@article{doi101242jeb164499, author = "Webb, David", title = "Observations On the Blood of Certain Ascidians, with Special Reference to the Biochemistry of Vanadium", year = "1939", journal = "Journal of Experimental Biology", abstract = "ABSTRACT The blood of a number of species of Ascidiacea has been examined with reference to the presence of the vanadium chromogen described by Henze, and the results are discussed in connexion with the data available from other authors. The chromogen is always contained, together with sulphuric acid, in a special type of cell described as a vanadocyte. These are found only in the Ascidiidae and Perophoridae, though members of certain other families contain vanadium in some other form. The distribution within the group of sulphuric acid in vesicular cells of the blood and test is also discussed. There is no reason to suppose that the pigments of Ascidians, other than the chromogen itself, are vanadium compounds. A curious type of cell inclusion from the orange pigment cells of Ascidia mentula is described. Experimental evidence and theoretical considerations are brought forward to show that the vanadium chromogen is not in any sense a respiratory pigment. At present no function can be ascribed to it. It is not a protein or porphyrin compound, but seems to consist of vanadium in association with a straight chain complex of pyrrol rings, comparable perhaps to a bile pigment. It seems possible that sea water provides a sufficiently rich source of vanadium to account for the amounts absorbed. The phylogenetic aspects of these facts are considered in relation to Berrill’s recent re-classification of the Ascidiacea. The presence of vanadium is a primitive character which has been lost in the more specialized families.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.16.4.499", doi = "10.1242/jeb.16.4.499", openalex = "W1936994152", references = "doi101515bchm219117256494" } @article{doi1023071538503, author = "Goldberg, Edward D. and MCBLAIR, WILLIAM and Taylor, Kenneth M.", title = "THE UPTAKE OF VANADIUM BY TUNICATES", year = "1951", journal = "Biological Bulletin", abstract = "1. Chemical analyses made on Ciona intestinalis indicated the vanadium to be localized in the gut region and the ovaries. These sites of assimilation were confirmed by radioautographs utilizing cyclotron-produced radioactive vanadium. 2. The total vanadium content of four local species of ascidians was determined. The uptake of radioactive vanadium from sea water indicated that Ciona intestinalis and Ascidia ceratodes are able, by means of an adsorption mechanism, to concentrate vanadium directly from sea water. The efficiency of assimilation was of the order of 2½ per cent for unfed animals. 3. Pumping rate of water by Ciona intestinalis was determined by a direct method. It was concluded that sea water and its particulate constituents could furnish the necessary vanadium demanded by Ciona intestinalis.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1538503", doi = "10.2307/1538503", openalex = "W2345296983" } @article{doi101071mf9550035, author = "Endean, R.", title = "Studies of the Blood and Tests of Some Australian Ascidians. I. The Blood of Pyura stolonifera (Heller)", year = "1955", journal = "Marine and Freshwater Research", abstract = "The blood cells of Pyura stolonifera are described and figured. Descriptions are given of the formation of the various cell types from the primitive lymphocytes of the blood. The presence of morula-shaped cells, which appear to correspond structurally with the vanadium-containing cells of members of the family Ascidiidae, is noted and the reaction of these cells to certain histological and histochemical reagents described. Vanadium cannot be detected spectrographically in the ashed corpuscles but an iron compound with somewhat similar properties to the vanadium chromogen of the Ascidiidae is present. The iron is present in the ferrous condition and is capable of being liberated by acids. The iron compound has marked reducing properties and will reduce cytochrome c anaerobically. It is found in association with protein and an aminopolysaccharide. The importance of this association is discussed. Investigations on the intracorpuscular acidity of the morula-shaped corpuscles reveal that, although acid is present, the hydrogen ion concentration is not as great as in the vanadium-containing cells of the Ascidiidae. This can be correlated with the lower intracorpuscular sulphate concentration of the present species. Analyses of the inorganic composition of the plasma show that the sulphate concentration is slightly over half that of the external sea-water. The results of these and other investigations are compared with those obtained by workers using ascidians belonging to other families.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1071/mf9550035", doi = "10.1071/mf9550035", openalex = "W1991323637" } @article{carlisle1968vanadium, author = "Carlisle, D. B.", title = "Vanadium and other metals in ascidians", year = "1968", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences", abstract = "It is now more than half a century since Henze (1911) first demonstrated the presence of the metal vanadium in the blood of ascidians. He showed that the vanadium was organically bound (although to what, he did not know); that the greater part of it was to be found in blood cells rather than free in the plasma; and he investigated possible functions for this material.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1968.0054", doi = "10.1098/rspb.1968.0054", number = "1022", openalex = "W2068829074", pages = "31-42", volume = "171" } @inproceedings{carlisle1968vanadium1, author = "Carlisle, D. B", title = "Vanadium and other metals in ascidians", year = "1968", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B, v. 71, p. 31-42", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Carlisle, D. B., 1968, Vanadium and other metals in ascidians: Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B, v. 71, p. 31-42.}" } @article{doi101021es60065a006, author = "Dean, John G. and Bosqui, Frank L. and Lanouette, Kenneth H.", title = "Removing heavy metals from waste water", year = "1972", journal = "Environmental Science \& Technology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/es60065a006", doi = "10.1021/es60065a006", openalex = "W1975043855" } @article{doi1023071540626, author = "Swinehart, James H. and Biggs, Wilton R. and Halko, David J. and Schroeder, Norman C.", title = "THE VANADIUM AND SELECTED METAL CONTENTS OF SOME ASCIDIANS", year = "1974", journal = "Biological Bulletin", abstract = "The vanadium and other selected metal contents of primarily California ascidians have been determined. The species Ascidia ceratodes and Perophora annectens have large vanadium contents as has been predicted for members of the families Ascidiidae and Perophoridae from the order Phlebobranchia. Several species in the order Aplousobranchia have large vanadium contents: the vanadium being present as vanadium (IV) whereas it is vanadium (III) that is found in the order Phlebobranchia. Molgula manhattensis, a species from the order Stolidobranchia, shows a large iron content: the metal being localized in the fluid from the heart.Three dominant fractions were chromatographed from the cells contained in the fluid of Ascidia ceratodes. The roles of the compounds present in these fractions are discussed. The spectra of these fractions are correlated with the spectrum of the cells.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1540626", doi = "10.2307/1540626", openalex = "W1912882763" } @article{doi102136sssaj197603615995004000050047x, author = "Kinniburgh, D.G. and Jackson, M. L. and Syers, J. K.", title = "Adsorption of Alkaline Earth, Transition, and Heavy Metal Cations by Hydrous Oxide Gels of Iron and Aluminum", year = "1976", journal = "Soil Science Society of America Journal", abstract = "Abstract Freshly precipitated Fe and Al gels (points of zero change at pH 8.1 and 9.4, respectively) strongly specifically adsorb divalent cations from 1 M NaNO 3 solution. Adsorption from a mixed solution of eight divalent cations (each 0.125 × 10 ‐3 M) in suspensions of freshly precipitated Fe and Al gels (0.093 M with respect to Fe or Al) was measured as a function of pH in 1 M NaNO 3. The selectivity sequence (lower pH = greater selectivity) for the retention of the alkaline earth cations by Fe gel was Ba > Ca > Sr > Mg, but for the Al gel was Mg > Ca > Sr > Ba. The selectivity sequence (Figures in parentheses indicate pH ± 0.2 for 50\% retention) for the Fe gel was: Pb (3.1) > Cu(4.4) > Zn(5.4) > Ni(5.6) > Cd(5.8) > Co(6.0) > Sr(7.4) > Mg(7.8), whereas the sequence for the Al gel was: Cu(4.8) > Pb(5.2) > Zn(5.6) > Ni(6.3) > Co(6.5) > Cd(6.6) > Mg(8.1) > Sr(9.2). Significant adsorption occurred even when the extent of cation hydrolysis was much < 1\%, and invariably occurred at a pH lower than that for hydroxide precipitation. Although the adsorption‐pH sequences are related to cation hydrolysis and hydroxide precipitation pH values, the relationship is far from perfect, as is evidenced by the different sequences for the two gels. On aging of the Al gel in the presence of alkaline earth cations, the retention of Mg increased, while that of Ca, Sr, and Ba decreased. This result was thought to result from the structural incorporation of some Mg and the exclusion of the other cations.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1976.03615995004000050047x", doi = "10.2136/sssaj1976.03615995004000050047x", openalex = "W2035611535" } @article{doi1023071939041, author = "Stoecker, Diane K.", title = "Chemical Defenses of Ascidians Against Predators", year = "1980", journal = "Ecology", abstract = "Many benthic ascidians lack strong mechanical defenses but are relatively free from predation; chemical defenses against predators are important in certain species. A number of ascidians have highly acidic tunic fluids (pH ≤ 2) which deter predators. The high vanadium content (≥100 mg/g wet mass) of some ascidians reduces their palatability to predators.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1939041", doi = "10.2307/1939041", openalex = "W2009773169", references = "carlisle1968vanadium, doi101016s0065288108603417" } @article{doi103354meps003257, author = "Stoecker, Diane K.", title = "Relationships Between Chemical Defense and Ecology in Benthic Ascidians", year = "1980", journal = "Marine Ecology Progress Series", abstract = "Thirty-five species of nearshore, benthic ascidians were collected in Bermuda and notes were made on their habitat, microhabitat, susceptibility to epizoic recruitment, morphology, and acidity. Twenty-four ascidian species were later analyzed for vanadium and iron contents. Ten species had vanadium concentrations of over 100 ppm d. W. (dry weight); three species had vanadium concentrations of over 1000 ppm d. W. Iron contents were independent of vanadium contents. Thirteen species had acidic (pH 5 2) tunic fluids. Tunic fluid pH was not associated with vanadium contents. Vanadium content was not significantly associated with habitat, microhabitat, susceptibility to epizoic recruitment, or coloniality. Tunic acidity was significantly associated with habitat and lack of epibionts. No acidic species had macroscopic epibionts. Coloniality was significantly associated with lack of epibionts. These findings are discussed in reference to previous experimental work, which has shown that high vanadium contents and acidity are involved in chemical defense in ascidians, and in reference to the role of chemical defenses in sessile, epibenthic, marine invertebrates.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3354/meps003257", doi = "10.3354/meps003257", openalex = "W2086113589", references = "carlisle1968vanadium, doi101016s0065288108604575" } @article{doi101128aem4748218241984, author = "Tobin, John and Cooper, David G. and Neufeld, Ronald J.", title = "Uptake of Metal Ions by Rhizopus arrhizus Biomass", year = "1984", journal = "Applied and Environmental Microbiology", abstract = "Rhizopus arrhizus biomass was found to absorb a variety of different metal cations and anions but did not absorb alkali metal ions. The amount of uptake of the cations was directly related to ionic radii of La, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ba, Hg, Pb, UO(2), and Ag. The uptake of all the cations is consistent with absorption of the metals by sites in the biomass containing phosphate, carboxylate, and other functional groups. The uptake of the molybdate and vanadate anions was strongly pH dependent, and it is proposed that the uptake mechanism involves electrostatic attraction to positively charged functional groups.