@article{burdonjones1952development,
    author = "Burdon-Jones, C.",
    title = "Development and Biology of the Larva of Saccoglossus Horsti (Enteropneusta)",
    year = "1952",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Larvae of Saccoglossus horsti were reared in the laboratory, and their developmental history from the egg to the five gill-slit stage studied. The immature eggs varied from 0.23 to 0.30 mm in length and from 0.15 to 0.22 mm in breadth. They were irregular, opaque, finely granular and creamish grey in colour. They became spherical on maturing. Fertilization resulted in the rapid erection of a fertilization membrane, making the eggs buoyant. Two similar polar bodies were extruded shortly afterwards, marking the plane of the first cleavage which, with the second, was holoblastic and meridional. Subsequent cleavages were different in the animal and vegetative tiers. There was evidence of radial cleavage during the 16- to 32-cell stage. A hollow blastula was formed at the 9th to 10th cleavage stage, and gastrulation by invagination followed. The blastocoele was completely obliterated and a typical archigastrula resulted. This rapidly became uniformly ciliated and developed a telotroch around the closing blastopore. The component cilia of the telotroch imparted a slow rotatory movement to the embryo. Axial elongation and the growth of an apical tuft were accompanied by the formation of a faint annular groove. This groove marked off the definitive proboscis and the anterior part of the collar. Hatching followed 30 to 36 h after fertilization, and the larva became planktonic. During its lecithotrophic existence the larva developed a second annular groove anterior to the first, marking off the definitive proboscis from the anterior region of the collar. No definite phototaxis was detectable. Swimming movements were spasmodic. The larva rotated in a clockwise direction when viewed from the apical tuft. The spiral mode of propulsion and the propelling action of the telotroch is discussed. Settlement occurred some 2 days after hatching. A post-telotrochal adhesive patch was developed just prior to settlement, enabling the larva to adhere tenaciously to the substratum. After settlement further elongation of the main axis occurred, a well-defined proboscis, collar and trunk were rapidly differentiated. Of particular interest is the development of a long, muscular strongly ciliated post-anal tail. A dispersal period of about 612 to 7 days occurred prior to settlement. The existence of this phase prior to the animal adopting the adult mode of life demands that the mode of development of certain members of the family Harrimanidae be regarded as indirect and comparable in many respects to that known for some of the family Ptychoderidae. The mouth, anus and gill apertures became functional at much the same period, viz., at the onset of the burrowing phase. Remarkable growth movements initiated during the late planktonic phase were accelerated after settlement. This resulted in the translation of the telotroch to a latero-ventral position on the trunk and tail. The behaviour of the tail during the process of ciliary feeding, as well as during the coursing through the burrow, was observed. Ciliary reversal occurred on collar, trunk and tail. This phenomenon is discussed. Special tactile cilia have been described. They occurred on the dorsal and latero-dorsal surfaces of the trunk and tail. There was some evidence of gregariousness. The possibility of this larval habit is briefly considered in relation to the dispersal of the adults in the field. The homologies of the Enteropneusta and the Pterobranchia are discussed in some detail, with particular reference to the tail of the larval Saccoglossus horsti, and the stalk of the genus Cephalodiscus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1952.0010",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1952.0010",
    number = "639",
    openalex = "W1994913686",
    pages = "553-589",
    volume = "236",
    references = "doi101242jcss282326227, openalexw605661459"
}

@misc{barrington1965the1,
    author = "Barrington, E. J. W",
    title = "The Biology of the Hemichordata and Protochordata",
    year = "1965",
    howpublished = "Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barrington, E. J. W., 1965, The Biology of the Hemichordata and Protochordata: Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd.}"
}

@article{horridge1966the,
    author = "Horridge, G. A.",
    title = "The Biology of Hemichordata \& Protochordata. E. J. W. Barrington",
    year = "1966",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/404887",
    doi = "10.1086/404887",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2511059879",
    pages = "68-69",
    volume = "41"
}

