@misc{camp1968the2,
    author = "Camp, L. S. de and Camp, L. S. de",
    title = "The Day of the Dinosaur",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "New York, Doubleday",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Camp, L. S. de, and Camp, L. S. de, 1968, The Day of the Dinosaur: New York, Doubleday.}"
}

@misc{colbert1968men3,
    author = "Colbert, E. H",
    title = "Men and Dinosaurs",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "The Search in Field and Laboratory: New York, E.P. Dutton and Co., 283 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Colbert, E. H., 1968, Men and Dinosaurs: The Search in Field and Laboratory: New York, E.P. Dutton and Co., 283 p.}"
}

@book{kielanjaworowska1969hunting4,
    author = "Kielan-Jaworowska, Z",
    title = "Hunting for Dinosaurs",
    year = "1969",
    publisher = "Cambridge, MIT Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., 1969, Hunting for Dinosaurs: Cambridge, MIT Press.}"
}

@misc{walcott1971how7,
    author = "Walcott, S. S",
    title = "How I found my own fossil",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Smithsonian, v. 1, no. 12, p. 28-29",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walcott, S. S., 1971, How I found my own fossil: Smithsonian, v. 1, no. 12, p. 28-29.}"
}

@misc{lockley1984dinosaur5,
    author = "Lockley, M",
    title = "Dinosaur tracking",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Science Teacher, v. 51, p. 18-24",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lockley, M., 1984, Dinosaur tracking: Science Teacher, v. 51, p. 18-24.}"
}

@book{bird1985bones1,
    author = "Bird, R. T",
    title = "Bones for Barnum Brown",
    year = "1985",
    publisher = "Adventures of a Dinosaur Hunter: Fort Worth, Texas, Texas Christian University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bird, R. T., 1985, Bones for Barnum Brown: Adventures of a Dinosaur Hunter: Fort Worth, Texas, Texas Christian University Press.}"
}

@article{doi101111j146979981985tb04915x,
    author = "Anderson, John F. and Hall-Martin, A.J. and Russell, Dale A.",
    title = "Long‐bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "The mid‐shaft circumferences of the humerus and femur are closely related to body weight in living terrestrial vertebrates. Because these elements are frequently preserved in subfossil and fossil vertebrate skeletal materials, the relationship can be used to estimate body weight in extinct vertebrates. When the allometric equations are applied to the mid‐shaft circumferences of these elements in dinosaurs, the weights calculated for some giant sauropods (Brachiosaurus) are found to be lighter than previous estimates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x",
    openalex = "W2160621949",
    references = "bakker1972anatomical, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101017s0094837300004322, doi101038238081a0, doi101086410790, doi101111j136520281979tb00256x, doi101111j146979981979tb03940x, doi101111j146979981979tb03964x, doi101111j146979981983tb05785x, doi1023072987996, openalexw654491377"
}

@misc{weisburd1986brushing8,
    author = "Weisburd, S",
    title = "Brushing up on dinosaurs",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Science News, v. 130, p. 216-220",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Weisburd, S., 1986, Brushing up on dinosaurs: Science News, v. 130, p. 216-220.}"
}

@misc{ostrom1987romancing6,
    author = "Ostrom, J. H",
    title = "Romancing the dinosaurs",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "The Sciences, v. 27, p. 56-63",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ostrom, J. H., 1987, Romancing the dinosaurs: The Sciences, v. 27, p. 56-63.}"
}

