@article{doi101029jz065i009p02849,
    author = "Ewing, John and Luskin, Bernard and Roberts, Archie C. and Hirshman, Julius",
    title = "Sub-bottom reflection measurements on the continental shelf, Bermuda banks, West Indies arc, and in the West Atlantic basins",
    year = "1960",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "During a recent cruise of R.V. Vema, a short survey was made with the sub-bottom depth recorder in the vicinity of the Hudson Canyon between the 40-fathom and the 400-fathom contours. The results show that on this part of the continental shelf the upper layers are approximately horizontal, whereas the deeper ones dip seaward at a slightly greater angle than the bottom. Several reflecting horizons were observed at depths as great as 400 feet below the bottom, and many were traced for distances of the order of 10 to 20 miles. Where the canyon cuts through the sediments of the shelf, several of the sub-bottom horizons outcrop on the canyon walls, sometimes correlating with benches or knees. Some of the horizons at the outcrops are practically horizontal, in particular those on the northeast wall; others, notably the deep ones on the southwest wall, are sloping, tending to follow the contour of the canyon wall. Sediment cores were taken in a few locations, providing some information about the reflecting horizons (reflectors). On Challenger Bank and on Plantagenet Bank near Bermuda, no sub-bottom reflectors were found. On the West Indies Arc near Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, shallow reflectors were seen in some areas. During a run from New York to Bermuda to Puerto Rico, sub-bottom reflectors were seen on the echo-sounder fathogram at least 40 per cent of the time. The best results were obtained on the topographic rises, particularly on the outer rise north of the Puerto Rico Trench.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/jz065i009p02849",
    doi = "10.1029/jz065i009p02849",
    openalex = "W2088996804"
}

@article{doi101126science1473656398,
    author = "Merrill, Arthur S and Emery, K. O. and Rubin, Meyer",
    title = "Ancient Oyster Shells on the Atlantic Continental Shelf",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Shells of long-dead Crassostrea virginica are reported at 71 stations in depths of 14 to 82 meters. The depths exceed those of the estuaries where the species flourishes. Radiocarbon measurements indicate that the oysters were alive 8000 to 11,000 years ago. It is concluded that the oysters lived in lagoons or estuaries which became submerged when the sea level rose at the end of the latest glacial epoch.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.147.3656.398",
    doi = "10.1126/science.147.3656.398",
    openalex = "W2064664735"
}

@article{emery1966archaeological,
    author = "Emery, K.O. and Edwards, R.L.",
    title = "Archaeological Potential of the Atlantic Continental Shelf",
    year = "1966",
    journal = "American Antiquity",
    abstract = "Early man lived in eastern United States 11,000 years ago when most of the now-submerged continental shelf was exposed. The shelf almost certainly was ranged by nomadic hunters and possibly by marine fish- and mollusk- eaters. As the sea level rose at the end of the latest glacial epoch, the advancing water disrupted and submerged any habitation sites. The oldest radiocarbon dates for kitchen middens of marine refuse along the present shore appear to be younger than the oldest dates for kitchen middens of non-marine content. Older marine middens may be deeply submerged far out on the continental shelf. Greatest success in future exploration for these sites is likely in areas of the shelf which have received little or no cover of postglacial sediment and where rivers formerly crossed the shelf.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2694496",
    doi = "10.2307/2694496",
    number = "5Part1",
    openalex = "W2008422800",
    pages = "733-737",
    volume = "31",
    references = "broecker1958radiocarbon, doi101073pnas48101728, doi101086200289, doi101086626809, doi101126science1433606574, doi101126science14536391408, doi1011300016760619647563lqscac20co2, doi10121500182168392309, doi1023073709226, doi102307480615"
}

@article{whitmore1967elephant,
    author = "Whitmore, Frank C. and Emery, K. O. and Cooke, H. B. S. and Swift, Donald J. P.",
    title = "Elephant Teeth from the Atlantic Continental Shelf",
    year = "1967",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Teeth of mastodons and mammoths have been recovered by fishermen from at least 40 sites on the continental shelf as deep as 120 meters. Also present are submerged shorelines, peat deposits, lagoonal shells, and relict sands. Evidently elephants and other large mammals ranged this region during the glacial stage of low sea level of the last 25,000 years.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3781.1477",
    doi = "10.1126/science.156.3781.1477",
    number = "3781",
    openalex = "W2071216509",
    pages = "1477-1481",
    volume = "156",
    references = "doi101029jz068i023p06303, doi101038212339a0, doi101086626809, doi101086jg73230080961, doi101126science1333455729, doi101126science14536391408, doi101126science1473656398, doi101139f65054, doi1023072423416, doi104319lo196510suppl2r97"
}

@article{spokesman1973north,
    author = "Spokesman, U.S.G.S.",
    title = "North Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/83d90cff-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/83d90cff-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W1985384816",
    pages = "809-809",
    volume = "57"
}