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.47.4.821-824.1984", doi = "10.1128/aem.47.4.821-824.1984", openalex = "W1492337634" } @article{doi1023071541632, author = "Michibata, Hitoshi and Terada, Tomoyoshi and ANADA, N. and Yamakawa, K. and Numakunai, Takaharu", title = "THE ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF VANADIUM, IRON, AND MANGANESE IN SOME SOLITARY ASCIDIANS", year = "1986", journal = "Biological Bulletin", abstract = "The vanadium, iron, and manganese contents of 15 species of solitary ascidians belonging to the suborders Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia were determined by thermal neutron activation analysis. Vanadium was detectable in all species examined. In general, the vanadium content in various tissues of the Phlebobranchia was considerably higher than the iron and manganese contents. The blood cells especially contained a large amount of vanadium. The highest value (21 µg vanadium/mg dry weight) was obtained from blood corpuscles of Ascidia ahodori. Species in the suborder Stolidobranchia, on the other hand, had smaller quantities of vanadium in comparison with those in the suborder Phlebobranchia. The iron and manganese contents did not differ greatly between the two suborders. The data are considered in the light of physiological roles of these transition metals in ascidians.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1541632", doi = "10.2307/1541632", openalex = "W1895755529", references = "carlisle1968vanadium, doi1010160025326x77904313, doi101016096800048090256x, doi101016c20130100074, doi101016s0003267000854884, doi101016s0065288108604575, doi101038309441a0, doi101242jeb164499, doi101515bchm219117256494, doi1023071540626" } @article{doi101002anie199101481, author = "Rehder, Dieter", title = "The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Vanadium", year = "1991", journal = "Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English", abstract = "Abstract Vanadium is a trace element that plays an important, perhaps essential and general role in the regulation of enzymatic phosphorylations. Several forms of life, including the fly agaric toadstool (Amanita muscaria) and certain sea squirts (ascidians), are able to concentrate vanadium. In other organisms vanadium is part of the active site of some enzymes. Well‐studied examples are the nitrogen‐fixing bacterium Azotobacter and various seaweeds that use vanadate‐dependent peroxidases to synthesize halogenated organic compounds. Despite its importance as a “biometal” both in primitive, prokaryotic organisms (Azotobacter) and in the highly organized ascidians, which represent an early stage in the evolution of vertebrates, the bioinorganic chemistry of vanadium is still in its infancy. Just as young, but undergoing explosive development, is the chemistry of model compounds for vanadium‐containing biomolecules, a domain of the bioinorganic coordination chemist, who almost daily discovers compounds with new and surprising structural features. This article reviews this fascinating area of bioinorganic chemistry.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199101481", doi = "10.1002/anie.199101481", openalex = "W2135945740", references = "doi101515bchm219117256494, doi1023071541632" } @article{doi1023072937316, author = "Lindquist, Niels and Hay, Mark E. and Fenical, William", title = "Defense of Ascidians and Their Conspicuous Larvae: Adult vs. Larval Chemical Defenses", year = "1992", journal = "Ecological Monographs", abstract = "Previous investigations, focused primarily on vertebrates, have noted substantial losses of eggs and embryos to predators and questioned why selection has not more commonly resulted in the evolution of chemically defended eggs or embryos. Hypotheses regarding the apparent rarity of such defenses have emphasized the potential incompatibility of actively developing tissues and toxic metabolites. Alternatively, this apparent pattern could be an artifact of our greater knowledge of vertebrates, which in general show few tendencies for synthesizing defensive metabolites in either juvenile or adult stages. In this study, we investigated adult and larval chemical defenses of a group of benthic marine invertebrates, the ascidians, in which the adults are often chemically rich, and we contrast our findings with what is known about chemical defenses of eggs and embryos from terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Our findings suggest that there is no fundamental incompatibility of rapidly developing juvenile tissues and bioactive metabolites, and that chemically defended eggs and larval stages may be common among some taxonomic groups. Ascidians are benthic invertebrates that often lack apparent physical defenses against predation, yet are common on coral reefs where predation by fishes is intense. In contrast to most co—occurring invertebrates, many ascidians also release large, conspicuous larvae during daylight hours when exposure to fish predation would be highest. Thus selection by predators might favor the evolution of distasteful larvae. In situ observations indicate that many conspicuous ascidian larvae are distasteful to potential consumers. We investigated the ability of secondary metabolites produced by taxonomically diverse ascidians from geographically distant locales to deter predation on both adults and larvae. Larvae from the Caribbean ascidian Trididemnum solidum were distasteful to reef fishes, and when organic extracts of individual larvae were transferred onto eyes of freeze—dried krill (a good larval mimic in terms of size and color), these eyes were rejected by fishes while control eyes (solvent only) were readily eaten. Larvae of the Indo—Pacific ascidian Sigillina cf. signifera were also distasteful to coral—reef fishes and contained the unpalatable bipyrrole alkaloid tambjamine C. When added to artificial foods at or below their natural mean concentrations and offered to consumers in field and laboratory feeding assays, the secondary metabolites produced by Trididemnum solidum (Caribbean Sea), Sigillina cf. signifera (Indo—Pacific), and Polyandrocarpa sp. (Gulf of California) significantly deterred feeding by co—occurring fishes and invertebrates. Secondary metabolites produced by Trididemnum cf. cyanophorum from the Caribbean Sea, Lissoclinum patella from the Indo—Pacific, and Aplidium californicum from the temperate Pacific, and the small stellate spicules common to many tropical didemnid ascidians did not significantly affect fish feeding. High—pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of six didemnin cyclic peptides in individual colonies of Trididemnum solidum from one patch reef at Little San Salvador, Bahamas found large inter—colony differences in their concentrations. The mean concentration of didemnin B was more than double the concentration needed to significantly deter fish feeding in our field assays, and feeding tests with nordidemnin B showed that it deterred fish feeding across the entire range of natural concentrations. HPLC analysis of the extract from a combined collection of T. solidum larvae found adequate concentrations of didemnin B and nordidemnin B to account for their rejection by foraging fishes. We demonstrate that taxonomically diverse ascidians from habitats characterized by intense predation pressure produce secondary metabolites that significantly reduce predation on both adults and larvae, and suggest that this defensive chemistry may be crucial in allowing the release of large, well—provisioned larvae during daylight periods when larvae have the greatest probability of using photic cues to select physically appropriate settlement sites. Production of defensive secondary metabolites appears widespread among certain groups of ascidians, some of which are also known to concentrate acid and heavy metals as additional defensive strategies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2937316", doi = "10.2307/2937316", openalex = "W2018408949", references = "dayton1971competition, doi101007bf00006309, doi101007bf00045046, doi101039np9900700269, doi101073pnas72125160, doi101111j109583121980tb00107x, doi101111j155856461969tb03489x, doi101126science22346411186, doi101146annureves07110176002023, doi1023072285423" } @article{doi101016096085249500072m, author = "Kapoor, Archana and Viraraghavan, T.", title = "Fungal biosorption — an alternative treatment option for heavy metal bearing wastewaters: a review", year = "1995", journal = "Bioresource Technology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(95)00072-m", doi = "10.1016/0960-8524(95)00072-m", openalex = "W2134118448", references = "doi101002bit260230309, doi101002bit260410809, doi101016004313549090225u, doi101021bp00033a001, doi101021es60065a006, doi101111j174966321949tb27297x, doi101128aem4748218241984, doi102136sssaj197603615995004000050047x, doi105860choice281577, openalexw1566147712" } @article{doi101021bp00033a001, author = "Volesky, Bohumil and Holan, Z. R.", title = "Biosorption of Heavy Metals", year = "1995", journal = "Biotechnology Progress", abstract = "Only within the past decade has the potential of metal biosorption by biomass materials been well established. For economic reasons, of particular interest are abundant biomass types generated as a waste byproduct of large-scale industrial fermentations or certain metal-binding algae found in large quantities in the sea. These biomass types serve as a basis for newly developed metal biosorption processes foreseen particularly as a very competitive means for the detoxification of metal-bearing industrial effluents. The assessment of the metal-binding capacity of some new biosorbents is discussed. Lead and cadmium, for instance, have been effectively removed from very dilute solutions by the dried biomass of some ubiquitous species of brown marine algae such as Ascophyllum and Sargassum, which accumulate more than 30\% of biomass dry weight in the metal. Mycelia of the industrial steroid-transforming fungi Rhizopus and Absidia are excellent biosorbents for lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and uranium and also bind other heavy metals up to 25\% of the biomass dry weight. Biosorption isotherm curves, derived from equilibrium batch sorption experiments, are used in the evaluation of metal uptake by different biosorbents. Further studies are focusing on the assessment of biosorbent performance in dynamic continuous-flow sorption systems. In the course of this work, new methodologies are being developed that are aimed at mathematical modeling of biosorption systems and their effective optimization. Elucidation of mechanisms active in metal biosorption is essential for successful exploitation of the phenomenon and for regeneration of biosorbent materials in multiple reuse cycles. The complex nature of biosorbent materials makes this task particularly challenging. Discussion focuses on the composition of marine algae polysaccharide structures, which seem instrumental in metal uptake and binding. The state of the art in the field of biosorption is reviewed in this article, with many references to recent reviews and key individual contributions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/bp00033a001", doi = "10.1021/bp00033a001", openalex = "W1976347027" } @article{doi101021es00005a014, author = "Kumar, Prabhat and Dushenkov, Slavik and Motto, Harry L. and Raskin, Ilya", title = "Phytoextraction: The Use of Plants To Remove Heavy Metals from Soils", year = "1995", journal = "Environmental Science \& Technology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/es00005a014", doi = "10.1021/es00005a014", openalex = "W2136256673" } @article{doi101021es950315s, author = "Fourest, Eric and Volesky, Bohumil", title = "Contribution of Sulfonate Groups and Alginate to Heavy Metal Biosorption by the Dry Biomass of Sargassum fluitans", year = "1995", journal = "Environmental Science \& Technology", abstract = "The mechanism of heavy metal complexation by the dry biomass of the brown seaweed Sargassum fluitans was investigated at the molecular level using different techniques. Simultaneous potentiometric and conductimetric titrations gave some information concerning the amount of strong and weak acidic functional groups in the biomass (0.25 ± 0.05 mequiv/g and 2.00 ± 0.05 mequiv/g, respectively). Those results were confirmed by the chemical identification of sulfonate groups (0.27 mequiv/g ± 0.03) and alginate (45\% of the dry weight) corresponding to 2.25 mmol of carboxyl groups/g of biomass. Modification of these functional groups by methanolic hydrochloride or propylene oxide demonstrated the predominant role of alginate in the uptake of cadmium and lead. However, sulfonate groups can also contribute, to a lower extent, to heavy metal binding, particularly at low pH. Eventually, FTIR spectrophotometry on protonated or cadmium-loaded alginate and S. fluitans biomass physically demonstrated that cadmium binding arises by bridging or bidentate complex formation with the carboxyl groups of the alginate.