellate cysts but also calcareous nannofossils, which allow correlation with the Stevns-1 core reference section in eastern Denmark. With the exception of local remnants of Belemnella obtusa Zone age, the Maastrichtian Stage in its type area encompasses the last 4.6 Ma of the Cretaceous Period (i.e. the Belemnella sumensis/Acanthoscaphites tridens Zone up to the K/Pg boundary). P.J. Felder's bioclast analyses have enabled the detection of twelve 400 kyr eccentricity cycles of Milankovitch cyclicity in the area. However, the section is not continuous; there is a hiatus of c. 700 kyr between the Gulpen and Maastricht formations at the ENCI-HeidelbergCement Group quarry. In addition, smaller hiatuses, usually in the range of several 20 kyr cycles, have been detected in the upper Maastricht Formation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2018.15",
    doi = "10.1017/njg.2018.15",
    openalex = "W2900775561",
    references = "doi101016jepsl201103008, doi101016jgloplacha201312007, doi101016jmargeo200502007, doi101017cbo9780511536045020, doi101111j13652117200800354x, doi101126science1059412, doi1011270078042120100004, doi1011270078042120120016, doi1018814epiiugs2001v24i4002, doi102110pec88010071, dubicka2016bolivinoides"
}

@article{doi101002spp21397,
    author = "Weinkauf, Manuel F G and Hoffmann, René and Wiedenroth, Kurt",
    title = "Evolutionary–phylogenetic pathway of the Cretaceous ammonite genus Aegocrioceras and its relationship to Juddiceras spp. and Crioceratites spp.",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Papers in Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract The systematics of ammonoids are complicated by their large degree of intraspecies variation, which complicates a stable validation of species. Aegocrioceras is a heteromorph ammonite from the Lower Saxony Basin in the Hauterivian Boreal, and a prime example of a genus with an unstable internal systematic and external relationship to other ammonoids. Here, we use quantitative morphometrics on Aegocrioceras species from an assemblage collected in the Resse clay pit (north‐west Germany) to evaluate the systematics and phylogeny of this Cretaceous genus. We simplify the systematics of the genus into the three entities A. bicarinatum [m]– A. semicinctum [M] complex (which potentially contains A. quadratum as well), A. raricostatum and A. spathi. The most likely phylogeny coincides very well with the stratigraphic record of the species and implies anagenetic adaptations in A. raricostatum and A. spathi after the origin of the species. It is most likely that Aegocrioceras derived from warm‐water adapted Tethyan Crioceratites species, and Boreal Crioceratites are potentially warm‐water adapted descendants of the cold‐water adapted Aegocrioceras but may alternatively represent renewed Tethyan invasions. Our data imply that the success of Aegocrioceras against incumbent ammonites in the Boreal was rooted in abiotic change (Court Jester) processes due to its high adaptability, while it is more likely that selection within the Aegocrioceras clade was based on biotic interaction (Red Queen) processes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1397",
    doi = "10.1002/spp2.1397",
    openalex = "W3196178248",
    references = "doi101093molluseyab001"
}

@inproceedings{andfaulkner2022longterm,
    author = "Faulkner, Katherine and Lowery, Christopher M. and Lowery, Christopher M. and Martindale, Rowan and Martindale, Rowan and Simpson, Carl and Simpson, Carl",
    title = "LONG-TERM EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS WITHIN BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-379008",
    doi = "10.1130/abs/2022am-379008",
    openalex = "W4312731185"
}

