@article{doi1023074068343,
    author = "Thayer, Abbott H.",
    title = "Further Remarks on the Law Which underlies Protective Coloration",
    year = "1896",
    journal = "The Auk",
    abstract = "1 8 THAYER O 2PofecD've tolo'a'fo.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/4068343",
    doi = "10.2307/4068343",
    openalex = "W2012620001"
}

@book{doi105962bhltitle87588,
    author = "Thayer, Gerald H. and Thayer, Abbott H.",
    title = "Concealing-coloration in the animal kingdom; an exposition of the laws of disguise through color and pattern: being a summary of Abbott H. Thayer's discoveries",
    year = "1909",
    booktitle = "The Macmillan Co. eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.87588",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.87588",
    openalex = "W437620094"
}

@article{crossref1910thayer,
    title = "Thayer on Concealing Coloration in Animals Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom Gerald H. Thayer Abbott H. Thayer Richard S. Meryman",
    year = "1910",
    journal = "The Auk",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/4071140",
    doi = "10.2307/4071140",
    number = "2",
    pages = "222-225",
    volume = "27"
}

@article{doi1023074071782,
    author = "Allen, Francis H.",
    title = "Remarks on the Case of Roosevelt vs. Thayer, with a Few Independent Suggestions on the Concealing Coloration Question",
    year = "1912",
    journal = "The Auk",
    abstract = "Concealing Coloration in Birds and Mammals'!makes an attack on the work of Messrs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/4071782",
    doi = "10.2307/4071782",
    openalex = "W2314655709"
}

@article{crossref1913thayers,
    title = "Thayer's Concealing Coloration, an Answer to Theodore Roosevelt Concealing Coloration, an Answer to Theodore Roosevelt Abbott H. Thayer",
    year = "1913",
    journal = "The Auk",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/4071931",
    doi = "10.2307/4071931",
    number = "1",
    pages = "126-126",
    volume = "30"
}

@article{boynton1952abbott,
    author = "Boynton, Mary Fuertes",
    title = "Abbott Thayer and Natural History",
    year = "1952",
    journal = "Osiris",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/368563",
    doi = "10.1086/368563",
    pages = "542-555",
    volume = "10"
}

@article{kingsland1978abbott,
    author = "Kingsland, Sharon",
    title = "Abbott thayer and the protective coloration debate",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00389300",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00389300",
    number = "2",
    pages = "223-244",
    volume = "11"
}

@article{kingsland1978abbott1,
    author = "Kingsland, S",
    title = "Abbott Thayer and the protective coloration debate",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Journal of the History of Biology, v. 11, p. 233-244",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kingsland, S., 1978, Abbott Thayer and the protective coloration debate: Journal of the History of Biology, v. 11, p. 233-244.}"
}

@article{doi1023071578658,
    author = "Behrens, Roy R.",
    title = "The Theories of Abbott H. Thayer: Father of Camouflage",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Leonardo",
    abstract = "Abbott H. Thayer (1849–1921), a prominent U.S. painter, was one of the first to describe in detail the function of protective coloration in nature. In military history, he frequently is credited with the first military applications of countershading and disruptive patterning, so that he was known among friends as ‘the father of camouflage’. This essay is a brief review of Thayer’s lifelong involvement in the study of both natural and military camouflage.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1578658",
    doi = "10.2307/1578658",
    openalex = "W2314090824"
}

@article{crossref1997abbott,
    title = "Abbott Thayer",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "American Art",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/424300",
    doi = "10.1086/424300",
    number = "2",
    pages = "141-141",
    volume = "11"
}