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/es950315s", doi = "10.1021/es950315s", openalex = "W1984411430" } @article{cheney1997the, author = "Cheney, Marcos A and Berg, John R and Swinehart, James H", title = "The Uptake of Vanadium(V) and Other Metals by the Isolated Branchial Sacs of the Ascidians Ascidia ceratodes, Ciona intestinalis, and Styela montereyensis", year = "1997", journal = "Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0742-8413(96)00194-6", doi = "10.1016/s0742-8413(96)00194-6", number = "2", openalex = "W2048048406", pages = "149-153", volume = "116", references = "carlisle1968vanadium, doi1010160005273681901528, doi1010160160932784901042, doi101071mf9550035, doi101242jeb164499, doi1023071538503, doi1023071540626, doi1023071541632, doi103891actachemscand110551, openalexw2077200748" } @article{doi101016s0167779998012189, author = "Kratochvil, David", title = "Advances in the biosorption of heavy metals", year = "1998", journal = "Trends in biotechnology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7799(98)01218-9", doi = "10.1016/s0167-7799(98)01218-9", openalex = "W1919779920", references = "doi101002bit260230309, doi101002bit260410808, doi101002bit260431102, doi101016c20130042673, doi101021bp00033a001, doi101021es950315s, doi101021ja01448a018, doi101021ja02242a004, doi101515zpch19075723, openalexw2109966672" } @article{doi101016s0043135400001779, author = "Davis, Thomas A. and Volesky, Bohumil and dos Fernandes Vieira, Regine Helena Silva", title = "Sargassum seaweed as biosorbent for heavy metals", year = "2000", journal = "Water Research", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00177-9", doi = "10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00177-9", openalex = "W1983212398", references = "doi1040189781522589037ch077" } @article{doi101016s0960852401000207, author = "Yan, Guangyu and Viraraghavan, T.", title = "Heavy metal removal in a biosorption column by immobilized M. rouxii biomass", year = "2001", journal = "Bioresource Technology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00020-7", doi = "10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00020-7", openalex = "W2035081664", references = "doi1040189781522589037ch077" } @article{doi101002jemt10042, author = "Michibata, Hitoshi and Uyama, Taro and Ueki, Tatsuya and Kanamori, Kan", title = "Vanadocytes, cells hold the key to resolving the highly selective accumulation and reduction of vanadium in ascidians", year = "2002", journal = "Microscopy Research and Technique", abstract = "Since Henze discovered vanadium in the blood (or coelomic) cells of an ascidian in 1911, this unusual phenomenon has attracted the interest of many investigators. The highest concentration of vanadium (350 mM) in the blood cells of Ascidia gemmata, which belongs to the suborder Phlebobranchia, is 10(7) times higher than that in seawater. Of the approximately 10 types of blood cells, a combination of cell fractionation and neutron-activation analysis revealed that the signet ring cells were the true vanadocytes. In the vanadocytes, 97.6\% of the vanadium is in the +3 oxidation state (III). The extremely low pH of 1.9 found in vanadocytes suggests that protons, concentrated by an H(+)-ATPase, might be linked to the accumulation of vanadium energetically. The antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody, S4D5, prepared to identify vanadocytes, was determined to be 6-PGDH in the pentose phosphate pathway. NADPH produced in the pentose phosphate pathway in vanadocytes is thought to participate in the reduction of vanadium(V) to vanadium(IV). During embryogenesis, a vanadocyte-specific antigen first appears in the body wall at the same time that significant accumulations of vanadium become apparent. Three different vanadium-associated proteins (VAPs) were extracted from the blood cells of vanadium-rich ascidians. These are 12.5, 15, and 16 kDa in size and are associated with vanadium in an approximate ratio of 1:16. The cDNA encoding the 12.5 and 15 kDa VAPs was isolated and the proteins encoded were found to be novel. Further biochemical and biophysical characterization of the VAPs is in progress.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10042", doi = "10.1002/jemt.10042", openalex = "W2128749604", references = "carlisle1968vanadium, doi1010160022175977900552, doi1023071541632" } @article{doi101016s0308814601001972, author = "Mansour, Sameeh A. and Sidky, M. M.", title = "Ecotoxicological Studies. 3. Heavy metals contaminating water and fish from Fayoum Governorate, Egypt", year = "2002", journal = "Food Chemistry", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00197-2", doi = "10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00197-2", openalex = "W1995132375", references = "openalexw2341068302" } @article{doi101021es0102989, author = "Reddad, Zacaria and Gérente, Claire and Andrès, Yves and Cloirec, Pierre Le", title = "Adsorption of Several Metal Ions onto a Low-Cost Biosorbent: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies", year = "2002", journal = "Environmental Science \& Technology", abstract = "Sugar beet pulp generated by sugar-refining factories has been shown to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The structural components related to the metallic adsorption being determined, batch adsorption studies were performed for several metal ions, namely, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+ cations. Two simple kinetic models, that is, pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order, were tested to investigate the adsorption mechanisms. The kinetic parameters of the models were calculated and discussed. For an 8 x 10(-4) M initial metal concentration, the initial sorption rates (v0) ranged from 0.063 mmol x g(-1) x min(-1) for Pb2+ to 0.275 mmol x g(-1) x min(-1) for Ni2+ ions, in the order Ni2+ > Cd2+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Pb2+. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir and Freundlich models and showed the following affinity order of the material: Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+. The metal removal was strongly dependent on pH and, to a lesser extent, ionic strength. Ion exchange with Ca2+ ions neutralizing the carboxyl groups of the polysaccharide was found to be the predominant mechanism, added with complexation for Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ metals.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/es0102989", doi = "10.1021/es0102989", openalex = "W1988073745" } @article{doi101016s0010854502002783, author = "Michibata, Hitoshi and Yamaguchi, Nobuo and Uyama, Taro and Ueki, Tatsuya", title = "Molecular biological approaches to the accumulation and reduction of vanadium by ascidians", year = "2003", journal = "Coordination Chemistry Reviews", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8545(02)00278-3", doi = "10.1016/s0010-8545(02)00278-3", openalex = "W2075280592", references = "doi1023071541632" } @article{doi101016s0043135403002938, author = "Davis, Thomas A. and Volesky, Bohumil and Mucci, Alfonso", title = "A review of the biochemistry of heavy metal biosorption by brown algae", year = "2003", journal = "Water Research", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(03)00293-8", doi = "10.1016/s0043-1354(03)00293-8", openalex = "W2086492725", references = "doi1010079789400958067, doi1010160008621583880537, doi101016s0008621500840513, doi101016s0065237707x32009, doi101016s0167779998012189, doi101021bp00033a001, doi101515zpch19075723, doi1023072484419, openalexw2109966672, openalexw2785226900" } @article{doi101016s0167478103000368, author = "Ueki, Tatsuya and Adachi, Takahiro and Kawano, Sonoko and Aoshima, Masato and Yamaguchi, Nobuo and Kanamori, Kan and Michibata, Hitoshi", title = "Vanadium-binding proteins (vanabins) from a vanadium-rich ascidian Ascidia sydneiensis samea", year = "2003", journal = "Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4781(03)00036-8", doi = "10.1016/s0167-4781(03)00036-8", openalex = "W2004526900", references = "doi101515bchm219117256494" } @article{doi101016s1093019102000047, author = "Goyal, Navdeep and Jain, Shuchi and Banerjee, Uttam Chand", title = "Comparative studies on the microbial adsorption of heavy metals", year = "2003", journal = "Advances in Environmental Research", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1093-0191(02)00004-7", doi = "10.1016/s1093-0191(02)00004-7", openalex = "W2001117337" } @article{doi101021ja034507w, author = "Fukui, Kôichi and Ueki, Tatsuya and Ohya, Hiroaki and Michibata, Hitoshi", title = "Vanadium-Binding Protein in a Vanadium-Rich Ascidian Ascidia s ydneiensis s amea: CW and Pulsed EPR Studies", year = "2003", journal = "Journal of the American Chemical Society", abstract = "Some of the ascidians belonging to the suborder Phlebobranchia accumulate vanadium ion efficiently from seawater. Clarification of the mechanism of this surprisingly efficient metal-accumulation system is desirable. Two mutually similar vanadium-binding proteins (vanabin1 and vanabin2) have recently been isolated from a vanadium-rich ascidian Ascidia sydneiensis samea. In this study, the vanadium-binding properties of vanabin2 have been investigated by X-band CW EPR and pulsed EPR spectroscopy. CW EPR spectra of samples containing various ratios of VO2+ and vanabin2 invariably exhibited a usual mononuclear-type VO2+ EPR signal with the intensity dependent on the ratio [vanabin]/[V]. EPR titration has shown that vanabin2 can bind up to approximately 23.9 vanadium ions per one molecule, almost all of which (approximately 84\%) are in a mononuclear VO2+ state as estimated by EPR quantitation. Electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectra of VO-vanabin2 exhibited reasonably intense peaks attributable to amine nitrogen. This is consistent with the fact that vanabin2 is a lysine-rich protein (14 lysines out of 91 amino acids). The present study reveals the uniqueness of vanabin2, which can bind a large number of metal ions in a mononuclear fashion in contrast to the situation for ferritin and metallothionein.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/ja034507w", doi = "10.1021/ja034507w", openalex = "W2004540743", references = "doi1023071541632" } @article{doi101016jenvres200502001, author = "Burger, Joanna and Gochfeld, Michael", title = "Heavy metals in commercial fish in New Jersey", year = "2005", journal = "Environmental Research", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2005.02.001", doi = "10.1016/j.envres.2005.02.001", openalex = "W2111463097", references = "openalexw2341068302" } @article{doi101021ja042687j, author = "Hamada, Toshiyuki and Asanuma, Miwako and Ueki, Tatsuya and Hayashi, Fumiaki and Kobayashi, Naohiro and Yokoyama, Shigeyuki and Michibata, Hitoshi and Hirota, Hiroshi", title = "Solution Structure of Vanabin2, a Vanadium(IV)-Binding Protein from the Vanadium-Rich Ascidian Ascidia s ydneiensis samea", year = "2005", journal = "Journal of the American Chemical Society", abstract = "Ascidians belonging to the suborder Phlebobranchia are known to accumulate high levels of a transition metal, vanadium, in their blood cells, called vanadocytes, although the mechanism for this biological phenomenon remains unclear. Recently, we identified vanadium(IV)-binding proteins, designated as Vanabins, from vanadium-accumulating ascidians. Here, we report the first 3D structure of Vanabin2 from an ascidian, Ascidia sydneiensis samea, in an aqueous solution. The structure revealed a novel bow-shaped conformation, with four alpha-helices connected by nine disulfide bonds. There are no structural homologues reported so far. The 15N heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) perturbation experiments of Vanabin2 indicated that vanadyl cations, which are exclusively localized on the same face of the molecule, are coordinated by amine nitrogens derived from amino acid residues such as lysines, arginines, and histidines, as suggested by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results. The present NMR studies provide information that will contribute toward elucidating the mechanism of vanadium accumulation in ascidians.