@article{doi103389fmars2022798002,
    author = "Knappertsbusch, Michael and Eisenecker, Jean",
    title = "Towards a Fleet of Robots for Orientation, Imaging, and Morphometric Analyses of Planktonic Foraminifera",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Frontiers in Marine Science",
    abstract = "Morphometric shell measurements help to quantify the evolutionary patterns of planktonic foraminifera (marine, calcite-secreting, and floating protists). The study of shell variations of these organisms requires observations at high stratigraphic resolution, which entails morphometric measurements from thousands of specimens. The collection of such data is time-consuming because specimens need to be oriented prior to imaging. In our studies about menardiform, globorotalids through time automatic devices were developed to orientate and image specimens under incident light. A first prototype— A utomated M easurement system for shell m OR phology (AMOR)—was realized in 2009 and was proven to be advantageous for gathering morphometric data. AMOR consists of a motorized universal tilting stage enabling an automatic orientation of specimens in a multicellular slide under a motorized binocular microscope. After the collection of images from the oriented specimens, shell parameters can be extracted and analyzed using separate digital imaging and morphometric software. AMOR was strongly tuned to Globorotalia menardii, a species with a quasi-symmetrical biconvex geometry in a keel view and often with a non-circular periphery in an equatorial view. Improvements of the software driving AMOR now allow the orientation of spiro- and umbilico-convex profiles and with circular forms in an equatorial view such as in phylogenetically related species like Globorotalia miocenica and Globorotalia multicamerata. Program AMOR v. 3.28 was given more flexibility using a scripting language for automatic control of the Windows graphical user interface. This approach was used to allow combinations of fix orienting functions in AMOR, which released us from reprogramming of the sophisticated LabView code. Scripting of core functions enables developing “portfolios” of adapted recipes for processing the morphologies that are beyond the menardiform morphogroup. To further expand on this concept, a follow-up robot—System AMOR 2—was completed in March 2020. It integrates the modified hardware, a newer digital camera, the updated software (AMOR v. 4.2), and improved functions. The present contribution describes the development from old AMOR to its newer twin, with the perspective of building a fleet of robots for the imaging of the oriented foraminifera in parallel.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.798002",
    doi = "10.3389/fmars.2022.798002",
    openalex = "W4220960466",
    references = "doi101016jrevmic2022100608, doi105194bg197772022"
}

@article{doi1035463japr20220203,
    author = "Schlagintweit, Félix and Simmons, Mike",
    title = "DEVELOPING BEST PRACTICE IN MICROPALAEONTOLOGY: EXAMPLES FROM THE MID-CRETACEOUS OF THE ZAGROS MOUNTAINS",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae",
    abstract = "Micropalaeontological studies can provide important information on how strata correlate, age calibration, palaeoenvironmental determination, palaeobiology, evolutionary relationships of the taxa being studied, palaeogeography, and the recognition of global or regional geological events in a local succession. However, the value of micropalaeontological studies is constrained by the accuracy with which taxa are identified, the accuracy of their age interpretation, and the use of up-to-date taxonomic concepts, supported by modern research literature. Best practice implies attention to these and other details, which we illustrate with reference to published research on larger benthic foraminifera (especially orbitolinids) from the mid-Cretaceous succession of the Zagros Mountains in the Middle East. It is demonstrated that whilst there are many excellent studies, a significant number could offer more value if they were to use precise, modern taxonomic concepts applied to well-illustrated and documented unequivocal material. Poorly founded age assignments and misidentifications can lead to confusion on assessment of true stratigraphic ranges and evolutionary patterns. Moreover, they can lead to miscorrelation and erroneous modelling of the subsurface in a hydrocarbon-rich region. Integrated studies of larger benthic foraminifera with other age-diagnostic fossil groups or chemostratigraphic methods would further enhance their utility. These recommendations are applicable to micropalaeontological studies on microfossils of any type and age, from any part of the world, but we hope will promote additional rigour in studies on the micropalaeontology of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic succession of the Zagros that still have much to impart.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2022.02.03",
    doi = "10.35463/j.apr.2022.02.03",
    openalex = "W4211117524",
    references = "mohammed2017palorbitolina"
}