@article{doi10108002724634199710011027,
    author = "Witmer, Lawrence M.",
    title = "The Evolution of the Antorbital Cavity of Archosaurs: A Study in Soft-Tissue Reconstruction in the Fossil Record with an Analysis of the Function of Pneumaticity",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT The most commonly cited apomorphy of Archosauriformes is an opening in the snout known as the antorbital cavity. Despite the ubiquity and prominence of the antorbital cavity, its function and importance in craniofacial evolution have been problematic. Discovering the significance of the antorbital cavity is a two step process: first, establishing the function of the bony cavity (that is, its soft-tissue relations), and second, determining the biological role of the enclosed structure. The first step is the most fundamental, and hence is examined at length. Three hypotheses for the function of the antorbital cavity have been advanced, suggesting that it housed (1) a gland, (2) a muscle, or (3) a paranasal air sinus. Thus, resolution is correctly viewed as a “soft-tissue problem,” and is addressed within the context of the extant phylogenetic bracket (EPB) approach for reconstructing the unpreserved features of fossil organisms. The soft-anatomical relations of the antorbital cavity (or any bony structure) are important because (1) soft tissues generally have morphogenetic primacy over bony tissues and (2) inferences about soft tissues are the foundation for a cascading suite of paleobiological inferences. The EPB approach uses the shared causal associations between soft tissues and their osteological correlates (i.e., the signatures imparted to the bones by the soft tissues) that are observed in the extant outgroups of the fossil taxon of interest to infer the soft-anatomical attributes of the fossil; based on the assessment at the outgroup node, a hierarchy characterizing the strength of the inference can be constructed. This general approach is applied to the problem of the function of the antorbital cavity, taking each hypothesized soft-tissue candidate—gland, muscle, and air sac—in turn, (1) establishing the osteological correlates of each soft-tissue system in the EPB of any fossil archosaur (i.e., extant birds and crocodilians), (2) formulating a hypothesis of homology based on similarities in these causal associations between birds and crocodilians, (3) testing this hypothesis by surveying fossil archosaurs for the specified osteological correlates, and (4) accepting or rejecting the hypothesis based on its phylogenetic congruence. Using this approach, fossil archosaurs can be reliably reconstructed with a Glandula nasalis, M. pterygoideus, pars dorsalis, and Sinus antorbitalis that are homologous with those of extant archosaurs; however, the osteological correlates of only the antorbital paranasal air sinus involve the several structures associated with the antorbital cavity. Additional evidence for the pneumatic nature of the antorbital cavity comes from the presence of numerous accessory cavities (especially in theropod dinosaurs) surrounding the main antorbital cavity. To address the origin of the antorbital cavity, the EPB approach was applied to basal archosauriforms; the data are not as robust, but nevertheless suggest that the cavity appeared as a housing for a paranasal air sinus. The second step in discovering the evolutionary significance of the antorbital cavity is to assess the function of the enclosed paranasal air sac. In fact, the function of all pneumaticity is investigated here. Rather than the enclosed volume of air (i.e., the empty space) being functionally important, better explanations result by focusing on the pneumatic epithelial diverticulum itself. It is proposed here that the function of the epithelial air sac is simply to pneumatize bone in an opportunistic manner within the constraints of a particular biomechanical loading regime. Trends in facial evolution in three clades of archosaurs (crocodylomorphs, ornithopod dinosaurs, and theropod dinosaurs) were examined in light of this new perspective. Crocodylomorphs and ornithopods both show trends for reduction and enclosure of the antorbital cavity (but for different reasons), whereas theropods show a trend for relatively poorly constrained expansion. These findings are consistent with the view of air sacs as opportunistic pneumatizing machines, with weight reduction and design optimality as secondary effects.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1997.10011027",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1997.10011027",
    openalex = "W1973023986",
    references = "coria1995a, crossref1976allosaurus, currie1985cranial, doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160021929082902469, doi101016b9781483231426500124, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0022336000059126, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi101038019118a0, doi101038063003a0, doi101038114085a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199210011473, doi10108002724634199310011511, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi101098rstb19610007, doi101098rstb19650003, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101098rstb19910056, doi101098rstb19920117, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109600311991tb00045x, doi101111j109636421978tb01049x, doi101111j146363951921tb00489x, doi101111j1469185x1990tb01427x, doi101111j146979981913tb06148x, doi101111j155856461965tb01720x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science11282807, doi101126science2665183267, doi101126science2725264986, doi101139e93179, doi10125900071285586941029, doi1015468p4gnhz, doi1015468yhxmzl, doi1023072406439, doi1023072413454, doi1023072421859, doi1023072992444, doi10230730135049, doi1023073514548, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105860choice326223, doi105962bhlpart22965, doi105962bhltitle54054, doi105962p226819, madsen1976a, openalexw1489366593, openalexw1534857865, openalexw193970361, openalexw2603028126, openalexw2788234611, openalexw3140893762, openalexw3184837389, openalexw607142922, openalexw616953834, rowe1989a, sues1978a, walker1964triassic"
}

@article{sereno1997the,
    author = "Sereno, Paul C.",
    title = "THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF DINOSAURS",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
    abstract = "▪ Abstract Phylogenetic studies and new fossil evidence have yielded fundamental insights into the pattern and timing of dinosaur evolution and the emergence of functionally modern birds. The dinosaurian radiation began in the Middle Triassic, significantly predating the global dominance of dinosaurs by the end of the period. The phylogenetic history of ornithischian and saurischian dinosaurs reveals evolutionary trends such as increasing body size. Adaptations to herbivory in dinosaurs were not tightly correlated with marked floral replacements. Dinosaurian biogeography during the era of continental breakup principally involved dispersal and regional extinction.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2081551955",
    pages = "435-489",
    volume = "25",
    references = "benton1983dinosaur, chinsamy1994dinosaur, crossref1976allosaurus, crossref1995systematics, doi101007978364268836217, doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160031018272900491, doi1010160195667191900155, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101038274661a0, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi101086284406, doi101086407902, doi101093clinids222240, doi101098rstb19910056, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101126science24348951145, doi101126science2555046845, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2665183267, doi101126science2665186779, doi101126science2725264986, doi101139e93176, doi101139e93179, doi101139e93187, doi101146annurevea03050175000415, doi101146annureven10010165000525, doi101353book34649, doi1023071441916, doi1023072421859, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105860choice323881, doi105860choice331556, doi105962p226819, openalexw2603028126, openalexw2788234611, openalexw3146596760, openalexw39955589, parrish1987late, rowe1989a, vonhuene1923carnivorous, wilson1985stenonychosaurus"
}

@article{doi10108002724634199810011115,
    author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Sereno, Paul C.",
    title = "Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Although sauropods played a major role in terrestrial ecosystems during much of the Mesozoic Era, little effort has been directed toward diagnosing Sauropoda and establishing higher-level interrelationships among sauropods. As a consequence, the origin and evolution of major skeletal adaptations in sauropods has remained largely speculative. The cladistic analysis presented here focuses on higher-level relationships among sauropods. Based on 109 characters (32 cranial, 24 axial, 53 appendicular) for 10 sauropod taxa, the most parsimonious arrangement places four genera (Vulcanodon, Shunosaurus, Barapasaurus, and Omeisaurus) as a sequence of sister-taxa to a group of advanced sauropods, defined here as Neosauropoda. Neosauropoda, in turn, is composed of the sister-clades Diplodocoidea and Macronaria; the latter is a new taxon that includes Haplocanthosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Titanosauriformes. Titanosauriformes includes Brachiosauridae and Somphospondyli, a new taxon uniting Euhelopus and Titanosauria. Among macronarians, the position of Haplocanthosaurus is the least stable as a result of the absence of cranial remains. The basic structure of the phylogeny is resilient to various tests and establishes the evolutionary sequence of many functionally significant sauropod adaptations, such as the digitigrade posture of the manus in neosauropods. Other characteristic sauropod adaptations, such as narrow tooth crowns, increases in length and number of cervical vertebrae, and bifid neural spines, are shown to have evolved more than once. As these results underscore, the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods must be based on a broad sampling of character data. The fossil record of sauropods, although relatively limited during the early phase of the radiation (Late Triassic through Early Jurassic), nonetheless indicates that all major clades were established prior to the Late Jurassic, when substantial faunal interchange among major continental regions was still possible. The functional, temporal, and biogeographic implications of the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods are explored.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115",
    openalex = "W1981694118",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi1010079789400904095, doi101038063003a0, doi101038114085a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi101111j109636421985tb00871x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101126science2562999, doi101126science2665183267, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi1023071292217, doi1023073514751, doi1023073514816, doi102307jctv143mdjg, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss321125417, doi102475ajss32313381, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice331556, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2173200745, openalexw2472827083, openalexw616953834, openalexw653009579"
}