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/ja042687j", doi = "10.1021/ja042687j", openalex = "W2049641412", references = "doi1023071541632" } @article{doi101016jbiortech200512006, author = "Ahluwalia, Sarabjeet Singh and Goyal, Dinesh", title = "Microbial and plant derived biomass for removal of heavy metals from wastewater", year = "2006", journal = "Bioresource Technology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.006", doi = "10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.006", openalex = "W1983391943", references = "doi101016s0167779998012189" } @article{doi101016jbiotechadv200603001, author = "Wang, Jianlong and Chen, Can", title = "Biosorption of heavy metals by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A review", year = "2006", journal = "Biotechnology Advances", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.03.001", doi = "10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.03.001", openalex = "W2007762983", references = "doi101016096085249500072m, doi101016s0043135403002938, doi101016s0167779998012189" } @article{doi101039b612600f, author = "Bertram, Anna and Pattenden, Gerald", title = "Marine metabolites: metal binding and metal complexes of azole-based cyclic peptides of marine origin", year = "2007", journal = "Natural Product Reports", abstract = {Azole-based cyclic peptides found in ascidians ("sea squirts") of the genus Lissoclinum have a high propensity to chelate metal ions. This Highlight summarises the current evidence for marine cyclic peptide-metal congruence, and the structural and stereochemical features in cyclic peptides which seem necessary to facilitate metal complexation. The biological relevance of the metal ions in these associations, including their possible role in the assembly of cyclic peptides in the marine milieu, is also briefly considered. Finally, the synthesis of natural, and some novel non-natural, azole-based cyclic peptides from the cyclooligomerisation and assembly of azole-based amino acids, including in the presence of metal ions, is presented.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/b612600f", doi = "10.1039/b612600f", openalex = "W2162642569", references = "carlisle1968vanadium" } @article{doi101002clen200800167, author = "Arief, Vicentius Ochie and Trilestari, Kiki and Sunarso, Jaka and Indraswati, Nani and Ismadji, Suryadi", title = "Recent Progress on Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Liquids Using Low Cost Biosorbents: Characterization, Biosorption Parameters and Mechanism Studies", year = "2008", journal = "CLEAN - Soil Air Water", abstract = "Abstract A significant number of biosorption studies on the removal of heavy metal from aqueous solutions have been conducted worldwide. Nearly all of them have been directed towards optimizing biosorption parameters to obtain the highest removal efficiency while the rest of them are concerned with the biosorption mechanism. Combinations of FTIR, SEM‐EDX, TEM as well as classical methods such as titrations are extremely useful in determining the main processes on the surfaces of biosorbents. Diverse functional groups represented by carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfate and amino groups play significant roles in the biosorption process. Solution pH normally has a large impact on biosorption performance. In brief, ion exchange and complexation can be pointed out as the most prevalent mechanisms for the biosorption of most heavy metals.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.200800167", doi = "10.1002/clen.200800167", openalex = "W2049181697", references = "doi101016jbiortech200507001" } @article{doi101016jbej200812009, author = "Lesmana, Sisca O. and Febriana, Novie and Soetaredjo, Felycia Edi and Sunarso, Jaka and Ismadji, Suryadi", title = "Studies on potential applications of biomass for the separation of heavy metals from water and wastewater", year = "2008", journal = "Biochemical Engineering Journal", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2008.12.009", doi = "10.1016/j.bej.2008.12.009", openalex = "W2155840619", references = "doi101016jbiortech200507001" } @article{doi101016jbiotechadv200811002, author = "Wang, Jianlong and Chen, Can", title = "Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future", year = "2008", journal = "Biotechnology Advances", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.11.002", doi = "10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.11.002", openalex = "W2014096918", references = "doi101016096085249500072m, doi101016s0043135403002938, doi101016s0167779998012189, openalexw1965399445" } @article{doi101016jjhazmat200801024, author = "Demirbaş, Ayhan", title = "Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: A review", year = "2008", journal = "Journal of Hazardous Materials", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.024", doi = "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.024", openalex = "W2016334396", references = "doi101016s0167779998012189" } @article{doi101016jjhazmat200806042, author = "Febrianto, Jonathan and Kosasih, Aline Natasia and Sunarso, Jaka and Ju, Yi‐Hsu and Indraswati, Nani and Ismadji, Suryadi", title = "Equilibrium and kinetic studies in adsorption of heavy metals using biosorbent: A summary of recent studies", year = "2008", journal = "Journal of Hazardous Materials", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.042", doi = "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.042", openalex = "W2010080818", references = "doi101016jbiortech200507001" } @article{doi101631jzusb0710633, author = "Lone, Mohammad Iqbal and He, Zhenli and Stoffella, Peter J. and Yang, Xiaoe", title = "Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: Progresses and perspectives", year = "2008", journal = "Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B", abstract = "Environmental pollution affects the quality of pedosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Great efforts have been made in the last two decades to reduce pollution sources and remedy the polluted soil and water resources. Phytoremediation, being more cost-effective and fewer side effects than physical and chemical approaches, has gained increasing popularity in both academic and practical circles. More than 400 plant species have been identified to have potential for soil and water remediation. Among them, Thlaspi, Brassica, Sedum alfredii H., and Arabidopsis species have been mostly studied. It is also expected that recent advances in biotechnology will play a promising role in the development of new hyperaccumulators by transferring metal hyperaccumulating genes from low biomass wild species to the higher biomass producing cultivated species in the times to come. This paper attempted to provide a brief review on recent progresses in research and practical applications of phytoremediation for soil and water resources.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.b0710633", doi = "10.1631/jzus.b0710633", openalex = "W2045793892" } @article{openalexw2311968619, author = "Das, Nilanjana and Raghavan, Vimala and Karthika, P.", title = "Biosorption of heavy metals-An overview", year = "2008", abstract = "During the last two decades, extensive attention has been paid on the management of environmental pollution causal by hazardous materials such as heavy metals. Decontamination of heavy metals in the soil and water around industrial plants has been a challenge for a long time. A number of methods have been developed for the removal of heavy metals from liquid wastes such as precipitation, evaporation, electroplating, ion exchange, membrane processes, etc. However, these methods have several disadvantages such as unpredictable metal ion removal, high reagent requirement, generation of toxic sludge, etc. Biosorption is a process, which represents a biotechnological innovation as well as a cost effective excellent tool for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. This article provides a selective overview of past achievements and present scenario of biosorption studies carried out on some promising natural biosorbents (algae, fungi, bacteria, yeast) and some waste materials which could serve as an economical means of treating effluents charged with toxic metallic ions.", openalex = "W2311968619", references = "doi101016jbiortech200505012, doi101016jbiortech200507001" } @article{doi102989ajms20093132990, author = "Jiang, Aili and Yu, Zhiming and Wang, C H", title = "Bioaccumulation of cadmium in the ascidian Styela clava (Herdman 1881)", year = "2009", journal = "African Journal of Marine Science", abstract = "Abstract The processes of bioaccumulation and elimination of cadmium by tissues of Styela clava (Herdman 1881) were investigated based on a semi-static two-compartment model. The kinetic parameters (accumulation rate constant k 1, elimination rate constant k 2, bioconcentration factor BCF, biological half-life t 1/2 and maximum equilibrium concentration C Amax) were obtained by non-linear regression. The results showed that S. clava accumulates cadmium from its aquatic environment. BCF decreased with increasing metal concentration in the water, and when the accumulation achieved balance, C Amax correlated positively with metal concentrations in the water. Concentrations of cadmium in different tissues of S. clava were: gonad > digestive gland ≈ other parts > tunic. The t 1/2 values for cadmium were 15.54-50.40 days in the accumulation process and 11.53-24.55 days in the elimination phase. The high rate of accumulation and elimination of cadmium from the body reveals the potential of the organism to be used as a biomonitor of short-term cadmium fluctuation in marine systems. Keywords: accumulationcadmiumeliminationkinetics Styela clava", url = "https://doi.org/10.2989/ajms.2009.31.3.2.990", doi = "10.2989/ajms.2009.31.3.2.990", openalex = "W2032146524", references = "cheney1997the" } @article{doi103354ab00188, author = "Koplovitz, Gil and McClintock, JB and Amsler, Charles D. and Baker, BJ", title = "Palatability and chemical anti-predatory defenses in common ascidians from the Antarctic Peninsula", year = "2009", journal = "Aquatic Biology", abstract = "Palatability of outer tissues of a suite (12 species) of Antarctic ascidians was evaluated using omnivorous fish and sea star predators. Tissues of 100\% of those tested were unpalatable to fish, while 58\% were unpalatable to sea stars. Lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts of 11 species were incorporated into pellets and tested in fish and sea star bioassays. Only the lipophilic extract from Distaplia colligans caused fish feeding deterrence. Organic extracts from 10 ascidian species were also examined in food pellet assays using an omnivorous amphipod. Only the lipophilic extract of D. cylindrica was a deterrent. Five of the ascidians possessed acidified outer tunics (pH < 3). We tested the ability of acidified krill pellets (pH 2 to 7) to deter fish and sea star predators and found that, while fish readily ingested acidified food pellets (pH 2), sea stars were deterred at pH 5 or less. Thus either organic or inorganic chemical defenses explain defense in 5 of the 7 ascidian species found unpalatable to sea stars. In contrast, chemical defenses only explain 1 of 12 species found unpalatable to fish, and only 1 of 10 ascidians tested against an amphipod predator. This predator-specific pattern of chemical defense may reflect greater predation pressure on ascidians from Antarctic sea stars. Alternatively, Antarctic ascidians may rely on other factors such as the toughness of their tunic or sequestration of heavy metals such as vanadium to inhibit feeding by Antarctic fish, a taxonomic group known to lack strong jaws.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00188", doi = "10.3354/ab00188", openalex = "W1982540921", references = "doi101007bf00789935, doi101021cr00021a012, doi101039b302334f, doi101039b702742g, doi101039np9900700269, doi101093icb452359, doi1023071935526, doi1023071939631, doi1023071942321, doi1023072937316" } @article{doi101007s1088600997305, author = "Boyd, Robert S.", title = "Heavy Metal Pollutants and Chemical Ecology: Exploring New Frontiers", year = "2010", journal = "Journal of Chemical Ecology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-009-9730-5", doi = "10.1007/s10886-009-9730-5", openalex = "W2090062464", references = "doi101021cr00021a012" } @article{doi101039c1dt10092k, author = "Gaffney, Jean P. and Valentine, Ann M.", title = "The challenges of trafficking hydrolysis prone metals and ascidians as an archetype", year = "2011", journal = "Dalton Transactions", abstract = "Some of the metal ions that are required, exploited, or simply managed in biological systems are susceptible to hydrolysis and to hydrolytic precipitation in the aqueous, aerobic environment of much of biology. Organisms have evolved exquisite mechanisms for handling these metal ions, offering striking examples of biological control over inorganic coordination chemistry. This year marks the one hundredth anniversary of the discovery of remarkably high vanadium concentrations in the blood cells of the ascidian. In the ensuing years, these marine invertebrates were established as masters of the biological chemistry of very hydrolysis-prone metals, with various ascidian species accumulating high concentrations of iron, vanadium, and titanium, among others. These three metals have very different histories of biological relevance, and many questions remain about how, and ultimately why, these organisms sequester them. This Perspective addresses the aqueous coordination chemistry that organisms like ascidians must control if they are to manipulate hydrolysis-prone metal ions, and describes some of the ascidian biomolecules that have been implicated in this phenomenon. The recently available genome sequence for one ascidian species offers a glimpse into its metal-management arsenal. It offers the opportunity to map the relatively well-studied paradigm of iron management onto the genome of an organism that is intermediate in evolution between invertebrates and vertebrates. The ascidians have much to teach us about how to manage metals like iron, titanium, and vanadium and how that ability evolved.