@misc{doi105194egusphere2022844,
    author = "Woodhouse, Adam D. and Procter, Frances A. and Jackson, Sophie L. and Jamieson, R. A. and Newton, Robert J. and Sexton, Philip F. and Aze, Tracy",
    title = "Paleoecology and evolutionary response of planktonic foraminifera to the Plio-Pleistocene Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciations",
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "Abstract. The Plio-Pleistocene is associated with many important climatic and paleoceanographic changes which have shaped the biotic and abiotic nature of the modern world. The closure of the Central American Seaway and the development and intensification of northern hemisphere icesheets had profound global impacts on the latitudinal and vertical structure of the oceans triggering the extinction and radiation of many marine groups. In particular, marine calcifying planktonic foraminifera, that are sensitive to water column structure, exhibited a series of extinctions as global temperatures fell. By analyzing high-resolution (\textasciitilde 5 kyr) sedimentary records from the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean, complimented with global records from the novel Triton dataset, we document the biotic changes in this microfossil group, within which three species displayed isochronous co-extinction, and species with cold-water affinity increase in dominance. We suggest that these changes are associated with the terminal stages of the closure of the Central American Seaway and mark the initiation of a world in which cold- and deep-dwelling species became increasingly more successful.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-844",
    doi = "10.5194/egusphere-2022-844",
    openalex = "W4296349612",
    references = "doi101371journalpone0223490"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev2023104341,
    author = "Steuber, Thomas and Löser, Hannes and Mutterlose, Jörg and Parente, Mariano",
    title = "Biogeodynamics of Cretaceous marine carbonate production",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    abstract = "We have compiled stratigraphic ranges of genera of calcareous nannofossils, calcispheres, planktonic foraminifers, larger benthic foraminifers, corals and rudists bivalves, and species of dasycladalean green algae. These taxa comprise the main planktonic and benthic carbonate producers of the Cretaceous, a period of exceptionally high sea level and palaeotemperatures that was characterized by unique assemblages of benthic carbonate producers and the significant rise in pelagic carbonate sedimentation. The autecology, physiological control on calcification, and carbonate-production potential of these groups is summarized. The observed diversity patterns are compared with proxy data of Cretaceous climate and seawater chemistry to elucidate the effect of environmental change on carbonate production and sedimentation. Two characteristic patterns are recognized. Diversity of calcareous nannofossils, calcispheres, planktonic foraminifers and corals trace the evolution of Cretaceous sea-level, while the diversity of dasycladalean algae, larger benthic foraminifers, corals and rudist bivalves show significant reductions at the level of oceanic anoxic events (OAEs). Benthic carbonate producers except for corals thus appear to have been more vulnerable to environmental change, and these general patterns appear to be unrelated to the autecology of the taxa investigated. The expansion of suitable habitats during episodes of high sea level and high temperatures appears to have been a more important control of diversity in calcareous nannofossils, planktonic foraminifers, and corals than changes in seawater chemistry. Aragonitic or aragonite-dominated benthic carbonate producers are most affected during extinction events related to OAEs, and there is a general trend of decreasing aragonite dominance throughout the Cretaceous. This is compensated by the extensive formation of calcitic hemipelagic chalk since the Cenomanian. The trend of decreasing aragonite dominance is independent of the level of biological control on calcification in the different taxa affected. The demise of aragonitic or aragonite-dominated carbonate producers at OAE1a (early Aptian) and OAE2 (Cenomanian–Turonian boundary interval) may be related to short episodes of reduced seawater carbonate-saturation caused by short-lived injections of CO2 from large igneous provinces that initiated OAEs. For OAE1a, this scenario also explains the retreat of carbonate platforms to low latitudes in the early Aptian, as sea-surface water typically has a higher carbonate saturation in warm, lower than in cooler, higher latitude waters. The gradual decrease of aragonite throughout the Cretaceous matches model simulations of seawater carbonate-saturation. An increase in the relative number of azooxanthellate coral genera following OAE1a and OAE2 suggests a disruption of photosymbiosis in the course of these global events due to high temperatures. However, the relative numbers of azooxanthellate genera continued to increase during the Late Cretaceous, when global temperatures declined. Due to the short residence time of major nutrients in seawater, these may have affected carbonate-producing ecosystems regionally. The recent patterns of benthic carbonate production being highest in oligotrophic environments cannot confidently be extrapolated to the Cretaceous. Our database records ranges of genera at the substage level. Higher-resolution stratigraphical studies of neritic carbonate sequences are required to understand what aspect of environmental change in the sequence of events that unfolded in the context of OAEs caused the demise of benthic carbonate producers.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104341",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104341",
    openalex = "W4319663029",
    references = "dhondt1998cretaceous, doi1010079781489957603, doi1010292001pa000623, doi1010292009gc002788, doi10103835030078, doi101111sed12858, doi101126science1095964, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1208277, doi101130g30210a1, doi1023073514476, openalexw2106559152"
}

@article{doi101016jgr202306014,
    author = "Guzmán, Juliana and Piovesan, Enelise Katia and Melo, Robbyson Mendes and de Almeida-Lima, Débora Soares and de Jesus e Sousa, Ariany and de Miranda Lopes Neumann, Virgínio Henrique",
    title = "Ostracoda and foraminifera biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Aptian Santana Group, post-rift of the Araripe Basin, Brazil",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Gondwana Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.06.014",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gr.2023.06.014",
    openalex = "W4381952086",
    references = "doi101017s0263593300005253, doi101038s41598020727898, doi101111sed12846"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo2023111995,
    author = "Křížová, Barbora and Consorti, Lorenzo and Cardelli, Sahara and Schmitt, Katharina and Brombin, Valentina and Franceschi, Marco and Tunis, Giorgio and Bonini, Lorenzo and Frijia, Gianluca",
    title = "Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) temperature evolution and biotic response in the Adriatic Carbonate Platform region of Friuli, northeast Italy",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111995",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111995",
    openalex = "W4390116226",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev2023104341"
}