@article{doi101016s0016703799002082,
    author = "Kohn, Matthew J. and Schoeninger, Margaret J. and Barker, William W.",
    title = "Altered states: effects of diagenesis on fossil tooth chemistry",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00208-2",
    doi = "10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00208-2",
    openalex = "W2036227390",
    references = "doi101016001670378490259x, doi101016s0031018296001125, doi101017s0094837300005820, doi101139e94071"
}

@book{openalexw584933431,
    author = "MacRae, Colin",
    title = "Life etched in stone: Fossils of South Africa",
    year = "1999",
    openalex = "W584933431"
}

@article{doi105860choice381577,
    title = "The gilded dinosaur: the fossil war between E.D. Cope and O.C. Marsh and the rise of American science",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.38-1577",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.38-1577",
    openalex = "W609753880"
}

@article{doi101017s108933260000111x,
    author = "Farlow, J. and Holtz, T.",
    title = "The Fossil Record of Predation in Dinosaurs",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "The Paleontological Society Papers",
    abstract = "Predatory theropod dinosaurs can usually be identified as such by features of their jaws, teeth, and postcrania, but different clades of these reptiles differed in their adaptations for prey handling. Inferences about theropod diets and hunting behavior based on functional morphology are sometimes supported by evidence from taphonomic associations with likely prey species, bite marks, gut contents, coprolites, and trackways. Very large theropods like Tyrannosaurus are unlikely to have been pure hunters or scavengers, and probably ate whatever meat they could easily obtain, dead or alive. Theropods were not the only dinosaur hunters, though; other kinds of large reptiles undoubtedly fed on dinosaurs as well The taxonomic composition of dinosaurian predator-prey complexes varies as a function of time and geography, but an ecologically remarkable feature of dinosaurian faunas, as compared with terrestrial mammalian faunas, is the very large size commonly attained by both herbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs. The K/T extinction event(s) did not end dinosaurian predation, because carnivorous birds remained prominent predators throughout the Cenozoic Era.",
    url = "http://doc.rero.ch/record/15104/files/PAL\_E2371.pdf",
    doi = "10.1017/S108933260000111X",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "251-266",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "93",
    semanticscholar_id = "a985649d696364b6ed5854bee67786e3a1d97fc8",
    volume = "8",
    references = "openalexw2618301958"
}

@misc{s2628ad8ccb8e2184cdc01c3327cae44b2c1d95af8,
    author = "Farlow, J. and Holtz, T.",
    title = "FARLOW AND HOLTZ — PREDATION IN DINOSAURS 251 THE FOSSIL RECORD OF PREDATION IN DINOSAURS",
    year = "2002",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/628ad8ccb8e2184cdc01c3327cae44b2c1d95af8",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_id = "628ad8ccb8e2184cdc01c3327cae44b2c1d95af8"
}

@article{doi1021131081135,
    author = "Rubidge, Bruce S.",
    title = "27th Du Toit Memorial Lecture: Re-uniting lost continents - Fossil reptiles from the ancient Karoo and their wanderlust",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "South African Journal of Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/108.1.135",
    doi = "10.2113/108.1.135",
    openalex = "W2413592034",
    references = "doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101086283249, doi101111j109636421981tb01127x, doi101111j146979981913tb06148x, doi101130spe28p1, lucas2001theropod, openalexw205674743, openalexw65326690"
}

@article{doi105860choice432222,
    author = "Mayor, Adrienne",
    title = "Fossil legends of the first Americans",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "The burnt-red badlands of Montana's Hell Creek are a vast graveyard of the Cretaceous dinosaurs that lived 68 million years ago. Those hills were, much later, also home to the Sioux, the Crows, and the Blackfeet, the first people to encounter the dinosaur fossils exposed by the elements. What did Native Americans make of these stone skeletons, and how did they explain the teeth and claws of gargantuan animals no one had seen alive? Did they speculate about their deaths? Did they collect fossils? Beginning in the East, with its Ice Age monsters, and ending in the West, where dinosaurs lived and died, this richly illustrated and elegantly written book examines the discoveries of enormous bones and uses of fossils for medicine, hunting magic, and spells. Well before Columbus, Native Americans observed the mysterious petrified remains of extinct creatures and sought to understand their transformation to stone. In perceptive creation stories, they visualized the remains of extinct mammoths, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine creatures as Monster Bears, Giant Lizards, Thunder Birds, and Water Monsters. Their insights, some so sophisticated that they anticipate modern scientific theories, were passed down in oral histories over many centuries. Drawing on historical sources, archaeology, traditional accounts, and extensive personal interviews, Adrienne Mayor takes us from Aztec and Inca fossil tales to the traditions of the Iroquois, Navajos, Apaches, Cheyennes, and Pawnees. Fossil Legends of the First Americans represents a major step forward in our understanding of how humans made sense of fossils before evolutionary theory developed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-2222",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.43-2222",
    openalex = "W389264028"
}

