@article{donkin1869notes,
    author = "Donkin, A. S.",
    title = "Notes on Certain Fresh-Water Species of Diatomaceæ",
    year = "1869",
    journal = "Journal of Cell Science",
    abstract = "The late Professor Smith, in referring to the genus Epi- themia in his ‘Synopsis of the British Diatomaceæ ‘(vol. i, p. 11), observes that “this genus, as its name implies, is characterised by the adherence of its frustules to Aigre of larger growth. This character is true of most of the species, and even where not strictly applicable, as in E. gibba and others, we detect a disposition to rely on a foreign body for support, their frustules being usually embedded in the mucus of some member of the family Palmellaceæ.” Recently I have had an opportunity of ascertaining that Epithemia gibba is strictly an adherent species, and that its supposed exceptional character in this respect has been based on insufficient observation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.s2-9.36.397",
    doi = "10.1242/jcs.s2-9.36.397",
    number = "36",
    openalex = "W2606762926",
    pages = "397-400",
    volume = "S2-9"
}

@article{ullyott1931mechanisms,
    author = "Ullyott, P. and Beauchamp, R. S. A.",
    title = "Mechanisms for the Prevention of Self-Fertilization in some Species of Fresh-Water Triclads",
    year = "1931",
    journal = "Journal of Cell Science",
    abstract = "Experiments by Gelei (1924) show that some very effective mechanism for the prevention of self-fertilization does exist in Dendrocoelum lacteum. When kept alone from the time of hatching, this species produced cocoons containing eggs which had not been fertilized. Two such animals which had both produced unfertile eggs while isolated, after pairing laid cocoons containing fertile eggs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.s2-74.295.477",
    doi = "10.1242/jcs.s2-74.295.477",
    number = "295",
    pages = "477-490",
    volume = "S2-74"
}

@article{beauchamp1932competitive,
    author = "Beauchamp, R. S. A. and Ullyott, P.",
    title = "Competitive Relationships Between Certain Species of Fresh-Water Triclads",
    year = "1932",
    journal = "The Journal of Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2255975",
    doi = "10.2307/2255975",
    number = "1",
    pages = "200",
    volume = "20"
}

@article{beauchamp1932competitive1,
    author = "Beauchamp, R. S. A. and Ullyott, P",
    title = "Competitive relationships between certain species of fresh-water triclads",
    year = "1932",
    journal = "Journal of Ecology, v. 20, p. 200- 208",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Beauchamp, R. S. A., and Ullyott, P., 1932, Competitive relationships between certain species of fresh-water triclads: Journal of Ecology, v. 20, p. 200- 208.}"
}

@article{cloudsleythompson1946pigments,
    author = "CLOUDSLEY-THOMPSON, J. L.",
    title = "Pigments of Fresh-water Triclads",
    year = "1946",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/157342b0",
    doi = "10.1038/157342b0",
    number = "3985",
    pages = "342-342",
    volume = "157"
}

@article{stansby1954composition,
    author = "STANSBY, M. E.",
    title = "COMPOSITION OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF FRESH‐WATER FISH.",
    year = "1954",
    journal = "Journal of Food Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1954.tb17444.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2621.1954.tb17444.x",
    number = "1-6",
    pages = "231-234",
    volume = "19"
}