@article{stebbing1970aspects,
    author = "Stebbing, A. R. D.",
    title = "Aspects of the reproduction and life cycle of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata)",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "Marine Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00346908",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00346908",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W1976646390",
    pages = "205-212",
    volume = "5",
    references = "doi101017s0080456800035080, doi1010382171284a0, doi10108000222931508693712, doi10108000222938209459723, doi101242jcss22496622, doi101242jcss262246189, doi102183pjab194525719, doi105281zenodo13650280, doi105281zenodo15954869, stebbing1970the"
}

@article{stebbing1970the,
    author = "Stebbing, A. R. D.",
    title = "The Status and Ecology of Rhabdopleura Compacta (Hemichordata) from Plymouth",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom",
    abstract = "The first specimens of Rhabdopleura to be found were dredged by G.O. Sars from a depth of 120 fm (220 m) at Skraaven (Fig. 1) in the Lofoten Islands during 1866. They were mentioned in a fauna list by M. Sars (1868) as Halilophus mirabilis, and fully described by G.O. Sars (1872, 1874) as Rhabdopleura mirabilis. By that date AUman (1869 a-c) had described Rhabdopleura normani. His specimens had been dredged from 90 fm (165 m) off the Shetland Islands in 1868 by A. M. Norman and J. G. Jeffreys. Burdon-Jones (1954) gives the locality more precisely as:lsquo;… a depth of 93 fm at a point in the outer Haaf, some 40 miles east of Whalsey Skerries’ (Fig. 1). In 1880 Hincks described a third species which he named R. compacta because of its distinctive habit of growth. The habitat and locality were somewhat inadequately given as: ‘On shells from deep water; Coast of Antrim’ (Fig. 1). Hincks makes acknowledgement to Hyndman for dredging these shells (Hincks, 1880). From 1857 to 1859 Hyndman was serving on the Belfast Dredging Committee and it is possible that the specimens of R. compacta, which Hincks had discovered in material sent to him by Hyndman many years previously, were among the polyzoan collections known to have been made off the coast of Antrim. Hyndman (1858) included a list of polyzoa identified by Hincks, from deep water near the Maidens' Rocks. The following year Hyndman (1859) included a further list of polyzoa identified by Hincks, for which specific localities are not given.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400000722",
    doi = "10.1017/s0025315400000722",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2093389988",
    pages = "209-221",
    volume = "50",
    references = "doi101017s0370164600046125, doi101038163347d0, doi10108000222930308678831, doi101242jcss2145323, doi101242jcss22496622, doi105281zenodo16248730, doi105962bhltitle34596, openalexw3015367730, openalexw569641507, stebbing1970aspects"
}

@article{dilly1972the,
    author = "Dilly, P. N.",
    title = "The structures of the tentacles of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata) with special reference to neurociliary control",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Zeitschrift f�r Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00307107",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00307107",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2076784200",
    pages = "20-39",
    volume = "129",
    references = "doi101007bf00339653, doi101007bf01802734, doi101083jcb171208, doi101083jcb21187, doi101093icb53439, doi101242jcss310570163, doi101242jcss39532503, doi105962bhltitle10162, doi105962bhltitle39844, stebbing1970aspects"
}

@article{dilly1973the,
    author = "Dilly, P. N.",
    title = "The larva of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata)",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Marine Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00347923",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00347923",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2098216552",
    pages = "69-86",
    volume = "18",
    references = "dilly1969the, dilly1972the, doi101038191786a0, doi101083jcb171208, doi101111j143904691970tb00874x, doi101242jcss22496622, doi101242jcss310363393, openalexw2343527304, stebbing1970aspects, stebbing1970the"
}

@misc{dilly1973the2,
    author = "Dilly, P. N",
    title = "The larva of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata)",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Marine Biology, v. 18, p. 69-86",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dilly, P. N., 1973, The larva of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata): Marine Biology, v. 18, p. 69-86.}"
}

@article{dilly1975the,
    author = "Dilly, P.N.",
    title = "The dormant buds of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata)",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Cell and Tissue Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00221785",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00221785",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2086877655",
    volume = "159",
    references = "dilly1969the, dilly1972the, dilly1973the, doi101007bf00330711, doi101038237443a0, doi101242jcss22496622, doi105479si00810266201, openalexw1217330140, stebbing1970aspects, stebbing1970the"
}