@book{doi101017cbo9780511535512,
    author = "Martill, David M. and Bechly, Günter and Loveridge, Robert F.",
    title = "The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World",
    year = "2007",
    abstract = "This beautifully illustrated 2007 volume describes the entire flora and fauna of the famous Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil - one of the world's most important fossil deposits, exhibiting exceptional preservation. A wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates are covered, including extended sections on pterosaurs and insects. Two chapters are devoted to plants. Many of the chapters include descriptions of new species and re-descriptions and appraisals of taxa published in obscure places, rendering them available to a wider audience. Fossil descriptions are supported by detailed explanations of the geological history of the deposit and its tectonic setting. Drawing on expertise from around the world and specimens from the most important museum collections, this book forms an essential reference for researchers and enthusiasts with an interest in Mesozoic fossils",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511535512",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511535512",
    openalex = "W1575411947",
    references = "doi101002mmng20010040112, doi1010079783642143977, doi1010160031018279901639, doi101016s0031018203006436, doi101017s0094837300012331, doi10103821872, doi101038292051a0, doi10103831635, doi101038nature01342, doi101038nature01420, doi101038nature02855, doi101038nature03150, doi101038nature03996, doi101046j1365202820010270ex, doi10108002724634199810011114, doi10108002724634199910011201, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101126science23547931156, doi101126science27953581915, doi1012060003009020062970001tatol20co2, doi1016660022336020040780989dapftc20co2, doi1018590euscorpius2003vol2003iss111, doi1023071466954, doi1023073223017, doi10560219780801847806, doi105860choice405235, doi105962bhltitle4275, hasiotis1995termite, openalexw1486025919, openalexw1725516486, openalexw1900040508, openalexw193970361, openalexw2242001249, openalexw2786463731"
}

@article{doi101002ar21004,
    author = "Laitman, J. and Albertine, K.",
    title = "Dinosaurs and Their Relatives are Alive and Well in The Anatomical Record",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fb88d58ff2ad5a093777364deec90ae9b40fd127",
    doi = "10.1002/ar.21004",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "9",
    pages = "1235-1236",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "6",
    semanticscholar_id = "fb88d58ff2ad5a093777364deec90ae9b40fd127",
    volume = "292"
}

@article{doi101080089129632011630260,
    author = "Naish, D.",
    title = "Barnum Brown: the man who discovered Tyrannosaurus rex",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/92103b007d03ecedab384f14ad825083f1308138",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2011.630260",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "1-2",
    semanticscholar_id = "92103b007d03ecedab384f14ad825083f1308138"
}

@book{doi1015159781400838448,
    author = "Mayor, Adrienne",
    title = "The First Fossil Hunters",
    year = "2011",
    booktitle = "Princeton University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Griffins, Cyclopes, Monsters, and Giants--these fabulous creatures of classical mythology continue to live in the modern imagination through the vivid accounts that have come down to us from the ancient Greeks and Romans. But what if these beings were more than merely fictions? What if monstrous creatures once roamed the earth in the very places where their legends first arose? This is the arresting and original thesis that Adrienne Mayor explores in The First Fossil Hunters. Through careful research and meticulous documentation, she convincingly shows that many of the giants and monsters of myth did have a basis in fact--in the enormous bones of long-extinct species that were once abundant in the lands of the Greeks and Romans. As Mayor shows, the Greeks and Romans were well aware that a different breed of creatures once inhabited their lands. They frequently encountered the fossilized bones of these primeval beings, and they developed sophisticated concepts to explain the fossil evidence, concepts that were expressed in mythological stories. The legend of the gold-guarding griffin, for example, sprang from tales first told by Scythian gold-miners, who, passing through the Gobi Desert at the foot of the Altai Mountains, encountered the skeletons of Protoceratops and other dinosaurs that littered the ground. Like their modern counterparts, the ancient fossil hunters collected and measured impressive petrified remains and displayed them in temples and museums; they attempted to reconstruct the appearance of these prehistoric creatures and to explain their extinction. Long thought to be fantasy, the remarkably detailed and perceptive Greek and Roman accounts of giant bone finds were actually based on solid paleontological facts. By reading these neglected narratives for the first time in the light of modern scientific discoveries, Adrienne Mayor illuminates a lost world of ancient paleontology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400838448",
    doi = "10.1515/9781400838448",
    openalex = "W378492040"
}

@book{doi101016c20100658044,
    title = "Trace Fossils as Indicators of Sedimentary Environments",
    year = "2012",
    booktitle = "Developments in sedimentology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/c2010-0-65804-4",
    doi = "10.1016/c2010-0-65804-4",
    openalex = "W4206317699"
}

@article{castellani2014the,
    author = "Castellani, Victor",
    title = "The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "The European Legacy",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2014.876209",
    doi = "10.1080/10848770.2014.876209",
    number = "2",
    pages = "263-266",
    volume = "19"
}

@article{doi101080108487702014876209,
    author = "Castellani, Victor",
    title = "The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "The European Legacy",
    abstract = "This is a timely reissue of a book whose full impact is still to be felt in remoter, inertial corners of classical philology. For example, its argument and its findings are absent from expositions...",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2014.876209",
    doi = "10.1080/10848770.2014.876209",
    openalex = "W2020423395"
}