@article{openalexw2790444940,
    author = "Gibbons, John R. H.",
    title = "Comparative ecology of two sympatric species of dace, Rhinichthys cataractae and Rhinichthys atratulus, in the Mink River, Manitoba",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Mspace (University of Manitoba)",
    abstract = "The Great Lakes longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae cataractae) and the western blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus meleagris) occur sympatrically in the middle portion of the Mink River, Manitoba. Their abundance is associated with high gradient (7 m./km.), which results in rapid water velocities and gravel or rock substrates, and with plant detritus, which supports the insect fauna used as food. Fry of both species were found in July, but longnose hatch earlier and grow faster than blacknose dace. For a short period both species are found together in shallow, silted margins of the stream, of little or no current. Longnose move out into fast water in July and August when they are between 25 and 30 mm in length, while the majority of blacknose remain in the margins for up to one year, until they reach a fork length of about 45 mm. Thereafter, blacknose are found mainly in channels (15-45 cm/sec) and longnose in riffles (> 45 cm/sec). Blacknose males are territorial over pea-sized gravel, longnose males over small rocks in riffles. There is a marked habitat difference between the sexes of both species during spawning, females entering territories only when completely ripe. In the late fall, blacknose adults and juveniles were found only in beaver ponds, while longnose were found under large flat stones in riffles. The diet of the two species is strikingly similar. Longnose and blacknose in their first twelve months fed almost exclusively on the families Baetidae, Tendipedidae and Hydropsychidae, but their proportions differed. Hydropsychiadae was always the major food item by weight for older longnose. Older blacknose were similar, but they switched to Tipulidae and Ephemeridae in May and October. Surber samples of benthic fauna were taken in a riffle and a channel. Baetidae and Tendipedidae were highly foraged by both species. Despite their similar diet, the degree of spatial and temporal isolation between the two species is thought sufficient to allow for their coexistence.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2790444940",
    openalex = "W2790444940"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x1977tb01347x,
    author = "Grubb, P. J.",
    title = "THE MAINTENANCE OF SPECIES‐RICHNESS IN PLANT COMMUNITIES: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE REGENERATION NICHE",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "SUMMARY According to ‘Gause's hypothesis’ a corollary of the process of evolution by natural selection is that in a community at equilibrium every species must occupy a different niche. Many botanists have found this idea improbable because they have ignored the processes of regeneration in plant communities. Most plant communities are longer‐lived than their constituent individual plants. When an individual dies, it may or may not be replaced by an individual of the same species. It is this replacement stage which is all‐important to the argument presented. Several mechanisms not involving regeneration also contribute to the maintenance of species‐richness: differences in life‐form coupled with the inability of larger plants to exhaust or cut off all resources, also the development of dependence‐relationships, differences in phenology coupled with tolerance of suppression, fluctuations in the environment coupled with relatively small differences in competitive ability between many species, the ability of certain species‐pairs to form stable mixtures because of a balance of intraspecific competition against interspecific competition, the production of substances more toxic to the producer‐species than to the other species, differences in the primary limiting mineral nutrients or pore‐sizes in the soil for neighbouring plants of different soecies, and differences in the competitive abilities of species dependent on their physiological age coupled with the uneven‐age structure of many populations. The mechanisms listed above do not go far to explain the indefinite persistence in mixture of the many species in the most species‐rich communities known. In contrast there seem to be almost limitless possibilities for differences between species in their requirements for regeneration, i.e. the replacement of the individual plants of one generation by those of the next. This idea is illustrated for tree species and it is emphasized that foresters were the first by a wide margin to appreciate its importance. The processes involved in the successful invasion of a gap by a given plant species and some characters of the gap that may be important are summarized in Table 2. The definition of a plant's niche requires recognition of four components: the habitat niche, the life‐form niche, the phenological niche, and the regeneration niche. A brief account is given of the patterns of regeneration in different kinds of plant community to provide a background for studies of differentiation in the regeneration niche. All stages in the regeneration‐cycle are potentially important and examples of differentiation between species are given for each of the following stages: Production of viable seed (including the sub‐stages of flowering, pollination and seed‐set), dispersal, in space and time, germination, establishment, and further development of the immature plant. In the concluding discussion emphasis is placed on the following themes: the kinds of work needed in future to prove or disprove that differentiation in the regeneration niche is the major explanation of the maintenance of species‐richness in plant communities, the relation of the present thesis to published ideas on the origin of phenological spread, the relevance of the present thesis to the discussion on the presence of continua in vegetation, the co‐incidence of the present thesis and the emerging ideas of evolutionists about differentiation of angiosperm taxa, and the importance of regeneration‐studies for conservation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1977.tb01347.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.1977.tb01347.x",
    openalex = "W2119259345",
    references = "doi101038242344a0, doi101086282070, doi101086282687, doi101093biomet3812196, doi101111j155856461969tb03489x, doi101126science1473655250, doi1015159780691206912, doi1023071218190, doi1023071929601, doi1023072256497, doi1023072258550, doi1023072989767, openalexw1532540194"
}

