@techreport{ramberg1963experimental1,
    author = "Ramberg, H",
    title = "Experimental study of gravity tectonics by means of centrifugal models",
    year = "1963",
    howpublished = "Bulletin, Geological Institute, University of Uppsala, v. 62, p. 1-97",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ramberg, H., 1963, Experimental study of gravity tectonics by means of centrifugal models: Bulletin, Geological Institute, University of Uppsala, v. 62, p. 1-97.}"
}

@article{doi101029jz070i016p03965,
    author = "Raleigh, C. B. and Paterson, Mike",
    title = "Experimental deformation of serpentinite and its tectonic implications",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "Experimental investigation into the strength and ductility of serpentinite at temperatures to 700°C and confining pressures to 5 kb has yielded results important to the understanding of the role of serpentinite in orogenesis. Sealed specimens of antigorite-chrysotile serpentinite, with ultimate strength comparable to that of granite at room temperature, showed a marked weakening above 500–600°C; a mesh-textured serpentinite containing lizardite, chrysotile, and a minor amount of brucite showed a similar loss of strength at 300–350°C. Brittleness always accompanied the high-temperature weakening, although the samples showing high strength at lower temperatures were often ductile. Petrographic and X-ray examinations reveal that serpentine in the weakened and embrittled specimens has undergone partial dehydration to forsterite and talc. The embrittlement and weakening is attributed to a reduction in the effective confining pressure due to the pore pressure of the water released during dehydration and to a loss in cohesive strength due to changes in the structure upon dehydration. The hypothesis of tectonic emplacement of serpentinites of the alpine type thus becomes highly plausible at temperatures great enough for dehydration weakening, while being difficult to accept at lower temperatures where the strength of the serpentinite is high. Weakening upon heating to the appropriate dehydration temperature in the range 300–600°C of a partially serpentinized oceanic lower crust or upper mantle should also serve to concentrate deformation in the heated belt, thus facilitating mountain building. The embrittlement associated with dehydration extends the maximum theoretical depth for brittle fracture in the mantle to that of the deepest hydrated phases.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/jz070i016p03965",
    doi = "10.1029/jz070i016p03965",
    openalex = "W1963862763",
    references = "doi1010160022509653900192, doi1010160040195164900101, doi101029jz065i004p01083, doi101029jz066i007p02199, doi10108800319112218032, doi101126science1473655292, doi10113000167606195970115rofpim20co2, doi10113000167606195970167rofpim20co2, doi10113000167606196576469rofpim20co2, doi101306bc743a8716be11d78645000102c1865d"
}

@article{bott1975gravity,
    author = "Bott, M.H.P.",
    title = "Gravity and tectonics",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Chemical Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(75)90007-8",
    doi = "10.1016/0009-2541(75)90007-8",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2317675548",
    pages = "149",
    volume = "16"
}

@article{carey1975gravity,
    author = "Carey, S.Warren",
    title = "Gravity and tectonics",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Tectonophysics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(75)90023-2",
    doi = "10.1016/0040-1951(75)90023-2",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2741384205",
    pages = "297-298",
    volume = "27"
}

@incollection{crossref1984realm,
    title = "Realm of Gravity Tectonics",
    year = "1984",
    booktitle = "Structural and Depositional Styles of Gulf Coast Tertiary Continental Margins",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/ce25434c8",
    doi = "10.1306/ce25434c8",
    openalex = "W4240032361",
    pages = "25-27"
}

@article{doi1013060c9b23fd171011d78645000102c1865d,
    author = "Withjack, Martha Oliver and Olson, Jon E. and Peterson, Eric W.",
    title = "Experimental Models of Extensional Forced Folds",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT We have used single-layer and multilayer clay models to study the development of forced folds above normal faults. Our modeling results show that the deformation patterns associated with extensional forced folding depend on the dip of the underlying normal fault and the presence of layer-parallel detachments. In single-layer clay models, extensional forced folds are upward-widening monoclines. Anticlinal axial surfaces dip in the same direction as underlying master normal faults, and synclinal axial surfaces dip in the opposite direction of master normal faults. Most secondary faults are upward-steepening normal faults. If master normal faults are steeply dipping, however, many secondary normal faults become high-angle reverse faults at shallow depths. The propagation and linkage of secondary faults into through-going normal faults terminates the development of extensional forced folds. More folding occurs prior to fault linkage if the master normal fault is steeply dipping rather than gently dipping. Most dipping beds and secondary faults are preserved in the hanging walls of the through-going normal faults. In multilayer clay models with layer-parallel detachments, extensional forced folds are also upward-widening monoclines. Slip on the lowest detachment laterally transfers extension induced by normal faulting and forced folding from the master normal fault to the detachment edge. Slip on overlying detachments accommodates minor thickness changes associated with upward-widening of the fold. Secondary faults include low-angle normal faults near the anticlinal axial surface, minor thrust faults near the synclinal axial surface, and high-angle normal faults above the detachment edge. The model-predicted deformation patterns are similar to those of extensional forced folds from the Gulf of Suez and offshore Norway. This similarity suggests that our modeling results apply to extensional forced folds and can provide guidelines for interpreting field, well, and seismic data.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/0c9b23fd-1710-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/0c9b23fd-1710-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    openalex = "W1906139009"
}