@article{doi101073pnas1600140113,
    author = "Brusatte, Stephen L and Averianov, Alexander and Sues, Hans-Dieter and Muir, Amy and Butler, Ian B",
    title = "New tyrannosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs.",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
    abstract = "Tyrannosaurids--the familiar group of carnivorous dinosaurs including Tyrannosaurus and Albertosaurus--were the apex predators in continental ecosystems in Asia and North America during the latest Cretaceous (ca. 80-66 million years ago). Their colossal sizes and keen senses are considered key to their evolutionary and ecological success, but little is known about how these features developed as tyrannosaurids evolved from smaller basal tyrannosauroids that first appeared in the fossil record in the Middle Jurassic (ca. 170 million years ago). This is largely because of a frustrating 20+ million-year gap in the mid-Cretaceous fossil record, when tyrannosauroids transitioned from small-bodied hunters to gigantic apex predators but from which no diagnostic specimens are known. We describe the first distinct tyrannosauroid species from this gap, based on a highly derived braincase and a variety of other skeletal elements from the Turonian (ca. 90-92 million years ago) of Uzbekistan. This taxon is phylogenetically intermediate between the oldest basal tyrannosauroids and the latest Cretaceous forms. It had yet to develop the giant size and extensive cranial pneumaticity of T. rex and kin but does possess the highly derived brain and inner ear characteristic of the latest Cretaceous species. Tyrannosauroids apparently developed huge size rapidly during the latest Cretaceous, and their success in the top predator role may have been enabled by their brain and keen senses that first evolved at smaller body size.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4822578/",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1600140113",
    pmcid = "PMC4822578",
    pmid = "26976562"
}

@article{doi101038nature22336,
    author = "Hublin, Jean‐Jacques and Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed and Bailey, Shara E. and Freidline, Sarah E. and Neubauer, Simon and Skinner, Matthew M. and Bergmann, Inga and Cabec, Adeline Le and Benazzi, Stefano and Harvati, Katerina and Gunz, Philipp",
    title = "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22336",
    doi = "10.1038/nature22336",
    openalex = "W2623319323",
    references = "doi101007s116920099055x, doi101016s004724848280016x, doi101016s1361841597850128, doi101038nature01669, doi101038nature03258, doi101038nature22335, doi101111j14697580200901106x, doi101111j155856461991tb04425x, doi101126science1224344, doi1023072992207, doi104404hystrix2416292"
}

@article{doi1015385jch2018225,
    author = "Oldham, Jordan C.",
    title = "A Four-Legged Megalosaurus and Swimming Brontosaurs",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Channels",
    abstract = "Thomas Kuhn in his famous work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions laid out the framework for his theory of how science changes. At the advent of dinosaur paleontology fossil hunters like Gideon Mantell discovered some of the first dinosaurs like Iguanodon and Megalosaurus. Through new disciples like Georges Cuvier’s comparative anatomy lead early dinosaur paleontologist to reconstruct them like giant reptiles of absurd proportions. This lead to the formation of a new paradigm that prehistoric animals like dinosaurs existed and eventually went extinct. The first reconstructions of dinosaur made them to look like giant counterparts of their modern cousins. Then in 1841, Richard Owen coined the term dinosaur, and put the newly discovered dinosaurs into a special group based on similar morphological characteristics. He reconstructed them to look like giant elephant like reptiles. They were slow, sluggish, and their tales dragged the ground. Then in 1858, William Foulke and Joseph Leidy discovered the dinosaur Hadrosaurus which had morphological characteristics that hindered the animal from being quadrupedal. As a result a new paradigm was formed and some dinosaurs were lifted off the ground. They were reconstructed to look like giant reptilian kangaroos in stance, but they were still considered slow, sluggish, with tails still dragging behind them. This paradigm persisted until the 1960’s when paleontologist John Ostrom realized that there was an anomaly within dinosaur paleontology. The environments that dinosaurs inhabited did not match with the reconstructions of swamp dwelling animals, and dinosaur anatomy also did not match those reconstructions. Ostrom’s discovery and description of Deinonychus with its very bird like skeleton lead him to conclude that dinosaurs were energetic, and probably endothermic. This resulted in a crisis which lead other paleontologist to research this anomaly. More discoveries proved Ostrom’s new paradigm and dinosaur paleontology underwent a scientific revolution from the 1960’s to the 1980’s. Formally termed the dinosaur renaissance this revolution lead to dinosaurs being reconstructed as active, intelligent animals no longer with their tails dragging behind them.",
    url = "https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038\&context=channels",
    doi = "10.15385/jch.2018.2.2.5",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "2",
    pages = "67-76",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "c8a68c4a64dcf28334ce217e9f291c83c05f7947",
    volume = "2"
}

@misc{s28f12047b16488acf35dbe1c7a1baeec2100f46d1,
    author = "Oldham, Jordan C.",
    title = "A Four-Legged Megalosaurus and Swimming Brontosaurs : A Brief History of Paradigm Shifts within Dinosaur Paleontology",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8f12047b16488acf35dbe1c7a1baeec2100f46d1",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "8f12047b16488acf35dbe1c7a1baeec2100f46d1"
}