@article{doi103390jmse11061228,
    author = "Besiou, Evangelia and Kontakiotis, George and Vasiliev, Iuliana and Moissette, Pierre and Cornée, Jean‐Jacques and Antonarakou, Assimina",
    title = "Evolutionary Palaeoecological and Morphological Response of Globorotalia menardii to Environmental Stress Conditions Preceding the Tortonian–Messinian Boundary in the Mediterranean Basin",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Journal of Marine Science and Engineering",
    abstract = "The Tortonian–Messinian transition is associated with important climatic and oceanographic changes in the Mediterranean Basin, which have shaped both the biotic and abiotic nature of this setting. The morphological variability of the planktonic foraminifera Globorotalia menardii, a species that is highly sensitive to water column structure, has been investigated from the sedimentary archive of three Cretan sections across a west–east transect covering the Tortonian–Messinian Boundary. The present work explicitly focuses on test-size and coiling direction changes occurring during the 7.36–7.24 Ma time slice. On such a short timescale, the most important morphological differentiation accounts for the average size of G. menardii, which is mostly associated with evolutionary adaptation to new ecological niches during the latest Tortonian as a response to the environmental perturbations and ecological stress conditions preceding the Tortonian–Messinian Boundary. A combined thermal and/or salinity-driven stratification and thermocline development hypothesis has been suggested to explain the observed size variability. To ameliorate the accuracy of the proposed model and further determine which environmental parameter reflects the optimum conditions of the analysed species, additional sea surface temperature and salinity data derived from the same sampling intervals of the studied or additional Mediterranean sites are needed. The coiling direction of this species within the study time interval remained constant and not environmentally controlled.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061228",
    doi = "10.3390/jmse11061228",
    openalex = "W4380986121",
    references = "doi1010079781461235446, doi1010079783662502976, doi101007s1335801601136, doi101016jrevmic2022100608, doi101016jtree201111014, doi1010292006gl026011, doi10102998pa00070, doi10103823231, doi101038ngeo2813, doi101086285270, doi101086343878, doi101126science1059412, doi101371journalpone0223490, doi105194bg197772022"
}

@article{doi105194bg201212023,
    author = "Woodhouse, Adam D. and Procter, Frances A. and Jackson, Sophie L. and Jamieson, R. A. and Newton, Robert J. and Sexton, Philip F. and Aze, Tracy",
    title = "Paleoecology and evolutionary response of planktonic foraminifera to the mid-Pliocene Warm Period and Plio-Pleistocene bipolar ice sheet expansion",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Biogeosciences",
    abstract = "Abstract. The Pliocene-Recent is associated with many important climatic and paleoceanographic changes, which have shaped the biotic and abiotic nature of the modern world. The closure of the Central American Seaway and the development and intensification of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets had profound global impacts on the latitudinal and vertical structure of the oceans, triggering the extinction and radiation of many marine groups. In particular, marine calcifying planktonic foraminifera, which are highly sensitive to water column structure, exhibited a series of extinctions as global temperatures fell. By analyzing high-resolution (∼ 5 kyr) sedimentary records from the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean, complemented with global records from the novel Triton dataset, we document the biotic changes in this microfossil group, within which three species displayed isochronous co-extinction, and species with cold-water affinity increased in dominance as meridional temperature gradients steepened. We suggest that these changes were associated with the terminal stages of the closure of the Central American Seaway, where following the sustained warmth of the mid-Pliocene Warm Period, bipolar ice sheet expansion initiated a world in which cold- and deep-dwelling species became increasingly more successful. Such global-scale paleoecological and macroevolutionary variations between the Pliocene and the modern icehouse climate would suggest significant deviations from pre-industrial baselines within modern and future marine plankton communities as anthropogenic climate forcing continues.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-121-2023",
    doi = "10.5194/bg-20-121-2023",
    openalex = "W4313890470",
    references = "doi101007s1335801601136, doi101016jearscirev201009003, doi101016s0016703797001695, doi1010179781009325844, doi101038307620a0, doi101038nature09329, doi1011112041210x13966, doi101126sciadv1400253, doi101126sciadv1600883, doi101126science1071329, doi101126scienceaaa4984, doi101126scienceaba6853, doi101371journalpone0223490, doi105194bg197772022"
}