@inproceedings{dilly1975the3,
    author = "Dilly, P. N",
    title = "The pterobranch Rhabdopleura compacta",
    year = "1975",
    booktitle = "its nervous system and phylogenetic position: Symposium of the Zoological Society, London, v. 36, p. 1-16",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dilly, P. N., 1975, The pterobranch Rhabdopleura compacta: its nervous system and phylogenetic position: Symposium of the Zoological Society, London, v. 36, p. 1-16.}"
}

@article{doi101111j146979981985tb05642x,
    author = "DlLLY, P.N.",
    title = "The prosicular stage of Rhabdopleura (Pterobranchia: Hemichordata)",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "After settling, the larva of Rhabdopleura surrounds itself with a collagenous dome. Later, the zooid breaks through the wall of the dome and builds the horizontal tube part of the coenecium on to the dome. The dome is a layered structure, unknown in other parts of the coenecium. whereas the horizontal tube is made up of rings in the classical manner of the adult coenecium. The construction of these two parts is different. The techniques used to reinforce the horizontal tube show a marked similarity to the cortical bandages recently described in the fossil graptolites, and give support to the claim that they are ancestral to Rhabdopleura. There are two sorts of early horizontal tube, one is a straight tube, and the other is longer and coiled. The hole in the dome through which the zooid emerges to build the horizontal tube is probably produced by a chemical boring of the zooid, and supports the hypothesis that the zooids can bore holes in shells and corals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb05642.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb05642.x",
    openalex = "W2093841057"
}

@article{doi101111j146363951988tb00906x,
    author = "Lester, Susan M.",
    title = "Ultrastructure of Adult Gonads and Development and Structure of the Larva of Rhabdopleura normani (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia)",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Acta Zoologica",
    abstract = "Abstract Sexually mature adults, embryos and larvae of the pterobranch Rhabdopleura normani from Bermuda were studied with light and electron microscopy. The sexes are separate among the zooids of a colony, but a given colony may contain females and males. In zooids of either sex the single gonad is associated with a large haemal sinus in the trunk sac and is displaced laterally (to the right or to the left). The wall of the gonad is composed of three layers: an outer metasomal peritoneum, an internal lining of germinal epithelium and an intervening genital haemal sinus. The mature gametes lie in the lumen within the gonad. The spermatozoon is characterized by an elongate nucleus, no obvious acrosome, a long mitochondrial filament in a midpiece appendix and a single flagellum with a 9+2 axoneme. Females brood 200 μm eggs and embryos in their distinctive, basally coiled tubes. The yolky eggs undergo radial cleavage and develop into ciliated, lecithotrophic, oblong larvae (400 μm in length) that are characterized by: (1) yellow coloration peppered with black pigment spots; (2) a deep ventral depression; (3) a posterior adhesive organ; (4) an anterior apical sensory organ; (5) an evenly ciliated epitdermis. The ventral depression is not invaginating endoderm, but is instead a glandular epithelium that evidently secretes the larval cocoon and the adult tube. Internally, the peritoneum of the coelomic cavities begins to split from the periphery of a large, central mass of yolky mesenchyme cells. The larva swims using cilia, but also undergoes contractions, evidently powered by the peritoneal cells, which constitute a myoepithelium. The discussion considers pterobranch affinities with other deuterostomes and with lophophorates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1988.tb00906.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1463-6395.1988.tb00906.x",
    openalex = "W2027408973",
    references = "burdonjones1952development, dilly1973the, doi101007bf00307409, doi101007bf00346908, doi101007bf00350360, doi101007bf00993948, doi101016s0065288108600863, doi101098rstb19520010, doi101242jcss22496622, doi1023071444027, doi1023071541487, doi1023072422543, doi105962bhltitle4801, stebbing1970aspects"
}