@misc{anderson2003thayer,
    author = "Anderson, Ross C.",
    title = "Thayer, Abbott Handerson",
    year = "2003",
    booktitle = "Oxford Art Online",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t084338",
    doi = "10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t084338"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20070220,
    author = "Stevens, Martin",
    title = "Predator perception and the interrelation between different forms of protective coloration",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Animals possess a range of defensive markings to reduce the risk of predation, including warning colours, camouflage, eyespots and mimicry. These different strategies are frequently considered independently, and with little regard towards predator vision, even though they may be linked in various ways and can be fully understood only in terms of predator perception. For example, camouflage and warning coloration need not be mutually exclusive, and may frequently exploit similar features of visual perception. This paper outlines how different forms of protective markings can be understood from predator perception and illustrates how this is fundamental in determining the mechanisms underlying, and the interrelation between, different strategies. Suggestions are made for future work, and potential mechanisms discussed in relation to various forms of defensive coloration, including disruptive coloration, eyespots, dazzle markings, motion camouflage, aposematism and mimicry.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0220",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2007.0220",
    openalex = "W2156084444",
    references = "doi10100797814615695655, doi101016jtree200507011, doi101016s0003347205806001, doi101038nature03312, doi101093acprofoso97801985286090010001, doi101098rspb20053156, doi101098rstb19880087, doi101111j10958312200700725x, doi101111j15585646200700054x, doi101113jphysiol1962sp006837, doi101113jphysiol1985sp015591, doi101364josaa2000284, doi1023071437762, doi1023074068693, doi105962bhltitle27468, doi107551mitpress97802625146200010001, openalexw1493613979, openalexw1507653370"
}

@article{doi101098rstb20080250,
    author = "Behrens, Roy R.",
    title = "Revisiting Abbott Thayer: non-scientific reflections about camouflage in art, war and zoology",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "This paper reviews the achievements of Abbott Handerson Thayer (1849-1921), an American painter and naturalist whose pioneering writings on animal camouflage addressed shared concerns among artists, zoologists and military tacticians. It discusses his beliefs about camouflage (both natural and military) in the context of his training as an artist, with particular emphasis on three of his major ideas: countershading, ruptive (or disruptive) coloration and background picturing.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0250",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.2008.0250",
    openalex = "W2083597869",
    references = "boynton1952abbott, doi101007bf00389300, doi101016s0079612306550046, doi101038nature03312, doi10108014443050802056763, doi101098rspb19980399, doi1023074068343, doi1023074068693, doi105860choice292089, kingsland1978abbott, openalexw1575630284"
}

@article{doi101162leon200942136,
    author = "Elias, Ann",
    title = "Campaigners for Camouflage: Abbott H. Thayer and William J. Dakin",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Leonardo",
    abstract = "The author makes a comparative study of American naturalist Abbott H. Thayer and Australian zoologist William J. Dakin, two civilian campaigners for military camouflage in two different wars who nevertheless share strikingly similar stories.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1162/leon.2009.42.1.36",
    doi = "10.1162/leon.2009.42.1.36",
    openalex = "W2089421742",
    references = "doi101007bf00389300, doi101038147758a0, doi101086424296, doi10116324681733shafrsim100050008, doi101353elt20070017, doi1023071437762, doi1023071578658, doi1023074068693, doi105962bhltitle87588, kingsland1978abbott, openalexw636026782"
}

@incollection{brower2011the,
    author = "Brower, Matthew",
    title = "The Appearance of Animals: Abbott Thayer, Theodore Roosevelt, and Concealing-Coloration",
    year = "2011",
    booktitle = "Developing Animals",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816654789.003.0004",
    doi = "10.5749/minnesota/9780816654789.003.0004",
    pages = "135-192"
}

@misc{crossref2011thayer,
    title = "Thayer, Abbott Handerson",
    year = "2011",
    booktitle = "Benezit Dictionary of Artists",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00181432",
    doi = "10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00181432"
}

@article{doi101038s41598019443492,
    author = "Price, Natasha and Green, Samuel D. and Troscianko, Jolyon and Tregenza, Tom and Stevens, Martin",
    title = "Background matching and disruptive coloration as habitat-specific strategies for camouflage",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Camouflage is a key defence across taxa and frequently critical to survival. A common strategy is background matching, resembling the colour and pattern of the environment. This approach, however, may be ineffective in complex habitats where matching one patch may lead to increased visibility in other patches. In contrast, disruptive coloration, which disguises body outlines, may be effective against complex backgrounds. These ideas have rarely been tested and previous work focuses on artificial systems. Here, we test the camouflage strategies of the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) in two habitats, being a species that is highly variable, capable of plastic changes in appearance, and lives in multiple environments. Using predator (bird and fish) vision modelling and image analysis, we quantified background matching and disruption in crabs from rock pools and mudflats, predicting that disruption would dominate in visually complex rock pools but background matching in more uniform mudflats. As expected, rock pool individuals had significantly higher edge disruption than mudflat crabs, whereas mudflat crabs more closely matched the substrate than rock pool crabs for colour, luminance, and pattern. Our study demonstrates facultative expression of camouflage strategies dependent on the visual environment, with implications for the evolution and interrelatedness of defensive strategies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44349-2",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-019-44349-2",
    openalex = "W2945469194",
    references = "doi10100797814615695655, doi101038415609a, doi101038hdy195536, doi101038nature03312, doi101073pnas0431157100, doi101098rspb19980302, doi101098rstb20080217, doi1011112041210x12439, doi101111j10958312200700725x, doi1023071437762"
}