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/c1dt10092k", doi = "10.1039/c1dt10092k", openalex = "W2170153453", references = "cheney1997the" } @misc{doi10100797837643834046, author = "Tchounwou, Paul B. and Yedjou, Clément G. and Patlolla, Anita K. and Sutton, Dwayne J.", title = "Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment", year = "2012", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear Reactions", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4\_6", doi = "10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4\_6", openalex = "W2228338508", references = "doi101201b10158" } @article{doi103390md10081741, author = "Núñez‐Pons, Laura and Carbone, Marianna and Vázquez, Jennifer and Rodrı́guez, Jaime and Nieto, Rosa M. and Varela, María Mercedes and Gavagnin, Margherita and Àvila, Conxita", title = "Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera Aplidium and Synoicum: Variability and Defensive Role", year = "2012", journal = "Marine Drugs", abstract = "Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera Aplidium and Synoicum to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species A. falklandicum, A. fuegiense, A. meridianum, A. millari and S. adareanum were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish Odontaster validus, and the amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins A-G, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/md10081741", doi = "10.3390/md10081741", openalex = "W2154943030", references = "doi10100797814684264654, doi101007bf00789935, doi101007s0030001008197, doi101021cr00021a006, doi101039c2np00090c, doi101039np9900700269, doi101073pnas0501424102, doi101093icbicq035, doi101111j17518369200900110x, doi101128mmbr0004006, doi1023071942321, doi103354ab00188, doi103354meps058175, doi103354meps09840, openalexw1546962148" } @article{doi101039c3dt50457c, author = "Rehder, Dieter", title = "The future of/for vanadium", year = "2013", journal = "Dalton Transactions", abstract = "Vanadium compounds are stored or employed by several groups of bacterial and eukaryotic organisms. Two types of vanadium-dependent enzymes have so far been characterised: vanadate-dependent haloperoxidases from fungi, lichens, marine macroalgae and Streptomyces bacteria, and vanadium nitrogenases in proteo- and cyanobacteria. Several bacterial strains can employ vanadate(V) as an external electron acceptor in respiration, reducing vanadate to VO(2+) and thus contributing to the mineralisation of vanadium and to the detoxification of vanadate-contaminated water. Amanita mushrooms and many sea squirts accumulate vanadium, without the importance of this practise being well understood. Further, the analogy between vanadate and phosphate implicates an interference of vanadate with metabolic processes involving phosphate, suggesting a regulatory role for vanadate in most if not all organisms, including humans, but also hinting at toxic effects at unphysiologically high vanadate concentrations. The antidiabetic effect of vanadium compounds is probably related to the phosphate-vanadate antagonism, as is the potentiality of vanadate in the amelioration of cardiovascular affliction. The anti-cancer action of vanadium compounds and their in vitro activity towards the protozoa causing amoebiasis, leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease again may be rooted in the intervention of vanadate with the activity of phosphatases and kinases. In addition, most likely the ability of vanadate(V) and oxidovanadium(IV) to regulate the cellular production of reactive oxygen species comes in, thus influencing cellular signalling. Future developments of vanadium chemistry are likely to emphasize topics related to biological, environmental and medicinal aspects. Condensation of monovanadate results in the formation of oligovanadates, polyvanadates and finally colloidal and solid vanadium oxides that, in part, convey bio-mimetic functions comparable to those of simple vanadate, including its catalytic potential as an active centre in haloperoxidases and the lethal action against viruses, bacteria and protozoan parasites. Decavanadate has been shown to be stabilised by docking to proteins, and by integration into nanoscopic water pools of intracellular compartments, modelled by reverse micelles. The well established and approved use of vanadium oxides in, amongst other applications, catalysis has been recently impacted by the elucidation of the active surface species--VO(x)--of catalysts based on mixed vanadium oxides, and vanadium oxides on supports. Finally, materials based on vanadium oxides and vanadates play an increasingly important role as cathode materials in high density lithium batteries. An example is Ag2VO2PO4, which, in the discharge process, is reduced to Li(3.2)VO2PO4 and Ag. Oncoming developments in vanadium chemistry thus include oxide-based materials.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/c3dt50457c", doi = "10.1039/c3dt50457c", openalex = "W2126435704", references = "doi101515bchm219117256494" } @article{doi101016jejbas201406001, author = "El-Moselhy, Kh. M. and Othman, Azza I. and El-Azem, H. Abd and El-Metwally, Mohamed E. A.", title = "Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of fish in the Red Sea, Egypt", year = "2014", journal = "Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences", abstract = "The concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn) were measured in the liver, gills and muscles of fourteen benthic and pelagic fish species collected from three main landing areas (Shalateen, Hurghada and Suez) in the Egyptian Red Sea. The levels of heavy metals varied significantly among fish species and organs. As expected, muscles always possessed the lowest concentrations of all metals. In most studied fish, the liver was the target organ for Cu, Zn and Fe accumulation. Pb and Mn, however, exhibited their highest concentrations in the gills. Different species of fish showed inter-specific variation of metals, as well as variations between fish from the same species. These differences were discussed for the contribution of potential factors that affected metals' uptake, like age, geographical distribution and species' specific factors. Generally, recorded metal concentrations were within the range or below the levels in similar species from global studies. The concentration of metals in the present fish muscles were accepted by the international legislation limits and are safe for human consumption.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbas.2014.06.001", doi = "10.1016/j.ejbas.2014.06.001", openalex = "W2076217102", references = "openalexw2341068302" } @article{doi101007s113560154813z, author = "Ahmed, Md. Kawser and Baki, Mohammad Abdul and Islam, Md. Saiful and Kundu, Goutam Kumar and Habibullah‐Al‐Mamun, Md. and Sarkar, Santosh Kumar and Hossain, Md Muzammel", title = "Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in tropical fish and shellfish collected from the river Buriganga, Bangladesh", year = "2015", journal = "Environmental Science and Pollution Research", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4813-z", doi = "10.1007/s11356-015-4813-z", openalex = "W618285676", references = "openalexw2341068302" } @article{doi101016jecoenv201504052, author = "Abdul Jaffar Ali, H and Tamilselvi, M and Akram, A Soban and Kaleem Arshan, M L and Sivakumar, V", title = "Comparative study on bioremediation of heavy metals by solitary ascidian, Phallusia nigra, between Thoothukudi and Vizhinjam ports of India.", year = "2015", journal = "Ecotoxicology and environmental safety", abstract = "Ascidians belonging to the sub-phylum Uro-chordata are used as potential model organisms in various parts of the world for biosorption of metals. The sedentary nature, filter feeding habits, presence of vanadocytes and the absence of kidneys cause them to accumulate metals. The present study was aimed to compare biosorption of metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, mercury and vanadium in test and mantle body of solitary ascidian Phallusia nigra between two ecologically significant stations such as Thoothukudi (Station 1) and Vizhinjam (Station 2) ports of India. Monthly samplings of water and P. nigra were done for a period of one year from September 2010 to August 2011 and subjected to analysis of metal accumulation. The average metal concentrations except mercury in the Thoothukudi water were found to be higher of comparable magnitudes than the Vizhinjam water. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences between the stations. A comparison of average metal concentrations in the test and mantle body of P. nigra between two stations showed that the enrichment of V, Cd, Pb, Cu and Hg in the Thoothukudi samples may be due to high bioaccumulation factors of these elements as compared to other species of ascidians. The bioaccumulation factors were in the order of V>Pb>Cd>Cu> Hg for the test and mantle body in stations 1 and 2. Application of one-way ANOVA for the concentration of these metals between test and mantle body showed significant differences in both stations. Similarly, ANOVA for biosorption of these trace metals by P. nigra showed significant difference between stations. Metal concentrations recorded in this ascidian could effectively be used as good reference material for monitoring metal contamination in Indian sea waters.", url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26026676/", doi = "10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.052", openalex = "W1602629335", pmid = "26026676", references = "doi101007s1376201302673, doi101016096085249500072m, doi101016jbiortech200505012, doi101016jbiortech200507001, doi101016s0010854502002783, doi101016s0167779998012189, doi101016s0960852403000671, doi101515bchm219117256494, doi1040189781522589037ch077, openalexw2341068302" } @article{doi103390su7022189, author = "Dixit, Ruchita and Wasiullah and Malaviya, Deepti and Pandiyan, K. and Singh, Udai B. and Sahu, Asha and Shukla, Renu and Singh, Bhanu and Prakash, Jai and Sharma, Pawan Kumar and Lade, Harshad and Paul, Diby", title = "Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Soil and Aquatic Environment: An Overview of Principles and Criteria of Fundamental Processes", year = "2015", journal = "Sustainability", abstract = "Heavy metals are natural constituents of the environment, but indiscriminate use for human purposes has altered their geochemical cycles and biochemical balance. This results in excess release of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc etc. into natural resources like the soil and aquatic environments. Prolonged exposure and higher accumulation of such heavy metals can have deleterious health effects on human life and aquatic biota. The role of microorganisms and plants in biotransformation of heavy metals into nontoxic forms is well-documented, and understanding the molecular mechanism of metal accumulation has numerous biotechnological implications for bioremediation of metal-contaminated sites. In view of this, the present review investigates the abilities of microorganisms and plants in terms of tolerance and degradation of heavy metals. Also, advances in bioremediation technologies and strategies to explore these immense and valuable biological resources for bioremediation are discussed. An assessment of the current status of technology deployment and suggestions for future bioremediation research has also been included. Finally, there is a discussion of the genetic and molecular basis of metal tolerance in microbes, with special reference to the genomics of heavy metal accumulator plants and the identification of functional genes involved in tolerance and detoxification.