@article{rigby1994erect,
    author = "Rigby, Susan",
    title = "Erect tube growth in Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia) from off Start Point, Devon",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "Patterns of tube construction in the upright tubes of Rhabdopleura compacta are described. Tube building is seen to be a highly regular process, with growth extending over more than one season. Participation in the building of any one tube can involve multiple generations of zooids. Spatial awareness in a zooid adding new material to a pre‐existing tube can be demonstrated. This shows that the construction of the tube is strictly determined, either by environmental or genetic mechanisms, rather than being a function of developing zooid morphology, as previously suggested, or random processes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb05276.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb05276.x",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W1974099651",
    pages = "449-455",
    volume = "233",
    references = "dilly1972the, doi101007978146847636134, doi1010382171284a0, doi101111j146979981985tb05642x, doi101111j146979981993tb02621x, doi101144gslsp19860200127, openalexw3025073342, stebbing1970aspects, stebbing1970the"
}

@article{openalexw784207808,
    author = "Urbánek, Adam and Dilly, P. N.",
    title = "The stolon system in Rhabdopleura compacta [Hemichordata] and its phylogenetic implications",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = "Studies made with the light microscope on the stolon system of extant pterobranch hemichordate Rhabdopleura compacta Hincks, 1880 have revealed the presence of characteristic structures called herein diaphragm complexes. Each complex consists of the stolonal diaphragm proper and a thin-walled conical encasement, produced by a rapid inflation of the stolonal sheath around the diaphragm. Such structures have never been observed before either in the Recent or fossil Rhabdopleurida. However, both in their origin and in their relations to the stolon and to the zooidal tube, diaphragm complexes strongly resemble the internal portions of thecae as recognized in the sessile orders of the Graptolithina. The significance of the presence of these homologues of the enclosed initial portions of thecae in Rhabdopleura compacta for the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships between pterobranchs and graptolites is discussed.",
    openalex = "W784207808",
    references = "dilly1975the"
}

@article{doi101002dvg20395,
    author = "Sato, Atsuko and Bishop, John and Holland, Peter W. H.",
    title = "Developmental biology of pterobranch hemichordates: History and perspectives",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "genesis",
    abstract = "Hemichordates, like echinoderms and chordates, are deuterostomes, and study of their developmental biology could shed light on chordate origins. To date, molecular developmental studies in hemichordates have been confined to the enteropneusts or acorn worms. Here, we introduce the developmental biology of the other group of hemichordate, the pterobranchs. Pterobranchs generally live in cold, deep waters; this has hampered studies of this group. However, about 40 years ago, the colonial pterobranchs Rhabdopleura compacta and R. normani were discovered from shallow water, which has facilitated their study. Using Rhabdopleura compacta from south-west England, we have initiated molecular developmental studies in pterobranchs. Here, we outline methods for collecting adults, larvae, and embryos and demonstrate culturing of larvae under laboratory conditions. Given that the larval and adult forms differ from enteropneusts, we suggest that molecular developmental studies of pterobranchs may offer new insights into chordate origins.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/dvg.20395",
    doi = "10.1002/dvg.20395",
    openalex = "W1972443668",
    references = "doi101016jtree200608004, doi101016s0092867403004690, doi101038nature01851, doi101038nature02053, doi101073pnas9151801, doi101073pnas9794469, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva004134, doi101098rspb20001111, doi101242jcss22496622, doi101242jcss27228551, doi101371journalpbio0040291, sato2008seasonal"
}