@article{doi101086283381,
    author = "Buss, Leo W. and Jackson, Jeremy B. C.",
    title = "Competitive Networks: Nontransitive Competitive Relationships in Cryptic Coral Reef Environments",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "The American Naturalist",
    abstract = "Nonhierarchial sequences of interference competitive abilities, competitive networks, have been observed in Jamaican cryptic coral reef environments and also appear to exist in Jamaican open reef surface environments. These competitive networks are both numerous and complex; they appear more likely to be formed by interactions between than within major taxonomic groups. The exact spatial position an organism occupies and the rate at which organisms overgrow one another will be important determinants of patterns of species distribution on substrata supporting competitive networks. This will not be the case if a competitive hierarchy exists. The existence of a competitive network on a particular substratum will serve to increase the length of time required for single species resource monopolization relative to the time which would be required if a competitive hierarchy exists, assuming equivalent rates of overgrowth in both cases. The competitive networks situation provides a mechanism for the development of specific types of coevolutionary relationships.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/283381",
    doi = "10.1086/283381",
    openalex = "W2012413510",
    references = "connell1961effects, dayton1971competition, doi101016s0065250408603190, doi101073pnas72125160, doi101086282400, doi101086282973, doi101086283203, doi101126science1733997623, openalexw2092424122, openalexw2962874606"
}

@phdthesis{doi105525glathesis82360,
    author = "Beveridge, M.C.M.",
    title = "Adaptive aspects of bioenergetics in sexual and asexual species of fresh-water triclads",
    year = "1981",
    booktitle = "Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow)",
    abstract = "The effects of temperature and starvation on 3 species of freshwater triclad with contrasting life cycles, distribution and methods of reproduction were investigated, to examine the relative merits of each species' strategy in relation to its environment. The 3 species - Polycelis tenuis (Iijima), Polycelis felina (Dalyell) and Dugesia tigrina (Girard) - were cultured at 5°, 10°, 15° and 20°C, under fed and starved conditions. Food intake, respiration, growth and reproductive rates, were measured for each species under each set of conditions. A study of a population of P. felina was also undertaken to seek information on field conditions. The results from fed triclads show that in general food intake, and growth and respiration rates, increase with temperature. At low temperatures (below 15°C), D. tigrina ingests little food, and growth and respiration rates are much lower than in the 2 other species. Similarly tigrina does not reproduce below 15°C, confirming its thermophilic nature. P. tenuis is more temperature sensitive than P. felina. In P. tenuis, food intake, and growth and respiration rates, reach a maximum at 20°C, whereas they are greatest in P. felina at 15°C. These differences between the 2 species are reflected in the higher Q10 values observed in P. tenuis. During starvation, the exponential rates of degrowth increase with temperature. Except for D. tigrina at 5°, 10° and 15°C, respiration rates are significantly lower in starved than in fed individuals. The respiration rates also increase with temperature, although this is less pronounced in P. felina than in P. tenuis or D. tigrina. In all 3 species, reproduction ceased soon after the onset of starvation. The field study of P. felina identified seasonal changes in temperature and food supply. An examination of potential mortality factors demonstrated that predation was likely to be negligible, and that death was most likely to occur through being washed away. In conclusion, it was suggested that the indigenous asexual reproducer (P. felina) was successful because it was eurytolerant, and because it occurred in streams where biotic stress (i.e. competition and predation) was low. Under such circumstances, the adoption of a low cost method of reproduction such as fission, was argued to be prudent. In contrast, D. tigrina, the immigrant asexual reproducer, could compete successfully with indigenous populations of lake-dwelling triclads such as P. tenuis by growing and reproducing at a very high rate.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5525/gla.thesis.82360",
    doi = "10.5525/gla.thesis.82360",
    openalex = "W3192555200"
}