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/su7022189", doi = "10.3390/su7022189", openalex = "W2090553396", references = "doi101016096085249500072m" } @article{doi104491eer2015018, author = "Gupta, Vinod Kumar and Nayak, Arunima and Agarwal, Shilpi", title = "Bioadsorbents for remediation of heavy metals: Current status and their future prospects", year = "2015", journal = "Environmental Engineering Research", abstract = "The biosorption process has been established as characteristics of dead biomasses of both cellulosic and microbial origin to bind metal ion pollutants from aqueous suspension. The high effectiveness of this process even at low metal concentration, similarity to ion exchange treatment process, but cheaper and greener alternative to conventional techniques have resulted in a mature biosorption technology. Yet its adoption to large scale industrial wastewaters treatment has still been a distant reality. The purpose of this review is to make in-depth analyses of the various aspects of the biosorption technology, staring from the various biosorbents used till date and the various factors affecting the process. The design of better biosorbents for improving their physico-chemical features as well as enhancing their biosorption characteristics has been discussed. Better economic value of the biosorption technology is related to the repeated reuse of the biosorbent with minimum loss of efficiency. In this context desorption of the metal pollutants as well as regeneration of the biosorbent has been discussed in detail. Various inhibitions including the multi mechanistic role of the biosorption technology has been identified which have played a contributory role to its non-commercialization.", url = "https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2015.018", doi = "10.4491/eer.2015.018", openalex = "W2162748063", references = "doi1010160734975093900036, doi101016096085249500072m" } @article{doi101002etc3494, author = "Bellante, Antonio and Piazzese, Daniela and Cataldo, Salvatore and Parisi, Maria Giovanna and Cammarata, Matteo", title = "Evaluation and comparison of trace metal accumulation in different tissues of potential bioindicator organisms: Macrobenthic filter feeders Styela plicata, Sabella spallanzanii, and Mytilus galloprovincialis", year = "2016", journal = "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry", abstract = "Trace metal concentrations were measured in different tissues of Sabella spallanzanii, Styela plicata, and Mytilus galloprovincialis collected in the Termini Imerese Harbor (Sicily, Italy) to evaluate the potential use of these species as bioindicators. Higher bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated in the tube of S. spallanzanii, except for As, which had a higher BAF in the branchial crown of the same species. Regarding the other species analyzed, higher BAFs were found in the digestive gland of M. galloprovincialis. An exception was Pb, which was significantly more concentrated in the branchial basket and tunic of S. plicata. The BAFs calculated in the present study show that all the species analyzed accumulate a certain amount of metals as a consequence of filter feeding mechanisms, and thus it was possible to assess the suitability of S. plicata, S. spallanzanii, and M. galloprovincialis as indicators of water quality. In particular, the tube of S. spallanzanii is an important compartment in terms of metal retention and is more suitable for the evaluation of contamination from trace elements. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:3062-3070. © 2016 SETAC.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3494", doi = "10.1002/etc.3494", openalex = "W2417733627", references = "cheney1997the" } @article{doi101007s1012601696975, author = "Romaidi and Ueki, Tatsuya", title = "Bioaccumulation of Vanadium by Vanadium-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from the Intestine of Ascidia sydneiensis samea.", year = "2016", journal = "Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)", abstract = "Isolation of naturally occurring bacterial strains from metal-rich environments has gained popularity due to the growing need for bioremediation technologies. In this study, we found that the vanadium concentration in the intestine of the vanadium-rich ascidian Ascidia sydneiensis samea could reach 0.67 mM, and thus, we isolated vanadium-resistant bacteria from the intestinal contents and determined the ability of each bacterial strain to accumulate vanadium and other heavy metals. Nine strains of vanadium-resistant bacteria were successfully isolated, of which two strains, V-RA-4 and S-RA-6, accumulated vanadium at a higher rate than did the other strains. The maximum vanadium absorption by these bacteria was achieved at pH 3, and intracellular accumulation was the predominant mechanism. Each strain strongly accumulated copper and cobalt ions, but accumulation of nickel and molybdate ions was relatively low. These bacterial strains can be applied to protocols for bioremediation of vanadium and heavy metal toxicity.", url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27177911/", doi = "10.1007/s10126-016-9697-5", openalex = "W2384106000", pmid = "27177911", references = "doi101007bf00171889, doi101016s0009250901003992, doi101016s037811199600323x, doi101016s1369527400000874, doi101093bioinformaticsbtm404, doi101093molbevmst197, doi101126science2915505881, doi1012019781420037487, doi101371journalpone0091853, doi103389fmicb201300001" } @article{doi101007s1135601672985, author = "Aydın-Önen, Sinem", title = "Styela plicata: a new promising bioindicator of heavy metal pollution for eastern Aegean Sea coastal waters", year = "2016", journal = "Environmental Science and Pollution Research", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7298-5", doi = "10.1007/s11356-016-7298-5", openalex = "W2511345805", references = "cheney1997the, doi101016jecoenv201504052" } @article{doi101007s1365901601155, author = "Palanisamy, Satheesh Kumar and Rajendran, Natesan Mannangatti and Marino, Angela", title = "Natural Products Diversity of Marine Ascidians (Tunicates; Ascidiacea) and Successful Drugs in Clinical Development", year = "2017", journal = "Natural Products and Bioprospecting", abstract = "This present study reviewed the chemical diversity of marine ascidians and their pharmacological applications, challenges and recent developments in marine drug discovery reported during 1994-2014, highlighting the structural activity of compounds produced by these specimens. Till date only 5\% of living ascidian species were studied from <3000 species, this study represented from family didemnidae (32\%), polyclinidae (22\%), styelidae and polycitoridae (11-12\%) exhibiting the highest number of promising MNPs. Close to 580 compound structures are here discussed in terms of their occurrence, structural type and reported biological activity. Anti-cancer drugs are the main area of interest in the screening of MNPs from ascidians (64\%), followed by anti-malarial (6\%) and remaining others. FDA approved ascidian compounds mechanism of action along with other compounds status of clinical trials (phase 1 to phase 3) are discussed here in. This review highlights recent developments in the area of natural products chemistry and biotechnological approaches are emphasized.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-016-0115-5", doi = "10.1007/s13659-016-0115-5", openalex = "W2576674867", references = "doi101007s0030001008197, doi103390md10081741" } @article{doi101016jchemosphere201710078, author = "Rajeshkumar, Sivakumar and Liu, Yang and Zhang, Xiangyang and Ravikumar, Boopalan and Bai, Ge and Li, Xiaoyu", title = "Studies on seasonal pollution of heavy metals in water, sediment, fish and oyster from the Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake in China", year = "2017", journal = "Chemosphere", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.078", doi = "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.078", openalex = "W2766249748", references = "openalexw2341068302" } @article{doi103390ijerph14010094, author = "Ayangbenro, Ayansina Segun and Babalola, Olubukola Oluranti", title = "A New Strategy for Heavy Metal Polluted Environments: A Review of Microbial Biosorbents", year = "2017", journal = "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health", abstract = "Persistent heavy metal pollution poses a major threat to all life forms in the environment due to its toxic effects. These metals are very reactive at low concentrations and can accumulate in the food web, causing severe public health concerns. Remediation using conventional physical and chemical methods is uneconomical and generates large volumes of chemical waste. Bioremediation of hazardous metals has received considerable and growing interest over the years. The use of microbial biosorbents is eco-friendly and cost effective; hence, it is an efficient alternative for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated environments. Microbes have various mechanisms of metal sequestration that hold greater metal biosorption capacities. The goal of microbial biosorption is to remove and/or recover metals and metalloids from solutions, using living or dead biomass and their components. This review discusses the sources of toxic heavy metals and describes the groups of microorganisms with biosorbent potential for heavy metal removal.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010094", doi = "10.3390/ijerph14010094", openalex = "W2576077683", references = "doi101016jbiortech200505012" } @article{doi101016jmargen201810006, author = "Ueki, Tatsuya and Fujie, Manabu and Romaidi, Romaidi and Satoh, Noriyuki", title = "Symbiotic bacteria associated with ascidian vanadium accumulation identified by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing", year = "2018", journal = "Marine Genomics", abstract = "Ascidians belonging to Phlebobranchia accumulate vanadium to an extraordinary degree (≤ 350 mM). Vanadium levels are strictly regulated and vary among ascidian species; thus, they represent well-suited models for studies on vanadium accumulation. No comprehensive study on metal accumulation and reduction in marine organisms in relation to their symbiotic bacterial communities has been published. Therefore, we performed comparative 16S rRNA amplicon sequence analyses on samples from three tissues (branchial sac, intestine, and intestinal lumen) involved in vanadium absorption, isolated from two vanadium-rich (Ascidia ahodori and Ascidia sydneiensis samea) and one vanadium-poor species (Styela plicata). For each sample, the abundance of every bacteria and an abundance value normalized to their abundance in seawater were calculated and compared. Two bacterial genera, Pseudomonas and Ralstonia, were extremely abundant in the branchial sacs of vanadium-rich ascidians. Two bacterial genera, Treponema and Borrelia, were abundant and enriched in the intestinal content of vanadium-rich ascidians. The results suggest that specific selective forces maintain the bacterial population in the three ascidian tissues examined, which contribute to successful vanadium accumulation. This study furthers the understanding of the relationship between bacterial communities and metal accumulation in marine life.