@article{sato2008seasonal,
    author = "Sato, Atsuko",
    title = "Seasonal reproductive activity in the pterobranch hemichordate Rhabdopleura compacta",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom",
    abstract = "Pterobranchs are small marine filter feeders in the phylum Hemichordata. Their phylogenetic position and anatomical structure has resulted in pterobranchs featuring in many scenarios concerning the evolution of chordates. Despite this interest, the basic reproductive biology of pterobranchs is still poorly known. To address this issue, the reproductive season of Rhabdopleura compacta was investigated by collecting specimens in 2004–2007 from a population growing on disarticulated bivalve shells off the south coast of Devon, UK. I analysed reproductive status by categorizing shells according to the condition of the colonies growing on them. The frequency of shells having mature females was almost constant from spring to autumn among shells with active colonies. However, it was apparent that: (a) shells having mature females were more likely to be incubating embryos or larvae in June and July than other months; and (b) the production of embryos was high in June, and then decreased by July. Thus, despite the previous speculation that the species is capable of successful sexual reproduction throughout the year, the present study shows seasonality in reproduction of R. compacta, with at least a peak season during summer.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408001604",
    doi = "10.1017/s0025315408001604",
    number = "5",
    openalex = "W2161725676",
    pages = "1033-1041",
    volume = "88",
    references = "doi101016b9780122825057x50015, doi101016s0092867403004690, doi101016s0169534700019704, doi101038nature01851, doi101073pnas9794469, doi10108000222937200770041, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva004134, doi101126science24749461071, doi101371journalpbio0040291"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0162564,
    author = "Tassia, Michael G. and Cannon, Johanna T. and Konikoff, Charlotte E. and Shenkar, Noa and Halanych, Kenneth M. and Swalla, Billie J.",
    title = "The Global Diversity of Hemichordata",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Phylum Hemichordata, composed of worm-like Enteropneusta and colonial Pterobranchia, has been reported to only contain about 100 species. However, recent studies of hemichordate phylogeny and taxonomy suggest the species number has been largely underestimated. One issue is that species must be described by experts, and historically few taxonomists have studied this group of marine invertebrates. Despite this previous lack of coverage, interest in hemichordates has piqued in the past couple of decades, as they are critical to understanding the evolution of chordates-as acorn worms likely resemble the deuterostome ancestor more closely than any other extant animal. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge of hemichordates, focusing specifically on their global biodiversity, geographic distribution, and taxonomy. Using information available in the World Register of Marine Species and published literature, we assembled a list of 130 described, extant species. The majority (83\%) of these species are enteropneusts, and more taxonomic descriptions are forthcoming. Ptychoderidae contained the greatest number of species (41 species), closely followed by Harrimaniidae (40 species), of the recognized hemichordate families. Hemichordates are found throughout the world's oceans, with the highest reported numbers by regions with marine labs and diligent taxonomic efforts (e.g. North Pacific and North Atlantic). Pterobranchs are abundant in Antarctica, but have also been found at lower latitudes. We consider this a baseline report and expect new species of Hemichordata will continue to be discovered and described as new marine habitats are characterized and explored.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162564",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0162564",
    openalex = "W2529647793",
    references = "doi1010021521187820001122111043aidbies1130co2c, doi101016jcub200902061, doi101016jcub201209036, doi101016s0092867403004690, doi101038nature05241, doi101038ncomms3355, doi101073pnas9794469, doi101098rstb20072246, doi101371journalpone0014631, doi101641b570707, sato2008seasonal"
}

@article{strano2019on,
    author = "Strano, F. and Micaroni, V. and Beli, E. and Mercurio, S. and Scarì, G. and Pennati, R. and Piraino, S.",
    title = "On the larva and the zooid of the pterobranch Rhabdopleura recondita Beli, Cameron and Piraino, 2018 (Hemichordata, Graptolithina)",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Marine Biodiversity",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0933-2",
    doi = "10.1007/s12526-018-0933-2",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2909989419",
    pages = "1657-1666",
    volume = "49",
    references = "doi101016s0361923001006141, doi101038nature05241, doi101038nature16150, doi101038nrn1175, doi101098rspb20001111, doi101098rspb20141729, doi101098rstb20072242, doi105860choice501469, sato2008seasonal"
}

@article{doi101139cjz20200049,
    author = "Ramírez-Guerrero, Greta M. and Kocot, Kevin M. and Cameron, Christopher B.",
    title = "Zooid morphology and molecular phylogeny of the graptolite Rhabdopleura annulata (Hemichordata, Pterobranchia) from Heron Island, Australia",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "Rhabdopleura Allman, 1869 is one of the longest surviving animal genera. The five-known species are the only living Graptolithina, a group well known from their diverse Paleozoic fossil record. Here we add information on the soft-bodied zooids and molecular phylogenetics of Rhabdopleura annulata Norman, 1921, which was previously only known from its tubes. Tubes and zooids were collected from Heron Island, Queensland, Australia. Zooids have a single pair of tentaculated arms. Dark pigment granules are found throughout the body, and particularly dense in the pair of arms and the anterior lip of the cephalic shield. Colonies grow encrusted in and on coral debris. The tubes are either creeping or erect, but no stolon has been found. Inside of the coral matrix lacunae, the tube cortex formed a parchment-like wallpaper. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined 18S+16S rRNA sequences placed R. annulata as sister to the remaining rhabdopleurids, albeit with weak support. The biogeographic range of R. annulata extends from Indonesia to Tasmania, and New Zealand. Its occurrence on Heron Island does not extend this range, but highlights that rhabdopleurids may be more common, and in shallower waters, than previously appreciated, permitting further studies that may shed light on graptolite paleobiology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2020-0049",
    doi = "10.1139/cjz-2020-0049",
    openalex = "W3097173567",
    references = "strano2019on"
}