@article{doi101111brv12670,
    author = "Caro, Tim and Koneru, Manisha",
    title = "Towards an ecology of protective coloration",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "The strategies underlying different forms of protective coloration are well understood but little attention has been paid to the ecological, life-history and behavioural circumstances under which they evolve. While some comparative studies have investigated the ecological correlates of aposematism, and background matching, the latter particularly in mammals, few have examined the ecological correlates of other types of protective coloration. Here, we first outline which types of defensive coloration strategies may be exhibited by the same individual; concluding that many protective coloration mechanisms can be employed simultaneously, particularly in conjunction with background matching. Second, we review the ecological predictions that have been made for each sort of protective coloration mechanism before systematically surveying phylogenetically controlled comparative studies linking ecological and social variables to antipredator defences that involve coloration. We find that some a priori predictions based on small-scale empirical studies and logical arguments are indeed supported by comparative data, especially in relation to how illumination affects both background matching and self-shadow concealment through countershading; how body size is associated with countershading, motion dazzle, flash coloration and aposematism, although only in selected taxa; how immobility may promote background matching in ambush predators; and how mobility may facilitate motion dazzle. Examination of nearly 120 comparative tests reveals that many focus on ecological variables that have little to do with predictions derived from antipredator defence theory, and that broad-scale ecological studies of defence strategies that incorporate phylogenetics are still very much in their infancy. We close by making recommendations for future evolutionary ecological research.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12670",
    doi = "10.1111/brv.12670",
    openalex = "W3107287993",
    references = "doi10100797814615695655, doi101007s1068201698543, doi101016jcub201110014, doi101038nature03312, doi101038s41598019443492, doi101093oso97801996886780010001, doi101098rstb20080217, doi101111brv12460, doi101111brv12612, doi101111j1469185x200700027x, doi101111jzo12682, doi101126scienceaan0221, doi101146annurevmarine010213135018, doi1023071437762, doi1023072937121, doi105860choice432800, openalexw1486180449, openalexw2764433274"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20222293,
    author = "Robinson, Moria and Weber, Marjorie G. and Freedman, Micah G. and Jordan, Evan J. and Ashlock, Sarah R. and Yonenaga, Jenna and Strauss, Sharon Y.",
    title = "Macroevolution of protective coloration across caterpillars reflects relationships with host plants",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "A critical function of animal coloration is avoiding attack, either by warning predators or reducing detectability. Evolution of these divergent strategies may depend on prey palatability and apparency to predators: conspicuous coloration may be favoured if species are distasteful, or habitats make hiding difficult; by contrast, camouflage may be effective if prey lack defences or environments are visually complex. For insect herbivores, host plants provide both chemical defence and the background against which they are detected or obscured; thus, plant traits may be key to coloration in these foundational terrestrial organisms. We use 1808 species of larval Lepidoptera to explore macroevolution of protective coloration strategy. We find that colour and pattern evolve jointly in caterpillars, similar to an array of species across the animal kingdom, while individual elements of coloration evolve closely with diet ecology. Consistent with key tenets of plant defence and plant-herbivore coevolutionary theory, conspicuous colours are associated with herbaceous host plants-thought to be defended by toxins-while camouflage colours and patterns are associated with woody plants and grasses. Contrary to theory, dietary specialization is not associated with conspicuous coloration. Our results add valuable insights into the evolutionary forces shaping colour and pattern in nature.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.2293",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2022.2293",
    openalex = "W4317359085",
    references = "doi101111brv12670, doi105962bhltitle55425"
}