@article{doi101007s4065601902884,
    author = "Jones, Elizabeth D.",
    title = "Assumptions of authority: the story of Sue the T-rex and controversy over access to fossils",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "History \& Philosophy of the Life Sciences",
    abstract = {Although the buying, selling, and trading of fossils has been a principle part of paleontological practice over the centuries, the commercial collection of fossils today has re-emerged into a pervasive and lucrative industry. In the United States, the number of commercial companies driving the legal, and sometimes illegal, selling of fossils is estimated to have doubled since the 1980s, and worries from academic paleontologists over this issue has increased accordingly. Indeed, some view the commercialization of fossils as one of the greatest threats to paleontology today. In this article, I address the story of "Sue"-the largest, most complete, and most expensive Tyrannosaurus rex ever excavated-whose discovery incited a series of high-profile legal battles throughout the 1990s over the question of "Who owns Sue?" Over the course of a decade, various stakeholders from academic paleontologists and fossil dealers to Native Americans, private citizens, and government officials all laid claim to Sue. In exploring this case, I argue that assumptions of authority are responsible for initiating and sustaining debates over fossil access. Here, assumptions of authority are understood as assumptions of ownership, or expertise, or in some cases both. Viewing the story from this perspective illuminates the significance of fossils as boundary objects. It also highlights the process of boundary-work by which individuals and groups constructed or deconstructed borders around Sue (specifically) and fossil access (more generally) to establish their own authority. I draw on science studies scholarship as well as literature in the professionalization, commercialization, and valuation of science to examine how assumptions of authority facilitated one of the most divisive episodes in recent paleontological history and the broader debate on the commercial collection of vertebrate fossil material in the United Sates.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-019-0288-4",
    doi = "10.1007/s40656-019-0288-4",
    openalex = "W2998307943",
    references = "brinkman2010the, doi101007bf01947504, doi101016jshpsa200709003, doi101016s0898122199903255, doi101017s0007087400032416, doi101086659640, doi101177030631289019003001, doi1023072095325, doi1023072654345, doi1041599780674240339, doi105860choice345077, doi107208chicago97802261137910010001"
}

@article{doi101038s4200301903087,
    author = "Zanno, Lindsay E. and Tucker, Ryan T. and Canoville, Aurore and Avrahami, Haviv M. and Gates, Terry A. and Makovicky, Peter J.",
    title = "Diminutive fleet-footed tyrannosauroid narrows the 70-million-year gap in the North American fossil record",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Communications Biology",
    abstract = "To date, eco-evolutionary dynamics in the ascent of tyrannosauroids to top predator roles have been obscured by a 70-million-year gap in the North American (NA) record. Here we report discovery of the oldest Cretaceous NA tyrannosauroid, extending the lineage by \textasciitilde 15 million years. The new taxon- Moros intrepidus gen. et sp. nov.-is represented by a hind limb from an individual nearing skeletal maturity at 6-7 years. With a \textasciitilde 1.2-m limb length and 78-kg mass, M. intrepidus ranks among the smallest Cretaceous tyrannosauroids, restricting the window for rapid mass increases preceding the appearance of colossal eutyrannosaurs. Phylogenetic affinity with Asian taxa supports transcontinental interchange as the means by which iconic biotas of the terminal Cretaceous were established in NA. The unexpectedly diminutive and highly cursorial bauplan of NA's earliest Cretaceous tyrannosauroids reveals an evolutionary strategy reliant on speed and small size during their prolonged stint as marginal predators.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0308-7",
    doi = "10.1038/s42003-019-0308-7",
    openalex = "W2916842498",
    references = "doi101016jsedgeo200610001, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038srep20252, doi101038srep44942, doi101073pnas1600140113, doi10120637172"
}

@book{doi1041599780674240339,
    author = "Rieppel, Lukas",
    title = "Assembling the Dinosaur: Fossil Hunters, Tycoons, and the Making of a Spectacle",
    year = "2019",
    abstract = "Lukas Rieppel shows how dinosaurs gripped the popular imagination and became emblems of America's industrial power and economic prosperity during the Gilded Age. Spectacular fossils were displayed in museums financed by North America's wealthiest tycoons, to cement their reputation as both benefactors of science and fierce capitalists",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674240339",
    doi = "10.4159/9780674240339",
    openalex = "W2955165085"
}

@article{carpenter2020assembling,
    author = "Carpenter, Kenneth",
    title = "Assembling the dinosaur: fossil hunters, tycoons, and the making of a spectacle",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "The Historian",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00182370.2020.1889225",
    doi = "10.1080/00182370.2020.1889225",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W3155771666",
    pages = "509-510",
    volume = "82"
}

@article{doi101016jcub202010079,
    author = "Gross, M.",
    title = "Dealing with dinosaurs",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Current Biology",
    abstract = "Summary Many of the fossils displayed by museums and studied by scientists have been discovered and sold by commercial fossil hunters. Although the cooperation between science and commerce has often been successful, extreme prices now paid for dinosaur skeletons could mean scientists losing access to important specimens. Michael Gross reports.",
    url = "http://www.cell.com/article/S0960982220316560/pdf",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.079",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "22",
    pages = "R1331-R1334",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "4f285cb6d83c94e12840ad76e4845ed0971340f4",
    volume = "30"
}

@article{doi1010800018237020201889225,
    author = "Carpenter, Kenneth",
    title = "Assembling the dinosaur: fossil hunters, tycoons, and the making of a spectacle",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Historian",
    abstract = {"Assembling the dinosaur: fossil hunters, tycoons, and the making of a spectacle." The Historian, 82(4), pp. 509–510},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00182370.2020.1889225",
    doi = "10.1080/00182370.2020.1889225",
    openalex = "W3155771666"
}