@article{doi10102992gl02824,
    author = "Lerch, F. J. and Nerem, R. S. and Chinn, D. S. and Chan, J. C. and Patel, G. B. and Klosko, S. M.",
    title = "New error calibration tests for gravity models using subset solutions and independent data: Applied to GEM‐T3",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
    abstract = "Orbit error projections based on the error covariance estimates of G oddard E arth M odel (GEM)‐T3 have been shown to be reliable through their projection on observation residuals within independent data sets. Special geopotential solutions were developed based upon the same data set and weighting used in the GEM‐T3 gravity model, but with a significant satellite data set eliminated from the solution. These subset gravity models are then used to compute the observation residuals within orbital solutions for the omitted satellite and the results are compared to their predicted values based on the error covariance of these models. To ensure meaningful results, the tests were designed so that the observation residuals are dominated by geopotential modeling errors. This yields a reliable test of the error estimates of the subset solutions and hence tests the data weighting used in the construction of these models (GEM‐T3 and subset solutions alike). The error estimates for GEM‐T3 are based upon an optimal data weighting method and have been obtained in a separate calibration process. The test results shown here indicate that the GEM‐T3 error estimates for the gravity parameters are calibrated and that the predicted orbit errors correspond well with actual orbit accuracies. Test results of the complete GEM‐T3 model with totally independent high precision DORIS Doppler tracking data acquired on the French SPOT‐2 satellite confirms these conclusions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/92gl02824",
    doi = "10.1029/92gl02824",
    openalex = "W1972050706"
}

@article{crossref1995experimental,
    title = "Experimental models of strike-slip tectonics",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences \& Geomechanics Abstracts",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(95)92271-i",
    doi = "10.1016/0148-9062(95)92271-i",
    number = "7",
    openalex = "W4234412274",
    pages = "305",
    volume = "32"
}

@article{richard1995experimental,
    author = "Richard, P. D. and Naylor, M. A. and Koopman, A.",
    title = "Experimental models of strike-slip tectonics",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Petroleum Geoscience",
    abstract = "We present a variety of models for strike-slip tectonics which represent a useful database for seismic interpreters and geologists. In pure strike-slip, the Riedel shear geometry is shown to depend on the initial stress state, interference of parallel basement faults and horizontal layering of the overburden. Above two parallel basement faults, a single wide or two separate fault zones may be mapped, depending on the depth of observation. In a heterogeneous layered sequence, upwards branching of Riedel shears occurs at layer interfaces. In oblique-slip faulting, the sense of vertical displacement and the geometry of the fault pattern are indicative of the tectonic regime. The degree of obliquity of the fault strike can be related to the ratio of dip-slip to strike-slip movement. In the case of relay structures, the ratio of the length of basement-fault offset to the thickness of the overburden controls the geometry of the fault pattern.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo.1.1.71",
    doi = "10.1144/petgeo.1.1.71",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2320912424",
    pages = "71-80",
    volume = "1"
}