@article{doi103390d14121080,
    author = "Beli, Elena and de Castro Mendonça, Luana Marina and Piraino, Stefano and Cameron, Christopher B.",
    title = "Development and Phenotypic Plasticity of Tubes and Tubaria of the Living Graptolite Rhabdopleura recondita (Pterobranchia, Hemichordata)",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Diversity",
    abstract = "The extant graptolite Rhabdopleura recondita has been so far recorded only as inhabiting a bryozoan skeleton. Its larval settlement and metamorphosis are possible in the absence of a bryozoan zoarium, whereas further colony development may require that the larva is hidden inside the bryozoan host. This dependence may constrain the development of R. recondita tube and tubaria compared to the other Rhabdopleura species that develop without a host. We report here on larval settlement and metamorphosis in the absence/presence of a bryozoan host skeleton. We also make the first attempt to test the phenotypical response of R. recondita tubes and tubaria under variable hydrodynamic regimes in laboratory conditions. After 40 days, no significant variation was detected in the number or length of the newly formed tubes. These findings suggest that R. recondita eventually resides in a narrow velocity range and that tube and tubarium development is largely invariable.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/d14121080",
    doi = "10.3390/d14121080",
    openalex = "W4311853069",
    references = "doi101002bies200900033, doi101073pnas1113870109, doi10108000401706196410490181, doi10108001621459195210483441, doi101093biomet5234591, doi101093oso97801951223430030008, doi101111j001438202003tb00336x, doi101111j150239311995tb01589x, doi101111j15023931201200319x, doi1023071938520, rigby1994erect, sato2008seasonal, strano2019on"
}

@article{doi101007s12526022013103,
    author = "Gordon, Dennis P.‏ and Quek, Zheng Bin Randolph and Orr, Russell J. S. and Waeschenbach, Andrea and Huang, Danwei and Strano, Francesca and Ramsfjell, Mali H. and Liow, Lee Hsiang",
    title = "Morphological diversity and a ribosomal phylogeny of Rhabdopleura (Hemichordata: Graptolithina) from the Western Pacific (Singapore and New Zealand), with implications for a re-evaluation of rhabdopleurid species diversity",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Marine Biodiversity",
    abstract = "Abstract The recent discovery of Rhabdopleura in Singapore and the chance collecting of fresh material from northern New Zealand (Three Kings Shelf) provided an opportunity to sequence the specimens with an aim to determine their species identity. Phylogeny reconstructions of two new Rhabdopleura taxa based on ribosomal and mitochondrial genes suggest a different identity from known samples, including putative Rhabdopleura annulata, first described from the Three Kings Shelf but sequenced from the Great Barrier Reef. Pairwise distances between rhabdopleurids for the 16S rRNA locus were several magnitudes larger than that of 18S rRNA, and might potentially be a suitable barcoding gene once sufficient samples of conspecifics are collected to determine the barcoding gaps. Type material of R. annulata was re-examined, as well as Rhabdopleura material from eight other New Zealand localities from north of subtropical Raoul Island (Kermadec Ridge) at \textasciitilde 29° S to the subantarctic Campbell Plateau at \textasciitilde 49° S. Six morphological characters, four of them new, were applied to all samples. The findings from morphology suggest (1) the holotype and cotype of R. annulata might not be conspecific; (2) there are 3–4 variants (species?) on the Three Kings Shelf; and (3) there are 2–3 additional variants (species?) elsewhere in the New Zealand region.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-022-01310-3",
    doi = "10.1007/s12526-022-01310-3",
    openalex = "W4313576058",
    references = "strano2019on"
}