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2018.10.006", doi = "10.1016/j.margen.2018.10.006", openalex = "W2899633376", references = "doi101007s1012601696975" } @article{doi101016jtoxrep201801007, author = "Rajeshkumar, Sivakumar and Li, Xiaoyu", title = "Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish species from the Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China", year = "2018", journal = "Toxicology Reports", abstract = "This investigation indicated that fish products in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake were still safe for human consumption, but the amount consumed should be controlled under the Chinese Food Health Criterion to avoid excessive intake of Pb. Further, this is the first report on seasonal distribution of heavy metals and proximate compositions of commercialized important edible fishes from Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.01.007", doi = "10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.01.007", openalex = "W2789984599", references = "openalexw2341068302" } @article{doi10115520182568038, author = "Igiri, Bernard E. and Okoduwa, Stanley I.R. and Idoko, Grace O. and Akabuogu, Ebere P. and Adeyi, Abraham O. and Ejiogu, Ibe Kevin", title = "Toxicity and Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Contaminated Ecosystem from Tannery Wastewater: A Review", year = "2018", journal = "Journal of Toxicology", abstract = "The discharge of untreated tannery wastewater containing biotoxic substances of heavy metals in the ecosystem is one of the most important environmental and health challenges in our society. Hence, there is a growing need for the development of novel, efficient, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach for the remediation of inorganic metals (Cr, Hg, Cd, and Pb) released into the environment and to safeguard the ecosystem. In this regard, recent advances in microbes-base heavy metal have propelled bioremediation as a prospective alternative to conventional techniques. Heavy metals are nonbiodegradable and could be toxic to microbes. Several microorganisms have evolved to develop detoxification mechanisms to counter the toxic effects of these inorganic metals. This present review offers a critical evaluation of bioremediation capacity of microorganisms, especially in the context of environmental protection. Furthermore, this article discussed the biosorption capacity with respect to the use of bacteria, fungi, biofilm, algae, genetically engineered microbes, and immobilized microbial cell for the removal of heavy metals. The use of biofilm has showed synergetic effects with many fold increase in the removal of heavy metals as sustainable environmental technology in the near future.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2568038", doi = "10.1155/2018/2568038", openalex = "W2894347729", references = "doi101016jbiortech200505012" } @incollection{annangi2019heavy, author = "Annangi, Balasubramanyam and Marcos, Ricard and Hernández, Alba", title = "Heavy Metals II (Arsenic, Chromium, Nickel, Vanadium) and Micronuclei", year = "2019", booktitle = "The Micronucleus Assay in Toxicology", abstract = "Different studies have demonstrated the in vitro/in vivo genotoxicity of different metals by using the micronucleus (MN) assay in different cell types and organisms, including humans. In this chapter, we summarize the data obtained when arsenic, chromium, nickel, and vanadium were evaluated using the MN assay. For each one of the selected metals, the obtained information has been categorized according to whether it was obtained using in vitro or in vivo approaches. In vivo data has also been classified taking into account if it was obtained from biomonitoring studies involving human exposed populations, or from other in vivo models.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788013604-00450", doi = "10.1039/9781788013604-00450", openalex = "W2963651819", pages = "450-470", references = "doi101002em2850130104, doi101002tox20395, doi10100797837643834046, doi101007s002040080313y, doi101016jenvint201503018, doi101016jjtemb200502010, doi101016s0039914002002680, doi101038nprot200777, doi101093mutagegeq075, doi101515reveh2009242129" } @article{doi101007s11356019069671, author = "Dhaliwal, S. S. and Singh, Jaswinder and Taneja, Parminder Kaur and Mandal, Agniva", title = "Remediation techniques for removal of heavy metals from the soil contaminated through different sources: a review", year = "2019", journal = "Environmental Science and Pollution Research", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06967-1", doi = "10.1007/s11356-019-06967-1", openalex = "W2994003758", references = "doi101016jbiortech200505012" } @article{doi101016japgeochem201812027, author = "Gustafsson, Jon Petter", title = "Vanadium geochemistry in the biogeosphere –speciation, solid-solution interactions, and ecotoxicity", year = "2019", journal = "Applied Geochemistry", abstract = "Vanadium is a metal that receives increasing attention due to its possible toxicity and its increased use in society, i.e. in high-grade steel and in vanadium redox-flow batteries. Already today, the global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium is heavily impacted by human activities, and these impacts will probably increase. The total V concentration in the upper part of the Earth's crust, and in soils, is near 100 mg V kg−1. Usually, the dissolved V concentration is low. In seawater the mean dissolved V concentration is 1.8 μg L−1, and in freshwaters the concentration is commonly below 1 μg L−1 although in areas with volcanic and sedimentary rocks it may be much higher, i.e. at the slopes of Mt. Etna, Italy, concentrations of up to 180 μg V L−1 have been recorded. Vanadium is a redox-sensitive element, which occurs in three oxidation states (+III, +IV and +V) in the environment. Whereas vanadium(V) usually occurs as the oxyanion vanadate(V) under most environmental conditions, vanadyl(IV) is an oxocation that is stable at low pH and/or mildly reducing conditions, particularly when the organic matter concentration is high. Vanadium(III), which is the least studied form of vanadium, occurs under strongly reducing conditions. All vanadium forms are strongly bound to environmental sorbents: vanadate(V) is bound as a bidentate complex to iron, aluminium, and titanium (hydr)oxides, and with a stronger affinity than that of orthophosphate (o-phosphate). Vanadyl(IV) is strongly complexed to natural organic matter, while vanadium(III) may substitute for other trivalent ions in mineral structures. Despite this, vanadium may be mobilized to the aqueous phase, for example under high-pH conditions. Studies with V K-edge XANES spectroscopy have shown that most oxic soils usually contain a mixture of vanadium(IV) that is octahedrally coordinated in primary minerals, and surface-bound vanadate(V) on iron and aluminium (hydr)oxides, although acid organic soils are dominated by organically complexed vanadyl(IV). In reduced environments, such as in sediments and black shales, available evidence suggests that the V consists of a mixture of organically complexed vanadyl(IV) and unknown vanadium(III) species. However, considerable uncertainty exists on the V speciation under reducing conditions, and additional research is recommended. Vanadium is essential for some species of cyanolichens and algae due to its presence in vanadium nitrogenase, which can be important for N fixation in boreal ecosystems, and in vanadium haloperoxidases, which mediate the oxidation of halides, particularly iodine and bromine. In certain organisms vanadium is accumulated for unknown reasons, e.g. in ascidians, where V accumulates as a vanadium(III) complex with organic S, and in Amanita mushrooms, in which amavadin, a stable vanadium(IV)-organic complex, is accumulated. However, at high concentrations vanadium is toxic to many organisms. This is mostly due to its interference with o-phosphate in a number of biomolecules. Available evidence shows that toxic effects appear in the mg V L−1 range for most studied species. However, some organisms, i.e. algae and possibly some soil bacteria, are more sensitive. In soils, the toxic response is related to the soil solution V concentration, rather than to the solid-phase concentration. The o-phosphate concentration has been identified as a parameter that influences toxicity, but the relationship between the P status and the environmental risk of V toxicity is not yet well determined – as a result risk-based guidelines remain uncertain. There is urgent need for more research on this topic. Vanadium, being a redox-sensitive element, responds to sudden environmental change such as flooding that leads to decreased redox potential. In most, but not all, cases, an increased solubilisation of vanadium is observed after flooding, which can be attributed to reductive dissolution of vanadate(V)-sorbing iron (hydr)oxides and to vanadate(V) reduction to vanadyl(IV) that forms stable complexes with dissolved organic matter. The vanadium redox conversions are carried out by a large number of genera of bacteria. Bioremediation methods are being developed that may reduce vanadate(V) to vanadyl(IV), which may reduce the bioavailability of vanadium in many soils.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.12.027", doi = "10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.12.027", openalex = "W2910236820", references = "doi1010160009254194001404, doi101016japgeochem201406025, doi101016jchemgeo200602012, doi101016s0003267001009242, doi101021ac50043a017, doi101021cr020607t, doi101039a807854h, doi101107s0909049505012719, doi1012019781420039900, doi101201b10158, openalexw328885748" } @article{doi101016jchemosphere201904198, author = "Joseph, Lesley and Jun, Byung‐Moon and Flora, Joseph R.V. and Park, Chang Min and Yoon, Yeomin", title = "Removal of heavy metals from water sources in the developing world using low-cost materials: A review", year = "2019", journal = "Chemosphere", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.198", doi = "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.198", openalex = "W2943690039", references = "doi101016jbiortech200507001, doi101146annurevenviron100809125342" } @article{doi103389fmars201900611, author = "Tzafriri-Milo, Roni and Benaltabet, Tal and Torfstein, Adi and Shenkar, Noa", title = "The Potential Use of Invasive Ascidians for Biomonitoring Heavy Metal Pollution", year = "2019", journal = "Frontiers in Marine Science", abstract = "Heavy metal inputs into marine environments and their effect on marine organisms are of major concern. Here, we examined the potential use of two invasive ascidian species, Phallusia nigra and Microcosmus exasperatus, as bio-indicators of 11 HMs in the Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts of Israel. Individuals were collected on a seasonal basis from three sites over one year, and analysis was carried out seperatly for the tunic and the body. Both species accumulated high levels of HMs, which varied seasonally and spatially. In M. exasperatus the majority of HMs were found in the tunic, and in P. nigra in the body, suggesting the need to analyze total individuals in future studies. Hepato-Somatic Index values for M. exasperatus were significantly lower at the polluted site. Investigation of a popular public beach revealed high levels of certain dissolved HMs in both the water and in the ascidians. The wide geographic distribution and high filtration capacity of invasive ascidians offer great potential for their use in monitoring metal pollution in marine environments.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00611", doi = "10.3389/fmars.2019.00611", openalex = "W2980178247", references = "doi101016jecoenv201504052" } @incollection{doi1040189781522589037ch077, author = "Babu, Neelesh and Pathak, Vinay Mohan and Akash, Akash and Navneet", title = "Biosorption of Heavy Metals", year = "2019", journal = "Biotechnology", abstract = "Large-scale production of commodities for mankind by industries did huge damage to the environment. Industrial waste contains lots of toxic materials including heavy metals were drained to water bodies like river, lakes, ponds, etc. These effluents drastically ruin water quality as well as the soil fertility. Type of industry and its raw material decides quantity and quality of the emerged wastes including both biodegradable as well as non-biodegradable. Among non-biodegradable wastes, copper, chromium, nickel, cadmium, etc. are widespread contaminants of soil, water, and these are most common heavy metals. Several heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, and lead are highly poisonous and fatal to human as well as animals. Several plants as well as microbes respond to heavy metals by diverse biological processes like biosorption to their cell wall and entrapment in their capsule, oxidation and reduction, precipitation, complexation, etc. These responses may help significantly in the remediation of heavy metals from the contaminated sites.", url = "https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8903-7.ch077", doi = "10.4018/978-1-5225-8903-7.ch077", openalex = "W3042925917", references = "doi101002bit260230309, doi101002jctb1999, doi101016jbiotechadv200802002, doi101016jbiotechadv200811002, doi101016jenvint200308001, doi101016jwatres200705062, doi101016s0043135403002938, doi101016s0167779998012189, doi101631jzusb0710633, openalexw1566147712" } @article{doi10569621569614924191203, author = "Kapahi, Meena and Sachdeva, Sarita", title = "Bioremediation Options for Heavy Metal Pollution", year = "2019", journal = "Journal of Health and Pollution", abstract = "BACKGROUND: Rapid industrialization and anthropogenic activities such as the unmanaged use of agro-chemicals, fossil fuel burning and dumping of sewage sludge have caused soils and waterways to be severely contaminated with heavy metals. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable and persist in the environment. Hence, remediation is required to avoid heavy metal leaching or mobilization into environmental segments and to facilitate their extraction. OBJECTIVES: The present work briefly outlines the environmental occurrence of heavy metals and strategies for using microorganisms for bioremediation processes as reported in the scientific literature. METHODS: Databases were searched from different libraries, including Google Scholar, Medline and Scopus. Observations across studies were then compared with the standards for discharge of environmental pollutants. DISCUSSION: Bioremediation employs microorganisms for removing heavy metals. Microorganisms have adopted different mechanisms for bioremediation. These mechanisms are unique in their specific requirements, advantages, and disadvantages, the success of which depends chiefly upon the kind of organisms and the contaminants involved in the process. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy metal pollution creates environmental stress for human beings, plants, animals and other organisms. A complete understanding of the process and various alternatives for remediation at different steps is needed to ensure effective and economic processes. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare no competing financial interests.", url = "https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-9.24.191203", doi = "10.5696/2156-9614-9.24.191203", openalex = "W2990343021", references = "doi101016jbiortech200505012" } @article{doi101016jmatpr202001490, author = "Mahapatra, Biswajita and Dhal, Nabin Kumar and Pradhan, Abanti and Panda, Bibhu Prasad", title = "Application of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances for detoxification of heavy metals from contaminated environment: A mini-review", year = "2020", journal = "Materials Today Proceedings", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.490", doi = "10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.490", openalex = "W3008621251", references = "doi101016jecoenv201504052" } @article{doi1010800306731920201722811, author = "Chakraborty, Rupa and Asthana, Anupama and Singh, Ajaya Kumar and Jain, Bhawana and Susan, Abu Bin Hasan", title = "Adsorption of heavy metal ions by various low-cost adsorbents: a review", year = "2020", journal = "International Journal of Environmental \& Analytical Chemistry", abstract = "Environmental pollution, particularly from heavy metal ions in the wastewater, is one of the most serious concerns of the world. In the pursuit of remedial action, various conventional methods such as ion exchange, chemical precipitation, coagulation, membrane separation, reverse osmosis, and adsorption methods have so far been used for the removal of heavy metal ions. A good variety of adsorbents have been developed to remove different heavy metal ions from wastewater in particular those which have been detrimental to living organisms. Adsorption processes have been very demanding for high removal efficiency of heavy metal ions even at trace levels and they are low cost as compared to conventional methods. It has therefore been crucial to develop low cost and readily available adsorbents for the adsorption of heavy metal ions from wastewater. The adsorbents may be collected from agricultural and animal waste and industrial by-products. All adsorbents, by their intrinsic nature, have functional groups to play the key role in metal ion adsorption. Generally, chemically modified adsorbents enhance the surface area of the adsorbent and exhibit higher adsorption capacity than unmodified adsorbents. In this review, a series of natural waste materials and their modified forms have been evaluated for the removal of various metals from potable and wastewater. The major focus has been an accumulation of comprehensive knowledge on of the use of the low-cost adsorbents for removal of heavy metal ions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1722811", doi = "10.1080/03067319.2020.1722811", openalex = "W3007597192", references = "doi101016jbiortech200507001, doi101016jpecs200911003" } @article{doi1010802331193220201783174, author = "Tarekegn, Molalign Medfu and Salilih, Fikirte Zewdu and Ishetu, Alemitu Iniyehu", title = "Microbes used as a tool for bioremediation of heavy metal from the environment", year = "2020", journal = "Cogent Food \& Agriculture", abstract = "Heavy metal pollution poses a serious threat to all forms of life in the environment due to the toxic effects of long-term environmental pollution. These metals are extremely sensitive at low concentrations and can be stored in food webs, posing a serious public health risk. Different organic pollutants and metals are not degradable and remain in their environment for a long time. Remediation using conventional physical and chemical methods is uneconomical and produces large volumes of chemical waste. The balance of hazardous metals has shown a strong and growing interest over the years. The use of biosensor microorganisms is eco-friendly and cost-effective. Therefore, microorganisms have a variety of mechanisms of metal sequestration that hold greater metal biosorption capacities. Finally, we provide suggestion from microbial tools to remove, recover metals, and metalloids from solutions using living or dead biomass and their components.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1783174", doi = "10.1080/23311932.2020.1783174", openalex = "W3043300454", references = "doi101016jbiortech200505012" } @article{doi101021acsjmedchem1c00405, author = "Selvaraj, Stalin and Krishnan, Uma Maheswari", title = "Vanadium–Flavonoid Complexes: A Promising Class of Molecules for Therapeutic Applications", year = "2021", journal = "Journal of Medicinal Chemistry", abstract = "Several reports have revealed the superior biological activity of metal ion-flavonoid complexes when compared with the parent flavonoid. Among the different metal ions explored, vanadium and its compounds are in the forefront because of their anticancer and antidiabetic properties. However, the toxicity of vanadium-based ions and their inorganic derivatives limits their therapeutic applications. Complexation of vanadium with flavonoids not only reduces its adverse effects but also augments its biological activity. This Review discusses the nature of coordination in vanadium-flavonoid complexes, their structure-activity correlations, with special emphasis on their therapeutic activities. Several investigations suggest that the superior biological activity of vanadium complexes arise because of their ability to regulate metabolic pathways distinct from those acted upon by vanadium alone. These studies serve to decipher the underlying molecular mechanism of vanadium-flavonoid complexes that can be explored further for generating a series of novel compounds with improved pharmacological and therapeutic performance.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00405", doi = "10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00405", openalex = "W3194115538", references = "carlisle1968vanadium" } @article{doi103390app11020580, author = "Roveta, Camilla and Annibaldi, Anna and Afghan, Afghan and Calcinai, Barbara and Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di and Gregorin, Chiara and Illuminati, Silvia and Mantas, Torcuato Pulido and Truzzi, Cristina and Puce, Stefania", title = "Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals: The Unexplored Role of Marine Sessile Taxa", year = "2021", journal = "Applied Sciences", abstract = "Coastal areas are known to receive significant anthropogenic inputs, mainly deriving from metropolitan areas, industries, and activities related to tourism. Among these inputs, some trace elements are listed as priority pollutants in the European Water Framework Directive, due to their ability to bioaccumulate in organisms. Many studies have been conducted on heavy metals (HMs) accumulation and on their possible effects on different edible marine species. While the most studied sessile organisms are bivalves, in the current review, we focus our attention on other sessile taxa (sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, polychaetes, cirripeds, and tunicates), proposed as bioindicators in coastal shallow waters. Although their potential as bioindicator tools has been repeatedly highlighted in the literature, these organisms are still poorly investigated and considered for monitoring. In this context, we analyze the available literature about this topic, in order to summarize the current knowledge and identify possible applications of these organisms in a bioremediation scenario.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020580", doi = "10.3390/app11020580", openalex = "W3118488259", references = "doi101007s1012601696975, doi101016jecoenv201504052" } @article{doi103390md19070370, author = "Matos, Ana and Antunes, Agostinho", title = "Symbiotic Associations in Ascidians: Relevance for Functional Innovation and Bioactive Potential", year = "2021", journal = "Marine Drugs", abstract = "Associations between different organisms have been extensively described in terrestrial and marine environments. These associations are involved in roles as diverse as nutrient exchanges, shelter or adaptation to adverse conditions. Ascidians are widely dispersed marine invertebrates associated to invasive behaviours. Studying their microbiomes has interested the scientific community, mainly due to its potential for bioactive compounds production-e.g., ET-73 (trabectedin, Yondelis), an anticancer drug. However, these symbiotic interactions embrace several environmental and biological functions with high ecological relevance, inspiring diverse biotechnological applications. We thoroughly reviewed microbiome studies (microscopic to metagenomic approaches) of around 171 hosts, worldwide dispersed, occurring at different domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya), to illuminate the functions and bioactive potential of associated organisms in ascidians. Associations with Bacteria are the most prevalent, namely with Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Planctomycetes phyla. The microbiomes of ascidians belonging to Aplousobranchia order have been the most studied. The integration of worldwide studies characterizing ascidians' microbiome composition revealed several functions including UV protection, bioaccumulation of heavy metals and defense against fouling or predators through production of natural products, chemical signals or competition. The critical assessment and characterization of these communities is extremely valuable to comprehend their biological/ecological role and biotechnological potential.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/md19070370", doi = "10.3390/md19070370", openalex = "W3175792991", references = "doi101007s1012601696975" } @article{doi101007s10126024103004, author = "Yuliani, Dewi and Morishita, Fumihiro and Imamura, Takuya and Ueki, Tatsuya", title = "Vanadium Accumulation and Reduction by Vanadium-Accumulating Bacteria Isolated from the Intestinal Contents of Ciona robusta", year = "2024", journal = "Marine Biotechnology", abstract = "The sea squirt Ciona robusta (formerly Ciona intestinalis type A) has been the subject of many interdisciplinary studies. Known as a vanadium-rich ascidian, C. robusta is an ideal model for exploring microbes associated with the ascidian and the roles of these microbes in vanadium accumulation and reduction. In this study, we discovered two bacterial strains that accumulate large amounts of vanadium, CD2-88 and CD2-102, which belong to the genera Pseudoalteromonas and Vibrio, respectively. The growth medium composition impacted vanadium uptake. Furthermore, pH was also an important factor in the accumulation and localization of vanadium. Most of the vanadium(V) accumulated by these bacteria was converted to less toxic vanadium(IV). Our results provide insights into vanadium accumulation and reduction by bacteria isolated from the ascidian C. robusta to further study the relations between ascidians and microbes and their possible applications for bioremediation or biomineralization.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-024-10300-4", doi = "10.1007/s10126-024-10300-4", openalex = "W4392555219", references = "doi101007s1012601696975" } @article{doi101016jcarres2024109247, author = "Ghosh, Ankita and Sah, Diksha and Chakraborty, Moumita and N, J P", title = "Mechanism and application of bacterial exopolysaccharides: An advanced approach for sustainable heavy metal abolition from soil", year = "2024", journal = "Carbohydrate Research", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2024.109247", doi = "10.1016/j.carres.2024.109247", openalex = "W4401768675", references = "doi101016jecoenv201504052" }