@article{doi101093envhisemaa029,
    author = "Rieppel, Lukas",
    title = "How Dinosaurs Became Tyrants of the Prehistoric",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Environmental History",
    abstract = "How Dinosaurs Became Tyrants of the Prehistoric Lukas Rieppel Lukas Rieppel Brown University lukas\_rieppel@brown.edu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3141-7995 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Environmental History, Volume 25, Issue 4, October 2020, Pages 774–787, https://doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emaa029 Published: 14 July 2020 Article history Received: 23 March 2020 Revision received: 24 June 2020 Accepted: 25 June 2020 Published: 14 July 2020",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emaa029",
    doi = "10.1093/envhis/emaa029",
    openalex = "W3088779305",
    references = "brown1915tyrannosaurus, doi101086667969, doi101126science2562999, doi1011770486613403254547, doi1023071059234, doi10230725142789, doi102307jctv1xx9bzb, doi1041599780674240339, doi1041599780674369542, doi107208chicago97802260414900010001, openalexw634296448"
}

@article{doi101093jahistjaaa503,
    author = "Laird, Pamela Walker",
    title = "Assembling the Dinosaur: Fossil Hunters, Tycoons, and the Making of a Spectacle",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of American History",
    abstract = "Assembling the Dinosaur: Fossil Hunters, Tycoons, and the Making of a Spectacle Assembling the Dinosaur: Fossil Hunters, Tycoons, and the Making of a Spectacle. By Lukas Rieppel. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2019. 325 pp. $29.95.) Pamela Walker Laird Pamela Walker Laird University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 107, Issue 4, March 2021, Pages 1013–1014, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa503 Published: 01 March 2021",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa503",
    doi = "10.1093/jahist/jaaa503",
    openalex = "W3133579820"
}

@incollection{doi101007978303068442614,
    author = "Giaourtsakis, Ioannis X.",
    title = "The Fossil Record of Rhinocerotids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae) in Greece",
    year = "2021",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6\_14",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6\_14",
    openalex = "W3210653588"
}

@article{doi101038s41559021015889,
    author = "Cisneros, Juan Carlos and Ghilardi, Aline M. and Raja, Nussaïbah B. and Stewens, Paul P.",
    title = "The moral and legal imperative to return illegally exported fossils",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Nature Ecology \& Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01588-9",
    doi = "10.1038/s41559-021-01588-9",
    openalex = "W3212712970",
    references = "doi1055468gc322"
}

@incollection{doi10100797830311408465,
    author = "Raja, Nussaïbah B. and Dunne, Emma M.",
    title = "Fossil Trafficking, Fraud, and Fakery",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "Studies in art, heritage, law and the market",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14084-6\_5",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-031-14084-6\_5",
    openalex = "W4309865464",
    references = "doi101007s4065601902884"
}

@article{doi101007s10611024101719,
    author = "Mackenzie, Simon and Yates, Donna and Hübschle, Annette and Bērziņa, Diāna",
    title = "Irregularly regulated collecting markets: antiquities, fossils, and wildlife",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Crime Law and Social Change",
    abstract = "This paper examines the dynamics of 'irregularly regulated markets', specifically those dealing with what we term 'criminogenic collectables': antiquities, fossils, and wildlife. Through the lens of 'irregular regulation' we consider how inconsistencies and loopholes in legal frameworks contribute to criminal activities in these markets. We outline five ways that such markets can be considered irregular: socially, jurisdictionally, temporally, culturally and discursively. Through this discussion, we address the subjective nature of legality in these markets, contested by cultural, economic, and political influences, and the role of market actors in manipulating perceptions. This study offers a nuanced perspective on the sociology of crime which includes consideration of the objects of crime. Here we emphasize not only the significance of market regulation and legal frameworks in shaping criminal behaviour, but also the agentic qualities of the target objects themselves. We argue that the idea of irregularity is a useful hermeneutic device for considering the grey areas and hot zones of debate that constitute the current global market for contested objects.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-024-10171-9",
    doi = "10.1007/s10611-024-10171-9",
    openalex = "W4402322314",
    references = "brinkman2010the, doi101007s4065601902884"
}

@article{doi101038s4159802468778w,
    author = "Meier, Jacqueline and Pliatsika, Vassiliki and Shelton, Kim",
    title = "The earliest evidence of large animal fossil collecting in mainland Greece at Bronze Age Mycenae",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Fossils of large animals have long influenced social practices and ideologies in human societies, including the fantastic myths of giants, heroes, and gods in ancient Greece. It has been estimated that purposeful fossil collecting in Greece began in the Late Bronze Age. However, previous archaeological finds of fossils from mainland Greece were not well documented in secure contexts that dated this far back in time. Herein, we present a newly recognized fossilized astragalus bone recently found in the legacy collections of the archaeological site of Mycenae. It was originally recovered by excavations in the 1970s and recently reanalyzed at the Mycenae Museum. Our analysis explored the available evidence of the find location, the state of fossil preservation, and the species represented. The results suggest that a fossilized rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus) astragalus was collected in the past, possibly from afar. Evidence indicates it was brought to Mycenae, where it was deposited near an interesting array of artifacts in a basement storage area of the Southwest Quarter, sometime in the thirteenth century BCE. This find represents the earliest secure evidence of large animal fossil use by people in mainland Greece, dating to the Late Bronze Age.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68778-w",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-024-68778-w",
    openalex = "W4401702361",
    references = "castellani2014the, doi101007978303068442614, doi101016jgeobios201610002, doi101016jquaint201806042, doi101017s0068245400014878, doi101080108487702014876209, doi1011111468009200032, doi101111j109636421918tb02091x, doi102307147682, doi1023074352956, doi103764aja11730437"
}