@article{doi101016jgeobios202409001,
    author = "Maletz, Jörg and Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C.",
    title = "The purported record of an epibiontic rhabdopleurid in the early Ordovician Fezouata biota of Morocco, with a discussion about benthic pterobranchs (Hemichordata) in the Lagerstätte",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Geobios",
    abstract = "The recent record of extremely rare rhabdopleurid graptolites with a supposed epibiontic life style in the Fezouata biota has to be rejected, as the specimens indicate an epibenthic growth on a shell fragment lying on the sea bottom. In absence of morphological data that support a truly colonial development on these encrusters, it cannot be ruled out that the specimens may alternatively represent the pseudo-colonial tubaria of cephalodiscid-like pterobranchs. The interpretation of the presence of benthic graptolites (class Pterobranchia; subclass Graptolithina) from the Fezouata Shale biota of Morocco provides us with some serious problems. Their life style as benthic or epibenthic organisms living on firm substrates and hardgrounds makes it difficult for them to be preserved in these highly fossiliferous, originally ‘soupy’ soft sediments of the Fezouata Shale, unless they are transported and covered by sediment subsequently. The graptolite record of the Fezouata biota appears to be restricted to planktic forms of Graptoloidea: the review of the few benthic dendroids so far cited for the Lagerstätte resulted in the identification of the rare planktic dendroid genus Calyxdendrum. The problematic species Webbyites felix may represent a hydrozoan (Cnidaria) rather than a benthic graptolite.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2024.09.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.geobios.2024.09.001",
    openalex = "W4404843816",
    references = "doi101007978354069796112, doi101016016953479390238k, doi101016jgr201503009, doi101023a1003054802699, doi101038nature09038, doi101038s4146702448013w, doi101038s4200302305377x, doi10108011035898809452650, doi101080147720192010499137, doi101144jgs2015017, doi103354meps058175, sato2008seasonal, stebbing1970the"
}

@article{doi1011646zootaxa542433,
    author = "Gordon, Dennis P.‏ and Quek, Zheng Bin Randolph and Huang, Danwei",
    title = "Four new species and a ribosomal phylogeny of Rhabdopleura (Hemichordata: Graptolithina) from New Zealand, with a review and key to all described extant taxa",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Zootaxa",
    abstract = "All eight extant species ofRhabdopleuradescribed between 1869 and 2018 are provisionally accepted as valid based on a review of the literature and new data on two little-known species from the Azores. Additionally, four new species are described from the New Zealand region, increasing global diversity by 50\%, and a dichotomous key to all 12 described species is provided based on morphological criteria. The distinction between colony morphologies based on erect-tube inception is regarded as particularly helpful in initial characterization of species. Erect ringed tubes are either produced directly from the surface of creeping-tubes or indirectly, i.e. a short adherent side branch from a creeping tube is interpolated between the creeping tube and an erect tube; such side branches are blind-ending. These two modes of erect-tube origination are here respectively termeddirectandindirect. Species with indirect erect-tube budding are predominant in the North Atlantic whereas species with direct erect-tube budding dominate in New Zealand waters. The only indirect-erect species from New Zealand, Rhabdopleura chathamica n. sp., was discovered on deepwater coral from 10081075 m, constituting the deepest record of the genus to date. Rhabdopleura emancipata n. sp., collected only in a detached state, constitutes a three-dimensional tangled growth that grew freely into the water columna unique morphology hitherto unknown among extant species. Owing to this growth mode, it provided a substratum for epibionts from several phyla. Rhabdopleura francesca n. sp. and Rhabdopleura decipula n. sp. are morphologically very similar but are distinguishable by their distinct placements in a phylogeny based on 16S mitochondrial and 18S nuclear rRNA genes. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on rRNA and mitochondrial genome data contribute to an updated phylogeny of all Rhabdopleura species sequenced thus far, some of which require more molecular sequences and morphological analyses for taxonomic determination.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.3.3",
    doi = "10.11646/zootaxa.5424.3.3",
    openalex = "W4392764031",
    references = "rickards1984rhabdopleura, rigby1994erect, strano2019on"
}