@article{doi1011112041210x14388,
    author = "Lin, H. M. and Zhang, Wenshu and Mulqueeney, James M. and Brombacher, Anieke and Searle‐Barnes, Alex and Nixon, Mark and Cai, Xiaohao and Ezard, Thomas H. G.",
    title = "3DKMI: A MATLAB package to generate shape signatures from Krawtchouk moments and an application to species delimitation in planktonic foraminifera",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Methods in Ecology and Evolution",
    abstract = "A bstract The rapid and repeatable characterization of individual morphology has advanced automated taxonomic classification. The most direct study of evolutionary processes is, however, not from taxonomic description, but rather of the evolution of the traits that comprise individuals and define species. Repeatable signatures of individual morphology are crucial for analysing the response to selection at scale, and thus tracking evolutionary trajectories through time and across species boundaries. Here, we introduce our 3DKMI—an open‐source MATLAB package designed for the study of morphology using three‐dimensional (3D) Krawtchouk moment invariants. The volumetric features derived from the 3D images remain stable under translation, scaling and rotation and, for an image of size 128 × 128 × 128 can be computed in less than 0.1 s. We applied our package as a case study on a collection of 300 X‐ray computed tomography scans of planktonic foraminifera specimens across five species to (1) assess the invariance of the features under different transformations and (2) analyse morphological differences among species based on the extracted characteristics. We show that 3DKMI has the capacity to efficiently and repeatedly characterize the signatures of individual morphology. In the future, we hope that the 3D feature extraction technique 3DKMI will be widely applied to digital collections to advance research in ecology and evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.14388",
    doi = "10.1111/2041-210x.14388",
    openalex = "W4402933026",
    references = "doi105194bg201212023"
}