@article{doi101007s1071201091004,
    author = "King, Matt A. and Altamimi, Z. and Boehm, J. and Bos, M. S. and Dach, Rolf and Elósegui, P. and Fund, F. and Pajares, Manuel Hernández and Lavallée, David and Cerveira, P. J. Mendes and Penna, N. T. and Riva, Riccardo and Steigenberger, Peter and van Dam, Tonie and Vittuari, Luca and Williams, Simon and Willis, Pascal",
    title = "Improved Constraints on Models of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment: A Review of the Contribution of Ground-Based Geodetic Observations",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Surveys in Geophysics",
    abstract = "The provision of accurate models of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) is presently a priority need in climate studies, largely due to the potential of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data to be used to determine accurate and continent-wide assessments of ice mass change and hydrology. However, modelled GIA is uncertain due to insufficient constraints on our knowledge of past glacial changes and to large simplifications in the underlying Earth models. Consequently, we show differences between models that exceed several mm/year in terms of surface displacement for the two major ice sheets: Greenland and Antarctica. Geodetic measurements of surface displacement offer the potential for new constraints to be made on GIA models, especially when they are used to improve structural features of the Earth’s interior as to allow for a more realistic reconstruction of the glaciation history. We present the distribution of presently available campaign and continuous geodetic measurements in Greenland and Antarctica and summarise surface velocities published to date, showing substantial disagreement between techniques and GIA models alike. We review the current state-of-the-art in ground-based geodesy (GPS, VLBI, DORIS, SLR) in determining accurate and precise surface velocities. In particular, we focus on known areas of need in GPS observation level models and the terrestrial reference frame in order to advance geodetic observation precision/accuracy toward 0.1 mm/year and therefore further constrain models of GIA and subsequent present-day ice mass change estimates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-010-9100-4",
    doi = "10.1007/s10712-010-9100-4",
    openalex = "W2113560018",
    references = "doi101007s0019000803003, doi1010160031920181900467, doi1010292004gl019920, doi1010292005gl025546, doi101029gm015p0247, doi101029rg010i003p00761, doi101029rs020i006p01593, doi101130mem97, doi101146annurevearth32082503144359, doi1011751520042620020190183eimobo20co2"
}

@article{doi1010292011jb008916,
    author = "Pavlis, Nikolaos K. and Holmes, S. A. and Kenyon, S. and Factor, J. K.",
    title = "The development and evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008)",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "EGM2008 is a spherical harmonic model of the Earth's gravitational potential, developed by a least squares combination of the ITG‐GRACE03S gravitational model and its associated error covariance matrix, with the gravitational information obtained from a global set of area‐mean free‐air gravity anomalies defined on a 5 arc‐minute equiangular grid. This grid was formed by merging terrestrial, altimetry‐derived, and airborne gravity data. Over areas where only lower resolution gravity data were available, their spectral content was supplemented with gravitational information implied by the topography. EGM2008 is complete to degree and order 2159, and contains additional coefficients up to degree 2190 and order 2159. Over areas covered with high quality gravity data, the discrepancies between EGM2008 geoid undulations and independent GPS/Leveling values are on the order of ±5 to ±10 cm. EGM2008 vertical deflections over USA and Australia are within ±1.1 to ±1.3 arc‐seconds of independent astrogeodetic values. These results indicate that EGM2008 performs comparably with contemporary detailed regional geoid models. EGM2008 performs equally well with other GRACE‐based gravitational models in orbit computations. Over EGM96, EGM2008 represents improvement by a factor of six in resolution, and by factors of three to six in accuracy, depending on gravitational quantity and geographic area. EGM2008 represents a milestone and a new paradigm in global gravity field modeling, by demonstrating for the first time ever, that given accurate and detailed gravimetric data, a single global model may satisfy the requirements of a very wide range of applications.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jb008916",
    doi = "10.1029/2011jb008916",
    openalex = "W2053987409",
    references = "doi101007s001900050480z, doi1010292004gl019920, doi1010292005gl025285, doi10102996jb03223, doi10102998eo00426, doi101126science27753341956"
}

@incollection{crossref2014gravity,
    title = "gravity tectonics",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6\_72068",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6\_72068",
    openalex = "W4251496427",
    pages = "630-630"
}