@inproceedings{jacobson1976midatlantic,
    author = "Jacobson, J. and Lynch, M.",
    title = "Mid-Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Benchmark Studies",
    year = "1976",
    booktitle = "OCEANS '76",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1976.1154276",
    doi = "10.1109/oceans.1976.1154276",
    openalex = "W2016287638",
    pages = "459-464"
}

@misc{menzel1976management,
    author = "Menzel, D.W.",
    title = "Management: southeast continental shelf studies. [Oceanography of Southeast Atlantic of US Continental Shelf]",
    year = "1976",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2172/7262013",
    doi = "10.2172/7262013",
    openalex = "W2499378858"
}

@book{plough1978sea1,
    author = "Plough, H. H",
    title = "Sea Squirts of the Atlantic Continental Shelf from Maine to Texas",
    year = "1978",
    publisher = "Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Plough, H. H., 1978, Sea Squirts of the Atlantic Continental Shelf from Maine to Texas: Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.}"
}

@article{stoecker1978sea,
    author = "Stoecker, Diane",
    title = "Sea Squirts of the Atlantic Continental Shelf from Maine to Texas. Harold H. Plough",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/410891",
    doi = "10.1086/410891",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2510403878",
    pages = "469-470",
    volume = "53"
}

@article{turner1982south,
    author = "Turner, R. Eugene",
    title = "South Texas Continental Shelf",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1938987",
    doi = "10.2307/1938987",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2333590012",
    pages = "597-598",
    volume = "63"
}

@incollection{crossref1987the,
    title = "The Continental Shelf Off South Texas",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Late Quaternary Facies and Structure, Northern Gulf of Mexico",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/st23467c2",
    doi = "10.1306/st23467c2",
    openalex = "W3144877940",
    pages = "11-79"
}

@article{doi101002sici15206548199708125417aidgea130co22,
    author = "Faught, Michael K. and Donoghue, Joseph F.",
    title = "Marine inundated archaeological sites and paleofluvial systems: examples from a karst-controlled continental shelf setting in Apalachee Bay, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Geoarchaeology",
    abstract = "Underwater geoarchaeological research in Apalachee Bay, in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico off northwest Florida, has enabled the reconstruction of portions of the karst-controlled paleodrainage system, the discovery of several inundated prehistoric archaeological sites, and the exposure of sediments accumulated during the drowning of the continental shelf. Diagnostic artifacts discovered at the sites included chipped stone tools and debitage indicating Paleoindian, Early Archaic, and Middle Archaic occupation. A geoarchaeological model using terrestrial analogs was used to locate and investigate inundated sites. Methods employed include seismic profiling, vibracoring, diver tow surveys, diver collection transects, and induction dredge excavations. We document evidence for sea-level rise, related environmental succession and site formation processes for indundated prehistoric sites in the Apalachee Bay region from approximately 8000 to 6000 yr B.P. © 1997 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6548(199708)12:5<417::aid-gea1>3.0.co;2-2",
    doi = "10.1002/(sici)1520-6548(199708)12:5<417::aid-gea1>3.0.co;2-2",
    openalex = "W2030370855",
    references = "emery1966archaeological"
}

@article{tkelley1999surficial,
    author = "T. Kelley, Stephen M. Dickson, Joseph",
    title = "Surficial Sediments along the Inner Continental Shelf of Maine",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Marine Georesources \& Geotechnology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/106411999273783",
    doi = "10.1080/106411999273783",
    number = "2-3",
    openalex = "W2169984098",
    pages = "125-125",
    volume = "17"
}