@article{doi101086284267,
    author = "Brown, James H.",
    title = "On the Relationship between Abundance and Distribution of Species",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "The American Naturalist",
    abstract = "There appears to be a general relationship between abundance and distribution that has two parts. First, within species, population density tends to be greatest in the center of the range and to decline gradually toward the boundaries. This pattern holds over a range of spatial scales from steep environmental gradients within local regions to the entire geographic range. Exceptions include: (1) abrupt changes in abundance that usually correspond to sharp, discontinuous changes in single environmental variables; and (2) multimodal patterns of abundance that are caused by environmental patchiness. The second general relationship is that among closely related, ecologically similar species spatial distribution is positively correlated with average abundance. Again this pattern holds over a variety of spatial scales from local regions to entire geographic ranges. These empirical patterns have already been reported in the literature, but their generality is demonstrated by analysis of additional data for diverse kinds of organisms. A single general theory accounts for these observations and follows logically from three assumptions. First, the abundance and distribution of each species are limited by the combination of physical and biotic environmental variables that determines the multidimensional niche. Second, spatial variation in these environmental variables is somewhat stochastic but autocorrelated, so that nearby sites tend to have more similar environmental conditions than more distant ones. Third, closely related, ecologically similar species differ in no more than a very few niche dimensions. A more formal model can be developed that predicts that under these assumptions the distribution of population density over space should approximate a normal probability density distribution. Most exceptions to this predicted pattern can be explained as cases in which assumptions of the model are clearly violated. This paper represents an example of a statistical approach that should be useful for investigating complex ecological systems comprised of many components, such as species of many individuals or communities of many species. The general relationships between abundance and distribution developed here eventually should contribute to our understanding of the biogeography, population genetics, and evolution of species as well as the ecological attributes of populations and communities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/284267",
    doi = "10.1086/284267",
    openalex = "W2031647551",
    references = "doi101111j1469185x1983tb00380x, doi101126science22246281123, doi1023071943577, doi1023072259626, doi1023073544021, doi1023073669094, doi104159harvard9780674865327, jablonski1983larval, openalexw1500291103, openalexw1532540194, openalexw3035987306"
}

@article{doi101146annurevecolsys301257,
    author = "Waide, Robert B. and Willig, Michael R. and Steiner, Christopher F. and Mittelbach, Gary G. and Gough, Laura and Dodson, Stanley I. and Juday, Glenn P. and Parmenter, Robert",
    title = "The Relationship Between Productivity and Species Richness",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics",
    abstract = "▪ Abstract Recent overviews have suggested that the relationship between species richness and productivity (rate of conversion of resources to biomass per unit area per unit time) is unimodal (hump-shaped). Most agree that productivity affects species richness at large scales, but unanimity is less regarding underlying mechanisms. Recent studies have examined the possibility that variation in species richness within communities may influence productivity, leading to an exploration of the relative effect of alterations in species number per se as contrasted to the addition of productive species. Reviews of the literature concerning deserts, boreal forests, tropical forests, lakes, and wetlands lead to the conclusion that extant data are insufficient to conclusively resolve the relationship between diversity and productivity, or that patterns are variable with mechanisms equally varied and complex. A more comprehensive survey of the ecological literature uncovered approximately 200 relationships, of which 30\% were unimodal, 26\% were positive linear, 12\% were negative linear, and 32\% were not significant. Categorization of studies with respect to geographic extent, ecological extent, taxonomic hierarchy, or energetic basis of productivity similarly yielded a heterogeneous distribution of relationships. Theoretical and empirical approaches increasingly suggest scale-dependence in the relationship between species richness and productivity; consequently, synthetic understanding may be contingent on explicit considerations of scale in analytical studies of productivity and diversity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.257",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.257",
    openalex = "W2111537201",
    references = "doi1023071939337, doi1023071942621, openalexw1914341864"
}

@article{agami2002competitive,
    author = "Agami, Moshe and Waisel, Yoav",
    title = "Competitive relationships between two water plant species: Najas marina L. and Myriophyllum spicatum L.",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Hydrobiologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021216532161",
    doi = "10.1023/a:1021216532161",
    number = "1-3",
    openalex = "W331332873",
    pages = "197-200",
    volume = "482",
    references = "doi101007bf00008684, doi101007bf02856599, doi101007bf02857949, doi101016s0065211308603971, doi101021ja01318a036, doi1010800270506019949664441, doi10108003680770198011897219, doi101111j136524271990tb00293x, doi1023071352569, doi1023072258650"
}