@article{andpodobina2025stratigraphic,
    author = "Podobina, Vera M.",
    title = "STRATIGRAPHIC POTENCIAL OF ATAXOPHRAGMIIDA (FORAMINIFERA) FOR CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS OF WESTERN SIBERIA",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Geosfernye issledovaniya",
    abstract = "Morphological complication of Foraminifera from Ataxophragmiida order there are relatively haight stratigraphic significance for Cretaceous deposits of Western Siberia; from them the genus Gaudryinopsis Podobina, 1975 have spread vertical the most widely. It have known from Jurassic to Eocene including. The last time new species of this genus – G. sibiricus Podobina sp. nov. have been faund. This species have offered as species – index for early Aptian deposits of the Northern palaebiographical region of Western Siberia. The other species – index G. filiformis (Berthelin) is characteristic for middle Albian this region. The boundaries of this species have been defined from Ob River to areas of Yamal Peninsula. In Senomanian stage the marine facies with species – index G. elongatus Podobina also have preserved in such limits of Northern region. The early Turonian species – index G. angustus Podobina widely spread on all territories of Western Siberia. The other species – index of the genus G. vulgaris (Kyprianova) have speed in general in early Santonian deposits. But this species shells have found in small quantaties because could not be the index – species for this part of section. The second genus Pseudoverneuilina Podobina gen. nov. is characteristic for Aptian and Albian deposits of this region. Proposed taxon – doubles differ by chemical wall content and something morphological certains. These general doubles have been offered: Gaudryina Orbigny, 1839 – Gaudryinopsis Podobina, 1975; Verneuilina Orbigny, 1839 – Pseudoverneuilina Podobina gen. nov. and other doubles such genera. The first genera from indicated doubles have origined from calcareus facies and its agglutinat wall content have such material. In opposite the second genera from doubles have kwart – siliceus wall. The spreding of these second genera limited by terrigenius clay-opoka facies. The creation of these facies are defined by Boreal transgression and these genera have known in Northern paleobiogeographical region. In this article the shot description of Pseudoverneuilina Podobina genera are cited. The studied species of two genera – Gaudryinopsis Podobina, 1975 and Pseudoverneuilina Podobina gen. nov. are given on the I–V Paleontological tables.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.17223/25421379/34/2",
    doi = "10.17223/25421379/34/2",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W4415914340",
    pages = "20-31"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres2025106215,
    author = "Jarvis, Ian and Dubicka, Zofia and Chroustová, Markéta",
    title = "Foraminifera and ostracod biostratigraphy of the English Coniacian – Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Chalk: New results from Seaford Head and correlation to Eastern Europe",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    abstract = "The uppermost Turonian – lower Campanian Chalk succession at Seaford Head, southern England, is described and the placement of stage and substage boundaries are defined. Previous studies of foraminifera and ostracods in the section are reviewed. New data are provided for 99 samples spanning the full exposed section. Samples yielded abundant well-preserved diverse microfossil assemblages. The stratigraphic distributions of 38 selected stratigraphically important foraminifera species of Gavelinella, Stensioeina, Protostensioeina, Bolivina, Bolivinoides, Pyramidina, Pseudouvigerina and planktonic foraminifera (Contusotruncana, Dicarinella, Globotruncana, Marginotruncana), and 40 ostracod taxa are presented. A list of taxa with taxonomic notes and descriptions of five new foraminifera species, Gavelinella praestelligera, G. praethalmanni, G. praetumida, Protostensioeina ukrainica and Stensioeina praeexsculpta, and three informal species, Pyramidina sp. A, B and C is included. Evolutionary lineages of foraminifera genera provide the basis for a refined biostratigraphy that is successfully correlated to Salzgitter-Salder, Germany and Dubivtsi, Ukraine. Records are compared to literature data and benthic foraminifera zonations across northern Europe. However, differing taxonomic concepts of authors hamper comparison with literature data, exemplified by critical review of previous work at Seaford Head. This precludes rigorous assessment of diachronism of marker species, although regional stratigraphic differences in the distribution of the first stensioeinids and representatives of the Gavelinella clementiana group in Europe are apparent. The first detailed ostracod records from the English Coniacian – Campanian are presented. Four new ostracod biozones defined by the lowest occurrences of the index taxa are proposed: Neocythere (Physocythere) virginea; Limburgina senonensis; Phacorhabdotus lonsdaleianus; and Pterygocythere laticristata zones. • The Turonian – Campanian Chalk succession at Seaford Head is reviewed • New species of Gavelinella, Protostensioeina and Pyramidina are described • Evolutionary lineages of benthic foraminifera are correlated to Germany and Ukraine • Ostracod records from the English Coniacian – Campanian are presented • Four new ostracod biozones are proposed",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106215",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106215",
    openalex = "W4413860131",
    references = "doi101144sp544202428, dubicka2016bolivinoides"
}

@article{doi105194jm446012025,
    author = "Woodhouse, Adam D. and Wade, Bridget S. and Jones, Tom Dunkley and Hoorn, Carina and Edgar, Kirsty M.",
    title = "Low-latitude biostratigraphy and diversity of planktonic foraminifera from the middle Eocene to early Oligocene",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Journal of Micropalaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract. The middle Eocene through early Oligocene was an important interval for Cenozoic climate evolution, having a substantial impact on global palaeoceanography and the biosphere. At the Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT), planktonic foraminifera experienced their highest extinction rates since the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction, but the exact extinction mechanisms are poorly constrained. Low-latitude sites that span the EOT are particularly rare in part because of poor preservation of carbonate in many ocean basins in the Eocene. Here we present new planktonic foraminiferal assemblage and biostratigraphic data from the Foz do Amazonas Basin located in the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean, shedding light on the biotic response of tropical planktonic foraminifera to long-term planetary cooling and the establishment of Antarctic glaciation. The samples yielded a rich planktonic foraminiferal assemblage totalling 116 species, enabling the recognition of three Cenozoic tropical planktonic foraminiferal zones (E9, E10, E14) across the middle Eocene–early Oligocene (∼44–34 Ma), with several intervals undifferentiated. Assemblages indicate increased upwelling and eutrophication of surface waters possibly associated with fluctuations within water column structure across the EOT. These alterations are likely associated with regional and global perturbations within oceanic circulation and palaeoceanographic variations attributable to the Antarctic glaciations of the earliest Oligocene. The effects of Cenozoic cooling are seen within the planktonic foraminiferal assemblages, wherein a reduction in symbiotic mixed-layer taxa is accommodated by an increase within sub-thermocline dwellers consistent with substantial restructuring of oceanic stratification through the EOT and cold-water expansion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-601-2025",
    doi = "10.5194/jm-44-601-2025",
    openalex = "W4416903804",
    references = "doi105194bg201212023"
}