@article{doi101007s12520025022668,
    author = "Fernández, Adolfo Fernández and Abad, Patricia Valle and Nóvoa, Alba Antía Rodríguez and García-Ávila, Manuel and Romero, Sara and Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C.",
    title = "Significance of fossils in Roman times: the first trilobite find in an early Empire context",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract Although the collection of fossils by humans is known from the Palaeolithic, the occurrence of trilobite remains in archaeological contexts is particularly rare worldwide, previously documented by specimens from sites in Western Europe, North America, South Africa and Australia. This article reports the discovery of an eleventh known trilobite found in an archaeological context, from a Roman settlement dating from the 1st–3rd centuries CE, excavated in north-western Spain (A Cibdá of Armea near the city of Ourense). The specimen represents the first confirmed trilobite from Roman times and is the third trilobite in the global archaeological record to have been collected and used by people over a thousand years ago. Its palaeontological and preservational characteristics enable us to pinpoint its probable origin to Middle Ordovician shale outcrops in south-central Iberia, over 430 km from the Roman excavation site where it was found. The modifications observed on the underside of the specimen, which exhibits up to seven artificial wear facets to flatten and shape the fossil, are interpreted as indicating its possible use within a pendant or bracelet, likely serving as an amulet with magical or protective properties.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-025-02266-8",
    doi = "10.1007/s12520-025-02266-8",
    openalex = "W4412419744",
    references = "doi101038s4159802468778w, doi101144sp5432022236"
}

@article{doi1010800891296320252545090,
    author = "Cooper, Jack A.",
    title = "An exceptional and unique birdlike dinosaur fossil with a troubled history",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2025.2545090",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2025.2545090",
    openalex = "W4413131185",
    references = "doi101007s4065601902884"
}

@article{doi1010801556489420252485939,
    author = "Lehmann, Jens and Küchelmann, Hans Christian and Juhl, Frederik and Mutterlose, Jörg",
    title = "Fossil brachiopods from the Roman site on Mogador Island (Essaouira, Morocco): Implications for past exchange of products",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2025.2485939",
    doi = "10.1080/15564894.2025.2485939",
    openalex = "W4411097322",
    references = "doi101038s4159802468778w"
}

@article{doi101098rsos250078,
    author = "Archer, Michael and Akerman, Kim and DeSantis, Larisa R.G. and Dickson, Blake V. and Hand, Suzanne J. and Hatcher, Lindsay and Hellström, John and Jacobsen, Geraldine and Louys, Julien and Price, Gilbert J. and Ryan, Helen E. and Sniderman, Kale and Travouillon, Kenny J. and Woodhead, Jon",
    title = "Australia’s First Peoples: hunters of extinct megafauna or Australia’s first fossil collectors",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "gifted by First Peoples in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. This species is otherwise unknown from northern Australia but common in southern Australia. Using X-ray fluorescence, we tested the potential provenance of the premolar and found that it was elementally indistinguishable from Mammoth Cave premolars. These results suggest that First Peoples may have collected fossils in southern Australia before carrying them to the Kimberley region. A review of other recent claims of killing and/or butchering of extinct megafaunal species suggests they too may have been collected as fossils. We argue that fossils were valued, being collected and transported long distances by the First Peoples in Australia in all probability thousands of years before Europeans arrived on this continent.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.250078",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.250078",
    openalex = "W4415379317",
    references = "doi101144sp5432022236"
}

@article{doi1010800334435520262637187,
    author = "Barkai, Ran and Shalata, Muataz",
    title = "Lower Palaeolithic Tools of Potency: Handaxes Shaped around Fossils and Other Extraordinary Features at Sakhnin Valley, Israel",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Tel Aviv",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2026.2637187",
    doi = "10.1080/03344355.2026.2637187",
    openalex = "W7138361722",
    references = "doi101038s4159802468778w"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20251992,
    author = "Prondvai, Edina and Horváth, Krisztián and Price, Stephen WT and Gutowski, Olof and Beale, Andrew",
    title = "United by chewing: Hunter-Schreger band-like pattern and wavy enamel in a fossil crocodile suggest functional convergence with mammals and dinosaurs",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Tooth enamel of most mammals shows alternating light and dark bands, called Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB), in longitudinal sections caused by decussating bundles of prisms, the unit building blocks of mammalian enamel. HSB are thought to increase resistance to abrasive food and mitigate crack propagation and hence are considered a mammalian adaptation to high-efficiency mastication. Using traditional microscopy techniques as well as X-ray diffraction computed tomography (XRD-CT), here we report for the first time the presence of HSB-like features in the tooth enamel of a non-mammalian amniote, Iharkutosuchus, an extinct herbivorous crocodile with strong heterodonty and a unique chewing mechanism. XRD-CT showed that the enigmatic HSB-like pattern in Iharkutosuchus enamel, which lacks mammal-like decussating prisms, has a purely crystallographic origin. Iharkutosuchus teeth also exhibit wavy enamel, a well-known structure in herbivorous ornithopod dinosaurs with shearing-type mastication. The unexpected finding of both enamel features in this herbivorous crocodile speaks for their role in high-efficiency chewing. However, the profoundly different structural background of mammalian and crocodilian HSB demonstrated here and the phylogenetic distribution of both HSB and wavy enamel indicate nanostructure-scale convergences, highlighting the importance of mastication-related challenges in driving dental evolution of amniotes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.1992",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2025.1992",
    openalex = "W7127632666",
    references = "doi101016s0016703799002082, doi101038s41467019121857, doi101073pnas0902466106, doi101107s1600576715004306, doi101107s1600576718000183, doi1011181596063, doi10117700220345010800010501, doi1012063521, doi1023073889336, doi103897zookeys4698439"
}