@phdthesis{openalexw1526300648,
    author = "Verberk, W.C.E.P.",
    title = "Matching species to a changing landscape - Aquatic macroinvertebrates in a heterogeneous landscape",
    year = "2008",
    booktitle = "Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)",
    abstract = "The goal of this thesis was the development, application and evaluation of a method by which relationships between aquatic macroinvertebrate species and their environment can be explained and aggregated to a manageable number of key relationships. The need for such a method is evident. From an applied point of view, knowledge on the impact of degradation is needed to derive sound possibilities to address the biodiversity crisis. From a fundamental point of view, knowledge on the causal mechanisms is needed to provide a predictive framework which explains how abiotic and biotic factors set limits to species occurrences, ultimately shaping ecosystems. Causal mechanisms explaining a species' environmental requirements are rooted in species traits (e.g., a chitinous exoskeleton, diapausing eggs, parental care, development time). By investigating interrelations between traits and interpreting their function, it was possible to define 'sets of co-adapted species traits designed by natural selection to solve particular ecological problems', which are termed life-history tactics. Species with alternative suites of traits that solved environmental problems in a similar way were assigned to the same tactic. This provided a functional classification spanning species from different systematic groups. Life-history tactics were successfully applied to a fundamental (abundance-occupancy relationship in macroecology) and an applied problem (effects of management in restoration ecology). Life-history tactics can aggregate information over many different species without sacrificing information on the causal mechanisms underlying a species' presence or absence. This makes life-history tactics ideally suited to fill the gap between a single species approach and a community approach. Environmental heterogeneity results from the interplay between abiotic conditions and the effect of interacting species. Life-history tactics can unravel the importance of abiotic boundary conditions and species interactions. Successful conservation of biodiversity will strongly depend on this ability to identify and subsequently strengthen the processes underlying landscape heterogeneity",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1526300648",
    openalex = "W1526300648",
    references = "doi101002sici10991646199901061513125aidrrr52330co2e, doi101086284267, doi101086284325, doi101098rspb19790086, doi101111j1526100x1996tb00112x, doi101126science1059199, doi101146annurevecolsys301257, doi101146annurevecolsys311343, doi1023073546712, doi105860choice330294"
}

@article{doi103391ai20149204,
    author = "Gérard, Joëlle and Brion, Natacha and Triest, Ludwig",
    title = "Effect of water column phosphorus reduction on competitive outcome and traits of Ludwigia grandiflora and L. peploides, invasive species in Europe",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Aquatic Invasions",
    abstract = "The invasion of alien macrophytes in aquatic ecosystems has caused serious ecological and economic impacts. Their introduction often leads to competition with natives and already established invasive species. Competition among invasive species is assumed to be greater than among native and invasive species, especially for plants with similar growth form and position in the water column. Many freshwater bodies are eutrophicated due to high phosphorus inputs, which have led to a competitive advantage for invasive macrophytes. A decrease in water column phosphorus load might lead to a change in competitive performance and reveal apparent variation in those traits promoting invasiveness. We investigated the effect of a water column phosphorus reduction on the growth, competitive outcome, traits and nutrient uptake of two related invasive Ludwigia species, L. grandiflora and L. peploides. We performed indoor competition experiments in eutrophic and mesotrophic conditions following a complete additive design. L. grandiflora always was the better competitor in both trophic conditions and had higher trait values compared to L. peploides. Both species relative growth rates (RGR) and trait values were affected by a P reduction, especially the number of branches and stem length. Although both species prefer higher water column phosphorus loadings, they can also colonize habitats of lower mesotrophic phosphorus concentrations. L. peploides was able to store more P in its tissue compared to L. grandiflora, thereby possibly outcompeting L. grandiflora in even lower P concentrations. Our results show a water column P reduction to lower branch numbers, stem length and biomass, which could reduce mat formation and allow for more effective control of both species.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2014.9.2.04",
    doi = "10.3391/ai.2014.9.2.04",
    openalex = "W1974469912",
    references = "doi101016jaquabot201301003"
}