@article{doi1010022014jb011176,
    author = "Peltier, W. R. and Argus, Donald F. and Drummond, R.",
    title = "Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE‐6G\_C (VM5a) model",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth",
    abstract = "Abstract A new model of the last deglaciation event of the Late Quaternary ice age is here described and denoted as ICE‐6G\_C (VM5a). It differs from previously published models in this sequence in that it has been explicitly refined by applying all of the available Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of vertical motion of the crust that may be brought to bear to constrain the thickness of local ice cover as well as the timing of its removal. Additional space geodetic constraints have also been applied to specify the reference frame within which the GPS data are described. The focus of the paper is upon the three main regions of Last Glacial Maximum ice cover, namely, North America, Northwestern Europe/Eurasia, and Antarctica, although Greenland and the British Isles will also be included, if peripherally, in the discussion. In each of the three major regions, the model predictions of the time rate of change of the gravitational field are also compared to that being measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites as an independent means of verifying the improvement of the model achieved by applying the GPS constraints. Several aspects of the global characteristics of this new model are also discussed, including the nature of relative sea level history predictions at far‐field locations, in particular the Caribbean island of Barbados, from which especially high‐quality records of postglacial sea level change are available but which records were not employed in the development of the model. Although ICE‐6G\_C (VM5a) is a significant improvement insofar as the most recently available GPS observations are concerned, comparison of model predictions with such far‐field relative sea level histories enables us to identify a series of additional improvements that should follow from a further stage of model iteration.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011176",
    doi = "10.1002/2014jb011176",
    openalex = "W1562504550",
    references = "doi1010160033589478900339, doi101016s0277379101001019, doi101017s0033822200034202, doi101017s0263593300020782, doi1010292005gl025546, doi10102996jb03860, doi101029rg008i001p00169, doi101029rg010i003p00761, doi101029rg012i004p00649, doi10103820859, doi101038342637a0, doi101046j1365246x199800541x, doi101111j1365246x1976tb01253x, doi101126science2655169195, doi101146annurevearth32082503144359, doi1011751520046919780352362ltvodi20co2, doi101175bams853381"
}

@article{doi105194gmd932312016,
    author = "Griffies, Stephen M. and Danabasoglu, Gökhan and Durack, Paul J. and Adcroft, Alistair and Balaji, V. and Böning, Claus W. and Chassignet, Eric P. and Curchitser, Enrique and Deshayes, Julie and Drange, Helge and Fox‐Kemper, Baylor and Gleckler, Peter J. and Gregory, Jonathan M. and Haak, Helmuth and Hallberg, Robert and Heimbach, Patrick and Hewitt, Helene T. and Holland, David M. and Ilyina, Tatiana and Jungclaus, Johann and Komuro, Yoshiki and Krasting, John P. and Large, William G. and Marsland, Simon and Masina, Simona and McDougall, Trevor J. and Nurser, A. J. George and Orr, James C. and Pirani, Anna and Qiao, Fangli and Stouffer, Ronald J. and Taylor, Karl E. and Tréguier, Anne‐Marie and Tsujino, Hiroyuki and Uotila, Petteri and Valdivieso, Maria and Wang, Qiang and Winton, Michael and Yeager, Stephen",
    title = "OMIP contribution to CMIP6: experimental and diagnosticprotocol for the physical component of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Geoscientific model development",
    abstract = "Abstract. The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) is an endorsed project in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). OMIP addresses CMIP6 science questions, investigating the origins and consequences of systematic model biases. It does so by providing a framework for evaluating (including assessment of systematic biases), understanding, and improving ocean, sea-ice, tracer, and biogeochemical components of climate and earth system models contributing to CMIP6. Among the WCRP Grand Challenges in climate science (GCs), OMIP primarily contributes to the regional sea level change and near-term (climate/decadal) prediction GCs.OMIP provides (a) an experimental protocol for global ocean/sea-ice models run with a prescribed atmospheric forcing; and (b) a protocol for ocean diagnostics to be saved as part of CMIP6. We focus here on the physical component of OMIP, with a companion paper (Orr et al., 2016) detailing methods for the inert chemistry and interactive biogeochemistry. The physical portion of the OMIP experimental protocol follows the interannual Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). Since 2009, CORE-I (Normal Year Forcing) and CORE-II (Interannual Forcing) have become the standard methods to evaluate global ocean/sea-ice simulations and to examine mechanisms for forced ocean climate variability. The OMIP diagnostic protocol is relevant for any ocean model component of CMIP6, including the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima experiments), historical simulations, FAFMIP (Flux Anomaly Forced MIP), C4MIP (Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate MIP), DAMIP (Detection and Attribution MIP), DCPP (Decadal Climate Prediction Project), ScenarioMIP, HighResMIP (High Resolution MIP), as well as the ocean/sea-ice OMIP simulations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016",
    doi = "10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016",
    openalex = "W2522562021",
    references = "doi101007s0038201110576"
}