@article{seitz2016continental,
    author = "Seitz, A C and Evans, M D and Courtney, M B and Kanwit, J K",
    title = "Continental shelf residency by adult Atlantic halibut electronic tagged in the Gulf of Maine",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2960/j.v48.m713",
    doi = "10.2960/j.v48.m713",
    openalex = "W2562504083",
    pages = "33-40",
    volume = "48",
    references = "seitz2016continental"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev201805016,
    author = "Patruno, Stefano and Helland‐Hansen, William",
    title = "Clinoforms and clinoform systems: Review and dynamic classification scheme for shorelines, subaqueous deltas, shelf edges and continental margins",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    abstract = "Clinoforms are inclined and normally basinward-dipping horizons developed over a range of spatial and temporal scales in both siliciclastic and carbonatic systems. The study of clinoform successions underpins sequence stratigraphy and all efforts to reconstruct the relative partitioning of reservoir, seal and source rocks along shoreline to basin-floor profiles. Here, we review clinoform research and propose a more systematic description and classification of clinoforms. This is a crucial step to improve predictions of facies and lithology distribution within shoreline to continental shelf and abyssal plain successions, together with the genesis, drivers and dynamics of their constituent sedimentary units. Four basic clinoform types are here distinguished in delta/shorelines, lacustrine and marine environments, on the basis of their overall spatial and temporal scale, morphology, outbuilding dynamic and geodynamic and depositional setting: (1, 2) delta-scale clinoforms, which in turns are sub-divided into shoreline and delta-scale subaqueous clinoforms; (3) shelf-edge clinoforms; and (4) continental-margin clinoforms. Delta-scale clinoform sets are tens of metres high and typically represent 1–103 kyr, with progradation rates ranging from 1,000–100,000 m/kyr for shorelines and “subaerial deltas” to 100–20,000 m/kyr for subaqueous deltas; shelf-edge clinoform sets are hundreds of metres high and are nucleated and accreted in 0.1–20 Myr (usual progradation rates of 1–100 m/kyr) by successive cross-shelf transits of delta-scale clinoforms; continental-margin clinoform sets are thousands of metres high, hallmark key geodynamic/crustal boundaries (e.g., continent/ocean transition) and slowly prograde basinwards in ca. 5–100 Myr, with typical rates of 0.1–10 m/kyr. As a consequence of the very different progradation rates and of the difficulty of large-scale clinothems to backstep during transgressions, shorelines are the most dynamic clinoforms with regards to position, continental margins the least, and shelf-edges are intermediate. Shortly after a transgression, therefore, the four clinoform types may prograde synchronously along shoreline-to-abyssal plain transects, forming “compound clinoform” systems. During the subsequent regressive cycle, however, due to the dissimilarity in progradation rates, different clinoform types will normally merge progressively with each other, giving rise to “hybrid clinoforms” (e.g., shelf-edge deltas), and fewer depositional breaks-in-slope are distinguished along a single shoreline-to-abyssal plain transect. Overall, all clinoform systems are the result of the dynamic evolution of compound and hybrid clinoforms along a temporal and spatial continuum, regulated by the cyclical backstepping of the smaller-scale system within natural progradational-retrogradational cycles of larger-scale clinothem outbuilding. All clinothem types may show either an accretionary/active or draping/passive style, depending on the proximity to the sediment source. Draping clinothems are nearly-always composed of condensed fine-grained sediments, while actively accreting clinothems can be composed of predominantly coarse-grained (i.e., reservoir-forming) or predominantly fine-grained (i.e., non-reservoir) lithotypes. A novel hierarchical classification scheme for both Recent and Ancient clinoforms is here proposed, consisting of 12 classes. The four basic clinoform types (delta-scale shoreline, delta-scale subaqueous, shelf-edge and continental-margin) are sub-divided into eight accretionary/active and draping/passive sub-types (8-division). Each accretionary sub-type is then sub-divided into a sandstone-prone and mudstone-prone variant (12-division), which can be at least tentatively predicted on the basis of the clinoform morphology, even in the absence of direct stratigraphic logs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.05.016",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.05.016",
    openalex = "W2807575648",
    references = "covault2007highstand, doi1010160921818195000194, doi101016jearscirev200906008, doi101016jearscirev201510014, doi101130001676061951621tceoda20co2, doi101130gsab23377, doi1013065d25cbb316c111d78645000102c1865d"
}

@article{doi101093icesjmsfsz169,
    author = "Liu, Chang and Bank, Crista and Kersula, Michael and Cowles, Geoffrey W. and Zemeckis, Douglas R. and Cadrin, Steven X. and McGuire, Christopher",
    title = "Movements of Atlantic halibut in the Gulf of Maine based on geolocation",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "ICES Journal of Marine Science",
    abstract = "Abstract Atlantic halibut are a “Species of Concern” in US waters and little is known about their movements and stock structure. Recent stock assessments drew attention to the paucity of information for assessing and managing this stock. To investigate movement patterns and stock structure, halibut were tagged off Massachusetts and Maine within US waters of the Gulf of Maine region using pop-up satellite archival tags and data storage tags. A hidden Markov model (HMM) geolocation method previously developed for other groundfish species was adapted to estimate the movement tracks of the tagged halibut (n = 25) based on the tag-recorded depth and temperature. Total distance travelled based on geolocation ranged from 36 to 1701 km, whereas straight line distance between tagging and end locations ranged from 0.4 to 440.7 km. Estimated movement rates varied between 2.7 and 10 km day−1. Two tagged halibut made long-distance movements to putative spawning habitat in the Northeast Channel off Georges Bank. Thirteen (13) out of 25 geolocated individuals were estimated to have reached Canadian waters. Geolocation results revealed home range, return movement, and seasonal migration movement patterns exhibited by the tagged halibut. The HMM geolocation method could be a useful tool in providing information on halibut movements that can inform stock assessment and management decisions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz169",
    doi = "10.1093/icesjms/fsz169",
    openalex = "W2979545693",
    references = "doi1010022013jc008862, doi1010079781402096402, doi1010801942512020171327905, doi101111j14672679200400141x, doi1011370717021, doi1023071446071, doi1023073523, doi103354meps09202, doi105670oceanog200692, doi105962bhltitle6859, openalexw1967429732, seitz2016continental"
}