@article{doi1010292017jb015305,
    author = "Yu, Chen and Li, Zhenhong and Penna, N. T. and Crippa, Paola",
    title = "Generic Atmospheric Correction Model for Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth",
    abstract = "Abstract For mapping Earth surface movements at larger scale and smaller amplitudes, many new synthetic aperture radar instruments (Sentinel‐1A/B, Gaofen‐3, ALOS‐2) have been developed and launched from 2014–2017, and this trend is set to continue with Sentinel‐1C/D, Gaofen‐3B/C, RADARSAT Constellation planned for launch during 2018–2025. This poses more challenges for correcting interferograms for atmospheric effects since the spatial‐temporal variations of tropospheric delay may dominate over large scales and completely mask the actual displacements due to tectonic or volcanic deformation. To overcome this, we have developed a generic interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction model whose notable features comprise (i) global coverage, (ii) all‐weather, all‐time useability, (iii) correction maps available in near real time, and (iv) indicators to assess the correction performance and feasibility. The model integrates operational high‐resolution European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) data (0.125° grid, 137 vertical levels, and 6‐hr interval) and continuous GPS tropospheric delay estimates (every 5 min) using an iterative tropospheric decomposition model. The model's performance was tested using eight globally distributed Sentinel‐1 interferograms, encompassing both flat and mountainous topographies, midlatitude and near polar regions, and monsoon and oceanic climate systems, achieving a phase standard deviation and displacement root‐mean‐square (RMS) of \textasciitilde 1 cm against GPS over wide regions (250 by 250 km). Indicators describing the model's performance including (i) GPS network and ECMWF cross RMS, (ii) phase versus estimated atmospheric delay correlations, (iii) ECMWF time differences, and (iv) topography variations were developed to provide quality control for subsequent automatic processing and provide insights of the confidence level with which the generated atmospheric correction maps may be applied.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2017jb015305",
    doi = "10.1029/2017jb015305",
    openalex = "W2892096864",
    references = "doi1010292005gl025546"
}

@article{doi1010292018tc005185,
    author = "Bonini, Lorenzo and Basili, Roberto and Burrato, Pierfrancesco and Cannelli, Valentina and Fracassi, Umberto and Maesano, Francesco Emanuele and Melini, Daniele and Tarabusi, Gabriele and Tiberti, Mara Monica and Vannoli, Paola and Valensise, Gianluca",
    title = "Testing Different Tectonic Models for the Source of the M w 6.5, 30 October 2016, Norcia Earthquake (Central Italy): A Youthful Normal Fault, or Negative Inversion of an Old Thrust?",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Tectonics",
    abstract = "Abstract We adopted a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the seismotectonic scenario of the 30 October 2016, M w 6.5, Norcia earthquake, the largest shock of the 2016–2017 central Italy earthquake sequence. First, we used seismological and geodetic data to infer the dip of the main slip patch of the seismogenic fault that turned out to be rather low‐angle (\textasciitilde 37°). To evaluate whether this is an acceptable dip for the main seismogenic source, we modeled earthquake deformation using single‐ and multiple‐fault models deduced from aftershock pattern analyses. These models show that the coseismic deformation generated by the Norcia earthquake is coherent with slip along a rather shallow‐dipping plane. To understand the geological significance of this solution, we reconstructed the subsurface architecture of the epicentral area. As the available data are not robust enough to converge on a single fault model, we built three different models encompassing all major geological evidence and the associated uncertainties, including the tectonic style and the location of major décollement levels. In all models the structures derived from the contractional phase play a significant role: from controlling segmentation to partially reusing inherited faults, to fully reactivating in extension a regional thrust, geometrically compatible with the source of the Norcia earthquake. Based on our conclusions, some additional seismogenic sources falling in the eastern, external portions of the Apennines may coincide with inherited structures. This may be a common occurrence in this region of the chain, where the inception of extension is as recent as Middle‐Upper Pleistocene.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2018tc005185",
    doi = "10.1029/2018tc005185",
    openalex = "W2913934732",
    references = "doi101016jjsg201611010"
}

@inproceedings{andsoucey2021investigating,
    author = "Soucey, Charles and Dean, Sarah L.",
    title = "INVESTIGATING GRAVITY-DRIVEN SHALE TECTONICS: RESULTS FROM CLAY MODELS",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-366124",
    doi = "10.1130/abs/2021am-366124",
    openalex = "W3210111459"
}

@incollection{anonymoussNonegravity,
    author = "Anonymouss",
    title = "Gravity slide tectonics",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Earth Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31080-0\_48",
    doi = "10.1007/3-540-31080-0\_48",
    openalex = "W193267893",
    pages = "317-323",
    references = "doi102475ajs2526321"
}